JX
139"7
M784i
MOORE
A
A
0 :
0 i
1 i
1
I
7 i
7 I
1 i
1 i
7 I
INTEROCEANIC
CANAL
ANDTHEHAY-PAUNCEFOlt
TREATY
THE
LIBRARY
OF
UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
THE
LOS ANGELES
The
Canal
Interoeeanie
and
the
Hay-Pauneefote Treaty
Professor
formerly
and
of
International
Assistant
Counsel
to
the
REPRINTED
MOORE
BASSETT
JOHN
Secretary
United
and
Law
of
State
Peace
States
FROM
THE
March
of
the
WASHINGTON
900
United
Commission
NEW
4,
I
Diplomacy,
igoo
YORK
Columbia
States
at
Paris
TIMES
University,
and
Secretary
INTEROCEANIC
THE
CANAL
AND
THE
HAY-PAUNCEFOTE
formerly
and
of
International
Assistant
Counsel
to
the
KKPRINTKl)
MOORE
BASSETT
JOHN
Professor
TREATY
and
Law
of
Secretary
United
State
States
FROM
of
NEW
THE
A
4,
1 N
S H
I
the
(JOO
United
Commission
Peace
March
W
Diplomacy,
YORK
igoo
Ci
r
c ) N
University,
Columbia
States
at
Paris
TIMES
and
Secretary
Canal
Interoceanic
The
Hav-Pauncefote
That
Mr.
by
the
treaty
Hay
and
in
only
hard
nor
relates
to
nations
subject
a
maritime
has
"the
called
'"^ents
while
that,
by
it
to
its
in
It
long
it
it
has
reprein
construction,
by
water
and
"the
plant,
works"
sary
neces-
operation,"
and
in
either
attack
or
itself,
way
for
"all
and
United
the
a
war
peace.
is
not
a
and
criticised,
the
to
nor
purpose
my
in
treaty
proper
advance
that
canal
injury
from
immunity"
"complete
In
though
the
maintenance,
"construction,
of
diplomacy,
contemplated
buildings,"
and
all
that
Thirdly,
to
neutralization,
comprehensive
a
establishments,
or
the
for
secures
which
distinct
American
the
place,
immediate.
cherished
obstacles
of
operation
and
States,
all
removes
in
which,
ages."
of
lar
singu-
while
a
work
a
the
achievement
it
ownership,
of
dream
notable
a
mark
in
but
first
the
and
persistently
so
in
direct
of
attention
neither
concern,
to
tic
Atlan-
Britain,
interest,
is
seems
been
Great
some
tate
facili-
the
connect
treaty,
have
1900,
"to
general
world-wide
accomplishment
postponed,
"^been
it
to
5,
view
a
circumstance
a
The
to
place,
the
toward
and
generally
powers
second
the
States
is
of
said
be
may
attracted
explain.
to
canal
has
well,
as
February
with
ship
a
United
countries
other
'
of
the
Washington
at
oceans,"
Pacific
and
Treatv.
Pauncefote,
Lord
construction
the
not
signed
the
and
spirit
it
of
has
to
ably
to
lack
defended,
developed
have
a
desire
partisanship.
been
discussions
ascribe
my
information
of
3
It
the
discuss
has
severely
been
and
ing
pend-
in
which
errors
rather
stances
in-
some
it
than
is
to
an
intention
men
be
can
I
issue.
but
brought
national
our
ourselves
devote
policy,
obstacles
well
as
of
the
as
physical
sheer
I do
to
the
I
not
which
in
PRINCIPLE
THE
order
of
pending
the
significance
the
"
"neutrality
its
in
and
ant
It
Such
ordinary
neutral
or
signifies
with
pointedly
the
duty
as
referring
to
both.
It
of
of
term
refers
to
its
in
of
of
far
so
signifies
least
the
as
which
the
other.
used
canal,
the
thing
duct
con-
acts
and,
powers,
defines
that
conflict.
When
interoceanic
former,
hostilities
with
term.
or
the
to
at
derstand
un-
noncombat-
a
from
contest
neutral
to
ity,"
"neutralof
state
a
parties
the
an
as
outset
term
abstention
to
the
the
duty
the
sense
well
hensions
appre-
stipulations
the
The
the
also
reference
belligerent
the
and
but
subjective
the
is
safety.
extreme
"neutralization"
belligerent
either
our
impartiality,
concerned,
aid
the
dence
confi-
just
of
toward
only
not
and
employed.
power
there
Besides,
at
sense,
and
treaties
that
in
will,
is necessary
attitude
the
denotes
is
may
therein
as
States
solemn
import
the
it
treaty,
that
NEUTRALIZATION.
OF
comprehend
to
now
practically
is
between
for
means
believe
who
states.
power
expressed
sometimes
In
our
same
United
the
incongruity
feel
we
dation,
accommo-
States
independent
certain
a
those
of
lomatic
dip-
countries
in
disregard
power,
"
existing
the
by
United
that
opposite
mutual
and
of
the
the
and
the
of
rights
one
assume
of
of
acquisition
am
of
rights
be
to
negotiation
discard
removal
the
to
tial
essen-
so
"accomplishment
the
by
of
the
seems
refer
power
wantonness
violate
I
of
sive
exclu-
neutralization
its
accomplishment
speak
While
unlimited,
from
I
is
war
at
reality,
the
should
we
jurisdictional
necessary
independent.
the
the
when
opposite
that
accrue
to
And
policy.
the
would
that
advantages
of
purposes
safety
in
is,
whether
is
all
questions
the
there
that
and
that
assume
of
view
one
for
canal
the
I
do
although
issue,
at
of
control
to
take
to
"questions,"
say
question
one
Nor
misrepresent.
to
attitude
is
jectively
ob-
it
braces
em-
while
and
"neutral-
that
ized;"
it
that
it
is
is
not
employed
Two
of
of
that
second,
is
of
that
disinclined
are
It
is
would
its
upon
that
might
power
of
amount
by
criterion
a
of
state
of
without
exist
war
whether
exists
war
the
upon
men-of-war
the
exclude
of
exercise
arbitrary
it
and
unjust
and,
might
The
plan,
distinction
without
approved
complete
assure
was
for
as
as
made
the
the
the
free
basal
keeping
as
to
the
"neutrality"
basis
of
the
of
navigation
principle
of
the
state
a
may
depend
well
as
as
attempt
to
involve
large
in
the
of
measure
its
its
to
as
operation,
of
provocative
ousies,
jeal-
quarrels.
the
canal
has
that
one
and
convention
the
of
question
would
and
versal
uni-
the
parties
a
imbursement
re-
no
may
but
uncertain
vessels,
only
is
indefinite
thus
effects,
of
there
the
of
dangerous
and
securing
conditions
be
belligerent
only
the
of
great
a
of
moment
and
its
in
injurious
second
Not
of
nonexistence
or
belligerents
to
prove
suspicions,
Finally,
being
of
gether
alto-
of
of
existence
discretion
wide
a
power,
grounds,
of
behest
construction
possibility
such
Under
acts.
dependent
the
exclusion
intention
the
inconveniences
particular
a
unexpressed
their
upon
at
basis.
