Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks 1
NOMISMA-ARETÉ Consortium2:
Silvia Zucconia, Chiara Volpatoa, Felice Adinolfia, Evita Gandini a,
Enrica Gentileb, Alberico Loi b, Linda Fioriti b
a
Nomisma SpA
b
Areté Srl
1
Question No EFSA-Q-2011-00309.
2
The Nomisma-Areté consortium acknowledges the EFSA steering Group and in particular the following staff members for
their support and teamwork: Tobin Robinson (EMRISK Unit), Arianna Chiusolo (EMRISK Unit), Andrea Altieri (EMRISK
Unit), Jean-Lou Dorne (EMRISK Unit), Davide Arcella (DCM Unit).
Any enquiries related to this output should be addressed to emrisk@efsa.europa.eu
Suggested citation: Zucconi S., Volpato C., Adinolfi F., Gandini E., Gentile E., Loi A., Fioriti L.; “Gathering consumption
data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks”. Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394. [190 pp.]. Available online:
www.efsa.europa.eu/publications
© European Food Safety Authority, 2013.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
ABSTRACT
At the end of 2011, a study was commissioned by EFSA to the Consortium Nomisma-Areté, with the
objective of gathering consumption data for “energy” drinks (ED) in specific consumer groups (adults,
adolescents and children) in EU. The study also aims at estimating, for each consumer group, the
exposure to specific active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, and D-glucurono-y-lactone) from ED
consumption, and the relative contribution of ED to the total caffeine exposure. Moreover, specific
consumption habits (co-consumption with alcohol and consumption associated to intense physical
exercise) were analysed for adolescents and adults.
Between February and November 2012, the study team conducted an EU-wide questionnaire-based
survey - involving more than 52.000 participants from 16 different EU Member States3 - among adults
(14.500 participants), adolescents (32.000), and children (5.500).
The highest prevalence of consumption4 was observed for the adolescent consumers group (68%). In
adults prevalence for consumption was 30%, and 18% in children. Among consumers, no relevant
differences were observed in the target groups for prevalence of high chronic consumers5 (12% in
adults and adolescents, 16% in children) and high acute consumers6 (11% for adults and 12% for
adolescents).
Concerning co-consumption with alcohol, similar prevalence was observed for adults (56%) and
adolescents (53%). Consumption associated to sport activities showed prevalence of 52% in adults and
41% in adolescents.
Among ED consumers, the estimated average exposures from ED to caffeine, taurine and Dglucurono-y-lactone were higher in children (1,01, 12,83 and 5,13 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively) than
adolescents (0,38, 4,6 and 1,65 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively) and adults (0,32, 3,82 and 1,78 mg/kg
b.w./day, respectively). The calculated contribution from ED consumption to total caffeine exposure
was 8% for adults, 13% for adolescents and 43% for children. The contribution increased for the high
chronic consumers to 13% in adults, 16% in adolescents and 48% in children.
© Nomisma-Areté consortium 2012. Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is
given to the „Nomisma-Areté consortium‟ , along with the authors, title and year of publication as mentioned on
page 1.
KEY WORDS
Energy drinks, caffeine, taurine, D-glucurono-y-lactone, active ingredients, survey, consumption.
3
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland,
Romania, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, United Kingdom.
4
In the present study “consumers” of ED are subjects who declared to have drunk ED at least once over the last
year.
5
In the present study “high chronic” consumers are respondents who regularly consumed ED “4-5 days a week”
or more (identified in relation to a frequency distribution for ED consumption greater than or equal to the 90 th
percentile).
6
In the present study “high acute” consumers are respondents consuming 1 litre or more of ED per single session
in the case of adults and 1,065 litres or more of ED per single session in the case of adolescents (identified in
relation with declared volume consumed in a single session and setting the threshold at the 90 th percentile).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
2
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
SUMMARY
At the end of 2011, a study was commissioned by EFSA to the Consortium Nomisma-Areté, with the
objective of gathering consumption data for “energy” drinks (ED) in specific consumer groups (adults,
adolescents and children) in EU). The study also aims at estimating, for the different consumer groups,
the exposure to specific active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, and D-glucurono-y-lactone) from ED
consumption, and the relative contribution of ED to the total caffeine exposure. Moreover, specific
consumption habits (co-consumption with alcohol and consumption associated to intense physical
exercise) should be analysed for adolescents and adults.
Between February and November 2012, the study team conducted an EU-wide questionnaire-based
survey - involving more than 52.000 participants from 16 different EU Member States7(MS) - among
adults (14.500 participants), adolescents (32.000), and children (5.500).
Survey results
Adults
Around 30% of adults interviewed declared to have consumed ED at least once during the last year,
with prevalence varying among MS from 14% in Cyprus to 50% in Austria, and mainly (53%) in
“young adults” (18-29 years). Among ED consumers, the average volume consumed was 2 L/month.
Approximately 12% of adult consumers were identified as “high chronic” consumers, i.e. consuming
ED 4-5 times/week or more (13,3% in “young adult” consumers), consuming an average volume of
4,5 L/month.
“High acute” consumers (consuming at least 1 L/single session), were 11% of the total adult ED
consumers, mainly in “young adults” (13,4%).
The co-consumption of ED and alcohol was evidenced for around 56% of adult ED consumers (71%
in “young adults”). ED consumption in relation with physical exercise resulted for 52% of adult ED
consumers, mainly (55%) in “old adults” (50-65 years).
The average exposure to caffeine from ED was 22,4 mg/day (0,32 mg/kg b.w.8/day) for adult ED
consumers, and the ED contribution to the total caffeine exposure was 8%. Caffeine exposure from
ED increased to 48,3 mg/day (0,7 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers, with a ED relative
contribution of approximately 13%.
Average exposure to taurine from ED was 271,9 mg/day (3,82 mg/kg b.w./day) in adult ED
consumers, rising to 585,79 mg/day (8,49 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers. Average
exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED was 125,95 mg/day (1,78 mg/kg b.w./day) on average for
ED consumers, up to 268,84 mg/day (3,91 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers.
7
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland,
Romania, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, United Kingdom.
8
Data on the exposure expressed for kg of body weight (b.w.) were calculated for each consumer on the basis of
declared body weight collected through the survey. In case of missing data, data on body weight from EFSA
scientific opinion “Guidance on selected default values to be used by the EFSA Scientific Committee, Scientific
Panels and Units in the absence of actual measured data” (EFSA, 2012) were adopted.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
3
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Adolescents
Prevalence of ED consumption was 68%, varying from 48% in Greece to 82% in Czech Republic9,
and mainly observed (73%) in the 15-18 age subgroup. Among ED consumers, the average volume
consumed was 2,1 L/month.
Around 12% of adolescent consumers were identified as “high chronic” consumers, i.e. consuming ED
4-5 times/ week or more, with an average ED volume of 7 L/month.
Around 12% of adolescent ED consumers resulted to be “high acute” consumers, i.e. consuming at
least 1,065 L of ED per single session.
Co-consumption of ED and alcohol was observed in 53% of adolescent ED consumers, mainly (59%)
in the 15-18 years subgroup, while ED consumption in relation with physical exercise resulted to
interest 41% of adolescent consumers, mainly (48%) in the 10-14 years subgroup.
The average exposure to caffeine from ED was 23,5 mg/day (0,38 mg/kg b.w./day) for adolescent ED
consumers, with an average contribution of ED to the total caffeine exposure of 13%. The caffeine
exposure from ED increased to 75,08 mg/day (1,18 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers,
contributing to 16% of total caffeine exposure.
The average exposure to taurine from ED was 283,9 mg/day (4,6 mg/kg b.w./day) in adolescent ED
consumers, rising up to 924,3 mg/day (14,5 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers. Average
exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED was 100,14 mg/day (1,65 mg/kg b.w./day), up to 311,6
mg/day (4,9 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers.
Children
Prevalence of ED consumption was 18%, mainly (19%) observed in the 6-10 years subgroup, and
varying among MS from 6% in Hungary to 40% in in Czech Republic. Among ED consumers, the
average volume consumed was 0,49 L/week.
Approximately 16% of ED consumers resulted to be “high chronic” consumers, i.e. consuming ED 4-5
times/ week or more, with an average volume of around 0,95 L /week.
Average caffeine exposure from ED was 21,97 mg/day (1 mg/kg b.w./day), with a relative
contribution of ED to total caffeine exposure of 43%. Caffeine exposure from ED increased to 42,9
mg/day (1,98 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers, with a ED relative contribution of 48%.
Average exposure to taurine from ED was 278,37 mg/day (12,83 mg/kg b.w./day), increasing to
543,57 mg/day (25,05 mg/kg b.w./day) in the high chronic consumers.
Finally, average exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED was 111,35 mg/day (5,13 mg/kg
b.w./day), increasing to 217,43 mg/day (10 mg/kg b.w./day) for high chronic consumers.
Literature review
Results emerging from the literature review highlighted a limited availability of recent and
comprehensive studies or surveys at EU level, providing reliable data on ED consumption and
exposure to specific ingredients (caffeine, taurine, and D-glucurono-y-lactone). Such limitation did not
allow an analysis of the evolution of ED consumption over time.
9
The highest prevalence of ED consumption among total respondents was observed in Belgium (85%) but not
reported due to the small dimension of the sample for this MS (sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
4
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Recommendations
The project represented the first effort at European level of data collection on ED consumption and
contribution to some active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, and D-glucurono-y-lactone) exposure, in
specific consumer groups and in different MS. Due to the exponential growth rate which characterised
the ED market over the last years, the study team suggests to monitor possible further increases in ED
consumption and eventually consider the possibility to update the study.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
5
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Table of contents ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Background .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Terms of reference.................................................................................................................................. 13
1. Introduction and Objectives ........................................................................................................... 14
2. Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.
