369 AP US HISTORY
AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT
EIGHTH EDITION
CHAPTER 5- THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION FROM ELITE
PROTEST TO POPULAR REVOLT, 1763-1783
Learning Targets
1. Analyze the feelings of many colonists following the French and Indian war.
2. Understand the failures of and between George III and Parliament that resulted in
independence for the American colonies
3. Describe how the different interpretations of parliamentary sovereignty created a
divide between the colonial assemblies and Parliament
4. Describe the roots and fundamental principles and the “politics of virtue” of the
American perspective on imperial politics and the use of communication to create a
common purpose
5. Understand the economic and military choices of George III following the French
and Indian War.
6. Understand the circumstances surrounding the Proclamation of 1763 and its impact
on colonial / British relations.
7. Analyze both the motivation for Grenville’s regulations and the popular mass
movement that formed in resistance to them.
8. Trace the policies and reactions by colonists, of Charles Townshend especially the
circular letter
9. Trace the growing conflict between the colonists and the North ministry starting with
the Boston Massacre through the fighting at Lexington and Concord (there is a lot of
information here)
10. Analyze the American decision to declare independence from the convening of the
Second Continental Congress to the Declaration of Independence pay special attention
to Thomas Paine
11. Compare and contrast the military assets and liabilities of both the British and American
forces in the Revolutionary War
12. Describe the role of African Americans in the fighting of the American Revolution
13. Explain the significance of the American victory at Saratoga, Trenton, Yorktown,
Bunker Hill
14. Trace the American diplomacy leading to the treaties with the French in February 1778
15. Analyze the British southern strategy from their victory at Charleston to Cornwallis’s
defeat the Yorktown
16. Explain how American Loyalists were the greatest losers in the American Revolution
AP Topic Outline for Chapters 5-6
The American Revolutionary Era, 1754–1789
The French and Indian War
The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain
The War for Independence
State constitutions and the Articles of
Confederation
The federal Constitution
The Early Republic, 1789–1815
Washington, Hamilton, and shaping of the national
government
Emergence of political parties: Federalists and
Republicans
Republican Motherhood and education for women
Beginnings of the Second Great Awakening
Significance of Jefferson’s presidency
2
MASSACHSETTS = CIRCULAR LETTER
(1768)
COMMITTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE
BOSTON MASSACRE/SAM ADAMS
TEA ACT (1773)
BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773)
COERCIVE ACTS (1774)
SUFFOLK RESOLVES (1775)
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
PATRICK HENRY
QUEBEC ACT (1774)
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD
SARATOGA/YORKTOWN
SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
PROHIBITORY ACT (1775)
THOMAS PAINE /COMMON SENSE
TORIES/LOYALISTS
TREATY OF PARIS, 1783
Important Terms:
GEORGE III
ASSEMBLIES/POWER OF THE PURSE
ACTUAL VS. VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION
LOCKE’S SOCIAL CONTRACT
CIVIC VIRTUE/PUBLIC VIRTUE
PROCLAMATION OF 1763
SUGAR ACT (1764)
STAMP ACT (1765)
SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY
STAMP ACT CONGRESS
QUARTERING ACT (1765)
NO TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION
DECLARATORY ACT (1766)
TOWNSHEND REVENUE ACTS (1767)
SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY
(1767-70)
CHAPTER 5 ID’S/Terms Definitions (Not all provided)
1760-1820
King George III
Pg. 129
George III came to the throne of England in 1760 when he was only 20 years old. George had led a
sheltered, loveless childhood, and his father died when he was very young. George was basically
uneducated and thought to be stupid by his grandfather George II and other acquaintances. George III
knew this and grew up hating his grandfather and everybody connected with his reign. George III
decided to take a very active role in government once he became king. George did not work within the
established order of Whigs in the parliament and appointed an unaffiliated Scotsman named the Earl of
Bute as his chief minister. The Whigs hated Bute and blamed him for everything that went wrong. Bute
got tired of this, and after him, George went through several other ministers. He also appointed cabinet
ministers in the same way. The underlings of these ministers didn’t have any leadership, so they didn’t
know what to do. They either made bad decisions or none at all. This time of confusion didn’t bode well
for America’s relationship with Britain.
1763
Proclamation of 1763
Pg. 133
The Proclamation of 1763 was a provision of the Treaty of Paris that gave the Ohio River Valley over to
the Indians. The colonists, who had already started moving into the valley, were told to move out and no
more were to be let in. It was Britain’s gift to the Indians for helping with the French and Indian War.
