Guide to APA 6th Edition
April 2015
Acknowledging sources ................................................................................................................................ 1
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Symbols .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Creating a reference for a source ................................................................................................................. 3
Author and Editor information ................................................................................................................... 3
Date information ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Title information ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Publication information .............................................................................................................................. 5
Retrieval information for electronic sources .............................................................................................. 5
Legal sources ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Sample references by type of source ........................................................................................................... 6
Articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias .................................................................... 6
Books, brochures, chapters of books, course material, papers from meetings, reports, theses ................. 7
Postings to blogs and online groups, online data, web pages ................................................................... 8
Audiovisual sources .................................................................................................................................. 9
Legal sources ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Citations in the text of your work ................................................................................................................. 10
Author-Date style .................................................................................................................................... 10
Year in second and subsequent citations ................................................................................................ 11
Citing a secondary source....................................................................................................................... 11
Using quotations ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Creating a reference list ............................................................................................................................. 11
Sample reference list .................................................................................................................................. 12
Acknowledging sources
An essential part of academic writing is giving credit to the authors of the sources used in preparing an assignment or other written
work. This is done by listing all sources at the end of a work in a reference list or bibliography, as well as citing in the text where an
original author’s ideas or words are used. Referencing, citing and quoting correctly ensures that:

Credit for the intellectual content of material used is clearly given to the original author(s). This avoids plagiarism
(misrepresenting the ideas or words of others as your own).

Sources can be identified and located for verification or further research.
Style manuals have been prepared to help researchers in various academic disciplines to document and present this information in a
consistent and complete manner. The preferred style for most faculties at Manukau Institute of Technology is that of the American
Psychological Association (APA). In this style, the source of an idea or quote is briefly cited in the text of a work using
parentheses. This citation links to the reference list at the end of the work, where the source is fully documented.
The basic requirements for creating a reference, using quotations and citations, and compiling a reference list, as given in the sixth
edition (2009) of the APA’s manual are presented here. Examples of common types of sources used for student assignments are
included. For more complete information and additional examples consult the following:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). MIT Library Reference and General (Lending) Collections
808.06615 APA
APA Style Guide to Electronic References (6th ed.). http://catalogue.manukau.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=570133
APA Style Website http://www.apastyle.org/
APA Style Blog
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/
APA has very stringent specifications regarding the formatting of headings, spacing, margins, fonts, etc. for papers submitted for
publication. Check with your lecturer about your faculty’s requirements for presenting your assignment.
Note that while APA and most faculties require double-spacing of text and reference list, examples given here have been single
spaced.
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Abbreviations
.
ca.
doi
ed. or Rev. ed. or 2nd ed.
Ed. or Eds.
n.d.
p. or pp.
para.
s. or ss.
Vol. or Vols.
Latin for “about”. Use when providing an approximate date
Use in lower case for DOI or digital object identifier
edtion; revised edition; second (or third, etc.) edition
editor or editors
no date of publication
page or pages
Paragraph
section or sections
Volume or Volumes in a set of books
Glossary
Author(s): The person (or persons) responsible for the content of a written work.
Citation: Notation of the source of an idea within the writing of a work.
Date: The year (y) or year, month (y/m) or year, month day (y/m/d) a work was published.
DOI: Digital object identifier; a unique alphanumeric identifier assigned to documents, images, etc. to provide a consistent web link
Visit http://www.crossref.org to find the DOI for an article or to find an article from its DOI.
Edited book: A book that contains chapters written by different authors; the editor(s) select and organise the writings for the
chapters.
Edition: All the copies of a book printed from the same typesetting; new or revised editions contain changes in content.
et al. : Latin for “and others.” Use in citations of works by multiple authors.
Editor(s): Person(s) who selects material for publication, but does not write the material.
Issue: Part of a periodical published with its own cover and issue number; each issue contains separate articles.
Paraphrase: Restatement of an idea in a previous work using your own words to show your understanding of the idea.
Periodical or Serial: A publication with the same title that is produced at set intervals. Each issue contains articles, columns, or
other short works with their own unique titles. Types of periodicals include journals, magazines, newsletters and newspapers.
Proper name: The name of a particular person, organisation or group.
Quotation: Exact words copied from a previous work.
Reference: The specific details that identify a source.
Reference list: A list of the sources used in the written work. Every reference in the list must be cited at least once, and every
citation must link to a reference.
Reprint: A new print run of an existing edition, with no change in content of the text.
Revised (or 2nd, 3rd, etc.) edition: The text of a previously published book that has been altered to change or add content.
[sic]: Latin for” so”. Use [sic] italicised and in brackets, within a quotation to indicate that errors in spelling and grammar are in the
original work, not in your copying.
Source: Any ‘document’ (book, article, audio-visual, web document, etc.) that provides information.
URL: Uniform Resource Locator, or web address.
Volume: For a periodical or serial, all the issues published during a specific period (usually a year). The volume number is usually
printed on the cover, and page listing contents.
Symbols
&
ampersand
( )
parentheses
[ ]
brackets
“
”
…
quotation marks
ellipsis points
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Used before the last author’s name in the reference for a source when there are multiple
authors.
Used in the text of your work in a citation when the authors’ names are in parentheses;
write the word and when the authors’ names are used in a sentence.
Used in the text of your writing to signal a citation.
Also used in a Reference for: year of publication; additional information, such as Editors,
edition, issue number, chapter page numbers.
Used in a quotation to indicate that you have inserted your words to clarify meaning;
Used in a Reference to identify the particular format of a source.
Used in the text of your writing to signal exact copying of words from another work, or to
introduce a particular word or phrase.
Used to indicate that material in a quote has been omitted; four points are used when the
omitted material is between two sentences.
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Tips
Create the reference for a source when you begin reading.
 Identify the type of source.
 Match with an example of that type. (see pages 6-9 for examples)
 Follow the formatting in the example.
Take notes on the sources you are reading
 Use your own words as much as possible.
 Copy key phrases/sentences exactly; also record the page or paragraph number.
 Keep your notes in order using cards, a notebook, or software such as EndNote.
When writing, integrate the ideas gathered from your reading and write in your own words.
 Insert citations (author’s last name, year) in your writing to identify the source of an idea.
 Include quotations sparingly to support a main point of your writing; add the page number of a quote to the citation.
List references on a new page at the end of your writing.
 References are listed in alphabetical order.
 Ensure that there is a reference for each citation, and at least one citation for each reference.
Creating a reference for a source
Create the reference for each source when you begin taking notes on that source. Make sure that details are accurate and
complete. Specific details and formatting are required for a reference, and vary according to the type and format of the source. If in
doubt, include more, rather than less, information to assist a reader of your work wanting to trace the source of an idea or quote
identified in your writing. Follow the guidelines below, and refer to the sample references for examples of various sources.

