INSTRUCTOR GUIDE
Unit 2.2
Physical &
Chemical Properties
INSTRUCTOR GUIDE
TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
The participant shall identify the physical and chemical properties which are key to
determining the basic hazards and risks associated with a hazardous material or
WMD product.
FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
IG – 2.2 – 2
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
Identify two ways to obtain a MSDS in an emergency. (1.2.2)
Using a MSDS for a specified material, identify the following hazard and response
information:
• Physical and chemical characteristics
• Physical hazards of the material
• Health hazards of the material
• Signs and symptoms of exposure (1.2.3)
Describe the important chemical and physical properties of hazardous materials.
Match the following chemical and physical properties with their significance and impact
on the behavior of the container and/or its contents:
• Boiling point
• Chemical reactivity
• Corrosivity (pH)
• Flammable (explosive) range (LEL & UEL)
• Flash point
• Ignition (auto ignition) temperature
• Particle size
• Persistence
• Physical state (solid, liquid, gas)
• Radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing)
• Specific gravity
• Toxic products of combustion
• Vapor density
• Vapor pressure
• Water solubility (1.3.1.1)
Describe the properties and characteristics of the following:
• Alpha radiation
• Beta radiation
• Gamma radiation
• Neutron radiation (1.2.9)
Match the definitions associated with the UN/DOT hazard classes and divisions of
hazardous materials/WMD, including refrigerated liquefied gases and cryogenic liquids,
with the class or division. (1.2.1)
UNIT TIMELINE
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
DURATION
5 min.
20 min.
10 min.
10 min.
10 min.
60 min.
10 min.
5 min.
20 min.
20 min.
10 min.
30 min.
TYPE
Lecture
Lecture
Video
Discussion
Video
Discussion
Video
Discussion
Discussion
Discussion
Review
Activity 2.2
4 hrs
TOTAL
TITLE
Gathering Product Information
Sources of Product Information
Introduction to CHEMTREC
Contents of MSDS and Physical Properties
Physical Properties
Contents of MSDS and Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Contents of MSDS (continued)
Radioactive Hazards
DOT Hazard Classes
Summary
Assessing Physical and Chemical Properties
REQUIRED MATERIALS
-
Visuals for Unit 2.2
A Material Safety Data Sheet for each participant. The instructor should select a
MSDS that is common in the community or of unique community concern
A North American Emergency Response Guide Book (NAERG) for each participant
A NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards for each participant
Video “Introduction to CHEMTREC”
Video “Physical Properties”
Video “Chemical Properties”
Sample set of DOT placards and labels for use in discussion on hazard classes
ATTITUDES TO FOSTER
In this unit the participants will be introduced to the various physical and chemical
properties of hazardous materials. The participants must understand the impact of those
properties upon the determination of response objectives.
IG – 2.2 – 4
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
IG – 2.2 – 5
FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
I)
GATHERING PRODUCT INFORMATION
(5 MINUTES)
A) Hazard class using the NAERG is the minimum
amount of information needed
Explain that the NAERG gives us only limited information
and that we may need more or better information to
successfully handle the scene. The NAERG is designed
for the first 15 to 20 minutes of the incident.
B) Physical and chemical properties
1) Physical properties describe how a
material will physically act within the
environment. Physical properties include:
(a) Physical state (solid, liquid or gas)
(b) Phase changes (melting point,
boiling point and sublimation)
(c) Vapor pressure
(d) Specific gravity
(e) Vapor density
(f) Solubility
2) Chemical properties describe how a
material will chemically act. Examples of
chemical properties include:
(a) Flammability (flammable range,
ignition temperature)
(b) Reactivity (corrosivity, chemical
incompatibilities, polymerization)
(c) Toxicity (exposure limits, routes of
exposure and physiological effects)
(d) Radioactivity
IG – 2.2 – 6
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
These properties will be discussed later in more detail.
This is only intended to be an introduction to the topic
matter that will be presented.
II)
SOURCES OF PRODUCT INFORMATION
(20 MINUTES)
A) Electronic sources
1) CAMEO
2) Chemknowlege
3) Internet search
Explain to the participant that there are numerous
electronic resources available. In this class we will discuss
how to use the NAERG, NIOSH Pocket Guide, and
Material Safety Data Sheets. Most of these can be found
in an electronic version or online.