Literature review ................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.
Stakeholders’ consultation .................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1. Pre-survey and post-survey consultations ........................................................................ 17
2.3.
Survey ................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.1. Selection of MS involved in the survey ............................................................................ 19
2.3.2. Study design ..................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.3. Pilot study and quality checks .......................................................................................... 23
2.3.4. Data processing methods for calculating the exposure to active ingredients ................... 25
2.3.4.1. Caffeine exposure from ED consumption................................................................ 25
2.3.4.2. Caffeine exposure from consumption of other food products and beverages .......... 29
2.3.4.3. Contribution of ED to total caffeine exposure ......................................................... 31
2.3.4.4. Contribution of ED to total exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone .......... 31
2.3.5. Criteria for defining patterns of ED consumption (acute and chronic consumers) .......... 32
2.3.6. Problems encountered, related solutions and limitations of the study .............................. 34
3. Results ........................................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.
Literature review ................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.1. Overview .......................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.2. Focus on the most relevant references .............................................................................. 41
3.2.
Stakeholders consultation: emerging issues .......................................................................... 44
3.2.1. Literature and sources ....................................................................................................... 45
3.2.2. ED market ......................................................................................................................... 45
3.2.3. Active ingredients ............................................................................................................. 45
3.3.
Survey: results....................................................................................................................... 46
3.3.1. General overview.............................................................................................................. 46
3.3.2. Adults ............................................................................................................................... 48
3.3.2.1. ED consumption ...................................................................................................... 48
3.3.2.2. Co-consumption of ED and alcohol ......................................................................... 57
3.3.2.3. Consumption of ED during sport activities.............................................................. 61
3.3.2.4. ED contribution to total exposure to relevant substances ........................................ 65
3.3.2.5. ED acute consumption: analysis on high acute consumers...................................... 77
3.3.2.6. Exposure to active ingredients in high acute adult consumers ................................ 81
3.3.3. Adolescents....................................................................................................................... 90
3.3.3.1. ED consumption ...................................................................................................... 90
3.3.3.2. Co-consumption of ED with alcohol ....................................................................... 99
3.3.3.3. Consumption of ED during sport activities............................................................ 104
3.3.3.4. ED contribution to total exposure to relevant substances ...................................... 109
3.3.3.5. ED acute consumption: analysis on high acute consumers.................................... 124
3.3.3.6. Exposure to active ingredients in high acute adolescent consumers...................... 127
3.3.4. Children .......................................................................................................................... 136
3.3.4.1. ED consumption .................................................................................................... 136
3.3.4.2. ED contribution to total exposure to relevant substances ...................................... 143
4. Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................................................. 152
4.1.
Literature review ................................................................................................................. 152
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
6
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
4.2.
Results emerging from the survey ...................................................................................... 153
4.3.
Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 157
References ............................................................................................................................................ 158
Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 161
A. Appendix - Stakeholders consultation: complete list of contacts ................................................ 162
B. Appendix - Stakeholders consultation: list of questions.............................................................. 165
C. Appendix - Stakeholders consultation: reference documents for the interview .......................... 167
D. Appendix - Stakeholders consultation: main findings ................................................................. 173
E. Appendix - Content of relevant substances in different ed brands indicated as "other" by
respondents in the questionnaire .......................................................................................................... 181
F. Appendix - Details on caffeine content for the categories of food selected for the calculation of
exposure ............................................................................................................................................... 187
Glossary and abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 190
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
BACKGROUND
Consumption of ED and related issues
“Energy” drinks (ED) constitute a relatively new product category in the wider soft drinks market.
Lipvitan D™, launched in Japan in 1960 by Taisho Pharmaceuticals, can be considered the first ED
ever. The diffusion of ED in Europe started in 1987 with the launch of Red Bull™, a beverage
containing taurine and produced in Austria, which quickly gained popularity in Europe and, from 1997
onwards, also in the USA. Commercial success of Red Bull™ sparked the proliferation of similar
products on the market.
With an agreed definition of “ED” still missing, such category includes a variety of non-alcoholic
beverages containing caffeine, taurine and vitamins (often in combination with other ingredients),
marketed for their actual or perceived effects as stimulants, energizers and performance enhancers. For
this reason, ED – which should not be confused with isotonic beverages and “sport drinks” – are usually
included in the wider group of “functional foods”.
The most common active substance in ED is caffeine, which is often combined also with taurine, Dglucurono-y-lactone, guaranà, maltodextrin, ginseng, carnitine, creatine and gingko biloba; other
common ingredients are vitamins and - usually – artificial and natural sweeteners (which are added also
to “mask” the unpleasant flavour of some ingredients).
Caffeine is an alkaloid, acting as central nervous system stimulant. It is present in many beverages and
food products: its content in ED can vary from 70 to 400 mg/L and more (maximum limits concerning
caffeine content are set by regulations in many countries).
Taurine is an amino acid naturally produced by human body, and it is essential for cardiovascular
function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina and the central nervous system
D-glucurono-y-lactone is naturally present in human body, as important structural component of
connective tissues.
The rapid expansion of ED consumption has been one of the most notable trends in the soft drinks
market of many countries (see next §). However, such expansion has also created concern in the
scientific community, in national and international institutions dealing with health-related issues, as well
as in the public opinion, in the light of a number of issues which are often associated to ED
consumption. Indeed in the last years the attention for such issues has been remarkable in scientific
literature, in institutional communication by national health agencies, in specialist publications focusing
on the soft drinks sector10, and also in the general media.
The issue of ED consumption and over-consumption is highly debated from a scientific point of view,
especially for what the possible related health effects are concerned. Indeed a number of studies (Alford
et al., 2011; Reissig et al., 2009; SHC, 2012; Arria et al., 2011; Marin Institute, 2011; Oteri et al., 2007)
have recently investigated on potential and/or detected effects of “active” ingredients (caffeine,
taurine, D-glucurono-y-lactone, etc.) on highly sensitive subjects (children, pregnant women, heart
patients, etc.), or on potential and/or detected effects of co-consuming of ED with alcohol or with
other products containing active ingredients.
10
A recent example is the article “ANSES warns French nation of risky alcohol energy drink mix”, featured on
Beverage Daily.com website on June 07, 2012: http://www.beveragedaily.com/Regulation-Safety/ANSES-warnsFrench-nation-of-risky-alcohol-energy-drink-mix
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
8
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Moreover, the issue of co-consumption of ED with alcohol is cause of particular concern, as it appears
to be quite common among youths (Marin Institute, 2007; Miller, 2008; SHC, 2009). Indeed health
effects of co-consumption of alcohol and ED have been dealt with by a number of scientific studies
(Arria et al., 2010; Alford et al. 2011; Brache and Stockwell, 2011; Oteri et al., 2007) and technical
reports (BfR, 2008; EUCAM, 2008, 2009).
Finally, also the association between sport practice and high levels of consumption of ED has raised
some concern, as the combined effect of intense physical effort and of the stimulant action of ED could
pose health risks for some subjects.
In 2003 the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission (DG SANCO)11 classified ED
consumption levels into “mean chronic”, “high chronic” and “acute” (table 1).
Table 1 – ED consumption levels
Consumption
N° of 250 ml cans per day
ml/day
Mean chronic
High chronic
Acute
0,5
1,4
3,0
125
350
750
Source: DG SANCO - Scientific Committee on Food (2003)
Increasing consumption of ED implies a higher exposure to caffeine, taurine and D-glucurono-ylactone. Higher exposure to such active substances by children and young adults was identified as a
potential emerging risk at European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) Advisory Forum meeting of 19th20th May 2010. Indeed available information suggests that ED consumption is becoming more and
more widespread among youths, especially in relation with mass-entertainment and sport practice.
Despite the high scientific interest related to the possible side effects of ED, the limited availability of
detailed and updated information on ED consumption in the EU has been highlighted by many
experts and stakeholders.
EFSA commissioned the present study to gather consumption data for ED and data on exposure to
specific ingredients (caffeine, D-glucurono-y-lactone, taurine) in the context of ED consumption, for
specific consumer groups (children, adolescents and adults) and addressing specific moments of
consumption. The study is also aimed at estimating the relative contribution of ED to the total
exposure to caffeine, D-glucurono-y-lactone and taurine in the diet (in comparison with the
exposure deriving from consumption of coffee, tea, cola drinks and cacao, chocolate products, coffeebased beverages, etc.).
The market of ED in Europe
In the context of the overall market for non-alcoholic beverages, ED are usually considered as a
segment of the wider category of “functional beverages”.
According to Zenith International’s Global Energy Drinks Report (2009), world total consumption of
ED in 2008 reached 3,9 billion litres (compared to 2 billion litres in 2003). Per capita consumption at
world level was equal to 0,8 litres (up from 0,4 litres in 2003). North America accounted for a 37%
share of overall world consumption in 2008, with the Asia/Pacific area accounting for another 30%; the
share of Western Europe on world total was equal to 15%.
According to estimates by Euromonitor International, the expansion of the ED market at global level
has continued at a fast pace also in recent years (table 2).