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1722-1803
Samuel Adams
Pg. 141-42
After the repeal of the Townshend Acts, American life basically went back to normal. Americans were
kind of scared about how close they came revolution so they pulled back, and the British were still getting
some money from them, so everybody was relatively happy except Samuel Adams. Adams said that the
repeal of the Townhshend Acts meant nothing. He used publicity to keep the cause against unfair taxes
alive. He commemorated the repeal of the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre. He also reminded people
that the tax on tea was still around. Every time Britain tried to tighten its control around America, more
people listened to Adams. In 1772, Adams suggested that a committee of correspondence be set up to
communicate grievances to people throughout all of Mass. This plan was taken up in many other
colonies. Overall, Adams was a true revolutionary obsessed with keeping American public virtue.
1774
First Continental Congress
Pg. 144
The First Continental Congress was set up in 1774 to decide what to do about the building tension
between Britain and America. The Congress was composed of 55 members from 12 colonies. The
Congress convened on Sept. 5. It included some of America’s most articulate leaders. It took awhile for
the delegates to get used to each other, and differences of opinion surfaced quickly. Sam Adams got the
moderates for the middle colonies to take a more radical stand, so the Congress was basically
revolutionary. Finally, the Congress decided to cut off all trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts
were repealed.
1775
Lexington and Concord
Pg. 145
On the evening of April 18, 1775, General Gage sent troops from Boston to seize American supplies.
Paul Revere, warned the Lexington militia, and they went and stood out on the town green. When the
British came by, someone got confused and fired a shot. The British opened fire and killed eight
colonists.
1774
Second Continental Congress
Pg.145-46
The Second Continental Congress convened in May of 1775. It was extremely important because once
the Revolution started, all British government ceased to exist. The rebelling Americans desperately
needed some leadership. The Congress set up an army and made George Washington its leader.
Congress also bought supplies for the army by implementing paper currency. The one thing they didn’t
do was declare independence. They couldn’t do this because, if they did, it would look like it was the
rebellion of one clique rather than a national movement. Eventually, after more British injustice,
Congress finally voted for independence. They chose Jefferson to write the declaration, and then they
sent it to Great Britain.
1776
Thomas Paine, Common Sense
Pg. 146-47
Thomas Paine was born in England and held several jobs there temporarily. He wasn’t very well off, so
he decided to come to America. He met Ben Franklin, and Franklin introduced him to many of America’s
leading men. These new friends urged Paine to write his pamphlet Common Sense. Common Sense took
away all of a monarch’s theological and historical justification. Paine completely destroyed monarchy
and supported democracy. His pamphlet was a bestseller and basically convinced the common people of
America that independence was the way to go.
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1776
Declaration of Independence
Pg. 147-48
The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson after the Second Continental Congress
voted for independence on July 2, 1776. Jefferson used his training as a lawyer to present a list of
specific grievances to George III along with evidence for independence. Also, Jefferson relied heavily on
the philosophy of John Locke.
October 17, 1777
Saratoga
Pg. 151-52
In the summer of 1777, General John Burgoyne was sent from Canada with a huge army in order to clear
out the Hudson River Valley of rebels. Burgoyne was then supposed to meet with Howe who was
coming up from Albany. At Bennington, John Stark destroyed part of Burgoyne’s army, and then at
Saratoga, Horatio Gates defeated the rest.
1777
Tories/Loyalists
Pgs. 155-56
Tories of Loyalists were people who were against the revolution and supported the British. They were
harassed by revolutionaries and often forced to convert their beliefs.
1781
Yorktown
Pgs. 154-155
At Yorktown, the British family lost the American Revolution. General Conwallis had been making
stupid tactical blunders all year, and losing parts of his army constantly. Finally, he went into Virginia.
The French cut him off from the sea and the Americans surrounded him. He had no choice but to
surrender.
1783
Treaty of Paris
Pgs. 157
The treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary war was signed in a completely different way than it was
supposed to be signed. The American delegation sent to Paris consisted of Ben Franklin, John Adams
and John Jay. When they got to Paris, they found out that the French had a military alliance with Spain,
and that the French wouldn’t sign anything until Spain won Gibraltar for the British. The Americans
entered into negotiations on their own. They got a very favorable treaty fro the British including all land
east of the Mississippi River, and very good northern and southern boundaries. Finally it recognized the
sovereignty of America.