Each reference should contain the following elements:
Author
Publication Date
Title
Publication or Retrieval information

A full stop is used at the end of each element, except following a retrieval statement that ends with a web address or a
DOI.

One space follows punctuation such as commas, colons, semi-colons, and full stops, except after the colon following a DOI
and after full stops within abbreviations in text such as a.m., n.d., N.Z.
Author and Editor information

List an author by family name, followed by a comma and initial or initials.

List the names of multiple authors in the order in which they are given in the work.

When there are two to seven authors, include all authors’ names, and use an ampersand & before the last author’s
name.

When there are eight or more authors, include the first six authors’ names, then insert three ellipsis points … and add the
last author’s name.

Spell out in full the name of a group author (organisation, association, university department, etc.); the name of the large
group precedes a subdivision.

Use commas after family names and initials, to separate initials and suffixes (Jr. or III), and after the name of a large group
when a subdivision follows.

Treat an editor as an author, but put (Ed.) in parentheses after the editor’s name.

For audiovisual media such as audio recordings, DVDs, motion pictures, podcasts, television and radio broadcasts, etc.,
give the names of the primary contributors, followed by the function, such as Writer, Director, Producer, Presenter, in
parentheses.

For an episode of a broadcast series, use the same format as a chapter in a book, listing writer and director in author
position, and series producer in editor position.

When a work has no author, move the title to the author position, in front of the publication date.
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Date information

Record the publication date in parentheses and add a full stop ( ).

For books, audiovisual media, reports, web documents or articles in journals give the year.

For articles in magazines, newsletters and newspapers, including electronic versions, give the year followed by a
comma and month (2010, February) or year followed by a comma and month day (2012, July 3) of the issue.

For papers and poster sessions from meetings and conferences, give the year followed by a comma and month of the
meeting (2011, December).

For postings to social media sites, blogs, message boards, electronic mailing lists and the like, give the year followed by a
comma and the month and day (2012, May 17); use the archived version and URL if possible.

When no date is available write (n.d.) in parentheses. This applies to undated printed sources as well as Internet
documents that display no date of publication or update.

For undated sources when a date can be reasonably determined, put ca. and the approximate year in parentheses.
e.g. (ca. 2010)
Title information

Provide the title followed by a colon and the subtitle, if there is one.

Include initial articles A, An, The in title information, but alphabetise according to the next word.

Capitalise proper names in titles.

For sources produced in special formats (these can include Audio file, Blog post, Brochure, Interview transcript,
Lecture notes, Letter to the editor, Motion picture, Painting, PowerPoint presentation, Press release, Television series
episode, Twitter update, Video file) place a statement of format after the title in brackets [ ].
Books, chapters of books, reports, audiovisual media, web pages

Capitalise the first word of the title and the subtitle; italicise the title, and subtitle if there is one.

Additional information such as edition or report number is enclosed in parentheses after the title.

For chapters of books, provide the title of the chapter, not italicised, and details of the book in which it appears; italicise
the title of the book.

For chapters of books, record the page numbers of the chapter in parentheses after the title and edition of the book;
use the abbreviation pp.

For chapters of edited books (chapters are written by different authors and the whole work edited), place the word In
after the chapter title. Follow it with the initials and family name of the editor(s) and (Ed.) in parentheses, then the book
title, edition, and the chapter page numbers in parentheses.

For chapters of authored books (all chapters are written by the same author or authors), place the word In after the
chapter title. Follow it with the book title, edition, and the chapter page numbers in parentheses.

