UNDERSTANDING THE STORY
Act One
1. Why is Willy home? Why is Linda alarmed that he's home?
2. Why is Willy annoyed at Biff? How does he describe Biff? What does this
tell us about Willy?
3. How has the neighbourhood changed? Why does it matter to the story that
his surroundings are no longer the way they used to be?
4. How does Linda treat Willy? How do the boys feel about him? Is Biff trying
to spite Willy? Why does Biff come home in the spring?
5. Why won't Happy go out West with Biff, and why won't Biff stay? Why
doesn't either son get married and settle down?
6. How does Willy act toward the boys when they are young? How do they act
toward him? How does Willy feel about Charley and Bernard?
7. What does Willy's reaction to Biff's theft of the football tell us about
Willy? He says the boys look like Adonises. What other clues show that
Willy believes in appearances?
8. Willy praises and then curses the Chevrolet; he tells Linda that he's very
well liked, and then says that people don't seem to take to him. What do
these inconsistencies tell us about Willy?
9. "Five hundred gross in Providence" becomes "roughly two hundred gross on
the whole trip." How does Linda take Willy's stories? What does this reveal
about her? Why does Willy make a fuss about Linda's mending stockings?
How is this important to the play?
10. Why does Charley visit? How does he feel about Willy? How and why do they
insult each other?
11. Who is Ben? Why does Ben appear? What does Willy think about the future?
About the past? What does Ben teach Biff? Why does Willy feel "kind of
temporary" about himself and want Ben to stay?
12. What does Linda think is the trouble with Willy's life? Why is she angry at
her sons? Why does she put the rubber hose back after she had taken it?
What does this tell about her?
13. Why is Willy interested when Biff mentions Bill Oliver? Why do they argue?
How does Happy try to capture attention?
Act Two
1. Why is Willy's mood upbeat at the start of Act Two? What does he expect
to happen?
2. Why does Willy tell Howard about Dave Singleman? Describe the dramatic
effect when Howard listens to the voices of his family while Willy tries to
talk business. Why does Howard tell Willy to drop off his samples and forbid
him to go to Boston? Why is this such a blow to Willy?
3. What is Willy's philosophy? How does Biff as a football hero embody his
father's dreams? Why does Charley say Willy hasn't grown up?
4. What is Willy's impression of Bernard when he sees him in his father's
office? Why does Willy exaggerate Biff's importance? Why does Bernard
ask what happened after the game at Ebbets Field?
5. Why won't Willy work for Charley? Why is Willy able to ask Charley for
money? How is Charley's view of what a salesman needs different from
Willy's view?
6. In the restaurant, how does Happy reflect Willy's values? Why does Miller
have the girls come in?
7. How does Biff's realization that his life is a lie underline the theme of the
play? Why does Biff take Bill Oliver's fountain pen? Why can't he tell his
father what happened with Bill Oliver? Why do Biff and Happy leave Willy at
the restaurant?
8. Why did Biff go to Boston? What does he discover when he sees the
Woman? Why is it that Biff never went to summer school? Why can't he
believe in his father?
9. Why does Linda tell the boys, "Get out of here, both of you, and don't come
back!"?
10. Why does Willy keep planting seeds when they've never grown before? Why
does Willy think Biff will be impressed with his funeral? Why does Ben say
that Biff will call Willy a fool?
11. Why doesn't Willy want to see Linda? Why does he think Biff is spiting him?
Why does Biff show him the rubber hose? Why does Biff confront Willy and
Happy?
12. What does Biff do that elates Willy? How does Happy try to attract Willy's
attention? How does Ben influence Willy at this point?
Requiem
1. What is a requiem? What is the purpose of this final act? To what extent is
it successful?
2. Charley says: "No man only needs a little salary." To what is he referring?
What else does a man need?
3. Explain the irony of Linda's last speech.
Digging Deeper
1. In what ways does Willy not fit into the definition of an average working
man building a secure home for his family? In what ways does he represent
Everyman? How does Willy represent more?
2. How does Miller use tension in the family to underscore Willy's character?
How does he use the stage set to influence the audience's perception of the
tension?
3. What is the turning point in Willy's life? Is Willy the main character in this
play or is Biff? Why? What does Biff discover about himself? How does this
discovery affect his relationship with Willy? How is Biff's self-realization
dramatic? What is the climax of the play?
4. Who suffers most from Willy's delusions? Why?
5. Does Linda help or hinder Willy in overlooking his small sales and his
dishonest attempts to make them seem bigger? How else does she influence
Willy? Discuss Linda's remark, "Attention - attention must finally be paid to
such a man!" What is the effect of the switch in Linda's speech to this very
formal statement? Why does Miller use it?