B) Those commonly available to the operations
level responder
1) The North American Emergency Response
Guidebook (NAERG)
2) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
3) EPlan
4) Material Safety Data sheets (MSDS)
C) North American Emergency Response Guide
Book (NAERG)
1) Participants were trained to use this
guidebook during awareness level training.
2) Operations level responders must insure
that these minimum actions have been
implemented.
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
The participants should already be very familiar with this
document. Depending upon the participants, the instructor
may wish to take a few minutes to insure an understanding
of how to properly use this reference.
3) Guide for the first 15 – 20 minutes of the
incident
4) Has limited information on chemicals
5) Does not list all chemicals
6) In order to use it, you need working
knowledge of the guide
Make sure the participants have a working knowledge of
how to use the guide and discuss the limitations of the
system. Also, discuss the limitations of the placarding
system we use today for vehicles, e.g. 1000 lb. rule, 5000
lb. rule and difficulty in enforcement. Discussion of each
hazard class will come later.
D) NIOSH Pocket Guide o Chemical Hazards
1) Put out by the National Institute of Safety
and Health
2) Need to have a basic understanding of the
book
3) Limited number of chemicals listed
4) Short, abbreviated, concise information
5) Good tool to use on scene
Give the participants a basic overview of how to use the
pocket guide. Also, discuss the abbreviations used and
their meanings.
E) CHEMTREC
Show Video (10 Minutes)
IG – 2.2 – 8
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction to CHEMTREC
1) CHEMTREC (1–800–424–9300). You
need the following information:
(a) Caller's name and call back number
(b) NAERG guide page number being
used
(c) Name of shipper or manufacturer
(d) Rail car or truck number
(e) Carrier's name
(f) The consignee
(g) Local conditions
(h) Shipper
2) Retailer
3) Manufacturer
4) Other users
5) Worker or Community Right-to-Know
files on file at the fire department
Under OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 the OSHA “Hazard
Communication Standard” the employer must maintain
MSD sheets on chemicals that they use, sell or
manufacture. In some areas these businesses must also
notify the local department of the chemicals stored on site
and provide the department with a copy of the MSDS on
request. This information can be of significant help when
pre-planning a facility or just looking into the chemicals
stored in your area. If there is a shipping accident you can
obtain MSD sheets from known retailers in your area or
possibly another business that uses the same chemical. The
people from such a business may be a good resource for
handling guidelines.
IG – 2.2 – 9
FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
III)
CONTENTS OF THE MSDS AND
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (45
MINUTES)
A) Basic design
1) Nine sections
2) Various designs
3) Some are of poor quality
B) Nine basic sections
Have the participant follow along with a sample MSDS
sheet. The instructor should select an MSDS for a material
that is commonly found or of unique community concern.
Participants should use the MSDS as the organizational
scheme to help keep them focused with the program flow.
1) Product and manufacturer information
(a) Emergency contact number
2) Hazardous ingredients (compounds, etc.)
(a) Must match MSDS to specific
chemical
(b) May be listed as a mix for trade
secrecy and just gives hazards if the
ingredients
(c) C.A.S. Number
•
Chemical Abstract Service
•
A unique number assigned
to each registered
chemical compound
•
Average 50,000 new
chemicals monthly
(d) Any hazardous substance found in
a concentration of >1% will be
listed
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UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(e) Exposure limits — Also found in
NIOSH Pocket Guide
•
Need basic understanding
to help with decision
making process
•
Time Weighted Average
(TWA) — Average for 8
hour day, 40 hour week
•
Short Term Exposure
Limit (S.T.E.L.) — Can
reach this level for 15
minutes with a 60 minute
break in between for no
more than 4 times daily
•
Ceiling Limit (C) — Must
never be exceeded without
personal protective
equipment
Discuss the relationship between TWA, S.T.E.L. and
Ceiling Limit. Insure that the participants understand the
relationship between these values. The instructor may wish
to direct the participants to the definitions of these values
in the front of the NIOSH pocket guide
•
Immediately Dangerous to
Life and Health (IDLH)
— Effects may be acute
or chronic
•
Acute Exposure
Guidelines Levels
(AEGL) — Guidelines for
acute exposures to
chemicals
–
AEGL1 —
Airborne
concentration above
which will cause
notable discomfort
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
–
AEGL2 —
Airborne
concentration above
which will cause
irreversible or long
lasting health
effects
–
AEGL3 —
Airborne
concentration above
which will cause
life-threatening
health effects or
death
3) Physical data
Show Video (10 minutes)
Physical Properties
(a) Physical properties describe how a
material will physically act
(b) Describes a condition, not
reactivity
(c) Helps predict the PHYSICAL
behavior of the material
(d) Aides in the selection of PPE and
control methods
(e) Physical state — Solid, liquid or
gas
•
Most can exist in more
than one state
(f) Phase change — Going from one
state to another
IG – 2.2 – 12
•
Melting point (M. P.) and
freezing point (F.P.)