For electronic versions of print books, add the name of the version, if available, in brackets after the title.
Articles in journals, magazines, newspapers

Provide the title and subtitle of a periodical article, and the full title of the periodical in which it was published.

Capitalise only the first word of the title and subtitle of the article, and any proper names; capitalise all major words in
the title of the periodical.

Use standard font for the article title; italicise the periodical title.
Postings on blogs, discussion boards and electronic mailing lists

Use the subject line or “thread” of the message as a title; do not italicise it.

Add a description of format in brackets.
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Papers and poster sessions from meetings and conferences:
Give the title in italics. Follow with a statement of presentation type followed by the name of conference and the location.
Publication information
Books, reports, audiovisual materials


Record the name of the city and state for U.S. publishers; abbreviate state names. Find state abbreviations at
http://pe.usps.com/text/pub28/28apb.htm
Write out in full the city, state or province if applicable, and country for publishers in other countries.

If multiple cities are given, use the location listed first, or the city of the home office.

Place a colon : after the location.

After the colon provide the name of the publisher in a brief form; omit words such as Publisher, Co. and Inc. but
include Books or Press.

When the author is also the publisher, use Author instead of the publisher’s name.

For audiovisual materials give the location and name of the production company; for motion pictures give the country
of origin and the studio. If it is more relevant, provide the location and name of the distributing company in parentheses.
Articles in journals, magazines, newspapers

Include the volume number, issue number in parentheses, and page numbers after the title of the periodical; do not
use the abbreviation p. or pp.

Issue numbers do not need to be included if page numbering is continuous through a volume.

Italicise the title of the periodical and its volume number; use commas after the periodical title and after the closing
parenthesis for issue number.

For magazine articles with only volume or issue numbering, provide the number followed by a comma and the page
numbers.

For newspaper articles with no volume or issue numbering, use p. or pp. before page numbers.

For PDF versions of documents, give inclusive page numbers.
Retrieval information for electronic sources
For more information see the APA guide to electronic referencing
http://catalogue.manukau.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=570133

For electronic books, chapters and reports, the retrieval statement takes the place of publication information.

When a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is available, it should be added at the end of the reference, even if you have used
the print version of the source. The DOI provides a persistent link and takes the place of a URL or database name. Use
the format as published, either doi:xxxxxxxxxxxx or http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx

When no DOI has been assigned, add a retrieval statement with the URL of the home page of the journal or book or/
report publisher, or the e-book collection.

When there is no DOI and the journal or publisher has no web page or the journal has been discontinued, add a
retrieval statement with the name of the archiving collection or database.

Include the name of the website in the retrieval statement, if this is not obvious from the web address.

The database name is not required unless the document is hard to find or of limited circulation; provide the URL of the
archiving database.

For postings on blogs, discussion boards and electronic mailing lists, include a retrieval statement with the address of
the archived version.

For reports retrieved online, put the publisher’s name in the retrieval statement, unless the publisher is also the author.

A retrieval date is not required unless the electronic source is expected to change over time (e.g. non archived social
media pages).
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
If you need to break a URL or DOI from one line to the next, do so after http:// and before punctuation, such as a
slash or full stop.

Do not use a full stop at the end of a URL or DOI.

Copy a DOI or URL exactly; check that the link still works just before submitting your work. If a document is no longer
available, it is recommended that you use another source.
Retrieval statement help

To search for a possible DOI go to http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/ and enter the first author’s name and
document title.

To retrieve a document using the DOI go to http://www.crossref.org and enter the DOI in the resolver box.

To find the home page of a journal, go to a search engine such as Google or Yahoo and enter the journal title in
quotation marks in the search box.

For an electronic book from the electronic books collection EBL, use the retrieval address
http://www.manukau.elib.com.au
Legal sources
A few general formats and examples of legal sources have been adapted for this guide. For more specific information consult these
books in the Library:
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (19th ed.).
MIT Manukau Library – Reference
340.148 BLU
McLay, G., Murray, C., & Orpin, J. (2011). New Zealand Law Style Guide (2nd ed.).
MIT Manukau Library – Reference
348.93 MCL

List bills by name, followed by the year of introduction and the number and bar number or version in parentheses.

List cases by name followed by year of decision in brackets, volume number and abbreviated form of the reporting source
name, and beginning page number. Note that the Cumulative Index of the New Zealand Law Reports contains a list of law
sources and their abbreviations.

For unreported cases, give the case name followed by year of decision in square brackets, abbreviated court name,
location, and file number.

Statutes (Acts) should be listed by formal title (name and year enacted) and specific section if appropriate.

Regulations should be listed by formal title (name and year enacted) and specific regulation if appropriate.

If from a published compilation, add the abbreviation for the compilation (such as RS for Reprinted Statutes or BRS for
Bound Reprinted Statutes) and the volume number.

Do not italicise the reference for legal materials.