opened,
and
the
rious
va-
nations
other
at
declaration,
prior
a
and
was
to
determined.
be
can
the
for
interoceanic
expenditure
tolls.
which
by
war
the
the
of
and
any
closed
and,
ination.
discrim-
an
on
as
general
means
of
involve
to
diminish
would
be
to
require
the
without
canal
Moreover,
money,
men-of-war
habituated
prove
would
work
a
so
it
insupportable.
such
the
allow
to
belligerents;
accessible,
once
become
soon
use
one
any
when
that,
all
subject
the
first,
proposed:
prevailed,
not
always
approach
to
foreseen
world
highway
tively
distinc-
nor
been
conception
primary
a
attack,
passage
has
plan
The
of
war
their
permitting
reasons.
canal
of
therefore
and
hostilities.
have
ships
former
The
of
means
the
excluding
of
object
neutralization
of
plans
that
the
as
"neutral;"
as
the
made
be
to
treated
be
to
Suez
pending
at
open
therefore
can
be
of
been
October
Canal,
treaty.
and
erally
gen-
relied
As
immunity.
times,
all
on
such
29,
is
to
it
1888,
adopted
of
Equality
rather
perhaps
need
would
canal,
form
and
in
civilization
endeavored
to
the
jurisprudence,
held
of
rivers
"the
following
*
*
Flumina
this
Empire,
The
in
the
The
to
waters
contribute
oceanic
great
and
within
their
the
entered
the
of
freedom
between
terms
statesmen
to
who
the
the
highway
common
to
all.
are
of
this
but
also
course
inter-
and
warfare
of
exclusion
and,
which
are
in
nations
as
conceived
there
so
navigation
overthrown.
was
of
and
nations,
once
it
served.
ob-
sovereign
peaceful
result;
Atlantic
Perhaps
at
the
system
it
be
quests
con-
dominions,
family
seas,
Roman
to
particular
and
fare
war-
contributed
conditions
intolerable,
of
the
causes,
The
"
sunt.
Mussulman
Commerce
synonymous.
became
of
the
own
mare.
publica
monopolize
unknown.
\\\
jure
et
ceased
other
these
powerfully
canal
equal
control
Under
States
United
of
on
to
*
natural!
fall
which
under
system
almost
monopoly
with
*
centuries
gradually
and
to
common
fluens
the
the
piracy
together
west,
practically
and
of
practice
seas.
open
was
were
principle
great
a
of
only
followed
tutes
Insti-
sea.
portus
In
1-2.)
sees.
are
aqua
et
was
the
say
quidem
aer,
omnia
that
assumed
princes
of
the
introduce
not
II, I,
confusion
and
haeo:
autem
Lib.
Institutes,
to
omnium
sunt
("Et
public."
are
waters
*
the
of
and
of
things
gation.
navi-
of
government
law,"
and
have
freedom
possible
natural
water,
modern
nations
navigation
Justinian,
communia
*
the
"By
ports
other
of
which
of
all.
and
another
some
product
by
masters
Romans,
air, flowing
in
a
means
to
The
all:
free
be
to
is
largest
great
of
POLICY.
the
the
secure
those
By
of
one
policy,
impracticable.
be
neutralization
is
and
or
Little
building
retaliation
to
feature,
a
discriminative
a
HISTORIC
of
principle
as
neutralization.
immediate
end
OUR
The
of
provoke
the
treated
since
the
to
merely
prove
been
subject,
lead
not
also
condition,
a
this
on
if it did
even
as
said
be
has
tolls
the
of
the
no
Pacific
prominently
as
be
other
cate
advointer-
an
should
time
open
ican
Amer-
identified
a
with
the
from
Ouincy
referring
of
all
the
work
should
from
to
of
the
globe
States
of
Central
as
isthmus
State,
purposes
that
of
nects
con-
Atlantic
it
the
ought
be
just
a
of
passage
not
should
of
be
to
clusively
ex-
extended
to
compensation
or
May,
directed
President
New
Granada,
exclusive
grant
provided
should
be
citizens
of
him."
Mr.
years
and
to
that
the
United
Biddies
later,
the
of
States
1839,
the
that
the
tolls
may
engage
as
he
were
canal
of
strength
make
to
an
wlio
was
instead
went
Government
States,
stock
an
by
might
and
associali-
wholly
question
which
under
created
Biddle
Charles
proceedings
in
securing
navigating
Biddle,
United
of
property
who
Nicaragua,
two-thirds
"the
across
reasonable
Biddle
from
of
of
the
Mr.
obtained
citizens
of
and
such
the
canal
ship
a
on
Charles
Lake
to
effectually
individuals
between
capitalists
routes.
first
proceed
the
work.
Mr.
transit
such
right
of
Jackson,
appointed
of
of
payment
the
of
them,
quested
re-
with
governments
purpose
equal
the
complete
the
America,
and
compensate
and
1835,
to
the
on
respectfully
communication
South
free
body
negotiations
the
with
a
and
the
nations,
undertaking
for
be
with
construction
North
to
opening
open
the
by
stipulations,
established
be
States
stipulations
to
that
resolution:
particularly
Granada,
treaty
such
of
the
by
up
1835,
3,
United
the
and
New
connects
all
to
of
taken
was
following
expediency
oceans
resolution,
Four
of
March
on
undertake
may
such
by
and
the
and
investigation
it
of
and
admit
but
subject
nations,
other
which
canal
was
the
for
Pacific
benefits
payment
the
the
Pacific
and
forever,
it
upon
suitable
by
companies
Atlantic
to
the
President
America
protecting,
this
the
consider
governments
In
seas
under
isthmus
to
as
nation,
one
Senate,
That
to
such
so
the
any
adopted
Resolved,
in
the
the
executed
ocean,
later,
years
unanimously
may
canal
or
unite
and,
the
Secretary
as
cut
of
tolls.
United
as
be
appropriated
Nine
such
"a
to
ever
to
parts
the
of
Clay,
continents
freedom
Clay;
through
ocean
reasonable
or
the
these
said:
vessels
sea
Mr.
subject
of
Henry
former,
Americas,
two
oceans,"
If
freedom
and
somewhere
navigation
the
of
the
the
to
the
and
Adams
of
Presidency
of
domination
European
John
as
doctrines
two
such
with
disavowed.
was
brought
8
before
House
the
merchants
by
of
the
To
the
of
purpose
ship
canal
all
by
the
the
and
Atlantic
across
December
with
New
12,
Granada
Government
1846,
the
of
modes
cation
communi-
a
construction
the
securing
forever,
of
suitable
by
navigating
right of
canal
such
United
New
to
perfect
view
may
not
while
that
be
the
of
free
and
of
the
said
canal.
those
who
guaranty
the
On
the
ernment
Govother
and
ciously,
effica-
same
other
sea
time
United
the
the
manner,
rights
Granada
New
the
with
future
any
consequence,
sometimes
by
view
a
Such
a
suggest
of
to
has
of
and
territory."
have
with
in
which
assumption
guaranty
future
the
after
here-
may
the
to
one
embarrassed
in
any
Isthmus,
the
of
stipulation,
present
from
and,
in
stipulations
the
or
property
the
"'
before-mentioned
transit
to
right
that
positive!}'
the
this
upon
free
States.