•
Vapor pressure (V.P.)
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a substance
against atmospheric pressure. Insure that the participants
understand that all liquids (and some solids) give off
vapors. The vapor pressure determines the rate at which
those vapors will be released. The higher the vapor
pressure, the greater the release of vapors or the faster the
evaporation from the liquid state to the vapor state.
The higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the
product and the greater the chance for air borne exposure.
•
Boiling point (B.P.)
The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a material equals atmospheric pressure (760
mm/hg). At this point the material will release vapors at
the fastest possible rate.
Discuss the relationship between B.P. and V.P.
•
Sublimation
Sublimation refers to the ability of a solid to change to a
vapor without becoming a liquid. Discuss the relationship
of each and discuss how each may effect how the product
behaves and evolves vapors.
(g) Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the weight of a substance in comparison
to water. Water is assigned the value of 1. Materials with a
specific gravity greater than 1 are heavier than water and
those with a SG less than 1 are lighter than water and will
float.
Discuss different types of dams that can be built for
product control.
(h) Vapor density (V.D.)
Vapor density (also seen as vapor specific gravity) is the
comparison of the weight of the vapors in comparison to
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
the weight of air. Air is established the standard value of 1.
Those materials with a VD greater than 1 will be heavier
than air and will sink. Those with a VD less than 1 will be
lighter than air and will tend to naturally dissipate
upwards.
Explain how this affects the way technicians will monitor
for a gas or vapor and how it affects our tactics on scene.
(i) Solubility/miscibility
Solubility and miscibility refers to the ability of one
substance to blend uniformly with another.
The term solubility is usually applied to a solid solute
being dissolved with a liquid solvent (e.g., water, alcohol).
The term miscibility is generally applied to a liquid or gas
solute being mixed in another liquid or gas solvent.
4) Spill type — Tactics and exposures
Spill types obviously are not included on the MSDS.
However, now that physical properties have been
discussed, it is a logical time to discuss spill types and
relate that information to what the participants have
learned.
(a) Once the physical properties of the
material are understood, the spill
type that is being dealt with can be
assessed.
(b) Understanding the spill type
provides a greater appreciation for
the hazards that might be presented
to the responder.
Spill Type Matrix
Physical
State/
Environment
Gas
Liquid
Solid
IG – 2.2 – 14
Air
Release
Water
Release
Surface
Release
Gas/Air
Liquid/Air
Solid/Air
Liquid/Water
Solid/Water
Liquid/Surface
Solid/Surface
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Draw the participants’ attention to the spill type matrix in
the Student Manual. Discuss the various common types of
spills and how spill types can mimic or transform to other
types of spills. Examples include: A liquid/surface spill
will always have a gas/air component due to vapor
pressure. If a spilled solid is in a fine enough form, the
solid/surface spill can mimic a gas/air release.
5) Fire and explosion hazards
(a) The fourth section of the MSDS
deals with fire and explosion
hazards.
(b) Fire and explosion hazards are one
of the chemical properties exhibited
by materials.
Have the participants return to the MSDS that they were
following along with and insure they are tracking with the
flow of the program. The MSDS should be used as an
organizational scheme to keep the participants focused on
the direction of the lecture.
(c) Fire triangle
Review the basics concerning the fire triangle as necessary
for the target audience. Insure that everyone in the class
has an understanding of the concept. These concepts are
very important to this section, as well as our later
discussion on explosives.
(d) Flash point
•
“The temperature at which
a liquid or volatile solid
gives off vapors sufficient
to form an ignitable
mixture near the
surface…” National Fire
Protection Association
(NFPA)
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
•
If an ignition source were
provided, a flash fire
would occur.
