Andrew Rosen
Notes for Basics Tenses:
*Antes de sus viajes implies imperfect*
*Al always makes infinitive*
Present: O, as, a, amos, an  Ar
O, es, e, emos, en  Er
O, es, e, imos, en  Ir
-ger or –gir to j in the yo (coger  cojo, coges, coge, cogemos, cogen)
- guir to g in the yo (distinguir distingo, distingues, distingue, distinguimos, distinguen)
- CONSONANT + cer to z (vencer  venzo, vences, vence, vencemos, vencen)
- VOWEL + cer/cir toz c in the yo (conocer  conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen)
Stem changes:
Know the eie and oue verbs in ar/er
Know the eie and oue and e in ir
- iar/uar have written accent on i or u (enviar  envío)
- uir (not guir), a y is used after u (destruir  destruyo)
Preterite: é, aste, ó, amos, aron  Ar
í, iste, ió, imos ieron  Er/Ir
Irregulars:
Ir/Ser  Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
Estar/Andar  Estuve/anduve
Caber/Saber  Cupe/supe
Traducir/Producir/Conducir  Traduje/produje/conduje
Dar/Ver  Di/vi
Hacer  Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
Decir  dije
Poder  Pude
Querer  Quise
Poner  Puse
Venir  Vine
Traer  Traje
Tener  Tuve
Ir verbs that have 3rd person changes:
e->i: (servir) – serví, serviste, sirvió, servimos, sirvieron
o->u: (dormir) – dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, durmieron
These irregulars have no accents
Andrew Rosen
Other Changes:
Gar (ggu): Llegar – Llegué
Car (cqu): Buscar – Busqué
Zar (zc): Almorzar – Almorcé
Leer/caer (iy): Leyó/Cayó
Imperfect: Aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban  Ar ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían
Irregulars:
Ir  Iba
Ser  Era
Ver  Veía
Future: é, ás, á, emos, an
Irregulars:
Poner  Pondr
Tener  Tendr
Venir  Vendr
Salir  Saldr
Valer  Valdr
Caber  Cabr
Poder  Podr
Saber  Sabr
Hacer  Har
Quere  Querr
Haber  Habr
Decir  Dir
Conditional: Ending + imperfect tense in the er/ir
Ser: Usually permanent condition
Description
Origin
Soy
Nationality
Eres
Time
Es
Date
Occupation
Somos
Religion
Son
Estar: Usually temporary condition
Weather
Emotion
Location
Condition
Estoy
Estás
Está
Health
Estamos
Opinion
Están

Present Progressive too
Andrew Rosen
Fact vs. Opinion
La pizza es la mejor del mundo – Description (ser)
En mi opinion… - Opinion (estar)
Present Progressive/Gerundio:
ar  ando
er/ir  iendo
* The verb "estar" is conjugated in the present tense before using the present progressive verb *
* Stem changes apply * (eg: Decir  Diciendo) (eg: Dormir  Durmiendo)
* A "y" is used when the spelling must be altered to agree with the pronunciation * (eg: leer  leyendo)
Past Participle:
Ar  ado
Er/Ir  ido
Conjugate haber in the present: he, has, ha, hemos, han
* The use of "estar" typically means it is an adjective *
*If it’s an adjective, the verb needs to have the right ending for gender and plural/singular*
Imperative: Go to the “yo” drop the “o” and add opposite ending. Use exclamation points
I.
Formal
A.
Usted
Ar  e
B.
Er/Ir a
Ustedes
Ar  en
Er/Ir an
II.
Informal
A.
Negative Tú
Ar es
B.
Er/Ir as
Positive Tú
Ar a
III.
Er/Ir e
Irregular Positive Tú
Di – Decir
Ten - Tener
Ve – Ir
Ven - Venir
Sé – Ser
Pon - Poner
Sal - Salir
Haz - Hacer
Andrew Rosen
IV.
Irregular Formal Commands and Negative Tú
A.
If there is a stem change in the present first person, then there is a stem change in the imperative
Dormir  Duerma
B.
Hacer  Haga
If it is a car (que), gar (gue) or zar(ce) then the imperative also changes
Buscar  Busque
C.
Comenzar  Comience
Pagar  Pague
Subjunctive Irregulars
Ir  Vaya
Ser  Sea
Saber  Sepa
Dar  Dé
(Drop the accent when going to negative tú)
Estar  Esté
V.
Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns
A.
Positive Commands (accent is needed for words that are more than one syllable unless you are adding two pronouns)
Escríbeme (Write me) Cómprelo (Buy it)
Cómpremelo (Buy me it)
Hágalo (Do it)
Negative Command (Indirect before Direct) (Le/Les + Lo/La  Se lo/la)
B.
No me lo escribe (Don’t write me it)
No lo compre (Don’t buy it)
Spanish Present Subjunctive
The present subjunctive tense has to have: 2 Nouns, 2 Verbs (First one being a WEIRDO), and a “que”
*Note: If the sentence does NOT have a que, write the infinitive form for the second verb.