United
the
or
and
open
of
Panama
exist,
now
by
that
of
guarantee,
the
guarantee,
over
example
plague
States
exists;
treaty
sovereignty
These
the
interrupted
also
possesses
of
XXXV
a
guarantees
States
be
Granada,
neutrality
this
States
shall
citizens
"the
the
that
Colombia)
Granada
Isthmus
the
constructed,
and
New
United
the
of
Article
By
concluded
States
Republic
force.
of
across
United
the
communication
be
hand,
(now
of
transit
or
with
equal
Government
"the
treaty,
any
and
is still in
which
treaty
way
free
the
for
agents,
or
effecting
by
oceans
of
and
the
Panama,
of
ministers
of
those
nations.
On
the
Pacific
negotiations
with
Isthmus
the
practicability
Isthmus,
the
that
"
particularly
accredited
have
adopted,
continuing
or
and
comprehends
States
ascertaining
stipulations,
treaty
which
United
the
between
a
of
the
was
then
President
opening
other-nations,
and
of
closely following
the
of
jurisdiction
which
to
of
memorial
a
House
resolution
a
expediency
the
The
requesting
governments
territorial
and
and
on
Philadelphia,
report.
vote,
Senate,
the
and
exhaustive
an
consider
with
Representatives
York
unanimous
a
of
New
of
subject
of
the
to
"perfect
Not
only
can
only
is
neutrality"
it
as
of
exclusive
construction
it.
States
United
the
cited
been
at
and
an
an
clusive
ex-
control
of
return
to
variance
the
ex-
with
declaration
press
it
but
contradicted
is
stipulations
the
into
entering
In
article
of
of
that
the
treaty,
object,
all
to
If
Britain
is
deprive
might
first
being
of
nations
of
great
guaranty
depend
It
of
world
the
stake
two
doubted
;
of
curing
se-
means
shall
are
be
tral
neu-
that
important
so
be
not
can
which
the
but
passage,
oceans
revolutions
and
be
Isthmus
the
either
That
well
important
at
the
between
wars
this
that
powers
passage
the
suffered
arise
may
among
April
by
Atlantic
Juan
which
canal
ship
Pacific
and
de
first,
related,
treaty
As
America."
that
maintain
which
for
to
the
any
"to
by
"
the
exclusive
other
any
canal
would
control
South
and
it
"
ol)tain
"ever
over
ticable
prac-
railway,
or
Canal
Nicaragua
the
of
lakes
the
North
connects
Government
neither
itself
first
of
San
River
the
both
second,
the
between
of
way
or
whether
isthmus
the
the
either
and,
communications,
across
by
and
Managua,"
or
constructed
be
may
tion
communica-
of
means
any
oceans
Nicaragua,
Nicaragua
"to
ratified.
and
concluded
was
signed
Treaty,
Clayton-Bulwer
1850,
19,
ain,
Brit-
Great
and
States
United
the
called
precedents
unvarying
these
the
between
treaty
Washington
The
with
conformity
in
was
commonly
at
advantages
interests
the
upon
any
of
of
arrangement
effectual
other
ceptance
ac-
nations.
different
that
to
be
its
benefits
an
not
can
rejected,
by
France.
or
offer
the
embrace
commercial
this
of
security
Great
appear
the
The
territory.
to
not
all
to
the
would
does
there
because
of
Great
by
and
such
Britain
nada
Gra-
which
glory
the
"
New
Republic
influence
concluding
in
either
Governments
these
confer
doubted
of
tendered
thus
mus.
Isth-
the
be
not
that
to
just
the
and
them,
nations
the
among
of
States
to
secure
Government
the
upon
United
the
given
be
to
nations,
Government
the
is
referred,
over
can
their
in
American
the
it
proposition
the
Should
of
nor
mate
ulti-
The
States
passage
guaranty,
will
guaranties
of
right
by
view.
already
have
thirty-fifth
Granada
United
the
chief
this
to
I
the
as
expected
confidently
France.
of
equal
and
party
a
similar
and
may
we
free
or
Senate
which
to
States,
become
that
"
the
United
the
it
indeed,
1835]
New
exclusive
narrow
the
by
3,
March
nations
first
should
presented
any
:
the
by
of
Polk,
said
proposed
Government
the
has
States
as
[of
resolution
guaranties
neither
Senate,
of
object
President
by
the
to
treaty
mutual
the
United
the
secure
the
nied,
accompa-
The
record.
forth
set
is
guaranty
the
by
clearly
was
submitting
in
who,
that
which
said
ulated
stipor
ship
lO
canal,"
"ever
or
the
of
Governments
The
particular
of
way
the
1856
it
Treaty,
of
creation
with
"It
is
"to
State,
States.
all
that
said
"the
of
use
and
times
as
"invite
nations
foreign
of
neutrality
the
aforesaid,
be
may
established
territor}'
the
Mr.
"what
Cass,
the
before
while
United
join
said
in
of
or
of
the
all
should
of
guaranty
municipal
use
or
within
Isthmus
the
across
agree
at
parties
road
other
common
aforesaid
unobstructed
the
any
stipulated
stipulations,
mutual
the
route
the
to
open
is
article
an
was
country
country,
and
Railroad,
Panama
said
it
contracting
the
to
the
of
district
that
and
neutral,"
be
of
United
the
Panama
the
shall, by treaty
the
sort
article
shall
route
or
treat
this
By
route.
Secretary
to
this
mus,
Isth-
the
transit
then
of
use
common
which
nations
all
regard
to
the
road
of
the
propose
advantages
objections
all
Pierce
on
the
Marcy,
exclusive
nations."
foreign
Mr.
said
to
of
security
Clayton-
the
district
neutral
the
any
remove
Granada
on
Acting
President
of
New
to
to
securing
proposed
to
Administration
and
violence.
of
grave
which
menaced,
and
1846
the
secure
To
of
treaty
of
Railway,
mob
by
the
designed,"
not
established
be
to
scene
Panama
seriously
was
interrupted
view
a
to
practicable,
prove
the
was
the
by
independent,
an
same
the
across
especially
and
proposed
now
Panama
commissioners
two
sent
the
are
transit
was
of
spirit
Bulwer
of
completed,
occasion
the
which
Isthmus
been
America,
South
and
railway,
or
other
any
Panama.
or
The
canal
by
to
a
hereby
they
stipulations,
treaty
should
railway,
Tehuantepec
then
by
having
accomplish
to
principle,
general
a
whether
North
or
disturbances.
in
the
to
Britain,
(ireai
convention,
this
establish
communications,
by canal
whether
one
manding
com-
As
thereof."
and
States
into
to
connects
interoceanic
had
fortifications
any
vicinity
United
communications,
which
isthmus
In
the
protection,
their
extend
practicable
by
in
the
also
but
object,
to
agree
maintain
entering
in
desired,
only
the
or
same,
or
it declared:
second,
not
erect
route
the
ernments
govof
the
which
limits
of
designated."