11
European Commission health & consumer protection directorate-general Scientific Committee on Food,
“Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Additional information on “energy” drinks”, 2003.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 2 – Growth of the functional drinks market at world level by segment (2006 – 2011; million litres)
% growth
Segments
2006
2011 (forecast)
(2011 vs. 2006)
Sports drinks
9.871
13.302
+ 35%
Energy drinks
2.429
3.534
+ 45%
Functional drinks TOTAL
12.621
17.202
+ 36%
Source: Euromonitor
On the basis of data provided by the Canadean’s Global Beverage Report (2008), the annual growth rate
for the ED segment in the 2008-2013 period was forecast at +9,3%, compared to a growth rate of +2,6%
for the overall non-alcoholic beverages market.
Red Bull™ is by far the leading brand at world level (40% of total sales in 2008), with Monster™
(owned by Hansen’s Beverage Company) and Rockstar™ ranked second and third, respectively (table
3).
Table 3 – Leading ED brands at world level (2008, market shares)
Brands
share
Red Bull™
40%
Monster™
23%
Rockstar™
12,3%
AMP™
8%
Full Throttle™
4%
Doubleshot™
2%
NOS™
1,5%
No Fear™
1,4%
Private Labels (retailers’ brands)
SOBE Adrenaline™
1%
0,7%
Source: Bevnet
With regards to the ED market in Europe, it has experienced a rapid growth of consumption,
especially from 2005 onwards (Zenith International, 2008). Total production of ED in Europe was
estimated at around 490 million litres in 2007, for a value of approximately 3,8 billion Euros. The
expansion of the market has been especially remarkable in some MS (Germany and United Kingdom in
particular12), and has often resulted in a proliferation of brands, with frequent launch of new
products, many of them with eminently national diffusion. “Convenience” ED (many of them
marketed under private label) and innovative product typologies (“energy shots”, “pre-mixed alcoholic
12
According to Zenith International data featured in the annual reports of the British Soft Drinks Association
(BSDA), ED consumption in the United Kingdom has grown from 175 million litres in 2000 (1,5% of total soft
drinks consumption) to 495 million litres in 2011 (3,4% of total soft drinks consumption, for an increase of 183%
in terms of volume). Per capita consumption levels have increased from 3 litres per person in 2000 to 7,9 litres per
person in 2011. In other MS the growth has been less intense, and overall consumption volumes are quite limited;
in Italy, for instance, consumption of ED (according to GFK-Eurisko data published on MARK UP magazine,
April 2009 and April 2010 issues) has passed from 2,67 million litres in 2006 to 2,97 million litres in 2009 (an
increase of 11%).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
10
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
ED”, etc.) have also appeared in some national markets (Alard, Marìn, Cubillo, 2010; EUCAM, 2008
and 2009).
Red Bull™ is by far the leading brand in virtually all national markets; smaller market shares are held
by other international brands (Monster™, Burn™), by national brands (of which some are however
owned by multinational groups) and by private labels.
Outline of the relevant EU labeling legislation
A short overview of the most relevant European legislation on food labelling - with particular attention
to the rules concerning beverages containing active ingredients – is provided hereafter.
Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on “the approximation of
the laws of the MS relating to the labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs”. The
Directive defines mandatory food information to be provided by producers, in order to assure a
high level of protection of consumers’ health and interests. According to this Directive, among
the other features (such as the name of the food) it is mandatory to indicate the list of
ingredients and the quantity of certain ingredients, or category of ingredients, on the product
label.
Directive 2002/67/EC of the European Commission on “the labelling of foodstuffs containing
quinine, and of foodstuffs containing caffeine”. The Directive establishes that beverages
containing more than 150 mg of caffeine per litre must be labelled with the term “high caffeine
content”, in a position close to the name of the food. Furthermore a clear indication of the
amount of caffeine per 100 ml in the product must be provided in the label. In this Directive ED
are explicitly indicated as caffeine containing products which, according to the Scientific
Committee for Food opinion of 21st January 1999, do not represent a cause of concern for their
contribution to the total consumption of caffeine (only for adults, pregnant women excluded).
Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council on “the
provision of food information to consumers”. From 14th December 2014 this Regulation will
enforce additional caffeine labelling for high caffeine drinks and foods where caffeine is added
for its physiological effects13. In particular, the following categories of beverages must be
labelled with the statement “High caffeine content. Not recommended for children or pregnant
or breast-feeding women” placed near the name of the product and followed by the caffeine
content specified in mg per 100 ml:
-
beverages intended for consumption without modification, containing at least 150 mg/l of
caffeine;
-
beverages in concentrated or dried form which after reconstitution contain caffeine in a
proportion in excess of 150 mg/l.
The aforementioned provisions will instead not apply for:
-
drinks based on coffee, tea or coffee or tea extract where the name of the food includes the
term “coffee” or “tea”;
13
http://www.food.gov.uk/policy-advice/additivesbranch/energydrinks
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
-
beverages where caffeine is added as a flavouring rather than for a physiological purpose: in
this case the term “caffeine” must appear in the ingredients list under the section
“flavouring(s)”.
As for labelling on beverages containing taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone, there are no specific rules
to be enforced to indicate these substances.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
12
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
TERMS OF REFERENCE
As already outlined, the main purpose of the study is gathering information and data on consumption of
ED and of some specific ingredients (specifically caffeine, taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone) in welldefined consumer groups in a number of EU MS. The targeted groups of consumers include children
(from 3 to 10 year old), adolescents (from 10 to 18), and adults (from 18 to 65); a focus is also foreseen
on adolescents and adults practising intense physical exercise and co-consuming ED with alcohol.
According to the terms of reference, in the context of the study:
Consumption of ED is analysed at MS level and expressed per subgroup and per unit of time, in
order to reflect acute and chronic exposure.
Consumption of and exposure to specific ingredients (caffeine, taurine, D-glucurono-y-lactone) are
analysed per subgroup for acute and chronic ED consumers in each MS. As for caffeine
consumption, the relative contribution of ED is determined and compared with caffeine
consumption from major sources in the diet (coffee, tea, cola drinks and cacao, chocolate products,
coffee based beverages, etc) to assess whether ED consumption is adding to exposure to caffeine or
whether their consumption is substituting exposure via more traditional foods.
This contract was awarded by EFSA to: Consortium Nomisma-Areté
Contractor: Consortium Nomisma-Areté
Contract title: Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Contract number: CFT/EFSA/EMRISK/2011/03
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
13
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
1.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
According to the terms of reference, the main objectives of the study can be identified in the following:
-
Gathering data about consumption of ED in the EU MS (Objective 1);
-
Collecting data at MS level about the exposure to specific active ingredients (caffeine, taurine,
D-glucurono-y-lactone) due to ED consumption, and estimating the relative contribution of ED
to caffeine exposure, compared with caffeine consumption from major sources in the diet
(Objective 2).
In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, a specific data collection strategy was defined,
based on three main elements:
1. review of the relevant literature dealing with the subjects of interest available in the different
MS and published over the last three years;
2. consultation of the relevant stakeholders (experts of EFSA national focal points; officials of
competent authorities in the field of public health; representatives of the main beverages
industry associations both at European and national levels);
3. ad hoc survey, aimed at gathering primary data on the consumption of ED and on the exposure
to specific ingredients.
The present document constitutes the final report for the study “Gathering consumption data on specific
consumer groups of energy drinks”, commissioned by EFSA to the Consortium Nomisma-Areté at the
end of 2011.
According to the tender specifications for the study, and taking into account EFSA’s guidelines for the
submission of official reports, the document is structured as follows:
-
A description of the methodology applied in the study (chapter 2);
-
A description of the results of the study (chapter 3), divided into:
-
o
A description of the results from the literature review (§ 3.1);
o
A description of the results from the stakeholders’ consultation (§ 3.2);
o
Final results from the survey (§ 3.3), as a summary of data on acute and chronic
consumption of ED in the previously mentioned subgroups of the population, including
summary statistics for each Member State (MS) and for all MS for which data were
available.
Conclusions and recommendations (chapter 4).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Due to the complexity of the study and the kind of information required for the purpose of the analysis,
a specific data collection strategy was defined, including a combination of different methods and tools
(Figure 1).
Figure 1: Data collection strategy
As foreseen in the data collection strategy, the preliminary phase of the study included:
-
Literature review, carried out also with the support and contribution of selected stakeholders.
-
Identification and contact of stakeholders, aimed at ensuring their contribute to the study via
interviews (stakeholders’ consultation).
-
Survey.
The following paragraphs provide details regarding the methodology and tools adopted for each main
phase and specific element of the data collection strategy.
2.1.
Literature review
The literature review was performed with the main objectives of:
-
Identifying and collecting relevant studies, papers and articles, as well as previous surveys
performed during the last three years with respect to the consumption of ED, the occurrence of
specific ingredients and human exposure to active ingredients.
-
Identifying and collecting information and data useful to correctly define the survey design as
well as specific contents for the questionnaires.
Activities related to literature review were developed through the following main steps:
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
15
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
1. Identification of the available literature and information sources, in the light of the previously
defined objectives and scope of the study.
2. Analysis of the documents collected during step 1.
3. Synthesis of the most relevant documents.
4. Use of the relevant literature for the purposes of the study (survey design and contents of
questionnaires).
The first phase of the literature review was mainly based on web-based research (specialized magazines,
dedicated web-sites, institutional sources, etc.). After this preliminary phase, stakeholders’ consultation
played a relevant role in supporting the identification of additional sources and studies as well as the
selection of the proper and most relevant papers for the purposes of the study. Stakeholders were asked
to comment on the preliminary list of references and sources collected by the study team, and to
eventually add missing references or sources (§ 2.2).