Discuss with the participants the relationship between
vapor pressure and the flash point of a combustible or
flammable material. Using the following examples, allow
the participants to recognize that as vapor pressure
increases, flash point decreases. This is because the higher
the vapor pressure at a given temperature, the less heating
is required to evolve sufficient vapors.
Product
Kerosene
Octane
Gasoline
Propane
Vapor
Pressure
Combustible liquid 2.12 mm/hg
Flammable liquid
11.7 mm/hg
Up to 300
Flammable liquid
mm/hg
1313 mm/hg
Flammable gas
@ -20 °F
Type Liquid
Flash Point
(°F)
100 – 162 °F
56 °F
-36 °F
-76 to – 156
°F
(e) Flammable range
•
This is the percentage of
the gas in air necessary to
form a flammable mixture.
•
Measured in % by volume
in air
•
Lean and rich mixtures
•
1% = 10,000 ppm
Product
Propane
Gasoline
Acetylene
Hydrogen
LEL
2.2 %
1.4 %
2.5 %
4.0 %
UEL
9.5 %
7.4 %
100 %
75 %
(f) Ignition temperature
•
IG – 2.2 – 16
The minimum temperature
required to initiate or
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
cause self-sustained
combustion independently
of the heating or heating
element
(g) BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding
Vapor Explosion)
•
Common hazard that may
occur when direct
flammable impingement
upon a closed container
occurs
•
Flammable contact with
the steel container
weakens the steel
•
Increased internal pressure
•
Runaway tearing of the
container occurs
Discuss the topic of BLEVE with the participants. Insure
an understanding of the concept. Reinforce that the flame
impingement upon the steel above the level of the liquid
creates the greatest hazard. Control strategies must include
the application of water to the surface of the container for
a defensive posture. General rule of thumb is 500 gallons
per minute (gpm) per point of flame impingement with
close monitoring of relief valve activation and status.
Failure of the relief valve to reset or changes in sound
intensity or pitch can indicate a worsening situation.
(h) Boil-over
•
A potential hazard found
while fighting fires
involving heavy, viscous
fuels in containers
(primary floating roof)
•
Water settles to the bottom
of the container
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
•
A thermocline (layer of
highly heated fuel)
develops under the surface
of the fire
•
As the fuel level in the
tank drops, the
thermocline moves closer
to the water in the bottom
of the container
•
When the thermocline
(greater than 212 degrees
F) comes in contact with
the water, the water
converts to steam and
ejects the remaining fuel
from the tank
(i) Other definitions
•
Pyrophoric — Ignites
spontaneously on contact
with air
•
Hydrophoric — Ignites
spontaneously on contact
with water
•
Flammable solids —
Materials that are wetted
explosives, self reactive,
spontaneously
combustible, pyrophoric
or water reactive
•
Hygroscopic — Moisture
absorbing. Readily mixes
with water and in many
cases creates a corrosive
liquid. Example:
anhydrous ammonia
6) Health hazards — Routes and effects of
exposure
IG – 2.2 – 18
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(a) Toxin — “There is nothing which
is not a toxin, only the dose
differentiates a poison from a
remedy” — Paracelsus 1500s
Discuss this statement with the participants. Use examples
such as water (too much water can result in electrolyte
imbalances) and salt to illustrate the concept that anything
in a sufficient quantity can be toxic to humans.
(b) Routes of exposure
•
Inhalation
•
Ingestion
•
Injection
•
Skin absorption
(c) Local vs. systemic response
(d) Dose vs. response
•
The greater the dose taken
into the body, the greater
the adverse health effects
•
With many materials there
is a “threshold” of
exposure prior to adverse
health effects
•
Others have extremely
low thresholds
•
Adverse health effects
(e) Influences of toxicity
•
•
Type of exposure
–
Acute
–
Chronic
Route of exposure
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
•
•
Age of subject
–
Younger — Less
developed immune
system
–
Elderly —
Degraded immune
system
Gender
–
•
Some materials are
gender specific
(e.g., teratogens)
State of health
–
Pre-existing
conditions (e.g.,
pulmonary
conditions, liver
dysfunction)
Discuss with the class these variables.