Secretary
States
wants
of
State
in
in
Central
185S,
that
declared
America
next
to
1 1
the
of
happiness
of
the
its
interoceanic
In
June,
invoked
the
of
chief
Isthmus
with
At
view
Ministers
of
article
confer
the
with
in
or
transit
and
the
either
or
Mr.
of
that
of
aid
its
"has
other
in
"
objects.
"This
interest
no
maritime
in
the
of
its
the
to
tively
respec-
United
the
States,
of
safety
the
Confederation,
is
declared
different
willing
for
and
treaty,
under
were
matter
It
a
Paris
Government,"
powers.
execution
they
Granadian
the
with
and
the
cupied
oc-
directed
1846,
by
tection
pro-
was
neutrality"
guaranteeing
of
authority
Seward,
London
action
to
"in
Mr.
which
to
regard
States
of
at
the
revolutionary
United
treaty
States
jointly,
these
Seward,
the
for
the
"perfect
Governments
accredited
alone
of
United
the
either
of
pledge
Washington
States
and
war,
it."
in
against
the
neutrality
through
United
time
civil
the
thirty-fifth
the
Panama
that
own
redeem
to
the
its
lead
and
Minister
of
of
Mosquera.
security
Colombian
the
interposition
the
the
which
routes
1862,
is
people
from
interpose
to
benefit
the
of
all
nations."
While
Mr.
United
Seward
States
concluded
The
Granada.
known
June
1867,
21,
June
Nicaragua
Republic
Pacific
on
be
by
enjoyed
of
Republic
sovereignty
such
routes
the
right
of
communication,
or
water,"
Nicaragua,
however,
"agree
of
same."
to
communication
neutralitv
and
as
innocent
the
next
of
the
zens
citi-
the
lantic
At-
of
the
ficial,
arti-
or
terms
same
aforesaid,
use
their
to
citizens,
its
"the
same.
of
rights
the
article,
and
it
as
protection
their
extend
XI\'.
Article
territory
reserving
By
gua
Mana-
at
and
its
and
both
by
natural
the
on
monly
com-
signed
was
between
the
of
the
By
transit
Nicaragua
over
force.
through
is
approved
States
by
States
United
land
in
with
1846
exchanged
United
oceans
route
any
whether
should
the
property
and
duly
the
ing
contain-
which
Treaty,
were
is still
the
"to
grants
and
It
1868.
20,
been
having
of
treaty
Nicaragua,
ratifications
the
the
State,
treaty
a
Dickinson-Ayon
and,
Governments,
with
treaty
the
as
of
those
to
of
Secretary
Nicaragua
with
similar
stipulations
New
still
was
to
to
all
antee
guar-
Thev
12
also
tliem
induce
It
to
is evident
proposing
to
implied
the
essential
fit to
those
give
away
the
closing
As
1877,
draft
treaty
The
of
those
all
well
"
for
thereof
all
respect
every
of
"the
have
December
of
and
signed
States
United
and
with
the
with
Gen.
engaged
view
that
territory
for
(except
of
vessels
latter."
of
tolls
the
for
canal
"to
protect
While
contracting
the
vessels
spective
re-
vessels
to
were
powers
canal."
then
Secretary
of
ragua,
Nica-
by
which
the
its
at
the
cost,
own
alliance"
"perpetual
a
end
terms
"the
and
ex-President
a
the
equal
on
as
their
fly
to
convention
into
agreed
the
"equal"
build
to
entered
and
Nicaragua
a
"the
the
at
such
the
was
constructed,
other;"
of
coming
be-
have
to
board,
"
the
to
power
waters
Zavala,
Washington
at
views
certain
war,"
Frelinghuysen,
Joaquin
posed
pro-
guaranties"
when
through
Mr.
1884,
i,
State,
transit
of
right
was
"cooperation"
entitled
vessels
national
28,
maritime
every
and
on
each
it
to
the
neutral
cargoes
between
as
other
and
war
the
with
February
principal
or
vessels
tary
Secre-
then
satisfactory
canal
the
of
classes
flags,
in
of
tion.
neutraliza-
which
treaty,
peace
the
through
benefit
"the
draft
in
whether
of
owing
stipulations
its
to
party
Fish,
obtain
to
the
By
transit
as
seen
adjustment
Mr.
neither
calculated
nor
times,
of
right
not
tion
Administra-
perfect
the
failed
were
powers.
a
"at
have
of
"to
of
accession
which
States
United
read
not
final
ministers,
prepared,
negotiations
Nicaragua,
of
States
was
the
the
lines
circular
a
United
to
obtain
powers."
of
with
powers,
have
Grant's
toward
the
on
by
appears
to
other
else
or
the
of
itself,
and
President
taken
was
question
State,
a
treaty
with
Hay
control
either
Treaty,
that
Mr.
Nicaragua
Britain
to
protection."
exclusive
by
us
of
year
step
canal
of
of
nations
and
charged
of Great
of
other
them.
another
of
granted
stipulations
the
have
right
a
with
neutrality
who
Dickinson-Ayon
quote
In
that
concurrence
the
under
such
guarantee
Canal,
Nicaragua
influence
their
employ
to
agree
integrity
convention
of
"all
parties engaged
of
vided
pronations"
in
the
H
IDEA
THE
The
idea
control
ownership
of
sense
of
facetiousness
l^osition
which
could
he
Presidential
with
he
opposition
those
a
took
this
of
both
kill
other
all
to
of
to
ator
Sen-
with
assumption
the
opportunity
an
later
State,
of
b}^ it,
meant
concession
political
them
off
all
Mr.
to
their
obligations
New
the
of
in
Granada
under
was
said
B.
French
do
Wyse,
define
Canal
of
representative
which
also
affected
States
under
exclusive
only
not
com-
concession,
This
were
the
ernment
Gov-
Association,
which
as
what
Colombian
the
as
Evarts,
not
the
by
thirty
granting
Company.
United
Mr.
the
clauses
but
nature,
that
of
Canal
N.
contained
however,
by
occasion
Interoceanic
the
and
terms
Panama
Lucien
called
mionly
It
the
on
International
the
in
forward
put
was
Hayes
but
the
for
control
President
by
Secretary
was
American
of
idea
years
the
and
rights
the
with
treaty
1846.
circumstances
these
President
that
Hayes
:
It is the
such
right and
supervision
a
isthmus
that
our
national
interests.
compatible
advantage
Mr.
to
treaty
the
"perfect
put
of
of,
and
this
neutrality"
President
should
forward
by
idea
has
as
of
Hayes
be
the
nor
fortified.
Mr.
canal
sure,
widest
as
found
be
and
will
most
across
protect
only
not
permanent
civilization.
which,
1846,
the
will
maintain
and
assert
America
South
quite
am
to
interoceanic
any
and
promotive
but
elaborated
the
canal
This,
I
States
over
North
commerce
Evarts
Neither
authoritj^
connects
with,
United
the
of
duly
and
the
the
that
by
one
in
tion
opposi-
suggested,
real,
including
obtain
thus
and
The
in
himself
put
time
-only
of
that
stroke.
one
of
the
was
aspirants,
parties,
at
it
in
the
in
not
originated
than
apparent
because
have
the
at
was
more
but
to
seems
It
States,
management,
or
Douglas.