Literature review was focused on recent bibliography (published between 2008 and 2011) addressing
ED and/or their specific ingredients, in terms of consumption habits and possible health effects caused
by these products/ingredients. Due to the specific objectives of the study, however, studies and reports
dealing exclusively with health effects of ED were deemed as falling outside the scope of the study
itself.
From the complete list of the relevant literature, resulting from the stakeholders’ consultation (Appendix
A), a number of references featuring meaningful insights about the research topics were selected (§
3.1.2).
Stakeholders’ consultation
2.2.
Two different rounds of stakeholders’ consultations were planned: before (pre-survey consultation) and
after the survey (post-survey consultation).
The main objectives of the pre-survey stakeholders’ consultation is summarised as follows:
a) Supporting literature review, and specifically the identification of relevant sources, studies and
surveys dealing with the issue of ED consumption over the last 3 years.
b) Supporting the collection of data on ED market.
c) Supporting and validating the identification of relevant ED brands for the different MS.
d) Supporting the identification, for each MS, of relevant food products in the diet contributing to
the exposure to active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, D-glucurono-y-lactone).
After the conclusion of the survey, stakeholders who had participated to the first round of consultation
were contacted again as part of the post-survey consultation, whose main objective was to share with
experts the structure of methodology adopted for the study as well as results emerging from the first
round of consultations.
On the basis of the aforementioned objectives, the categories of stakeholders involved in the pre- and
post-survey consultations include:
-
Experts from EFSA national focal points14.
14
Focal Points act as an interface between EFSA and the national food safety authorities, research institutes,
consumers and other stakeholders. The Focal Point network is made up of members from all 27 EU Member
States, Iceland and Norway, as well as observers from Switzerland and (potential) EU candidate countries.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
16
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
-
Representatives of the main industry associations, both at European level (Union of European
Soft Drinks Associations; Energy Drinks Europe; etc.), and at MS level (national associations of
soft drinks producers).
-
Researchers and experts in soft drinks and ED, in particular project managers of relevant studies
on ED and related themes (e.g. University of Wien; European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol
Marketing – EUCAM, etc.).
-
Representatives of consumers’ organizations at EU level (e.g. European Consumers’
Organization – BEUC).
The pre-survey consultation was carried out between February and May 2012.
The post-survey consultation was carried out in November 2012, when the survey activities were
approaching completion.
2.2.1.
Pre-survey and post-survey consultations
Starting from the identification of the relevant categories of stakeholders to be involved, the study team
selected a list of experts in the study subjects, specifically including:
-
experts from MS national health institutes/organisations;
-
representatives of EU-level industry organisations;
-
representatives of national industry organisations;
-
other experts in the field of ED (academics, consultants, etc.), with special focus on ED
consumption and composition.
The final list of stakeholders to be contacted and the list of questions to be asked were validated by the
Steering Group prior to the start of the consultation. The final list of stakeholders also included ones
from MS not covered by the survey, for a total of 40 experts (Appendix B).
All the interviewed experts were provided in advance (Appendix C and D) with:
-
list of questions;
-
list of relevant literature collected by the study team;
-
list of relevant information sources identified by the study team;
-
list of the main ED brands marketed in the EU, compiled by the study team on the basis of the
literature review;
-
list of food products in the diet (other than ED) supposed to play a significant role in the
assumption of caffeine, taurine, D-glucurono-y-lactone, theophylline and theobromine,
compiled by the study team on the basis of the information retrieved through the literature
review.
The minutes of the interview were sent to each interviewee for validation.
Interviews for the pre-survey consultation were organized around three main topics: literature and
sources; ED market; active ingredients. However, the choice of semi-structured interviews, based on
open-ended questions, encouraged experts not to limit their contributions to such topics, but to provide
also general comments on the study as a whole, as well as additional inputs and ideas.
Some stakeholders were also involved in the post-survey consultations, in which the structure of the
methodology adopted for the survey, as well as results emerging from the first round of consultations
were shared with them.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
17
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
2.3.
Survey
The literature review and the pre-survey stakeholders’ consultation enabled the study team to better
define the reference frame for the survey, which actually represented the main source of data and
information for the study.
As already outlined, the survey aimed at collecting primary data on different population targets, and
specifically:
1) children (3-10 years old);
2) adolescents (10-18 years old);
3) adults (18-65 years old);
as well as:
a) adolescents and adults practising intense sport activities;
b) adolescents and adults consuming ED mixed with alcohol.
For each target group mentioned at points from 1 to 3 above, a dedicated questionnaire was prepared
and translated in all the languages of the MS covered by the survey. In the specific case of children aged
3-5 an additional questionnaire addressed to parents was also prepared.
The survey was structured to collect data and information to achieve both Objective 1 and 2 (chapter 1).
Questions related to each objective covered a specific section in the questionnaire. Each questionnaire
started with an introductive section aimed at gathering some preliminary information on the respondent
(gender, age, education level, etc.), followed by two dedicated sections, for each of the two objectives.
Additional consumer profile information (e.g. on lifestyle, such as “smoker or not”) was collected
through specific questions.
Objective 1: Data on ED consumption – Study design A. This section featured a number of questions
mainly aimed at investigating:
-
Frequency and volume of consumption.
-
Reasons for consumption and consumption habits.
-
Main typologies, size formats and brands consumed.
-
ED consumption and sport activities (in adults and adolescents).
-
Co-consumption of ED and alcohol (in adults and adolescents).
Objective 2: Data on consumption of other food products containing caffeine, taurine, D-glucurono-ylactone – Study design B. This section featured a number of questions mainly aimed at investigating:
-
Relevant food products in the diet that constitute a source of caffeine, taurine and D-glucuronoy-lactone.
-
Consumption frequency and products content in caffeine, taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
18
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
2.3.1.
Selection of MS involved in the survey
The survey covered 16 MS out of 27, selected in order to guarantee an adequate coverage of the whole
EU population and of the different consumption styles.
The following selection criteria were adopted:
-
Size of ED potential market in terms of population in the relevant age group (from 3 to 65 years).
-
Balance among different geographical areas supposed to have potentially different consumption
habits (Western vs. Eastern countries, Northern vs. Southern countries).
-
Balance among different food consumption patterns (e.g. Mediterranean countries vs. Nordic
countries).
On the basis of these criteria (also taking into account preliminary findings emerging from the literature
review), and after final validation by the Steering Group, the following 16 MS were selected for the
survey:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.3.2.
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Germany
Greece
Finland
France
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Hungary
Italy
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
The Netherlands
United Kingdom
Study design
In order to guarantee a wide coverage of each targeted group, the survey was differently defined on the
basis of the target. A description of the survey structure and for each targeted group is provided below.
1. Children
A. Children 3-5 years old
Survey carried out with schools' support ("school survey").
Paper questionnaires, featuring images aimed at helping children to correctly
understand each question and call back to mind food products and beverages.
Questionnaires to be filled in by children, at school, with the help of their teachers.
Additional questionnaires to be filled in by parents, aimed at collecting more
accurate information on the children’s consumption habits and at
confirming/adjusting what declared by children in the respective questionnaire.
B. Children 6-10 years old
“School survey”.
Paper questionnaires, featuring images aimed at helping children to correctly
understand each question and call back to mind food products and beverages.
Questionnaires to be filled in by children, at school, with the help of their teachers.
For a small sample of children, questionnaires to be filled in also by parents
(specifically required for schools covering both the target groups).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by
the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.
The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and
the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
2. Adolescents
A. Adolescents 10-13 years old
“School survey”.
Web questionnaires or alternatively paper questionnaires to be filled in by
students.
B. Adolescents 14-18 years old
“School survey”.
Web questionnaires or alternatively paper questionnaires to be filled in by
students.
3.
Adults (18-65 years old)
Mixed mode survey – CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) e CATI
(Computer Assisted Telephone Interview).
Maximum share of telephone interviews = 20%.
4. Adolescents and adults practising Intense Physical Exercise (IPE)
Covered through the questionnaires already addressed to adolescents and adults
(points 2 and 3 above).
Practice of sport and/or physical exercise at least twice a week.
Target covered by Adolescent and Adults Survey (points 2 and 3 above).
5. Adolescents and adults Co-Consuming ED with alcohol (CC)
Covered via questionnaires already addressed to adolescents and adults (points 2
and 3 above).
At least one situation of co-consuming during the last year.
Target covered by Adolescents and Adults Survey (points 2 and 3 above).
For children and adolescents, the sample of schools for MS was determined on the basis of each target
group (Tables 4 and 5). Official registries containing the complete list of schools, with related contact
details, were requested to the Ministries of Education and other competent Authorities of the MS
covered by the survey. On this basis, sampling activities were carried out on the complete lists of
schools for each level involved (pre-primary, primary, secondary).
For the survey on adults (18-65 years), a mixed mode was preferred, integrating CAWI and CATI
methods. The questionnaires (adults, adolescents, children and parents) were translated in all the
relevant languages for the MS covered by the survey, in order to promote people’s cooperation and
participation.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Details on the minimum sample dimension defined for each country, in terms of schools to be
contacted, are provided in Table 4.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 4: Sample design – Number of schools included in the sample by country
SCHOOL SAMPLE AND POTENTIAL CONTACTS
PRE-SCHOOL
(20x3)(a)
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
25
30
5
25
20
100
100
18
28
90
40
75
40
79
25
100
800
PRIMARY
SCHOOL
LOWER
SECONDARY
UPPER
SECONDARY
(20x5)(a)
(25x3x2)(a)
(22x5x3)(a)
25
30
5
25
20
100
100
18
28
90
40
75
40
79
25
100
800
10
12
5
10
10
39
39
7
11
35
16
30
16
31
10
39
320
6
5
5
6
5
23
23
5
7
22
10
18
10
19
6
24
194
TOTAL
(a) Average number of pupils/students per class (class size) multiplied for the average number of school year levels.