7) Reactivity hazards
(a) Corrosives
•
pH Scale 0 – 14 with 7 +/being neutral
•
pH < 2 strong acid
•
pH > 12 strong base
(alkaline)
•
pH is a logarithmic scale
Insure participant understanding of the logarithmic
function. A pH of 6 is 10 times more acidic than a 7. A pH
of 5 is 100 times more acidic than a 7. A pH of 4 is 1,000
times more acidic than a 7, etc.
IG – 2.2 – 20
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
•
Skin effects
•
Steel effects
Even though a drum or container was made to carry an
acid, if the product is coming into contact with the bare
metal, there is a possibility for container failure from the
reaction between the corrosive and its container. This is
why many containers are “lined”.
(b) Reactions
•
•
•
Rate of reactions are
dependent upon
–
Quantity of
materials involved
–
Concentration of
materials
–
Temperature
–
Pressure
Explosives
–
Fuel
–
Oxidizer
–
Energy
–
Pressure
Incompatibility groups
Refer the participants to the table of incompatibility
groups in their Student Manual and discuss these groups
and potential reactions.
Show video (10 minutes)
Chemical Reactions
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
8) Spill and leak control
(a) Spill/leak control information
describes the actions to be taken for
incidental spills and leaks
•
Incidental spills are those
which can be handled
easily by employees in the
immediate area or
maintenance personnel.
•
Persons conducting
incidental spill still must
be trained (Hazard
Communication 29 CFR
1900.1200).
•
Proper protection must be
provided in accordance
with MSDS
recommendations.
(b) Spill leak control information can
be used to help emergency
responders determine goals and
tactics.
9) Personal protective equipment (PPE)
(a) PPE requirements during normal
anticipated use, not during
emergencies
(b) Minimum level of protection for
persons who work with the product
or during incidental spills
(c) Many times, PPE recommended on
the MSDS is not applicable for
emergency conditions
10) Special information
(a) The last section of the MSDS
discusses any special handling,
packaging or disposal requirements
IG – 2.2 – 22
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(b) Special information concerning
environmental protection may be
provided
IV)
RADIOACTIVE HAZARDS (20 MINUTES)
A) Ionizing radiation
1) Natural or “background” radiation always
present (from terrestrial, cosmic, food
sources, etc…)
2) Man made or “refined” sources of
radiation can be found in numerous areas
of science and industry
(a) Industrial radioactive isotopes
(b) Medical radioactive isotopes
(c) Agricultural and food irradiation
(d) Special nuclear materials
(plutonium, uranium or uranium
enriched)
3) Unstable isotopes “decay” to reach a state
of stability. This decaying process
generally involves the release of ionizing
radiation.
B) Types of ionizing
1) Alpha particle
(a) Emitted from the nucleus
(b) Has significant mass
(c) Travels only inches in air
(d) No penetration
(e) Most significant hazard is the
inhalation or ingestion of the
source material
2) Beta particle
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
(a) Very little mass
(b) Can hold significant energy
(c) Travels several feet in air
(d) Limited penetration
(e) Can cause “beta burns” to skin
3) Gamma emission
(a) Not a particle
(b) An electro-magnetic energy wave
called a “photon”
(c) Highly penetrating
(d) Will ionize internal tissues
4) X-rays
(a) Generated electronically by firing
high energy electrons at a heavy
metal
(b) No radioactive source in an X-ray
machine
5) Neutron particle
(a) Found in fission or spontaneously
fissionable materials
(b) Unique characteristic of “special
nuclear materials”
•
U-235, U-233 and
plutonium
C) Exposure limits
1) Standard unit of measure in U.S. is REM
(a) 1 REM = 1,000 mREM (milli)
(b) 1 mREM = 1,000 µREM (mirco)
IG – 2.2 – 24
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
2) International community uses Sievert (Sv)
(a) 1 Sv = 100 REM
3) Total dose = dose rate X duration
4) Action levels
(a) Normal background 8 – 16
µREM/Hr
(b) Hot zone 2 mREM/Hr
(c) All actions to 5 REM dose (5,000
mREM)
(d) Protect valuable property 10 REM
dose (10,000 mREM)
(e) Life saving rescue 25 REM (25,000
mREM)
(f) LD (low) 100 REM
(g) LD (50) 500 REM
D) Florida’s Preventative Radiological Nuclear
Detection Program (PRND)
1) Commercial vehicle inspection
2) Maritime interdiction
3) Special events
4) Intelligence driven operations
The Florida PRND program goal is to protect the people,
economy, and natural resources of Florida against threats
posed by the unauthorized use of radiological and nuclear
materials.