United
the
by
neutralization,
to
CONTROL.
AMERICAN
OF
Blaine,
with
special
been
seen,
Isthmus
Mr.
of
Evarts
Such
a
in
his
reference
stipulates
to
for
Panama.
that
proposed
proposal
instructions
ever,
how-
was,
to
Mr.
15
Lowell
November
of
of
British
that
the
should
also
States
United
while
war,
other
should
of
preservation
States.
United
"
term
the
of
has
with
maintenance
mere
to
When,
them.
of
Cracow
"No
breath:
armaments
of
By
Britain,
"as
a
Ionian
Isles
in
Isle
the
thus
are
Corfu
of
no
longer
any
treaties
of
March
30,
13,
187
1,
Danube
the
the
treaty
(Article LII)
on
of
the
object,
1856,
effected
having
and
in
and
having
that
course
the
of
the
fortifications
its
immediate
shall
the
fortresses
river
the
tralization
neu-
city
the
a
federal
France,
Great
as
ber
NovemGreece
and
that
declares
the
which
constructed
dependencies,
The
demolished."
be
of
aid
in
July
and
from
Lower
the
of
1S78,
13,
March
and
1865,
2,
neutralization
of
nance
mainte-
that
neutrality
the
any
treaty
the
to
treaty
constructed
Berlin
"all
the
same
the
London
at
November
the
works
of
of
the
In
united
were
of
enjoy,
to
of
treated
signed
III
consequence
necessary
be
vision
proTown
upon
XI
Austria,
Isles
in
stipulated
was
of
use
Free
forbidden.
was
Russia,
Article
the
or
even
Vienna,
neutralized,"
between
Ionian
the
1863,
Article
longer
no
and
neutralized.
were
it
treaty
a
Prussia,
14,
it
ifest
man-
a
tions,
fortifica-
introduced
be
by
was
Luxemburg
should
was
shall
upon
Luxemburg
fortress.
declared
"
Sea
of
treaty
it
When,
Black
the
of
forces
of
warlike
or
the
apply
and
"neutrality
territory,"
armed
the
Paris,
of
of
its
of
the
by
neutrality
forces
armed
offensive
IX
the
whatever."
pretense
of
for
and
the
Article
by
made
was
of
canal
incompatible
deemed
been
of
for
to
of
idea
of
proposal
guilty
be
to
time
vessels
that
is
the
that
in
a
the
of
States,
war
as
The
of
nothing
say
itself
the
proposed
be
to
the
to
plan
a
usually
United
obvious
terms.
neutralization
the
described
seems
such
to
only
"
"neutrality"
it
"
contradiction
the
he
desired
not
for
canal
tions"
"modifica-
he
object
"impartialh^
But
neutrality
by
his
the
This
belligerents.
the
fortified
use
it
closing
He
declared
the
which
Treaty
be
frankly
of
one
as
concede.
to
canal
he
but
Clayton-Bulwer
Government
the
1881,
19,
its
provided
fortifications
the
Iron
gation,
navi-
Gates
isting
ex-
to
i6
its
"
mouth
The
should
I
88
declare
I,
their
this
them
fortified
is
with
the
war,
to
some
of
Mr.
of
protectorate
"
it
waters
the
statements
in
of
to
ideas
he
lay
and
give their
and
themselves
right
neither
of
war
the
to
or
"
under
the
republic
whose
used
all
by
and
tions
na-
had
commerce
safely
earth,
a
to
under
for
entitles
that
to
are
the
act
in
Republic
relieved.
the
simply
to
canal
of
for
in
contained
powers
any
this
be
provision
a
trality
neu-
assembling
involve
it
unwise,
the
guarantee
pretext
blockade
commit
and
unnecessary
possibly
from
which
latter's
the
that
contemplate
to
different
under
navies
position
its natural
seem
the
to
spondence
corre-
added:
it
of
the
1882
renew
"quietly
nations
shores,
form
a
treaty,
any
to
our
which
These
exercise
of
the
fact
the
to
considers
the
or
to
from
pledge
to
Isthmus,
conflicts
pending
it, is
"freely
be
Canal
therefore,
contiguous
neutrality
could
protectorate,"
invitation
an
from
canal
a
and
States
Suez
not
that
stated
adverting
the
President,
of
in
after
did
Blaine,
cross"
international
through
power
purposes
in
continuing
United
the
through
The
Mr.
but
may
and,
moved
no
in
by
proposals,
;
that
language.
begun
territorj'
only
for
confusion
a
trality,"
"neu-
not
by
powers
of
may
its
canal
a
it
using
hostile
preserving
preserve
to
idea
whatever
fortified
while
charge
Frelinghuysen,
specific
to
the
the
or
of
But,
order
or
of
Indeed,
law.
sure
in-
stipulaticjns
same
purpose
belligerent
the
to
the
but
To
erected.
be
offensive
no
and
fortifications
no
shall
the
"neutral"
design,
nations.
neutralization
if
power,
other
that
treaty.
public
term
one
open
misuse
July
forever,
all
therewith
even
place
a
the
avowed
ourselves
agreed
Hay
in
of
flags
the
for
in
novel
exclude
is
for
the
as
apply
by
of
treaty
neutralized
substantially
fortifying
to
a
1888'
intended,
be
of
erected."
ones
their
by
the
interfere
might
of
"neutrality,"
said
new
are
to
it
fortifications,
erecting
no
Magellan
freedom,
fortifications
of
Chile,
of
contains
Canal
against
be
and
convention
Suez
and
guaranteed
which
defenses
The
use
is
neutrality
military
of
Straits
navigation
free
and
:
The
V.
Ariiclk
razed
Republic
Argentine
23,
"
be
nor
to
hostility
17
within
"a
it.
Such
pretext
for
could
pledge
a
in
assembling
afford
hardly
their
navies
contiguous
waters
to
our
shores."
In
the
took
We
were
of
State
place
nor
distant
singular
a
that
added
simple
as
their
utility;"
naval
weakness,
possessions
a
he
and
great
he
assumed
might
defenses.
Kven
"
Frelinghuysen,
stress
ritorial
"ter-
be
beyond
day
To-
permanent.
hold
we
development,
and
shall
and
of
policy
our
upon
to
increasing
are
we
it
and
defenses,
great
navy
responsibilities
coast
of
capable
singular
neither
any;
Mr.
said
laid
our
had
coast
no
Department
our
We
involve
which
which
navy
'
would
improving
are
had
change.
vast
altogether
wanted
nor
we
people
a
ence
correspond-
a
by
policy.
stations
coaling
acquisitions
we
as
this
undergone
presented
nations
possessions,
been
has
engagingly
upon
since
elapsed
situation
foreign
to
bent
have
our
then
and
have
that
years
distant
have
we
continue
to
increase.