The number of contacts with schools in each MS was defined by means of a specific sampling
methodology: the total number of potential contacts was distributed among the 16 MS according to the
total population; the numbers obtained were then adjusted in order to guarantee a minimum number of
contacts in the less compared to the more populous MS. The methodology adopted for the definition
of sample size is therefore proportional with adjustments.
The sample of schools to be contacted in each MS was defined by random sampling methodology,
aimed at guaranteeing nation-wide coverage and representativeness of the group of interviews in terms
of geographical areas for each target group.
During the survey activities, the initially planned number of schools to be contacted was significantly
increased, in order to guarantee a sufficient coverage also in those countries where the actual
participation rate resulted to be much lower than initially expected (50%).
The replacement procedure was based on the representativeness of the sample, including three more
schools from the same region, with similar characteristics (level of education, area, number of
students, etc.).
Even if the sample was built on these premises, the results cannot be deemed as fully matching the
scheme initially proposed, as the participation rate in the survey strongly depended on the schools’
availability.
Therefore, a more intense effort was driven towards replacements and recalls in the MS where the
number of potential ED consumers resulted to be lower.
Details regarding the expected number of “consumers” (consumption of ED at least once over the last
year) to be reached for each target category are reported in Table 5.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 5: Sample design – Expected number of consumers to be reached through the survey
CONSUMERS(a)
3-10 years
old
10-18 years
old
19-65 years
old
of which:
IPE(b)
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
200
240
40
200
160
800
800
144
224
720
320
600
320
632
200
800
6.400
270
280
60
280
250
1.100
1.100
200
310
1.000
450
820
450
860
270
1.100
8.800
180
150
50
150
150
450
450
150
150
430
150
350
190
400
150
450
4.000
TOTAL
(a) At least one intake over the last year.
(b) Samples for IPE and CC are referred to both adolescents and adults.
2.3.3.
CC(b)
72
60
20
60
60
180
180
60
60
172
60
140
76
160
60
180
1.600
72
60
20
60
60
180
180
60
60
172
60
140
76
160
60
180
1.600
Pilot study and quality checks
The tools used in the survey, including questionnaires, were validated following a specific procedure.
All the documents were drafted on the basis of the study team’s expertise in surveys on food
consumption habits, with particular respect to the target groups covered by the study.
Relevant literature in the dietary assessment methodology field has been reviewed in order to use upto-date methods to assess the consumption habits on a target population15. Moreover, a review of
empirical studies on consumption habits was also made16, in order to grasp the critical aspects of the
tools already used in other surveys and to avoid as much as possible bias in the outcomes of the
survey.
15
One of the reference papers used was “Dietary Assessment Methodology” F. E. Thompson, A. F. Subar,
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 2008.
16
Specific reference was made to Safefood (A review of health effect of stimulant drinks), Expochi (Dietary
exposure assessments for children in Europe), Food4You project (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in
Adolescence, European food information council) and Catch kids club (survey on consumption habits in
youngsters). Edmunds, L.D. and Ziebland, S. (2002) Validation of a fruit and vegetable questionnaire for 7–9
year olds. Health Education Research 17: 211-20.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
23
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Professional translators were used to translate documents into the relevant languages; the use of simple
wording and a close cooperation between the translators and the study team also ensured that all the
survey questions and annexed documents were easy to understand.
National experts the pre-survey consultations allowed to tailor the questionnaires to national
characteristics concerning the main ED brands and/or other common food products/beverages
containing caffeine.
Questionnaires for surveys in schools were tested through a pilot survey in 3 MS (Italy, France and
UK). A sample of schools for each level was contacted to complete the pilot questionnaires and to
gather comments/suggestions on the structure and wording. Also head teachers or educational experts
of some schools not involved in the pilot survey provided useful remarks and suggestions on the
survey approach and questionnaires. Comments and suggestions gathered during the pilot phase were
used for fine-tuning methodology and related tools prior starting the survey.
Checks on the documents were initially based on the content validity, which was already part of the
tender specifications and which was tested with the Steering Group.
The specificity validity was achieved through adjustment of the standard methodology for
investigating food consumption habits to the specific kind of product considered, i.e. ED: in particular,
the consumption time reference scale and the occasions of consumption were based on each specific
type of product.
Moreover, a validation of the sensitivity was achieved through three check questions regarding ED
consumption, to have further confirmation of the same and to avoid “non-consumers”. These check
questions also allowed the selection of subgroups of consumers in the population and the investigation
of their specific consumption habits.
The external validity was assured by the outcomes of the pilot survey and by the stakeholders’
consultations, with the aim of allowing generalization of the survey results to the entire reference
population.
As for qualitative checks on the filled in questionnaires, accuracy in compiling the questionnaire was
assured by the constrains foreseen in the online questionnaires (adults and adolescents), which enabled
to continue with the compilation only if all the previous questions had been answered, and blocked the
compilation in case of “unrealistic” answers regarding age, weight, slept hours, etc.
With specific reference to ED consumption, in all those cases where the respondent had indicated a
product which is not an ED (e.g. sport drink), the respondent was reclassified as non-ED consumer,
and all the answers concerning ED consumption and related habits were consequently excluded from
the analysis.
As far as outliers are concerned, in all those answers where a number specification was required (e.g.
“number of cans consumed in an average week”), a reclassification or elimination was always made
for clearly extreme - and hence probably unrealistic - figures (e.g. 100 cans/week). An additional
reclassification was made with specific regards to coffee consumption, in order to assure coherence in
the overall consumption of the three product typologies: specifically, when respondents declared to
consume more than 15 cups per day17 of beverages with coffee - combining declared consumption data
espresso, coffee (instant, ground, ice-coffee) and cappuccino - the number of cups consumed daily has
been reclassified as maximum 5 cup per day for each typology.
17
Over 15 cups of coffee per day have been considered an unrealistic consumption data.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
24
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Finally, the validity of results was also guaranteed by the choice to carry out the survey over a quite
long time period (from March to November), thus avoiding - or at least sharply reducing - possible
distortions due to seasonal trends in consumption.
2.3.4.
Data processing methods for calculating the exposure to active ingredients
Processing methods used for calculating the exposure to active ingredients (caffeine, taurine and Dglucurono-y-lactone) for each subject interviewed (“row analysis” of the data) were applied to data on:
The exposure was derived:
1. ED consumption;
2. consumption of other food products and beverages containing the active substances object of
the analysis.
Such calculations were made for both ED consumers and all respondents18, and allowed to define the
relative contribution of ED consumption as a source of caffeine, taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone
through the diet.
Throughout the analysis, calculations were always based on the data of the single respondent, while
average data were used solely to give the final outputs/elaborations or to define the threshold for
further breakdowns of the analysis (i.e. acute or chronic consumption). Final results on the exposure to
active substances were expressed in mg/day and in mg/kg bw/day.
2.3.4.1. Caffeine exposure from ED consumption
Calculation started from ED consumption data retrieved via survey. Data on number of cans of ED
consumed in an average month were combined with data on:
a. the size of cans usually consumed;
b. the top-three ED brands usually consumed;
c. the relative importance of the favourite ED brand among the top-three products;
d. caffeine content of the ED brands concerned (table 6 and 7);
in order to calculate the overall caffeine exposure from ED consumption, weighted according to the
relative importance of the top-three ED brands consumed (each respondent was asked to indicate the
three main ED brands consumed, in decreasing order of importance, and to specify the per cent share
of his/her favourite brand in his/her total ED consumption).
In the specific case of children, a different method had to be used, as no question about the top-three
ED brands was asked. In this case, the average content of caffeine – as well as concerning Dglucurono-y-lactone and taurine - of the first 3 brands of ED comprehensively indicated by children
has been used.
With regards to the format of ED, a specific analysis was performed for the “energy shots” format: in
this case, the occurrence of active substances results to be remarkably different (and normally higher)
from that of the “standard” EDs, and to sharply vary from one energy shot brand to another. Table 7
provides the contents of active ingredients for the energy shots brands cited by respondents and
18
The calculation of the total exposure (ED and other foods/beverages) is not available for all the respondents in
the target group of adults, since in this case respondents who declared not to consume ED were not asked
additional information on the consumption of other food and beverages containing active ingredients.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
25
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
analysed in the study. When the exact occurrence of active ingredients was not available or considered
not fully reliable, a standardized content of active substances was applied19 (§ 2.3.6).