For electronic versions, add a retrieval statement with the URL of the entry page of the website, or the name of the
database.
No reference is needed for certain sources, however these must be cited in text (see p. 10 ).
 Personal communications that are not retrievable, such as letters, email, interview notes, lecture notes and powerpoints
on eMIT, and unarchived postings to message boards.
 major classical or religious works
Sample references by type of source
Note: You can find a sample reference list on pages 12-14 of this guide.
Articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias
Article in a print journal, DOI assigned:
Biraghi, E., & Tortorano, A. M. (2010). Tobacco smoking habits among nursing students and the influence of family
and peer smoking behaviour. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(1), 33-39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009
.05135.x
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Article in a print journal, no DOI assigned, eight or more authors, so first six and last are listed:
Wirtenberg, J., Backer, T. E., Chang, W., Lannan, T., Applegate, B., Conway, M.,…Slepian, J. (2007). The future of
organizational development in the nonprofit sector. Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 179–195.
Article in a journal retrieved from an online database, no DOI assigned, so journal home page given:
Swanson, J., Valiente, C., & Lemery-Chalfant, K. (2012). Predicting academic achievement from cumulative home risk:
The mediating roles of effortful control, academic relationships, and school avoidance. Merrill Palmer
Quarterly, 58(3), 375-408. Retrieved from http://www.merrillpalmerquarterly.com/index.html
Article in a journal retrieved online, no DOI assigned, seven authors, all are listed, HTML unpaged format, so no page numbers:
Stockley, D., Beyer, W., Hutchinson, N., DeLugt, J., Chin, P., Versnel, J., & Munby, H. (2009). Using interactive
technology to disseminate research findings to a diverse population. Canadian Journal of Learning and
Technology, 35(1). Retrieved from http://www.cjlt.ca/index.php/cjlt
Article in a magazine (no volume numbering):
Foley, R. (2010, February). Will the real Winston Peters please stand up? North & South, 287, 48-54.
Article in a newspaper (no volume or issue numbering), no author:
MPs leave on $158,000 Europe trip. (2012, July 3). The New Zealand Herald, p. A4.
Articles in an online newspaper (no volume or issue numbering), same author and year, newspaper home page given:
Stringleman, H. (2009a, March 9). Fonterra’s five biggest challenges: Part 1, collective capital. The National Business
Review. Retrieved from http://www.nbr.co.nz
Stringleman, H. (2009b, March 10). Fonterra’s five biggest challenges: Part II - balance sheet blues. The National
Business Review. Retrieved from http://www.nbr.co.nz
Article in an encyclopedia:
Corradini, M. L. (2012). Nuclear energy. In The world book encyclopedia (Vol. 14, pp. 579–595). Chicago, IL: World
Book.
Article in an online encyclopedia, no author:
Human endocrine system. (2012). In Encyclopedia britannica. Retrieved from http://www.search.eb.com
Article in Wikipedia, no author, no date, retrieval date provided when an undated version is used:
Plagiarism. (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved December 9, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism
Article in Wikipedia, archived version, date and retrieval address found and copied from the View History tab of the article:
Plagiarism. (2012, December 3). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title
=Plagiarism&oldid=526239196
Books, brochures, chapters of books, course material, papers from meetings, reports, theses
Book, one author:
McPherson, F. M. (2011). Effective note-taking: Strategies to help you study effectively. Wellington, New Zealand:
Wayz Press.
Book, one author, retrieved online, version provided if required :
Locke, J. (1838). An essay concerning human understanding (38th ed.). Retrieved from http://books.google.co
.nz/books
Sword, H. (2012). Stylish academic writing [Kindle version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
Book, two authors retrieved online, via EBL
Tresidder, R., & Hirst, C. (2012). Marketing in food, hospitality, tourism and events: A critical approach. Retrieved
from http://www.manukau.elib.com.au
Book, two authors, edition:
Locker, K. O., & Kienzler, D. S. (2013). Business and administrative communication (10th ed.). Boston, MA:
McGraw-Hill.
Book, no author, edition:
The Chambers dictionary (13th ed.). (2014). London, England: Chambers Harrap.
Brochure or pamphlet, group author, author is also publisher:
New Zealand Ministry of Health. (2006). Eating for healthy teenagers [Brochure]. Wellington, New Zealand:
Author.
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Chapter in an authored book, five authors, all chapters by same author(s):
Bartol, K., Tein, M., Matthews, G., Sharma, B, & Scott-Ladd, B. (2011). Managing organizations through change and
conflict. In Management: A Pacific rim focus (5th ed., pp. 229-262). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Chapter in an edited book, three authors of chapter, two editors of book:
Mackey,J.E., Nicholas, M., & Maxwell, L. (2011). Student learning in a faculty-student practice clinic. In M. J.
Bradshaw & A. J.Lowenstein (Eds.), Innovative teaching strategies in nursing and related health professions
(5th ed., pp.459–474). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Chapter in an edited book retrieved from an electronic collection, no DOI, version and e-book collection search page given:
Minguet, G., & Osty, F. (2009). Engineering in torment: Anomy, or the emergence of a model. In C. Midler, G.
Minguet & M. Vervaeke (Eds.), Working on innovation (pp. 107-130) [Adobe Digital Editions version].
Retrieved from http://www.manukau.elib.com.au
Course material, group author, author is also publisher:
Manukau Institute of Technology. School of Foundation Studies. (2013, Semester One). Communication plus: Course
and assessment information [Course handbook]. Auckland, New Zealand: Author.
Course material from open courseware, retrieved online:
Lecture 1: Toy product design [PowerPoint slides]. (2015). Retrieved from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
OpenCourseWare website: http://web.mit.edu/2.00b/www/2015/lectures/2015_lecture1.pdf
Paper presented at a conference/meeting/symposium retrieved online (include month, conference title, if titled, and location):
Hannis, G. (2011, December). Journalism education in the United States and the implications for New Zealand. Paper
presented at the Journalism Education Association of New Zealand annual conference, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Retrieved from http://www.jeanz.org.nz/conference 2011 hannis.pdf