POLICY
THE
OF
NEUTRALIZATION
MONROE
While
neutralization
the
policy,
assertion
has
reference
to
in
the
difficult
the
been
the
going
too
far
zuelan
tion
divide
Mr.
of
that
America,
region
the
as
of
of
it
the
Secretary
July
principle
20,
of
Without
in
in
State,
1895,
of
some
place
may
their
by
as
numbered
we
be
not
doctrine.
that
found
men
states-
would
sustained
Monroe
with
our
well
as
are
this
the
on
his
this
structions
in-
\'cne-
said:
doctrine]
Monroe
South
who,
Bayard
boundary,
[the
of
and
emphasis,
many
there
with
neutrality
view
have
Treaty,
Olney,
to
That
it is believed
back,
of
utterances
who
those
champions
Mr.
category
It
their
historic
our
incompatible
especial
different
a
Clayton-Bulwer
foremost
THE
doctrine;
guaranty
Treaty.
by
prove
it is
with
particular
been
Monroe
repeated,
entertained
to
that
the
"
for, among
the
of
made
policy
Clayton-Bulwer
have
acts;
is
have
to
appears
assertion
historic
another
AND
DOCTRINE.
between
and
the
was
to
them
controlling
it the
are
factor
independent
largely
indebted
in
ihc
cniancipawhich
states
for
their
now
very
i8
existence.
Since
credited
rule
the
to
termination
the
interoceanic
part
The
the
occupying
thus
should,
considered,
of
would
the
of
with
connected
completion,
seizure,
its
These
neutrality.
the
a
of
violation
objection,
the
comparison
treaty,
which
but
permits
of
engagement
protect
the
will
contains
the
canal:
well
joint
of
United
no
stipulation
States
neutralization,
alone,
to
as
and
curity,
se-
in
in
this
sense
This
ill-founded,
a
by
is,
as
a
Hay
the
joint guaranty,
subject
construct,
the
tion
jurisdic-
doctrine.
for
"
criticised
whose
removed
demonstrate,
after
"guarantee
intervention
Monroe
or
fiscation,
con-
and,
protection
constituting
the
and
persons
been
within
as
ess
proc-
interruption,
to
as
joint
well-founded
whether
simple
spirit
and
in
detention,
from
it
hibiting
in-
owning
was
all
by
as
or
canal
have
governments
riiight lie,
canal
as
of
extent
American
of
affairs
the
to
even
stipulations
whatsoever,"
for
tical
prac-
construed,
unjust
stipulations
alliance
virtual
a
the
protect
confiscation,"
that
with
constructing
"from
"to
fillment
ful-
a
control,"
"protect"
to
as
probable
certain
"exclusive
violence
any
jointly
unjust
or
creating
or
it
is
Treaty
while
them,
jointly
but
supersedes.
from
bound
seizure,
its
and
against
tion,
interven-
accepted
for
been
Government
it
be
Clayton-Bulwer
construction,
property
to
nullifies
it
and
of
agreement
an
infringement,
an
not
provision
but
canal,
as
it
the
either
the
any
which
in
excluding
measure
a
continued
treaty
was
its
of
reason
any
over
is that
that
doctrine;
had
Hay
only
as
not
have
unanimity
Not
dominion
any
the
excluded
expressly
Olney
namely,
Monroe
the
Mr.
by
conceived,
neutralization
which
upon
it for
to
neutralized
both
and
exercising
expressed-
was
idea
which
America
or
indebted
also
are
French
the
by
be
to
America.
treaty
this
we
Treaty,
Central
across
from
idea
be
But
war.
Clayton-Bulwer
canal
Central
of
civil
Mexico
of
evacuation
achievement
single
striking
most
the
the
the
Britain
Great
is
of
of
provisions
the
then
only
manage,
to
the
and
19
CLAYTON-BULWER
TREATY.
Article
the
I.
United
one
the
exclusive
ship
*
canal;
will
the
over
*
*
said
of
neither
maintain
or
any
any
commanding
the
to
same,
III.
making
*
of
*
the
Britain
*
from
V.
that
provisions
said
the
have
and
enjoy
Art.
be
the
seizure
*
be
unjust
shall
the
canal
The
shall
however,
maintain
to
to
necessary
canal
protect
and
as
it
be
tary
mili-
such
the
along
lawlessness
canal.
adjacent.
States,
liberty
tion
regula-
the
fortifications
waters
police
from
the
commanding
the
pleted
com-
or
No
erected
at
for
struction,
con-
exclusive
the
as
managementof
II.
United
ties
par-
it
well
providing
and
any
been
of
such
to
may
against
disorder.
*
;
it
CLAYTON-BULWER
is
been
should
made,
it is
had
said,
it is
facts
in
ascertain
hard
relate
neutralization
"
that
treaty
to
which
that
nor,
it
feature
Hay
the
are
the
treaty
own
neither
rise,
soon
the
"
has
thus
record.
difficult
singularly
it
in
but,
question
our
gave
of
Treaty,
exist,
to
examine
to
which
to
should
recognition
no
ceased
understand;
to
controversies
ratified,
the
l"ind
any
Concerning
candidly
to
of
Clayton-Bulwer
merely
existed.
regard
nor
the
to
not
duty
our
treaty
no
particularly
given
legally
never
the
and
been
TREATY.
that
suggested
have
which,
for
or
protect
THE
was
right
tion,
deten-
when
have
*
confiscation
raised,
to
shares,
or
the
incident
as
and
contracting
will
interruption,
have
porations
cor-
subscription
stock
shall
loan
or
or
convention,
rights
the
or
shall
they
did
all
ernments
Gov-
States
unjust
engage
canal
The
by
the
seizure,
The
further
But
of
present
shall
whatsoever.
Art.
fact,
*
United
confiscation,
violence
said
canal,
*
property
protected
Great
said
the
*
their
be
through
Government
i
em-
persons
directly
'
in
ployed
and
The
the
of
gift
by
subject
that,
of
either
or
purchase
or
and
the
under
individuals
to
money
or
etc.
Ar'I".
cost,
own
that
Government
the
States,
will
cations
fortifi-
agreed
constructed
of
United
its
It is
be
auspices
the
at
TREATY.
I.
may
the
ever
itself
for
canal
ain
Britneither
other
control
erect
ever
that
maintain
or
Article
of
Great
and
declare
nor
obtain
Governments
States
hereby
the
The
HAY
to
enough,
after
it
of
principle
criticised
been
sanctioning.
As
States
Bulwer
has
been
and
Great
Treaty,
shown,
the
Britain,
declared
of
Governments
in
that
Article
neither
I
of
the
the
tlie
one
United
Claytonnor
the
20
Other
would
obtain
"ever
control"
de
Juan
Nicaragua,
Nicaragua
neither
Ever
erect
or
Coast,
either
of
has
or
erecting
or
of
part
any
State
for
or
Central
purpose
citizens
commerce
the
on
When
Honduras,
half
be
to
over
which
a
dependency;
the
Mosquito
the
preceding
to
Mr.