19
The contents adopted for the calculations are: 1.345 mg/L for caffeine, 4.000 mg/L for taurine and 2.400 mg/L
for glucurono-y-lactone. The size is 63 ml.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
26
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 6: Content of active ingredients in different ED brands included in the questionnaire (1)
Caffeine (mg/L)
Taurine (mg/L)
D-glucurono-y-lactone
(mg/L)
Atomic™
300
3700
2400
Bad Dog™
300
4000
Not present
Battery™
320
4000
Not present
Brand name
Big Energy Shock™
Blu™
322
300
Bomba™
Booster energy drink™
(a)
4000
(b)
Not present
b
Not present
4000
320
4000
Not present
300 (a)
4000 (b)
2400(b)
320
4000
Not present
Brava Italia™
(a)
Bullet™
300
Burn™
Carrefour™
320
300 (a)
4000
4000 (b)
2400
2400(b)
Chillo™
300 (a)
4000 (b)
2400(b)
Clever™
320
300
2400(b)
Control™
300 (a)
4000 (b)
2400(b)
Crazy horse™
150
28
Not present
Dark dog™
320
4000
Not present
Fireball™
320
300 (a)
4000
4000 (b)
2400
2400(b)
Flying horse™
300 (a)
4000 (b)
2400(b)
Full Throttle™
288
2420
Not present
Green go™
300
4000
4000 (b)
Not present
Effect™
Grizzly™
300
(a)
4000
(b)
4000
(b)
Not present
2400(b)
Hell™
320
KX (Tesco)™
300
4000
2400
Long Horn™
320
Not present
4000 (b)
Not present
Mad bat™
300
(a)
4000
(b)
Not present
2400(b)
Mixxed up™
300
Mad croc™
320
4000
240
Monster™
307
4000
Not present
MX Maximim™
300
Nalu™
(a)
320
(a)
4000
(b)
Not present
2400(b)
Not present
2400(b)
Natural Magic™
300
Power horse™
Premium XO™
320
300 (a)
4000
4000 (b)
Raw™
300 (a)
4000 (b)
Not present
2400(b)
Real Power™
300 (a)
4000 (b)
2400(b)
Red Bull™
320
4000
2400
Red Devil™
300
4000
Not present
Relentless™
320
4000
2400
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
4000
(b)
Not present
2000
27
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Caffeine (mg/L)
Taurine (mg/L)
D-glucurono-y-lactone
(mg/L)
Rhino's™
120
4000 (b)
2400(b)
Rienergy Refresher™
303
4000
2400
Rockstar™
300
4000
Not present
Rodeo™
320
4000
2400
Semtex™
320
4000
Not present
2400(b)
Brand name
Sexy Italia™
(a)
300
4000
(b)
Shark™
350
4000
2400(b)
Tiger™
320
4000
Not present
Tonino Lamborghini™
320
4000
2400
V Power™
310
300 (a)
2000
4000 (b)
250
2400(b)
V12™
300 (a)
4000 (b)
2400(b)
320
Not present
Not present
V™
White Tiger™
28 Black Acai™
320
Not present
Not present
Note: values highlighted by the light grey background were assumed, as no information on actual content could be retrieved.
(a) assumed as equal to the value in König, 2011.
(b) assumed as equal to the modal value.
(1) Contents of relevant substances in different ED brands indicated as “other” by respondents in the questionnaire are
provided in Appendix F.
Table 7: Content of active ingredients in different energy shots brands
Brand name
Battery™
Caffeine (mg/L)
1345
(a)
Taurine (mg/L)
4000
b
D-glucurono-y-lactone
(mg/L)
2400(b)
size (ml)
63 (a)
Burn energy shot™
1600
4000
1400
50
Dark Dog™ x10 Shot
1600
16000
Not present
63 (a)
Mad Croc energy shot™
Monster Hitman Energy
Shot™
Red Bull energy shot™
Relentless energy shot™
Rhino's energy shot™
Rockstar energy shot™
13300
(a)
4000
b
2400
(b)
60 (a)
880
2247
Not present
89
1333
6666
4000
2400(b)
60
1600
(a)
1345 (a)
1345 (a)
4000
b
4000 b
4000 b
50 (a)
2400
(b)
63 (a)
2400
(b)
63 (a)
Shark energy shot™
1070
4000
Not present
75
Tiger energy shot™
1333
16670
Not present
60
Note: values highlighted by the light grey background were assumed, as no validated information on actual content could be
retrieved.
(a) assumed as equal to the average of other energy shots indicated in the survey
(b) assumed as equal to the modal value of occurrence in standard ED
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
28
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Calculation of the daily exposure to caffeine deriving from ED consumption was made through the
following formula:
ED_caffeine_daily exposure = (ED_monthly volume * ED_caffeine_content) / 30
where:
ED_caffeine_daily exposure = daily exposure to caffeine deriving from ED consumption (mg)
ED_monthly volume = volume of ED consumed in a month (l), calculated by combining the number
of cans consumed in an average month with the size of the cans
ED_caffeine_content = content of caffeine in ED (mg/l), weighted according to the brands consumed
2.3.4.2. Caffeine exposure from consumption of other food products and beverages
Caffeine exposure from consumption of other food products and beverages was calculated by
combining data:
a. on consumption frequency (daily or weekly, according to the type of product concerned);
b. on quantities consumed in a single occasion (taking into account container size or item weight,
whenever relevant);
c. on caffeine content of each product .
The parameters considered in the calculations are reported in table 7.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
29
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 8: Caffeine occurrence in other food products and beverages: relevant parameters considered in the
calculations
Container
Size
with caffeine
(mg/L or mg/kg)
decaffeinated
(mg/L or mg/kg)
Espresso Coffee
cup
0,03 l
1916
250
Coffee (instant, ground, ice coffee…)
mug
0,24 l
400
10,7
Cappuccino
cup
0,15 l
250
50
cup/glass
0,25 l
100
25
cup
0,25 l
150
Chocolate bars*
0,10 kg
180
Dark chocolate
0,10 kg
340
Milk chocolate
0,10 kg
183
White chocolate
0,10 kg
0
0,05 kg
140
Dark chocolate
0,05 kg
264
Milk chocolate
0,05 kg
142
White chocolate
0,05 kg
0
0,25 l
79,2
Type of product
Tea (instant, tea bag, ice tea…)
Hot chocolate
Chocolate snacks (e.g. Mars, KitKat
a
Colas (e.g. Coca Cola, Pepsi)
glass
0
(a) = whenever no distinction was made between dark, milk and white chocolate, values for generic chocolate products as
featured in König J.) were used for calculations.
Sources:
König J., 2011., Final report: Assessment of caffeine intake in a representative sample of the Austrian population
(age 14-39 years).
NZFSA - New Zealand Food Safety Authority (2010), Risk profile: caffeine in energy drinks and energy shots.
Report prepared by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR).
Food Safety Promotion Board (2002), A review of the health effects of stimulant drinks – Final Report, Safe Food,
Cork, Ireland.
Web page on caffeine - University of Washington: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/caff.html
Websites of individual producers.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
30
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
The general calculation method can be illustrated through an example referred to espresso coffee.
Total consumed volume in a week was calculated through the formula:
tot_espresso_week = number of cups per day * content of a cup (l) * weekly consumption frequency
Daily exposure was then calculated by applying the formula:
espresso_daily_exposure = (tot_espresso_week * caffeine content espresso mg/l) / 7
The above method was applied (mutatis mutandis) for the various types of coffee, tea and hot
chocolate. In the case of chocolate bars, chocolate snacks and colas, no questions about daily
consumption frequency were asked, as such products are not always consumed on a regular daily
basis20. Daily exposure for such products was hence calculated ex-post, through the formulas:
tot_product_week = (product content or size in l or kg * weekly consumption volume)
product_daily_exposure = (tot_product_week * product caffeine content mg/l or mg/kg) / 7
In these specific cases, consumption volumes of each item were associated to the respective content of
caffeine, and consumption frequency (already specified in the question – not in the answer) was
reclassified on a daily basis, thus obtaining the exposure to caffeine in mg/day for each specific
food/beverage for each respondent.
2.3.4.3. Contribution of ED to total caffeine exposure
Total daily caffeine exposure was calculated as the sum of both daily exposure from ED consumption
(§ 2.3.4.1) and daily exposure from consumption of all other food products and beverages (§ 2.3.4.2).
Daily exposure from ED consumption was then referred to the above total, to express ED contribution
to caffeine exposure as % of total daily exposure.
Forthe relative contribution of ED to the total exposure to active substances, the mean value presented
in this analysis is calculated as a ratio between the mean exposure to the ingredient (e.g. caffeine)
deriving from ED and the total exposure to the ingredient (e.g. caffeine), on the other.
2.3.4.4. Contribution of ED to total exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone
The calculation of daily exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED consumption was
carried out by applying the same method used for calculating daily exposure of caffeine from ED
consumption for the three targets involved in the survey (§ 2.3.4.1).
On the contrary, lack of data on content of taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone in specific food
products and beverages (except for limited “spot” information) did not allow to apply the analytical
method of calculation of daily exposure used for caffeine (§ 2.3.4.2). As a consequence, data on daily
exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone from consumption of other food products and
beverages other than ED were not possible to be included in analysis for adolescents and children.
20
For these specific items a weekly frequency has been used, also taking into account indications from the relevant literature
references; the adoption of a week as the reference time frame also allowed to include in the analysis all respondents
consuming less frequently than once a day.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
31
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Concerning adults, this analysis was carried out based on consistent data, derived from EFSA’s
scientific opinion “The use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the so-called
“energy” drinks” (adopted on January 15, 2009).
More specifically, daily exposure from consumption of other food products and beverages other than
ED was assumed:
For taurine, equal to 58 mg (mean daily exposure to taurine from omnivore diets).
For D-glucurono-y-lactone, equal to 1,5 mg (estimated daily exposure from naturally
occurring sources in the diet).
The calculation of the contribution of ED to total exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone was
carried out by:
1. summing daily exposure from ED consumption to daily exposure from consumption of other
food products and beverages, to obtain the total daily taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone
exposure;
2. referring daily exposure from ED consumption to total daily exposure (point 1), to express ED
contribution to the exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone as % of total daily
exposure.
As for caffeine, the relative contribution of ED to the total exposure to active substances, the mean
values presented in the analysis were calculated as a ratio between the mean exposure to the ingredient
deriving from ED and the total exposure to the ingredient for each subgroup considered in the
analysis.
2.3.5.