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CHAPTER 6: THE REPUBLICAN EXPERIMENT
Learning Targets
1. Describe the conflict among American Republicans of the 1780’s over the relative
importance of the liberty as opposed to order
2. Delineate the types and extent of the social and political changes brought by the American
Revolution
3. Describe the post-revolutionary position on slavery of both the North and the South
4. Specify the post-revolutionary changes in the expectations, rights, and roles of American
women
5. Describe the major sources and principles of the earliest American state constitutions
6. Identify the major problems of western settlement and evaluate the Confederation Congress’s
response to those problems
7. Identify the major domestic and foreign-policy problems of the Confederation Congress and
the nationalists’ critique of the congressional responses
8. Explain how republican ideology contributed to problems confronting the country in the
1780’s and how James Madison proposed to deal with those problems.
9. Trace the development of the movement for a new constitution from the Annapolis
convention through Shays’ Rebellion to the Philadelphia convention of 1787
10. Identify the major differences between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans, then describe and
understand the importance of compromise of not only this issue but all others at the
convention.
11. Describe the conflict over slavery and its resolution by the delegates to the Philadelphia
convention
12. Identify the major issues separating the Federalists and Anti-federalists. Describe and
evaluate the positions taken by each side and the compromise which ensued
13. Analyze the ratification process of the Constitution
14. Describe and explain the major contribution of the Anit-federalists to the Constitution
Important Terms/Names:
Republicanism
Articles of Confederation
Natural rights
Land Ordinance of 1784
Land Ordinance of 1783
Land Ordinance of 1787 (Northwest
ordinance)/Localists
Republicans/Localists
Jay-Gardouqi Treaty
Annapolis Convention
James Madison
Madison’s Federalist #10
Shay’s Rebellion
Constitutional Convention
Nationalists
Virginia vs. New Jersey Plans
Alexander Hamilton
Three-fifths compromise
Bill of Rights
Chapter 6 Id’s/Terms Definitions (Not all provided)
1781
Articles of Confederation
Pgs. 170 – 171
The Articles of Confederation was the first attempt at forming a new republican government for the
nation. The Second Continental Congress found itself taking over more and more authority in national
affairs, and it decided to try to make a lasting government. The Congress appointed John Dickinson, a
brilliant lawyer, to head a committee to write the Articles of confederation. Dickinson’s plan for
government didn’t match anyone else’s idea so Congress basically made their own plan. Everybody saw
power as dangerous so the articles made for a weak central government and practically independent
states. There was one legislative body in which each state had one vote. The state could send from two
to seven annually elected representatives. There was no single executive and no veto power. Finally,
Congress couldn’t tax. The only way for Congress to get money was to ask for state donations, which
often didn’t come. This would be deadly in war. Overall, the Articles of Confederation was an alliance
of independent states.
1784
Land Ordinance of 1784
Pg. 173
After the west was given to the Confederation in 1781, there were many problems along the frontier.
There were many skirmishes between frontiersmen and established farmers. The squatters were upset
because the states were not protecting them well enough from the Indians. The government had to act
quickly to avoid disaster. In 1784, Thomas Jefferson came up with the first Land Ordinance. The
ordinance made ten new territories out of the wilderness. Each territory was to establish a republican
government. When the territory had a population equal to the smallest state in the Confederation, it could
apply for statehood. While it was still a territory, all free white men cold participate in local government.
1785
Land Ordinance of 1785
Pgs. 173 – 174
The government wanted to sell the wilderness fast to have a source of income independent of state
donations. The second land ordinance set up a plan to accomplish this sale in an orderly fashion. The
ordinance provided that surveyors measure out townships running east to west, 6 miles on a side. These
units were divided into 36 sections of 640 acres. Section 16 was set aside for public education, and the
government got four other sections for its own use. The government was to auction off these lands at not
less than a dollar an acre, and the minimum one could buy was 640 acres without paper money.
1787
Land Ordinance of 1787/Localists
Pgs. 174 – 175
The eastern colonists thought that the people in the Northwest Territory were little better than savages.
This view brought about the Land Ordinance of 1787 also called the Northwest Ordinance. This
ordinance challenged Jefferson’s original plan by providing for the creation of 3-5 territories each ruled
by a governor, secretary, and three judges appointed by Congress. When the population hit 5000,
property owning voters could elect an assembly, but the governor had veto power. Once the population
hit 60,000, the territory could petition for statehood. The Northwest Ordinance also included a bill of
rights that guaranteed trial by jury, freedom of religion, due process of law, and abolition of slavery.
1781
Nationalists
Pg. 176
After the Revolution, America fell on troubled economic times. There were many reasons for this. First,
people who had wanted to buy British imports during the Revolution and couldn’t, rushed to do so.