Cla)'ton
In
*
proceeding
*
*
the
does
Majesty's
Her
the
to
The
of
was
language
April
last
neither
Her
at
of
the
of
between
understood
Honduras,
that
to
or
convention
said
treaty
the
29th
of
convention
the
Plenipotentiary,
that
Her
convention
its
is
Majesty
to
apply
Her
dependencies.
the
under
exchanged
to
mentioned.
above
on
of
the
:
declare
to
islands
On
Majesty's
instructions
for
communicated
Bulwer
Britannic
British
or
of
1850.
ratifications
engagements
settlement
Clayton
of
exchange
the
explicit declaration
Mr.
the
be
not
protectorate
a
memorandum
following
to
held
certain
ratifications
Henry
regard
possession
exercised
4,
the
other.
the
Belize,
actual
July
Sir
Majesty's
ratification
Majesty's
The
pass,
for
Britain
claimed
also
Washington
month
Her
she
and
her
any
may
shall
of
use
or
with
in
which
at
she
Coast.
understand
not
which
undersigned.
received
has
of
at
of
in
been
dominion
canal
Great
settlement
Coast,
indirectly,
or
subjects
or
occupying,
possess,
canal
made,
was
the
and
citizens
the
to
said
the
purpose
intimacy,
said
any
which
Mosquito
advantages
or
the
of
or
may
directly
rights
any
through
had
exchanged
were
one
called
century,
a
the
agreement
then
was
holding,
or
terms
same
this
what
acquiring
of
use
for
any
the
territory
Mosquito
exercising
of
either
that
assume,
alliance
the
or
advantage
whose
through
navigation
or
offered
take
or
the
any
Rica,
or
same,
make
people
assuming
influence
or
of
of
or
*
*
or
or
Costa
Nicaragua,
*
Rica,
*
fortifications,
such
America,
subjects
or
State
any
any
connection,
of
of
agreed
colonize,
or
Costa
afford,
may
with
do
to
Government
the
San
lakes
the
nor
or
nor
alliance,
any
have
same;
the
further
they
*
America;
affords
*
the
over
of
clusive
ex-
any
River
commanding
'Nicaragua,
over
colonizing
or
end
fortify,
or
occupy,
maintaining
or
fortifying,
or
either
may
this
the
both
or
itself
of
way
ftirtificatioii
Central
of
which
protection
To
dominion
part
any
either
any
thereof,
any
or
by
for
"
maintain
vicinity
the
exercise
canal
and
would
or
maintain
Managua.
or
that
in
the
over
or
the
4th
of
Article
I of
the
the
by
United
them
July
replied:
convention
States
nor
by
and
either
concluded
Britain
Great
of
on
us
the
*
19th
*
(the negotiators)
*
22
States,
by
proclamati(ni,
a
claimed
she
Crown
as
of
the
over
the
Mosquito
This
and
assumed,
fail,
if she
or
of
to
of
in
his
of
Secretary
the
bore
entirely
two
a
satisfactory
essarily
nec-
believed
called
part
no
aries
bound-
the
State,
to
the
secure
The
stated
was
result
President
by
Mr.
message,
of
the
which
aspect,
arrangements
to
was
Cass
still
ing
be-
follows:
as
this
States
thus
and
various
on
United
the
of
Secretary
as
communication.
annual
fourth
Congress
treaty
treaty
negotiations
Governments,
I informed
"completed
the
interoceanic
threatening
Marcy
of
object
constructions
discordant
The
that
must
country
is within
limits,
proper
of
because
treaty,
has
therein
It is
of
tract
this
by
*
position, declaring
of
execution
the
Buchanan
a
*
by
as
Britain
has
she
subjects
*
it.
far
so
misconstruction
these
over
Mr.
same
great
long-continued
the
its
succeeded
the
neutralization
of
right
a
on
to
ousted
not
to
the
that
effect
is
restricted
maintained
occasions
parties
qualified
she
arise
may
the
a
who
Cass,
State,
that
by
ing
subsist-
a
America.
Central
Mr.
has
when
tract,
of
December
If Great
obligations
the
them
evade
to
between
which
from
Belize,
that
of
Treaty)
it.
upon
fulfill
to
part
attempts
Britain
Great
her
on
place
take
the
tary
Secre-
Borland,
stipulations
its
obligations
discussions
the
instrument,
that
tectorate
pro-
ently
consist-
Mr.
to
America,
observe
to
impose
they
shall
or
its
Marcy,
(the Clayton-Bulwer
it
bound
feels
construction
failed,
instruction
it
that
controversies
the
Mr.
by
of
violation
a
position
in
States
Central
British
the
claimed
The
the
by
continue
treaty,
Coast.
to
considers
Government
contract,
fair
as
a
said:
1853,
30,
of
act
also
the
an
Minister
States
this
expressed
in
who,
State,
United
well
was
claimed
also
protested
United
the
by
ensued
of
of
terms
into
Honduras,
Government
the
maintained
which
States
which
Islands,
Bay
were
ain,
Brit-
Great
however.
British
of
against
British
The
under
might,
the
and
United
the
treaty.
erected
islands
The
Honduras,
Government
1852,
dependency
a
colony.
State
July,
In
other.
the
on
at
different
resulted
have
In
Government.
that
the
with
and'Buhver
Clayton
British
the
periods
in
my
last
the
of
sion
discus-
settlement
annual
had
Government
Republics
of
final
a
tween
be-
Treaty
Honduras
sage
mes-
not
then
and
23
in
Nicaragua
It
work
will
since
long
on
August,
the
by
relinquishing
i860,
Bay
the
former,
Islands
with
Mosquito
the
as
good
with
Nicaragua
the
on
Besides,
of
part
a
has
treaty
a
protectorate.
recognized
are
this
expectation
concluded
1859, and
ernments.
Gov-
two
that
confident
Majesty
November,
the
expected
This
Britannic
Her
28th
the
between
confidently
accomplished."
be
fulfilled.
been
understanding
the
is, nevertheless,
ere
Honduras
2Sth
of
pursuance
Republic
the
Honduras.
of
Since
occasions
various
as
State,
in
The
obligation
provides
for
neutrality
hitherto
powers,
because
in
United
Mr.
Britain
the
those
policy
Bulwer
have
the
rid
itself
of
be
"voidable,"
and
not
it
solely
Nevertheless,
Honduras
and
upon
he
was
he
the
a
part
of
the
based
criticised
continuing
ence
correspondto
tion
supposithe
declaring
of
a
it
thai
opinion
upon
esis
hypoth-
fact.
He
Honduras.
British
question
Central
ter
mat-
Clayton-
This
of
to
a
supposed
assumption
as
as
its
void.
expressed
the
Indeed,
the
the
up
Instead
discuss
not
of
of
and
opinion
Great
of
sometimes
question
the
ever
faith
ernment
Gov-
that
severely
took
it, is
positive
any
did
the
tion
repeti-
British
should
been
who
null
be
this
upon
even
good
force."
full
States
has
merely
he
or
its
the
hope
obligations
erroneous.
void,
other
into
force,
of
to
"modifications"
in
the
left
to
treaty
entered
the
acknowledgment
Blaine
subject
doubt
earnest
United
Blaine
broad
altogether
to
treaty
the
Frelinghuysen,
the
held
is
based
that
Mr.
a
with
"remain
to
Mr.
has
in
being
imply
certain
it
Government
subject.
hold
Mr.
where
was
of
this
validity.
might
the
completion,
a
which
that
guaranteeing
already
still
that
expressed
Treaty,
making
Having
and
"concede"
rest
of
Nicaraguan
the
on
prospect
no
in
This
of
correspondence
his
1881,
who
of
the
on
in
would
treaty,
proposition
Nicaragua
States
in
for
with
Blaine,
a
Britain,
Great
the
join
to
subsisting.
canal.
the
Treaty
including
Treaty,
still
been
of
treaty
a
the
by
has
on
Secretary
as
to
powers
making
from
there
with
stipulation
are
has
said:
other
to
canal),
commencement,
a
Fish,
Clayton-Bulwer
the
States
Clayton-Bulwer
Mr.