5) Types of devices
(a) Thermonuclear device
(b) Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
(c) Radiological Dispersal Device
(RDD)
(d) Radiological Exposure Device
(RED)
V)
DOT HAZARD CLASSES (NAERG) (20
MINUTES)
A) Hazard Classes
1) Class 1: Explosives
(a) Division 1.1 — Class A: Mass
Detonation Hazard
(b) Division 1.2 — Class A/B:
Projectile
(c) Division 1.3 — Class B: Fire
Hazard
(d) Division 1.4 — Class C: No Blast
(e) Division 1.5 — Blasting Agent
(f) Division 1.6 — Very Insensitive
Optional Video
The instructor may wish to secure a copy of the free
training video provided by the Institute of Manufacturers
of explosives dealing with “Emergency Response to
Explosives”. (18 minutes)
2) Class 2: Gases
(a) Division 2.1 — Flammable
(b) Division 2.2 — Non-flammable
(c) Division 2.3 — Poisonous
3) Class 3: Flammable Liquid
(a) Any liquid with a flash point not
more than 140 °F
IG – 2.2 – 26
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(b) Combustible liquids with a flash
point above 140 °F and below 200
°F
4) Class 4: Flammable Solids
(a) Division 4.1 — Flammable Solid
(b) Division 4.2 — Spontaneous/
Pyrophoric
(c) Division 4.3 — Dangerous When
Wet
5) Class 5: Oxidizers
(a) Division 5.1 — Oxidizers
(b) Division 5.2 — Organic Peroxides
6) Class 6: Poisons
(a) Division 6.1 — Poisons
(b) Division 6.2 — Infectious
Substances
7) Class 7: Radioactive Materials
8) Class 8: Corrosives
9) Class 9: Miscellaneous
It is important to remember that placarding requirements
allow for some qualities to be carried without external
placards or that multiple hazard classes can be placarded
under the “Dangerous” placard. Review with the students
the 1000 and 5000 pound rules.
B) Other regulated materials: Consumer quantities
C) Refrigerated gases
1) Hazard class of product
2) Temperature of product
D) Cryogenic liquids
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FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
1) Gases liquefied through the use of
temperature rather than pressure
2) Hazards of cryogenics
(a) High expansion ratios from liquid
to gas (800 to 1000:1)
(b) Extremely cold temperatures (less
than -150 °F)
(c) Chemical hazards of the material
itself (e.g., oxygen = oxidizer,
hydrogen = flammable, nitrogen =
asphyxiation)
Again, emphasize that the hazard class obtained from the
NAERG is the least amount of information that is needed.
Without it, a plan of action cannot be developed. This
discussion of hazard classes is a review for the
participants.
VI)
SUMMARY (10 MINUTES)
A) Properties can be physical or chemical in nature
B) Physical properties
1) Physical state
2) Vapor pressure
3) Vapor density
4) Specific gravity
5) Solubility
C) Chemical properties
1) Flammability
(a) Flash point
(b) Flammable range
(c) Ignition temperature
IG – 2.2 – 28
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
(d) Special flammability hazards
•
Pyrophoric
•
Hydrophoric
2) Reactivity
(a) Corrosives
(b) Hazardous reactions
•
Influences of reactions
(amount, concentration,
temperature and pressure)
3) Toxicity
(a) Routes of exposure
(b) Exposure limits
•
TWA
•
STEL
•
Ceiling (C)
•
IDLH
D) Sources of product information
1) NAERG
2) NIOSH Pocket Guide
3) CHEMTREC
4) MSDS
(a) Nine basic sections
(b) Provides limited information
•
Some better than others
E) Radioactive hazards
F) MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
IG – 2.2 – 29
FLORIDA OPERATIONS LEVEL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRAINING PROGRAM
1) 9 Basic Sections
2) Provides limited information
(a) Some better than others
3) NAERG
4) CHEMTREC
5) NIOSH Pocket Guide
G) DOT hazard classes
1) Nine classes
Activity 2.2 (30 Minutes)
Assessing Physical and Chemical Properties
IG – 2.2 – 30
UNIT 2.2 — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
IG – 2.2 – 31