6. How is Willy's killing himself for the insurance money symptomatic of the
way he has lived? What legacy does Willy leave his family?
7. What is Willy's dream? What is he searching for throughout the play? Why
doesn't he find it? Did he have a chance of fulfilling it? Did he have the
wrong dream? Inappropriate attitudes? Is he a born loser, or does he stand
in his own way to success? Explain.
8. Does Biff's antagonism cause Willy's failure or merely intensify the failure
he already experiences?
9. How does what Biff learns in Boston influence his life? Why can't Biff be
what his father wants him to be? Why does Biff steal things? Does Biff use
Willy's behavior as an excuse for his own waywardness? What does he say to
Willy about the way he wants to live and what Willy expects of him?
10. Discuss the significance of Willy's being a younger son with an absent
father. How does that influence his behavior with his own sons? In what
ways does Happy's situation reflect Willy's? How has Willy treated Biff?
How is it different from the way he has treated Happy? Why is the athletic
trophy in Willy's room instead of in Biff's?
11. Compare the way Biff treats his father with the way Happy does. Why is it
hard for Biff to tell Willy the truth? Why doesn't Happy want him to?
12. From the author's description at the start of the play, what do we know
about Linda? What can we guess? Does she know about the Woman in
Boston? What makes you think she does or doesn't? Why does she
repeatedly enter with a load of wash?
13. How does Ben affect Willy? How does he influence the events in the play?
14. Willy is proud of putting up the living room ceiling and making a cement
porch. How is the image of working with his hands carried through the play?
15. Why does Miller let us know in the title that Willy's death is coming? Why
doesn't he make it a surprise? Is Willy's death in a car more or less
appropriate than a suicide using the rubber hose on the water heater would
be? Why? What harm does Willy's death do? What good?
16. Discuss the symbolism of the two heavy sample cases and the stockings. How
does Miller use the characters' names as symbols? What do they mean?
What is the significance of Loman? Why Willy instead of Bill? What other
symbols does Miller use and to what purpose?
17. How are the angular shapes and the lighting described in the opening scene
important to the meaning of the play? Why does Miller have the buildings
closed in by other buildings? How does he use the stage setting as a
statement about time? What do the leaves stand for? How is music used?
18. What is the effect of having scenes from the past staged in addition to the
current action of the play?
19. What would you say are the false values which the play reveals? What are
the true values which the play upholds?
20. Daniel E. Schneider, in "Play of Dreams,"* states that the play is really about
a man and his sons. Do you agree that the primary theme of Death of a
Salesman is the conflict between father and son and between firstborn and
second-born sons? Support your opinion.
21. Some reviewers believe that the play is a criticism of capitalism and the
American way of life. Discuss your reasons for agreeing or disagreeing with
them. What are the social implications of the play?
Group Analysis Questions
Each group will be given a number of questions to prepare as homework. You will
then discuss your findings in your groups and feed these back to the rest of the
class.
•
In what context does the expression "death of a salesman" occur in the play?
•
Who is "Dave Singleman"? What is the significance of his name? What is Willy's
attitude toward him? What does he find admirable in him? What is the
attraction which surrounds the figure of Singleman and his saleman profession?
•
What is the significance of Willy's suicide attempts? Why and how is he trying
to kill himself? What does he expect will result from his death? Will that
happen?
•
How is selling contrasted with other kinds of work? What does Willy sell? What
would Willy rather do? What does Biff want to do? How does Willy feel about
it?
•
What in particular seem to be Willy's most pressing needs? Are those needs
only material and financial or also psychological and affective? What does Willy
want? How is his last name expressive of his lacks and needs? What is the
origin of his needs and desires?
♦ How does the figure of Willy's father function in the determination of his
character and his desires? Are there any ironies in the "streak of self-reliance"
in Willy's father?
♦ How does Willy expect to have his desires satisfied by the sales profession? Is
he correct in his expectation of material and psychological reward in his line of
work?
♦ How is Willy treated by the company he works for? What are his expectations?
How is his boss, Howard Wagner, characterized? How does he feel about Willy?
What is the significance of the scene where Howard is playing with a recorder
while Willy is trying to talk to him? What do we learn about Howard's family
life through the voices heard from the recorder? What was Willy trying to get
from Howard? What does he actually get?