Report from a government ministry, group author, retrieved online:
New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2011). Developing our energy potential: New
Zealand energy strategy 2011-2021 and the New Zealand energy efficiency and conservation strategy 20112016. Retrieved from http://www.eeca.govt.nz/sites/all/files/nz-energy-strategy-2011.pdf
Report from an organisation, individual author, retrieved online, organisation name included in retrieval statement:
Egan-Bitran, M. (2010). ‘This is how I see it’: Children, young people and young adults’ views and experiences
of poverty. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from Childrens’ Commissioner website: http://www.occ.org.nz
/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/7118/OCC_Photovoice_260110.pdf
Thesis, retrieved from an online digital collection:
Russell, M.-R. (2007). Mainstreaming legal research skills into a New Zealand law school curriculum (Master’s
thesis, University of Auckland). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2292/410
Postings to blogs and online groups, online data, web pages
Data file:
Statistics New Zealand. (2012). Maori population estimates: At 30 June 1991-2012 [Data file]. Retrieved from
http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/maori-population-estimates
.aspx
Post to a blog, discussion group or online form (include month and day; do not italicise title of post):
Lee, C. (2012, May 17). Missing pieces: How to write an APA style reference even without all the information [Blog
post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html
Post on a public Facebook update page. Use the author’s, name in the format Green, J.J. and list the screen name in square
brackets [Jonathan Green]. If the author’s name is not known, provide the screen name without brackets (see the example
below). Include the month day and year the update was retrieved; do not italicise the title):
John Key. (2012). I’ve just attended a ground breaking at the $1.4 billion Waterview Connection in Auckland – NZ’s
biggest roading project [Facebook update]. Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.facebook.com/#!
/photo.php?fbid=10151145239990429&set=a.10150162547855429.346317.12635800428&type=1
Post on a private/friends only Facebook page: This is not retrievable by others, so treat as personal communication, and cite only.
Web page, retrieval date not included:
Harris, R. (2015). Evaluating internet research sources. Retrieved from http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm
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Web page, no author, no date of publication, retrieval date not needed
Management styles. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rpi.edu/dept/advising/free_enterprise
/business_structures/management_styles.htm
Audiovisual sources
Audio podcast or recorded interview retrieved online, date includes year, month day:
Dewes, W. (Speaker), & Greensmith, C. (Interviewer). (1985, March 18). Atiawa fishing grounds (Sound Archives
26775) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://collections.soundarchives.co.nz/search.do?id=342691&db
=object&page=1&view=detail
DVD or videotape:
Alexanyan, K. (Writer), & Strzelinski, J. (Producer). (2008). Principles of interpersonal communication [DVD]. New
York, NY: Insight Media.
Map retrieved online:
Counties Manukau District Health Board. (2013). Counties Manukau district boundary map [Map]. Retrieved from
http://www.cmdhb.org.nz/about_cmdhb/overview/district-boundarymap.htm
Motion picture (place of publication is country only):
Goldsman, A. (Writer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001). A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. USA: Universal Pictures.
Music recording, single track on an album, retrieved online:
Gibb, B., Gibb, R., & Gibb, M. [BeeGees]. (2004). How deep is your love [Recorded by Adeaze]. On Always & for
real [iTunes]. Retrieved from https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/always-and-for-real/id205190369
Television broadcast, single episode, retrieved online:
Kamo, M. (Presenter). (2014, October 12). Sydney country [Television series episode]. In Brian McCormack
(Executive Producer), Sunday. Auckland, New Zealand: TV One. Retrieved from
http://www.etv.org.nz/programme.php?id=91354#
Video retrieved online:
Bennett, D. (2008, February 15). Librarians to the rescue, part 1 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=CwANhl6QSk8
Work of art reproduced in print:
van der Lende, K. (2009). Species: Moringa ovalifolia [Photograph]. In L. Blackwell, The life and love of trees (pp.
62-63). San Francisco, PQ Blackwell in association with Chronicle Books.
Work of art retrieved online:
McCahon, C. (1947). A candle in a dark room [Painting]. Retrieved from http://www.mccahon.co.nz/image
/view/14222/_original
Work of art: Images from clip art packages do not need reference entries or citations, but should be attributed in text.
Legal sources
Bill, retrieved online in pdf format:
Health (Protection) Amendment Bill (No. 234-1). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill
/government/2014/0234/latest/096be8ed80eaddaf.pdf
Case, print copy:
Holdfast NZ Ltd v Henkel KGaA [2007] 1 NZLR 336
Case, unreported, retrieved from Westlaw database:
Commerce Commission v Sports Resources Ltd [28 March; 23 April 2007] DC, Auckland, CRN600045004417-20.
Retrieved from http://www.westlaw.co.nz
Regulation:
Family Court Fees Regulations 2009.
Act, retrieved online in pdf format:
Auditor Regulation Act 2011. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.co.nz/act/public/2011/0021/latest
/096be8ed8085efa8.pdf
Act, reprinted, specific section:
Consumer Guarantees Act BRS Vol. 47, s. 7.
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Citations in the text of your work
As you write your assignment you will be incorporating concepts gathered in your research. Citation is a method of briefly
acknowledging and identifying the source of an idea or quote within your writing. Each citation links to its reference in the list at the
end of your assignment, where complete details of the source are provided.
 Cite when summarising or paraphrasing ideas or concepts.
 Cite and add the page number when referring to a specific fact, table, chart, diagram or the like.
 Cite and add the page number and quotation marks when copying exact words or a unique phrase.
 Cite all facts and figures that are not common knowledge.
Author-Date style
The APA style of citing is known as the author-date, or Harvard, method. Within your writing insert the author’s last name, followed
by the year of the work.