Criteria for defining patterns of ED consumption (acute and chronic consumers)
The identification of respondents that could be defined as “high acute” or “high chronic” ED
consumers was performed on the basis of the frequency distribution of the variables specifically linked
to volume and frequency of ED consumption respectively21. This means that consumption habits that
stand above or below the average were identified by using the upper decile of frequency distribution of
the correspondent variables as threshold value.
Specifically, “high acute” ED consumers were defined by making reference to the volume consumed
in a single session22. In particular, the calculation derives from the variable “liters of ED in a single
session”, that combines the number of cans consumed per single session with the size format indicated
by each respondent in the questionnaire. The threshold beyond which ED consumers were considered
“high acute” was set at the 90th percentile23 of frequency distribution for that variable (excluding
outliers24), corresponding to a consumption of 1 litre of ED per single session in the case of adults and
of 1,065 litres in the case of adolescents.
21
The methodology used to define acute and chronic consumers refers to the approach presented in the “Opinion
of the Scientific Committee on Food on Additional information on “energy” drinks”, European Commission
health & consumer protection Directorate-General, Scientific Committee on Food, 2003.
22
According to the present study, “single session” is a period of time of a couple of hours (e.g. a night out, a
study or sport session).
23
High acute consumers defined as ≥ 90th percentile.
24
99% of respondents who declared a consumption of more than 4 cans in a single session actually declared
completely unrealistic consumption volumes (e.g. 30-40 cans in a single session): for such reason, values
declared by these respondents were considered as outliers and were excluded from the analysis.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
32
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
For children, the identification of “high acute” consumers has not been assessed, because it was not
foreseen to make specific question on volume of ED consumed in a single session for this target
group.
As for “chronic” ED consumers, two different categories were defined for both adults and
adolescents, referring to weekly ED consumption frequency:
1. “Mean chronic” ED consumers were identified in relation to a frequency distribution for ED
consumption comprised between the 75th and 90th percentile25 (respondents who on average
consumed ED “2-3 days a week” in the case of adults, and from 1 to 3 days a week26 in the
case of adolescents).
2. “High chronic” ED consumers were identified in relation to a frequency distribution for ED
consumption greater than or equal to the 90th percentile (respondents who regularly consumed
ED “4-5 days a week” or more).
When frequency distribution for ED consumption was below the threshold set at the 75th percentile,
ED consumers were considered “non-chronic”.
a. In the specific case of children, the rationale adopted for identifying “chronic” ED consumers
is similar, with a significant difference: “high chronic” ED consumers were identified in
relation to the frequency distribution for the variable “weekly ED consumption frequency”
beyond the 90th percentile (respondents who regularly consumed ED “3-5 days a week” or
“about every day”). This subgroup actually corresponds, in this case, to the one identified by
the threshold set for “mean chronic” ED consumers in the other two groups (75th percentile).
Table 9: Parameters for the identification of “chronic” and “acute” consumers
ED consumption
Consumer category
threshold
(percentile)
High acute
≥90th
High chronic
≥90th
Mean chronic
Corresponding volume/frequency of ED
consumption
Adults
Adolescents
Children
1 L/single
session
1,065 L/single
session
n.a.
4-5 times/week 4-5 times/week
or more
or more
75th - 90th (excluded) 2-3 times/week
once a week and
2-3 times/week
3-5 times a
week
Results are presented specifically focussing on the comparison between “high acute” consumers and
“non-high acute” consumers, and between “high chronic” and “non-high chronic” consumers: such
comparisons are provided for each MS (based on the data collected through the survey) as well as for
the 16 MS as a whole (based on weighted average data).
25
26
The 90th percentile has to be intended as excluded (<90th)
Thus covering the two answer choices on frequency: “2-3 days a week” and “once a week”.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
33
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
2.3.6.
Problems encountered, related solutions and limitations of the study
The complexity of the study and a number of problems encountered in its carrying out required a
number of ad hoc solutions. Some limitations deriving from the adopted solutions need to be
considered when interpreting the results of the present study. Such limitations stem from issues of
different nature:
1. Issues regarding difficulties encountered during the survey conduction.
2. Issues concerning data and information collected.
3. Issues concerning the methodology for data elaboration (mainly assumptions).
Concerning problems encountered carrying out the study, a number of unforeseen events occurred
during the survey, causing a substantial delay in the data collection process. Different procedures to
allow the involvement of schools caused difficulties in some MS. In some cases, complex and timeconsuming procedures were required to obtain the official list of schools, or to obtain official
authorization to contact pre-primary, primary and secondary schools for the purposes of the survey.
Quite often schools contact details, as presented in the official registries provided by Ministries,
resulted to be incomplete or incorrect. Finally, in some MS, cooperation by the contacted schools was
actually low. Nevertheless, to overcome these difficulties in some MS, additional efforts were made,
by contacting a higher number of schools than originally planned (§ 2.3.2), by frequent recalls, and by
intensifying efforts to sensitize the involved institutions (also with the support from EFSA national
contact points). Anyway, the approach adopted for the survey can be considered highly effective,
taking into account a total number of around 51.000 respondents (14.557 adults, 31.901 adolescents,
5.558 children) were reached in the 16 MS covered, and – in the specific case of children - such
coverage was achieved in spite of the final participation rate was lower than initially expected. In most
of the MS covered by the study, the number of respondents was high enough to make the samples
representative of the population. Only in France, Germany, Belgium and United Kingdom the number
of respondents was lower than estimated in the survey design27.
For the reliability and validity of survey results, it is important to highlight some methodological
aspects in order to correctly interpret the findings of the study. In the case of children, the
questionnaire was addressed to very young kids (from 3 to 10 years old) and specific technical
measures were adopted both to improve children’s capacity of recalling their food consumption habits,
and to minimize the risk of errors and misunderstandings:
lower number of questions compared to the version for adolescents and adults28;
very simple wording for the questions;
introduction of images to help children to correctly understand each question;
recommendation of filling in the questionnaire with the help of a teacher.
27
In order to take into account differences in composition of the sample among individual MS (see also § 2.3.2
providing a full picture of the sample dimension for each MS and each target group), a specific system of
weights was adopted, structured to guarantee the weighted average data could correctly represent both the total
population and the ED consumers for the 16 MS.
28
For example, for children, a simplified version of the questions regarding ED brands were adopted: children
were asked to indicate just the most consumed brands, without providing information regarding the relative
amount of the favorite brand compared to the total consumption. Similarly, as far as caffeine-containing products
were concerned, children were not asked to make distinctions between caffeinated and decaffeinated products.
For each food product cited in the questionnaire, the content of caffeine was calculated as a weighted average of
the content of caffeinated and decaffeinated product according to the answers provided, with regards to this
specific issue, by parents.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
34
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Despite these measures adopted, it has anyway been considered the possible difficulty, for young
children, to provide reliable data regarding specific consumption habits: for this reason, in order to
avoid losing information, data on more complex figures (i.e. single session consumption, specification
of caffeinated or decaffeinated products, etc.) were gathered through the direct survey to parents. The
two questionnaires and surveys – for children and for parents – were thus complementary and used to
guarantee a higher reliability of data on children’s consumption habits.
For specific issues on the methodology for data elaboration, some of these are linked to the
selection of products to include in the questionnaires, for both ED and “other than ED” product
categories. Limitations are the following:
1. Due to high number and variety of caffeine-containing products, the selection of such products
to be included in the questionnaires was bound to be non-exhaustive.
2. Due to the extreme variability in caffeine content for individual product categories (even if
defined in a very narrow way), “average” caffeine contents had to be assumed for the
purposes of the study.
For the selection of products “other than ED” to be included in the questionnaires, considering the
rather extensive geographical coverage and the complexity of the research, the study team decided to
follow the selection criteria reported below:
only the most popular caffeine containing products had to be considered, with the aim of
making the resulting selection sufficiently representative of the products present and
consumed in every MS involved in the study;
only categories of products with a “standard” content of caffeine had to be considered, in
order to make the calculation of caffeine exposure comparable throughout the 16 MS covered
by the survey.
In this context, two potentially relevant categories of products for quantifying the total exposure to
caffeine were not included in the questionnaire:
Products with chocolate content, as caffeine concentration was too variable to find an average
value for each MS. For example, the category “chocolate biscuits” was not included because
no “standard” typology of such products could be identified which could be deemed as widely
consumed and with comparable caffeine content in every MS. Only categories of products
with a “standard” content of chocolate - and caffeine - were considered, in order to make the
quantification of caffeine exposure comparable throughout the MS.
Drugs, because it was not possible to consider a “standard” caffeine content for these products
valid for all the MS considered. Furthermore, due to constraints related to safeguard of
privacy, collecting consumption data for these products from individual respondents would
have been not feasible.
In this framework, another critical issue was the selection of coffee beverages to be included in the
questionnaire. The study team included only three categories of coffee beverages - espresso coffee,
coffee (including instant, ground and ice coffee) and cappuccino - mainly for the following reasons:
The choice of clustering coffee beverages in these quite broad categories aimed at
representing the most widely consumed products with the highest concentration of caffeine in
all the MS covered by the study. As the present study covers 16 MS, there was the necessity of
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
standardizing as much as possible the caffeine content of different coffee beverages to gather
reliable data on their consumption throughout different MS. For this reason, since there was
no possibility of collecting punctual data on caffeine content for each kind of coffee beverages
in single MS, the study team adopted for each category of homogenous products an average
value of caffeine concentration 29 (more details on the assumptions made will be provided in
the following sections).
Instant, ground and ice coffee were included in the general category of “coffee” because they
are the most popular non-espresso coffees, with a similar content of caffeine throughout
Europe and with a caffeine concentration that sharply differs from espresso.