Willy Loman was preoccupied with being well liked. How is being liked related to
having friends? How many friends did Willy have? Generally speaking, how does
"business" mix with loyalty and friendship? Recall Howard’s observation "’Cause
you gotta admit, business is business" and consider Willy’s speech about the loss
of personality, respect, comradeship, and gratitude in the world of sales.
What is the significance of the figure of Willy's brother Ben? What role does
Ben play in the story? Is Ben dead or alive? How is he manifested in the action
of the play? What were his business activities? Where was he active? What is
the meaning of the imagery of the jungle, Africa, Alaska, gold, and diamond
mines?
Why does Ben say that he "never kept books" (47)? What is his attitude toward
the other members of the family? What story does he offer about himself?
What story does Ben tell about his and Willy's father? How is this story
related to that of Dave Singleman? What is the meaning of the mock fight
between Ben and Biff? What does it reveal? What is the lesson Ben intends to
teach Biff?
What is the meaning of the flute music heard at various points throughout the
play? What/who is this music associated with? Why is it significant that Willy's
father was supposedly a flute maker and salesman?
Is Willy Loman a tragic figure or is he pathetic? Charley repeatedly tells Willy
to "grow up." What is he getting at, and is he right to think that Willy never did
"grow up"? Is Linda a loving wife or a self-deceiving "enabler" of family
pathologies? Is she aware of Willy’s infidelity? Why does Miller conceive of
Happy as an even more desperate character than Biff? Is his name ironic?
What is the meaning of Happy's relationship with women? Is this similar to
Willy's relationship to Miss Francis? Why does Willy give her stockings? Why
are the scenes at the restaurant (with Miss Letta and Miss Forsythe) and the
hotel (with Miss Francis) juxtaposed? Why is Willy left behind at the
restaurant? Why does Willy have a sudden urge to plant seeds after that
incident?
What happens to Biff during his visit to Bill Oliver? Why did he steal the gold
fountain pen? What discovery does he make as he runs downstairs in the office
building?
The Lomans were not only habitually dishonest; they were dishonest with
themselves about their dishonesty. How do you suppose they got into such a
habit? How is selling related to honesty Why does Willy habitually lie about his
business deals and other matters? What happens eventually to his
understanding of his own lies? How is this related to Willy's increasing loss of
touch with reality throughout the action of the play?
How is Willy's infidelity to his wife related to the other issues in the play? Was
that infidelity to blame for Biff’s aimlessness?
What is the nature of the relations between business and sports? What is
Willy's attitude toward sports? What is the significance of the Ebbets Field
game and subsequent events? What about the conversation which Willy has with
Charley before the game? What does Charley think of sports? Is it significant
that Charley succeeds and Willy fails in business? What is Charley's explanation
of his own success? How about Charley's son, Bernard? What role does he play?
What is his profession? Is he successful? Why? How is his story significant or
revealing in reference to the concerns of the play? What happened in Boston
after the Ebbets Field game? Why did Biff give up his ambitions after those
events?
What is the significance and role of the farm and farming imagery? How does it
relate to business and urban life? What does Willy miss about the old days?
What has changed?
What do you make of the many references to how the Loman house has been
closed in by other buildings and, generally, to the contrasts between life out in
the open and city life that come up frequently in the play?
How is the figure of Ben related to Willy's consideration of suicide and of a life
insurance payoff after his death? Is the conversation between Ben and Willy on
that issue something that actually took place? How are Willy's various dreams,
memories, and illusions brought together in these scenes? Why does Ben refer
to a boat that is about to depart? What is Miller alluding to? What are the
implications?
What commentary on modern commerce do you think that Arthur Miller means
to make with his play? What is the "business world" like? (Consider what Biff
and Happy have to say). Ultimately, what forces entrap Willy and drive him to
self-destruction? Where are those forces to be located? How can they be
identified?
What is the meaning of Happy's comments at Willy's funeral? How about
Linda's final words, "We're free ... We're free ..." Why is the flute music the
last sound to be heard?
Examining Character Interaction
Read the quote and write what you think these words reveal about the characters
who are interacting. Think about what is happening at the time, who is speaking and
to whom, and what the passage means.
If requested, reflect on the universality of its meaning.
-1Linda: "He's not the finest character that ever lived.
But he's a human being, and a terrible thing is
happening to him. So attention must be paid.
He's not to be allowed to fall into his grave like
an old dog. Attention, attention must be finally
paid to such a person."
-2Linda: ...And you better go down to your friends, Biff.
The cellar is full of boys. They don't know what
to do with themselves.
Biff: Ah, when Pop comes home they can wait!
