rd
Required knowledge - credit testing from biochemistry of hormones - 3 semester
Intracellular signalization
1. Communication among cells
2. Chemical nature of signal molecules
3. Membrane receptors
a.
ionotropic membrane receptors (ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels)
b.
metabotropic membrane receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors, types of G-proteins, working
cycle of G-protein, second messengers; tyrosine kinase receptors, receptors associated with
tyrosine kinases, guanylate cyclase-linked receptors)
4. Cytoplasmatic and nuclear receptors (steroid receptors, T3, D3 receptors) - transcription factors
Metabolism of hormones
1. Chemical nature of hormones, their properties, and general mechanism of action
2. Steroid hormones (C-21, C-19, C-18) - synthesis, regulation of the synthesis, blood transport, function,
degradation
3. Calcitriol (D-hormone) - synthesis, regulation of the synthesis, function
4. Nitric oxide - synthesis, properties, importance
5. Thyroxine a triiodothyronine - synthesis, regulation of the synthesis, blood transport, function, degradation
6. Catecholamines - synthesis, regulation of the synthesis, blood transport, function, degradation
7. Peptide hormones and proteohormones (hypothalamic hormones, hormones of hypophysis, insuline and
C-peptide, glucagon, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, growth factors, hormones of GIT and adipose
tissue) - general steps of their synthesis, blood transport, function, degradation
8. Eicosanoids - general steps of their synthesis, properties, function
Hormones in metabolism / seminar
1. General mechanism of action of hormones – repetition
a) transduction of extracellular signals, effects on metabolic pathways
b) hydrophilic hormones (classification, structure, receptors, mechanism of action)
c) hydrophobic hormones (classification, structure, transport in blood, receptors, mechanism of
action)
2. Hormones influencing energy metabolism (synthesis, secretion, receptor, influenced metabolic
pathways)
a) anabolic / catabolic hormones
b) insuline
c) growth hormone (GH), IGF-I
d) testosterone
e) glucagon
f) cortisol
g) role of vegetative nervus system (sympathicus and parasympathicus)
h) thyroxine a triiodothyronine
i) leptin
j) hormones of GIT (gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, incretins)
Biochemistry of exceptional situations / seminar
1. Metabolism during starvation (changes in the energy metabolism - regulation, role of hormones);
starve-feed cycle (repetition)
2. Stress starvation (hypercatabolism, marasmus, kwashiorkor)
3. Anaerobic and aerobic exercise (energy metabolism of muscles)
4. Metabolism of obese people, diabetus mellitus (I. and II. type) - changes in the metabolism
5. Liver and kidney disorders - changes in the metabolism (metabolism of ammonia, ABB,...)
6. Increased ingestion of alcohol - effect on the metabolism
Metabolism during pregnancy. Newborns. / seminar
1. Sex hormones (both female and male hormones), hormones of placenta (structure, synthesis and its
regulation, mechanism of action, degradation); menstrual cycle
2. Metabolism during pregnancy (endocrine changes, nutrition and metabolism of fetus)
3. Metabolism during lactation (hormonal regulation, synthesis of brest milk)
4. Metabolism of newborn baby (hyperbilirubinemia, no bacteria in large intestine, lower activity of
detoxification enzymes in the liver)
st
Knowledge of biochemistry of the 1 year is expected.