16, 1877,
invitation
(of the
United
communicated
of
an
abstained
of
convention.
February
Minister,
the
the
to
memorandum
a
of
referred
subsisting
a
of
Government
the
i860
ish
Brit-
whether
America,
nor
did
24
he
with
the
"
instructions
which
the
Panama
the
to
if
of
out
would
of
The
complicated.
Spain
and
XIII)
that
the
former
its
and
May
1850,
10,
the
territory
April
amply
are
Great
navigation,
II,
1859,
guaranteed.
Britain
similar
on
notice
between
the
given
Italy
and
of
and
the
treaty
of
Nicaragua
conformity
Nicaragua
the
it
but
with
of
Spanish
as
latter
of
of
the
canal
between
commerce
11,
expired
June
March
merce,
com-
Nicaragua,
use
terms.
"the
country.
amity,
and
flag
through
February
its
fiscation,"
con-
Rica
Costa
terms
free
of
or
canal
treaty
and
neutrality
The
the
antee
guartransit
embargo
and
the
to
the
France
between
transit
the
keep
same
of
(Article
hand,
any
the
between
other
to
upon
citizens"
stipulations;
in
XIII)
more
granted
Spain
on
XXVII-XXXIII
Articles
and
of
Rica
and
merchandise,
vessels,
By
Costa
be
to
on
all
against
transit"
"free
of
"to
(Article
grants
situation
are
the
on
between
treaty
merchandise
and
it
The
provides
as
order
"protect
the
and
of
in
"neutrality,"
free"
thereby
shall,
and
bia
Colom-
"enjoy
shall
notice,
friendship
1850,
25,
exemptions
and
nation,"
favored
July
power
advantages
same
most
of
Nicaragua
with
whether
appears
and
spect
re-
verted,
ad-
on
basis.
peace
In
heretofore
seen
Canal
of
treaty
be
by
act
treaty
terminable
other
Nicaragua
the
ferred
re-
only
our
have
is
any
of
pledged.
also
we
to
the
is
is
"there
which
on
copy
Government,
not
canal
it remains
way,
is
which
to
treaty,
negotiate
respect
the
1846,
this
the
the
Canal,
of
Granada
and
in
of
a
SITUATION.
Treaty
neutralization
the
his
engagement.
TREATY
Clayton-Bulwer
in
seen
1895,
20,
of
pleasure
been
British
subsisting
a
GENERAL
the
were
as
July
the
to
has
as
of
Bayard
treaty
THE
New
Olney,
communicated
to
which
Mr.
to
was
But
Mr.
States."
the
at
tinues
con-
Honduras,
British
voidable
course,
and
violated
holding
by
treaty
is, of
treaty
United
the
the
has
self
him-
contented
he
contrary,
Britain
Great
If
"
violate"
the
On
was.
saying,
to
then
it
that
assert
i860,
11,
The
6, 1868,
tained
con-
1888,
treaty
provides
25
most-favored-nation
for
well
as
is
with
of
stipulations
which
of
already
been
SUMMARY
Our
That
1.
the
is
the
policy
amply
there
least,
not
the
1867,
precise
quoted.
shown:
have
of
engagement
tion,"
"naviga-
RESULTS.
to
seem
treaty,
Hay
the
OF
investigations
but
Nicaragua
have
of
respect
Last,
commerce.
treaty
own
our
of
as
in
treatment
embodied
neutralization,
supported
by
in
and
precedent
by
principle.
That
2.
of
policy
Clayton-Bulwer
the
this
That
has
acted
be
to
at
if
by
has
and
the
from
States
fact
in
quired
re-
attacks.
continually
the
United
and
all
against
and
never
structing
con-
permitted
it
for
stipulating
repeatedly
of
neutralization
Treaty
Clayton-Bulwer
would
situation
the
historic
as
sisting
sub-
a
declared
been
end.
an
That,
5.
been
upon
engagement,
in
but
protect
to
treaty
and
to
the
Government
canal,
Governments
both
referred
the
owning
and
is
canal
Treaty,
either
excluded
neutralization,
4.
neutralized
a
States.
United
the
That
3.
of
be
not
the
is
canal
abrogated,
were
radically
altered,
guaranteed
by
since
the
various
other
treaties.
That
6.
the
Hay
neutralization,
of
own,
and
manage
for
joint
States
liberty
the
Admiral
it
is
two
to
be, and
great
concedes
construct,
all
the
to
protection
tions
stipulaUnited
lessness
law-
against
I
well
with
for
have
all
practical
attempted
not
expressed
which
in
the
the
argument
sively
exclu-
purposes
enter.
to
reported
statement
One
of
Dewey:
Fortifications?
is
is
neutralization
of
with
away
afford
to
question,
military
concerned,
view
and
to
policy
disorder.
and
against
does
canal,
intervention,
the
alone
Into
the
the
to
States
United
the
permits
adhering
while
treaty,
of
Why,
should
oceans.
be,
To
a
course
neutralized
As
not.
I
commercial
fortify it would
simply
it, the
understand
pathway
result
in
between
making
canal
the
it
a
26
in
ground
battle
and
well
ought
of
guaranty
as
In
in
be
may
which
a
in
that
retort
the
of
as
war,
of
great
one
of
of
of
mankind,"
should
of
however,
be
readily
sage
pas-
that,
effect
that,
the
canal,
in
as
B.
Moore.
a
the
of
to
of
decisive.
J.
such
respect
Declaration
to
admit
freedom
"decent
the
to
such
order,
that
prove
in
and
another
which
able,
attain-
if
advantage;
is
and
ceived
con-
unobstructed
an
an
the
be
view,
may
chance,
navigation,
speaks,
This
of
hero
the
would,
circumstances,
preservation
of
control
assurance
considerations
and
of
circumstances
as
is
question
and
opinions
time
pensive,
ex-
sufficient
a
may
advantage.
great
conceivable
predicament,
commerce
in
canal
be
circumstances
military
constitute
from
security
will
opinion
that
urged
which
would
the
the
weighty
exclusive
the
conceived
that
of
safety
this
to
suggest
argue
and
fleets
Our
enormously
be
peace.
constitute
may
would
erected.
be
to
neutrality
the
it
in
Fortifications
war.
not
opposition
Manila,
the
of
case
dependence
In-
UNIVERSITY
OF
CALIFORNIA
I-os
I his
PSD
2343
9/77
book
is
DDL
on
LIItRAKV
Angeles
tht
last
dale
stamped
IkIow