Use the author’s name in your sentence with year in parentheses McPherson (2011) recommends … or place name and
year in parentheses. Another source (McPherson, 2011) recommends…

When citing a specific part of a source, also list the appropriate page, chapter or table after the date. (McPherson, 2011,
p. 140)

When citing multiple authors use the word and in your writing; use an ampersand & when names are in parentheses.
(See page 3 for creating a reference for works by multiple authors.)

When a work has two authors, always cite both names. (Felder & Solomon, n.d.) or Felder and Solomon (n.d.) state
that…

If a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations use the
first author’s family name and et al., followed by the year. (Picard, Landis, & Jaffe, 2008); then (Picard et al., 2008)

If a work has six or more authors, cite only the first author’s family name followed by et al. and the year (Stockley et al.,
2009).

Names of group authors such as organisations are usually written out in full for each citation. However if the name is long
and its abbreviation would be readily understood, the name may be abbreviated in second and subsequent citations. First
citation: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment [MBIE] (2014); second citation: MBIE (2014).

Works with no author are cited in the text of your writing by using the first few words of the reference listing (usually the
title) and the year.
 Italicise the title of a book, periodical, brochure or report (Chambers Dictionary, 2014).
 Use double quotation marks around the title of a chapter of a book or an article in a periodical (“MPs leave”, 2012).

Cite legal materials like works with no author; use the first few words of the reference and the year. Italicise a case
Holdfast NZ Ltd v Henkel, (2007), but do not italicise other legal sources (Local Government Act 2002).

If you are citing two or more sources within parentheses, list the sources in alphabetical order by the first author’s family
name and use a semicolon to separate the citations. Several sources (Picard, Landis, & Jaffe, 2007; Russell, 2007)
suggest that…
If sources are by the same author(s), list the author(s) name(s) followed by the publication dates with the earliest date
given first; use commas to separate the dates. (Smith, 2005, 2007) or (Stringelman, 2009a, 2009b)


Personal communications, such as letters, memos, email, private social media pages, non-archived discussion groups,
non-recorded interviews, or telephone conversations, are cited in the text, but not included in the reference list.
N. Writer (personal communication, October 9, 2011) has indicated that…

Course materials that are available only from a lecturer, note-taker or on a password-protected course management
system should be treated as personal communication and cited in text, but not included in the reference list, as they are not
retrievable by others. Give as precise a date as possible. (X. Lecturer, personal communication, November 17,
2012)

An entire website rather than a particular document on the site, can be referred to and cited in the text of a sentence by
providing the address in parentheses. A reference is not needed.
MIT students should become familiar with the research tools available on the library website
(http://library.manukau.ac.nz/).
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Year in second and subsequent citations
 Include the year whenever the author’s name is cited using parentheses.
 Within a paragraph, if the first citation uses the author’s name in text and the year in parentheses, the year does not need to
be repeated in further in-text citations.
 Within a paragraph, if the first citation places both name and year in parentheses, the year should be included in
subsequent citations.
.
Citing a secondary source
Secondary source is the term used for a work that discusses a previous work in some way; the previous or original work is the
primary source. Many textbooks cite and explain primary sources. While using primary sources is preferred, secondary sources are
acceptable if properly cited and referenced.
When citing from a secondary source, list both primary and secondary authors in the text citation Fagan’s study (as cited in
Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Sharma, & Scott-Ladd, 2011) clarified… In the reference list include only the reference for the
secondary source (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, Sharma, & Scott-Ladd), the work you have actually read.
Using Quotations
Material that is written down exactly as it appears in a previous work is a quotation.

When quoting, cite the author, date, and page number of the source in the text of your work, and provide complete details
of the source in your reference list.

For electronic sources without page numbers, provide a paragraph number, or a heading and following paragraph
number. Use the abbreviation, para.
“The popularity of courses such as blogging and the lack of popularity for a course on business journalism
indicates [both American and New Zealand] students’ lack of strong career aspirations in journalism” (Hannis,
2011, Conclusions, para. 3).

If fewer than 40 words, a quotation should be enclosed in double quotation marks and included in the text of what you are
writing.
Professors/lecturers are reminded that “understanding the effects of cultural differences in professor/student
encounters becomes increasingly important for designing effective learning experiences and avoiding
misunderstandings”(Swanson, Frankel, & Sagan, 2005, p. 47).

