BIOL 2210
Study Guide
CHEMISTRY
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter can be Solid, Liquid or Gas
Energy can neither be created nor distroyed ( 1st law of thermodynamics)
Energy can be Kinetic (produced by motion) or Potential (stored energy)
Element is matter having unique physical and chemical properties
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Potassium, Sodium,
Major elements in human body
Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Chloride, Sulphur, Iodine
C HOPKIN'S CaFe, Mighty Good, and add a pinch of Salt
Atom
Smallest particle of matter
Nucleus: Protons and Neutrons
Shell: Electrons
Atomic Number
# of Protons in an atom
Atromic Weight
# Protons + # Netrons in an atom
Octet Rule Electrons are found in different levels of shells. Innermost has a maximum of 2 and
the rest a maximum of 8. An atom will always try to stabilize itself by getting the
maximum of 8 in its outermost shell (Octet Rule)
Molecule
More than one of same element
O2 (oxygen)
Compound More than one of different elements CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Solution
Substance dissolved homogenously in a liquid
Solute: the substance that is dissolved Solvent: the liquid in which it is dissolved
Bonds: To satisfy the octet rule or to stabilize themselves, bonds are formed between atoms
Ionic Bond when an atom gives an electron the other atom receives it to make them stable
Covalent Bond is when two atoms share electrons to make them stable
Monovalent when one electron is shared: Hydrogen
H H
Bivalent when two electrons are shared: Oxygen
O=O
Trivalent when three electrons are shared: Nitrogen
N N
The number of bonds each atom has is called valency
Hydrogen Bond is when hydrogen binds with an atom: H - O - H
Water is a polar molecule because of the bonding between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms:
one end being slightly negatively charged and the other end being slightly positively
charged. Because of this polarity water binds with large number of atoms
Dr. Yoga sundram
Properties of water
Universal solvent (because of its polarity)
Able to hydrolyse acids and bases
Has a high heat capacity
Has a high heat of vaporization
Hydrolysis Dissociation of an acid or base into anions and cations (charged particles)
Acidity
Amount of H+ ions present in a solution
pH
A measure of acidity
0
Maximum acidity
on a scale of 0 thru 14
7
Neutral
14
Minimum Acidity
Acidic
Basic
( pH value decreases with increase in acidity )
Reactions
A reaction is an interaction between 2 or more atoms or molecules
Examples
Na + Cl = NaCl
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
The atoms on the left of the equation are reactants and one on the right is the products
Exergonic Reaction
is when energy is released during the reaction
Endergonic reaction
is when energy is absorbed
Activation Energy
Energy needed to start a reaction
Catalyst
A substance that decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction and
makes it proceed faster
Enzyme
A biological catalyst is called an enzyme and is produced in the body
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosachcharides
(Single base unit)
Have Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in their molecule (C, H, O)
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
Disachcharides
(Two base units)
Maltose (glucose + glucose), Sucrose (Glucose + fructose),
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Polysachcharides
(Many base units)
Cellulose, Starch, Chitin, Glycogen
LIPIDS
Have Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in their molecule (C, H, O)
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins, Steroids, Cholesterol, Vitamin D etc
Tryglyceride (Fat): 1 glyceride molecule attached to 3 fatty acid molecules
Saturated Fat: Animal origin, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat: Plant origin, liquid at room temperature
Phospholipid: I glyceride molecule, 2 fatty acid molecule and 1 phophate molecule
Triglyceride
Glycerol
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
Phospholipid
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty acid
PROTEINS Have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and any other molecules (C, H, O, N, R)
Amino acids
Dipeptides
Polypeptides (protein)
( Single base unit)
(Two base units)
(Multiple base units)
Protein is a complex structure of folded amino acid chains. Extreme heat or pH levels
unfolds these chains and is called denaturing
NUCEIC ACIDS:
Have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus (C, H, O, N, and P)
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribo Nucleic Acid (RNA)
The above are the genetic material which replicate (and divide) during cell division ,
thus transferring genetic traits to the progeny
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The above three are involved in storing and releasing energy. Energy is stored in bonds
between phosphates when they are made and are released when they are broken
Energy stored
AMP
Energy stored
ADP
Energy released
ATP
Energy released
Energy is stored when AMP is converted to ADP or
ADP is converted to ATP
Energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP
or ADP is converted to AMP
Yoga sundram