Rule for conjugating verbs:
Go to the “yo,” drop the “o,” and add the opposite ending
Irregular verbs:
Haber (Haya)
Ir
Ser
(Vaya)
(Sea)
Saber (Sepa)
Dar
(Dé)
Estar
(Esté)
*Note: Accents only go on the “Yo” and “El, Ella, Usted” forms of “Dar”
*Note: Accents go on all forms EXCEPT the nosotros
Andrew Rosen
If verbs end in (for present form of el/la/ too!):
-car, the c gets changed to qu
Sacar Saque
-gar, the g gets changed to gu
Llegar  Llegue
-zar, the z gets changed to c
Empezar  Empiece (Watch for the stem change)
-ger OR -gir, the g gets changed to j
Coger  Coja
Dirijir  Dirija
-guir, the gu gets changed to g
Seguir  Siga
-cer WITH a VOWEL before the c, the c gets changed to a zc
Conocer  Conozca
-cer WITH a CONSONANT before the c, the c gets changed to a z
Vencer  Venza
WATCH FOR THESE: *ir stem changes in subj. do not go back to original in nosotros (eie goes to ei and oue goes to ou)
Pensar
Piense
Pienses
Piense
PENSEMOS
Piensen
Volver
Vuelva
Vuelvas
Vuelva
VOLVAMOS
Vuelvan
Sentir
Sienta
Sientas
Sienta
SINTAMOS
Sientan
Dormir
Duerma
Duermas
Duerma
DURMAMOS
Duerman
Poder
Pueda
Puedas
Pueda
PODAMOS
Puedan
Common WEIRDO’s:
Wishing: Querer, Desear, Esperar, Preferir
Emotion: All emotions are game. Gustar AND No Gustar are both subjunctive.
Watch out for Parecer. Parecer by itself is NOT subjunctive. However, with a “No” in front OR
becomes subjunctive.
“Mentiras” after it, it
Impersonal: Everything starting with “Es …”
Watch out for Convenir, and “Es preciso”. Although it means, “It is precise…”, it is still
*Note: Es major and Más vale are both subjunctive.
subjunctive.
Andrew Rosen
Request: Decir, Pedir, Sugerir, Insistir
Doubt/Denial: Dudar, Negar, Es dudoso
*Note: Although “Creer” and “Pensar” are not usually subjunctive, when they are preceded by a “No”, OR they are used as the first
verb in a question, the second verb MUST be subjunctive.
-This applies to: No es … (seguro, cierto, verdad, evidente)
*"No negar" is not subjunctive
Order: Aconsejar, Mandar, Exigir
*Resultar = to result in (not subj.)
Imperfect Subjunctive:
*Always used after “como si” * *after a “si” clause, the 2nd verb is conditional and the first is imperfect subj*
*Take off 3rd person preterit ending and add*
Ara/aras/ara/áramos/aran  Ar
Iera/ieras/iera/iéramos/ieran  er/ir
I.
The Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect (Pretérito Perfecto) (Have) - He, Has, Ha, Hemos, Han
Subject + D/I Object + Haber + Verb (ado/ido)
Past Perfect (Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto) (Had) - Había, Habías, Había, Habíamos, Habían
Future Perfect (Futuro Perfecto/Futuro Compuesto) (Will Have) - Habré, Habrás, Habrá, Habremos, Habrán
Conditional Perfect (Condicional/Potencial Perfecto) (Would Have and Probably) – Habría, Habrías, Habría,
Habríamos, Habrían
Andrew Rosen
II.
Irregular Past Participles
Infinitive
•Abrir
•Cubrir
•Decir
•Escribir
•Hacer
•Imprimir
•Morir
•Poner
•Romper
•Ver
•Volver
•Componer
•Descomponer
•Describir
•Descubrir
•Deshacer
•Devolver
•Envolver
•Imponer
•Posponer
•Predecir
•Prever
•Revolver
•Caer
•Creer
•Leer
•Oír
•Traer
Past Participles
•Abierto
•Cubierto
•Dicho
•Escrito
•Hecho
•Impreso
•Muerto
•Puesto
•Roto
•Visto
•Vuelto
•Compuesto
•Descompuesto
•Descrito
•Decubierto
•Deshecho
•Devuelto
•Envuelto
•Impuesto
•Pospuesto
•Predicho
•Previsto
•Revuelto
•Caído
•Creído
•Leído
•Oído
•Traído
Present Perfect Subjunctive:
Haya/hayas/haya/hayamos/hayan + participio pasado (ado/ido)
Past Perfect Subjunctive:
Hubiera/hubieras/hubiera/hubiéramos/hubieran + participio pasado (ado/ido)
*Always comes after a “si” clause with the 2nd verb in the conditional perfect while the 1st is past perfect subjunctive*