If 40 or more words, omit the quotation marks and make a block quotation. Start the quotation on a new line that is
indented five to seven spaces; keep all lines flush with the indent.
Swanson, Frankel and Sagan (2005) concluded that:
As our classrooms become more and more globally diverse in their make-up, understanding the effects
of cultural differences in professor/student encounters becomes increasingly important for designing
effective learning experiences and avoiding misunderstandings….Research such as this can aid
professors by providing insight into what are the critical encounters as perceived by students of a
particular culture, and the correct responses if improving the learning environment is desired (p. 47).

The first letter of the first word in a quote may be changed to capital or lower case, and punctuation at the end of a sentence
changed to fit the syntax. See the example above of a quote of fewer than 40 words.

If you omit part of the quote, you must indicate this by replacing the omitted word(s) with three ellipsis points ... Use four
points to indicate words omitted between sentences. See the example above of a quote of 40 or more words. Do not begin
or end a quote with ellipsis points.

Words added to the original quote, for clarity or explanation, are inserted in brackets [ ] See the example above of a quote
from an electronic source without page numbers.

Errors in spelling, grammar, etc. in the original source should be copied, but insert the word [sic] (italicised and in brackets)
to indicate that the error is in the quoted work.
Creating a reference list
A list of the specific sources that you used in your research should be included at the end of your assignment. Each reference in
the list must be cited at least once in the text of your work, and each source cited must be included in the references. The
exceptions to this rule are classical works and personal communications (letters, memos, email) which are not publicly available;
these are cited, but not included in the reference list.
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
List references on a new page. The title, References, should be centred at the top of the page.

Place the reference list at the end of the text of your work, before any appendixes.

The hanging indent format should be used; start each entry flush with the left margin and indent subsequent lines
approximately ½ inch or five to seven spaces.

List the sources in alphabetical order according to the family name of the author or editor; alphabetise letter by letter.

List several works by the same author(s) in date order, with earliest first.

List works by the same author(s) with the same publication date alphabetically by the title that follows the date (exclude
articles A, An, The). Add a lowercase letter, a, b…to the year in parentheses.