Willy: (laughs appreciatively): You better go down and
tell them what to do, Biff.
-3Biff: I'll see Oliver tomorrow...
Linda: Maybe things are beginning toWilly:(wildly enthused,to Linda): Stop interrupting! (To Biff) But don't wear your
sport jacket and slacks...
Biff: No, I'llWilly: A business suit, and talk as little as little as possible.
Biff: He did like me. Always liked me.
Linda: He loved you!
Willy: (to Linda) Will you stop! (To Biff) Walk in very serious.
Linda: Oliver always thought the highest of him-Willy: Will you let me talk?
-4Biff: Your hair...(He touches her hair) Your hair got so gray.
Linda: Oh, it's been gray since you were in high school. I just stopped dyeing it,
that's all.
Biff: Dye it again, will ya? I don't want my pal looking old. (He smiles)
Linda: You're such a boy!
-5Biff: Lend me ten bucks, will ya? I want to buy some new ties.
Happy: I'll take you to a place I know.Beautiful stuff.
Wear one of my striped shirts tomorrow.
Biff: She got so gray. Mom got awful old. Gee, I'm
gonna go in to Oliver tomorrow and knock him for a-Happy: Come on up. Tell that to Dad. Let's give him a whirl. Come on.
-6Linda: It's changing, Willy, I can feel it changing!
Willy: Beyond a question. G'by. I'm late.(He starts to go again)
Linda: (calling after him as she runs to the kitchen table for a handkerchief)You
got your glasses?
Willy: (feels for them, then comes back in) Yeah, yeah, got my glasses.
Linda: (giving him the handkerchief And a handkerchief.
Willy: Yeah, handkerchief.
Linda: And your saccharine?
Willy: Yeah, my saccharine.
Linda: Be careful on the subway stairs.
-7(Charley enters. He is in a vest, and he carries a bottle of bourbon)
Charley: Hey, you're going to miss that train. (He waves the bottle)
Bernard: Yeah, I'm going. (He takes the bottle) Thanks, Pop.
Charley: (an arm on Bernard's shoulder) How do you like this kid? Gonna argue a
case in front of the Supreme Court!
Bernard: (protesting) Pop!...
Charley: Knock 'em dead, Bernard!
-8Happy : Shh! Take it easy. What brought you back tonight?
Willy: I got an awful scare. I nearly hit a kid in Yonkers.
God! Why didn't I go to Alaska with my brother Ben..
Happy: Well, there's no use in-Willy: You guys! There was a man started with the clothes
on his back and ended up with diamond mines!
Happy: Boy, someday I'd like to knowhow he did it...Pop,
I told you I'm gonna retire you for life.
Willy: ...on seventy goddam dollars aa week? And your
women and your car and your apartment...
-9Biff: He had the wrong dreams, all,all, wrong.
Happy [almost ready to fight Biff]Don't say that!
Biff: He never knew who he was...
Happy: [infuriated] Don't say that!
Biff: Why don't you come with me, Happy?
Happy: I'm not licked that easily. I'm staying right in this
city, and I'm gonna beat this racket!...
Biff: I know who I am, kid.
Happy: ...I'm gonna show you...that Willy Loman did not die in vain.
-10Biff: (his weeping breaking from him) Dad...
Willy (infected by it) Oh, my boy-She's nothing to me, Biff. I was lonely...
Biff: You-you gave her Mama's stock-ings! (His tears break through and
he rises to go)
Willy (grabbing for Biff) I gave you an order!
Biff: Don't touch me, you liar!
Willy: Apologize for that!
Biff: You fake! you phoney little fake!
Willy: I gave you an order! Biff, come back here or I'll beat you!...I gave you an
order...
Study Questions to consider while revising:
1. What do you think of Willy Loman? Biff Loman? What do you like about each
character? What do you dislike?
2. Select a single phrase/line that stands out for you, and tell why you think it is
important.
3. Explain how Ben and Charley are opposite from Willy. What brings success to
Charley and Ben?
4. Describe the way the Loman family deals with problems. Do you see any
similarities/differences in your own family? Explain.
5. Does anyone in the play remind you of someone you know? Explain.
6. Whom do you most identify with and why? Whom do you least identify with?
7. Identify and discuss three important ideas in the play.
8. Some critics argue that the play is about Willy Loman. Others believe the story
is about Willy and Biff equally. Choose a position and argue for it.
9. How did Willy's attitude toward Biff when he was growing up hurt him as an
adult?
10. Biff blames his father for many of his problems in life. When is a parent
responsible for what happens in their child's life? When is the child responsible?