English merchants flooded the market with easy credit, so American coin flooded back to Britain and left
Americans short. When British merchants recalled their debts, many Americans went bankrupt. Also,
the country already was in debt for the Revolution. Finally, the government couldn’t do anything because
it didn’t have the right to tax, and when it tried to print paper money, inflation made it worthless. The
nationalists (Alex Hamilton, James Madison, Robert Morris) suggested major constitutional reform to end
the economic crisis. They called for an amendment allowing congress a 5% tax on imported goods. The
tax money would go towards relieving the public debt. Also, Robert Morris tried to start a national bank,
but he failed. The nationalists realized that the U. S. would need a complex, centralized, economic
system. They were ahead of their time in thinking, but they failed in their objectives.
1776 – 1789
Republicans/Localists
Pgs. 176 – 177
Republicans were the original people who started the Revolution. The Articles of Confederation was
basically a strong republican document because many of the members of the Second Continental
Congress were republicans. The republicans placed freedom above all else. They became anti-federalists
who believed in a very weak central government with strong local government. They also believed in
individual rights like freedom of religion, speech, and press; the right to trial by jury; and due process of
law.
1786
Jay-Gardouqi Treaty
Pg. 177
The Congress was having trouble keeping control of foreign affairs as well as the economy. They
couldn’t kick the British out of the Ohio River Valley, and they failed in their dealings with Spain. After
the Treaty of Paris, Spain refused to accept the U.S.’s southern boundary. They closed down the lower
Mississippi to protest the border. This hurt the settlers economy because they needed the Mississippi to
have a cheap way to transport goods around the country. The Congress denounced Spain. In 1785, Don
Diego de Gardouqi and John Jay got together to negotiate opening up the Mississippi. Gardouqi would
not compromise so Jay took over. He said that if Spain would allow Americans merchants to trade
directly with them, the Americans would wait 25 years before using the Mississippi. When southerners
heard about Jay’s compromise, they went nuts claiming that the North was trying to ruin their economy.
The Jay-Gardouqi Treaty did not pass Congress.
1780’s
Madison’s Federalist #10
Pgs. 177 – 178
Madison’s most famous political essay was Federalist #10. In America in the 1780’s most men agreed
with Montesquieu that a republican government could not exist in a large country because the
representatives would be too far away from their constituents, lose touch with them, and become tyrants.
Madison didn’t agree with this view. He looked into the writings of David Hume and decided that a
republican government could exist in a large country because in a large state, the number of interests and
opposing sides would be so great that they would basically cancel out. No one faction would be able to
get a majority, so the people running the country would be the best the country could provide. Madison’s
idea was that the government would be responsive to the will of the people rather, but not favor one
particular group.
1786
Shay’s Rebellion
Pg. 179
In western Massachusetts, several thousand impoverished farmers seemed to be in debt, no matter how
hard they worked. They always seemed to owe money to easterners because of high taxes, high interest
rates, and an unsympathetic state government. In 1786, Daniel Shays, a veteran of Bunker Hill, led a
group of farmers to close a country courthouse where creditors were suing to foreclose farm mortgages.
The farmers then went on to Springfield, a federal arsenal, but were disbanded by state militiamen before
they got there.
1787
Virginia vs. New Jersey Plans
Pgs. 179 – 180
When the Constitutional Convention got together in May of 1787, James Madison realized that whoever
controlled the agenda would control the convention. He put together a plan for a new federal government
called the Virginia Plan. The Virginia Plan provided for a bicameral legislature. The lower house was
popularly elected while the upper house was chosen by the lower house from representatives nominated
by state assemblies. The number of representatives was proportional to a states population. The
Congress elected the executive. The Virginia plan was pushed through the convention extremely quickly
and passed easily. After it passed, opponents figured out what happened and put a plan of their own
called the New Jersey Plan. The New Jersey Plan was basically the Articles of Confederation all over
again. The only difference was that the Congress was given the right to tax and regulate trade. The New
Jersey Plan was listened to and rejected.
1789
Bill of Rights
Pgs. 187 – 188
The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was the lasting effect of the AntiFederalists. They didn’t get the government they wanted, but they got the guarantee of individual rights
that they believed in. Almost every state convention said that the Constitution lacked a guarantee of
individual rights and that the government could become oppressive easily. The Bill of Rights guaranteed.
1. freedom of speech, press, and religion
2. right to bear arms
3. freedom from forced quartering of soldiers
4. freedom from unwarranted search and seizure
5. right to know the charge, and freedom from double jeopardy
6. right to a speedy, public trial
7. right to trial by jury of peers
8. freedom from cruel and unusual punishments