If there is no author or editor, alphabetise by title.
Sample reference list
Reminder: While APA requires double-spacing for the References as well as the text of a work, these examples have been singlespaced. Follow the requirements of your department when formatting line spacing, margins, headings and the like.
References
Alexanyan, K. (Writer), & Strzelinski, J. (Producer). (2008). Principles of interpersonal communication [DVD]. New
York, NY: Insight Media.
Bartol, K., Tein, M., Matthews, G., Sharma, B, & Scott-Ladd, B. (2011). Managing organizations through change and
conflict. In Management: A Pacific rim focus (5th ed., pp. 229-262). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Bennett, D. (2008, February 15). Librarians to the rescue, part 1 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube
/watch?v=CwANhl6QSk8
Biraghi, E., & Tortorano, A. M. (2010). Tobacco smoking habits among nursing students and the influence of family
and peer smoking behaviour. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(1), 33-39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009
.05135.x
The Chambers dictionary (13th ed.). (2014). Edinburgh, Scotland: Chambers Harrap.
Commerce Commission v Sports Resources Ltd [28 March; 23 April 2007] DC, Auckland, CRN600045004417-20.
Retrieved from http://www.westlaw.co.nz
Consumer Guarantees Act BRS Vol. 47, s. 7.
Corradini, M. L. (2012). Nuclear energy. In The world book encyclopedia (Vol. 14, pp. 579–595). Chicago, IL: World
Book.
Counties Manukau District Health Board. (2013). Counties Manukau district boundary map [Map]. Retrieved from
http://www.cmdhb.org.nz/about_cmdhb/overview/district-boundarymap.htm
Dewes, W. (Speaker), & Greensmith, C. (Interviewer). (1985, March 18). Atiawa fishing grounds (Sound Archives
26775) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://collections.soundarchives.co.nz/search.do?id=342691&db
=object&page=1&view=detail
Egan-Bitran, M. (2010). ‘This is how I see it’: Children, young people and young adults’ views and experiences
of poverty. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from Childrens’ Commissioner website: http://www.occ.org.nz
/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/7118/OCC_Photovoice_260110.pdf
Family Court Fees Regulations 2009.
Felder, R. M., & Soloman, B. A. (n.d.). Learning styles and strategies. Retrieved from http://www4.ncsu.edu
/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/ILSdir/styles.htm
Foley, R. (2010, February). Will the real Winston Peters please stand up? North & South, 287, 48-54.
Gibb, B., Gibb, R., & Gibb, M. [BeeGees]. (2004). How deep is your love [Recorded by Adeaze]. On Always & for
real [iTunes]. Retrieved from https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/always-and-for-real/id205190369
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Goldsman, A. (Writer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001). A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. USA: Universal Pictures.
Hannis, G. (2011, December). Journalism education in the United States and the implications for New Zealand. Paper
presented at the Journalism Education Association of New Zealand annual conference, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Retrieved from http://www.jeanz.org.nz/conference 2011 hannis.pdf
Harris, R. (2015). Evaluating internet research sources. Retrieved from http://www.virtualsalt.com/evalu8it.htm
Health (Protection) Amendment Bill (No. 234-1). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill
/government/2014/0234/latest/096be8ed80eaddaf.pdf
Holdfast NZ Ltd v Henkel KGaA [2007] 1 NZLR 336
Human endocrine system. (2012). In Encyclopedia britannica. Retrieved from http://www.search.eb.com
Kamo, M. (Presenter). (2014, October 12). Sydney country [Television series episode]. In Brian McCormack
(Executive Producer), Sunday. Auckland, New Zealand: TV One. Retrieved from
http://www.etv.org.nz/programme.php?id=91354#
John Key. (2012). I’ve just attended a ground breaking at the $1.4 billion Waterview Connection in Auckland – NZ’s
biggest roading project [Facebook update]. Retrieved August 2, 2012, from http://www.facebook.com/#!
/photo.php?fbid=10151145239990429&set=a.10150162547855429.346317.12635800428&type=1
Lecture 1: Toy product design [PowerPoint slides]. (2015). Retrieved from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
OpenCourseWare website: http://web.mit.edu/2.00b/www/2015/lectures/2015_lecture1.pdf
Lee, C. (2012, May 17). Missing pieces: How to write an APA style reference even without all the information [Web
log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html
Locke, J. (1838). An essay concerning human understanding (38th ed.). Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz/books
Locker, K. O., & Kienzler, D. S. (2013). Business and administrative communication (10th ed.). Boston, MA: McGrawHill.
Mackey,J.E., Nicholas, M., & Maxwell, L. (2011). Student learning in a faculty-student practice clinic. In M. J.
Bradshaw & A. J.Lowenstein (Eds.), Innovative teaching strategies in nursing and related health professions
(5th ed., pp.459–474). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Management styles. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rpi.edu/dept/advising/free_enterprise
/business_structures/management_styles.htm
Manukau Institute of Technology. School of Foundation Studies. (2013, Semester One). Communication plus: Course
and assessment information [Course handbook]. Auckland, New Zealand: Author.
McCahon, C. (1947). A candle in a dark room [Painting]. Retrieved from http://www.mccahon.co.nz/image
/view/14222/_original
McPherson, F. M. (2011). Effective note-taking: Strategies to help you study effectively. Wellington, New Zealand:
Wayz Press.
Minguet, G., & Osty, F. (2009). Engineering in torment: Anomy, or the emergence of a model. In C. Midler, G. Minguet
& M. Vervaeke (Eds.), Working on innovation (pp. 107-130) [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Retrieved from
http://www.manukau.elib.com.au
MPs leave on $158,000 Europe trip. (2012, July 3). The New Zealand Herald, p. A4.
New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2011). Developing our energy potential: New
Zealand energy strategy 2011-2021 and the New Zealand energy efficiency and conservation strategy 20112016. Retrieved from http://www.eeca.govt.nz/sites/all/files/nz-energy-strategy-2011.pdf
New Zealand Ministry of Health. (2006). Eating for healthy teenagers [Brochure]. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Plagiarism. (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved December 9, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism
Plagiarism. (2012, December 3). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title
=Plagiarism&oldid=526239196
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Russell, M.-R. (2007). Mainstreaming legal research skills into a New Zealand law school curriculum (Master’s thesis,
University of Auckland). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2292/410
Statistics New Zealand. (2012). Maori population estimates: At 30 June 1991-2012 [Data file]. Retrieved from
http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/maori-population-estimates
.aspx
Stockley, D., Beyer, W., Hutchinson, N., DeLugt, J., Chin, P., Versnel, J., & Munby, H. (2009). Using interactive
technology to disseminate research findings to a diverse population. Canadian Journal of Learning and
Technology, 35(1). Retrieved from http://www.cjlt.ca/index.php/cjlt
Stringleman, H. (2009a, March 9). Fonterra’s five biggest challenges: Part 1, collective capital. The National Business
Review. Retrieved from http://www.nbr.co.nz
Stringleman, H. (2009b, March 10). Fonterra’s five biggest challenges: Part II - balance sheet blues. The National
Business Review. Retrieved from http://www.nbr.co.nz
Swanson, J., Valiente, C., & Lemery-Chalfant, K. (2012). Predicting academic achievement from cumulative home risk:
The mediating roles of effortful control, academic relationships, and school avoidance. Merrill Palmer
Quarterly, 58(3), 375-408. Retrieved from http://www.merrillpalmerquarterly.com/index.html
Sword, H. (2012). Stylish academic writing [Kindle version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
Tresidder, R., & Hirst, C. (2012). Marketing in food, hospitality, tourism and events: A critical approach. Retrieved
from http://www.manukau.elib.com.au
van der Lende, K. (2009). Species: Moringa ovalifolia [Photograph]. In L. Blackwell, The life and love of trees (pp.
62-63). San Francisco, PQ Blackwell in association with Chronicle Books.
Wirtenberg, J., Backer, T. E., Chang, W., Lannan, T., Applegate, B., Conway, M.,…Slepian, J. (2007). The future of
organizational development in the nonprofit sector. Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 179–195.
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