The range of products described in the questionnaire could not be too wide and detailed, as the
questionnaire had to be simple and quick to fill in30. Furthermore, due to the complexity of the
survey design, the study team deemed not possible to gather information about the coffee
preparation methods from the questionnaires.
Aside from the above limitations, it should be noted that the identification of peculiar coffee-based
beverages which are widely consumed only in specific MS was possible, from stakeholders’
suggestions and information deriving from the pilot survey. In some cases these peculiar beverages
were included in the questionnaire for the survey, with the two-fold aim of making the questions more
understandable and the answers more reliable (e.g. in the questionnaire for children of Greece and
Cyprus the specification “frappe coffee” was included as an additional example within the option
“cappuccino”, because in those countries “frappe coffee” is a very popular beverage containing coffee
and milk, just like cappuccino, and with a very similar caffeine content).
Finally, it is important to underline the assumptions related to the data processing methods applied in
the present study.
An estimated amount of caffeine, taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone for some ED brands was
considered, in order to quantify the exposure to these substances from ED consumption. In some cases
the quantities of these ingredients are claimed on the labels or in the producers’ websites, so the values
used for the elaboration were derived directly from these sources. In few other cases the list of
ingredients was provided directly by ED producers31. Due to the very high number of brands covered
(a total number of 223 different brands of ED were considered among the 16 MS) and to the quite low
number of information directly provided by producers (by labels, official websites, or direct
consultation), concerning the brands for which no information was available the amount of caffeine
was considered equal to the average quantity identified by König (2011) in his study about caffeine
29
Also König in his study “Final report: Assessment of caffeine intake in a representative sample of the Austrian
population” (2011) identified different categories of coffee-based products to investigate caffeine exposure:
coffee strong, coffee medium, coffee light, instant coffee, cappuccino, café latte, ice coffee. In the same way, he
associated to each category a mean caffeine concentration, taking into account that this value varies for different
products in the same class.
30
The methodological approach was based on gathering data on a wider sample of interviewees and on
collecting information on a smaller amount of ordinary products, instead of achieving a narrower number of deep
interviews on a wider range of products.
31
For a number of relevant brands for which the quantity of one or more specific ingredients was not indicated
on labels or on the official website of the producing company, data were asked directly to producers.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
exposure in a sample of Austrian population (mean caffeine concentration = 300 mg/L) 32. Concerning
D-glucurono-y-lactone and taurine, in ED brands for which it was not possible to retrieve official data,
the amount of these ingredients was assumed equal to the modal value of their concentration in other
ED brands.
Similar difficulties affected the collection of data on the content of active ingredients for energy shots.
Due to the frequent unavailability of official data, in these cases a standardised content of active
ingredients was used grounding on information retrieved via official sources33. Specifically, for
caffeine the value was assumed to be equal to the average reliable contents - after eliminating “outlier”
data34. For taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone, the modal occurrence in standard ED was used, due to
a lack of consistency of average data. Within the category of energy shots, in all cases in which also
the size of the can resulted to be unknown or more than one energy shot had been indicated, an
“average size” (63 ml) was adopted for the calculation.
Further assumptions were made for the quantification of caffeine exposure and contribution of coffee
beverages to total caffeine exposure itself. As previously underlined, three categories of coffee-based
products were defined, on the basis of the homogeneity of caffeine content. An average content of
caffeine was then associated to each category of products, as follows:
Espresso: 1.916 mg/L of caffeine;
Coffee (including instant, ground, ice-coffee): 400 mg/L of caffeine;
Cappuccino: 250 mg/L of caffeine.
Two main limitations arising from this approach must be underlined:
Caffeine content varies for products in the same category. For instance, in this study drip
coffee, brewed coffee and instant coffee are all included in the same category (coffee).
However, considering a standard cup (225ml), drip coffee has the highest caffeine content,
with 115 to 175 mg per cup; brewed coffee is the next most potent at 80 to 135 mg per cup;
and instant coffee contains 65 to 100 mg per cup (Chou, 1992). As explained later in this
chapter, this variability must be taken into account also for the other categories of caffeine
containing products, such as teas or chocolates.
Caffeine concentration may vary for the same typology of product (i.e. ground coffee) in
different countries, because of different ways of preparing and/or consuming coffee. Indeed in
every geographic area there is a traditional way to prepare and consume coffee that can
influence the average amount of caffeine exposure of the population. Unfortunately, there is
scarcity of academic studies investigating this phenomenon.
As for possible differences in caffeine concentration for the same typology of product in different
countries, a large body of literature assess substantial variations in caffeine content from the variety of
coffee drinks, the preparation and from geographical source of the coffee bean (McCusker et al., 2003;
Mandel, 2002). For instance, ground coffee identifies a wide range of traditional products which may
32
In the case of caffeine, specific data were found for 160 brands, while average data from Konig’s study were
applied to the remaining 63 brands.
33
Specifically, the contents for energy shots used in the elaborations are 1345 mg/L for caffeine, 4000 mg/L for
taurine and 2400 mg/L for glucuronolactone.
34
Energy shots with caffeine content of 13.300 mg/L and 1.600 mg/L were not considered in the calculation of
the average.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
differ a lot in terms of caffeine content. Swedish/Scandinavian brewed coffee, used in Sweden as in
other parts of the Nordic region, tends to be very strong. Greek coffee is prepared much like “Turkish
coffee”, i.e. a very strong coffee served in 60 ml or 90 ml cups with sugar. Overall, drip filtered drinks
are the most prevalent type of coffee beverage, but espresso and mocha were consumed by 100% of
Italian coffee drinkers.
Variability on caffeine concentrations must be considered also for the other categories of caffeine
containing products, such as teas, chocolates and colas. Indeed, black tea is the most caffeinated of the
tea varieties, followed by oolong and green teas (Chou, 1992). Different ranges of caffeine
concentrations are reported in literature for different types of tea: for instance, in Heckman et al.
(2001) a 240 ml cup of black tea was found to contain 25-110 mg of caffeine, while 240 ml of green
tea were found to contain 30-50 mg of caffeine. Also due to such divergence in data on caffeine
content of tea from different authors, the study team decided to associate an average value of caffeine
concentration to the general category of “tea” (including instant tea, bag tea, ice tea): after comparing
different sources, 100 mg of caffeine per litre was deemed to be the most reliable value (König,
2011).Concerning chocolate products, in the present study two categories were considered: chocolate
bars and chocolate snacks. Each of them was split in three subcategories on the basis of the type of
chocolate they can be made of (dark chocolate, milk chocolate and white chocolate). These three
different categories of products have different caffeine concentrations, as reported in a number of
studies (Food Safety Promotion Board, 2002; Gilbert et al., 1976; Heckam et al, 2001; Mayo Clinic
article35; NZFSA - New Zealand Food Safety Authority, 2010). After a careful process of literature
consultation and online research (snack producers’ web sites;), average values of caffeine
concentration to be adopted in the present study for the calculation of caffeine exposure from
chocolate products were identified36.
The details of the references and the ranges of caffeine concentration evaluated for the study are
provided in Appendix G.
Another assumption to be taken into consideration is the daily exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-ylactone. As the questionnaire for the survey did not allow to collect consumption data of all food
products in an omnivore diet, the average daily exposures to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone
(which were needed to calculate the contribution of ED to total exposure of such substances in the
diet) were derived from literature. According to EFSA’s scientific opinion “The use of taurine and Dglucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the so-called “energy” drinks” (adopted on January 15, 2009),
the daily exposure to taurine can be assumed equal to 58 mg (mean daily exposure to taurine from
omnivore diets); while 1,5 mg is the estimated daily exposure from naturally occurring sources in the
diet for D-glucurono-y-lactone. In this framework, in absence of solid indications in literature about
daily exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone for children and adolescents, the calculation of
the contribution of ED to total daily exposure was not carried out for this specific age group.
Finally, assumptions were also made to manage missing data concerning the variable “weight of
respondent” in the questionnaire, as they were necessary to represent the daily exposure to active
ingredients (mg/kg bw/day). Following the indication of the Steering Group, in case of missing
information about weight, the values indicated in the EFSA scientific opinion “Guidance on selected
35
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/caffeine/AN01211
Chocolate bar 180 mg/kg (dark 340 mg/kg; milk 183 mg/kg; white 0 mg/kg); chocolate snack 140 mg/kg (dark
264 mg/kg; milk 142 mg/kg; white 0 mg/kg). After a similar evaluation process of the different data sources, the
average caffeine content associated to the category of colas in this research was assumed equal to 79,2 mg/L
(König, 2011).
36
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
38
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
default values to be used by the EFSA Scientific Committee, Scientific Panels and Units in the absence
of actual measured data” (2012) were adopted. In any case, these “standard” values were also crosschecked and compared to the average and median values of the relative age group in the MS
concerned.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
39
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3. RESULTS
A short description of the main findings emerging from literature review and pre-survey stakeholders’
consultation is provided at § 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. Details in this respect are provided in the
annexes (Appendices A and E for further details).
Final results from the survey, for each target subgroup, are instead outlined at § 3.3.
3.1.
Literature review
3.1.1.
Overview
Results from the literature review is outlined as follows.
-
The issue of ED is highly debated from a scientific point of view, especially for health effects
related to the consumption and over-consumption of these products. Several studies (Alford et al.,
2011; Reissig et al., 2009; SHC, 2012; Arria et al., 2011; Marin Institute, 2011; Oteri et al., 2007)
focus:
o
on potential and/or evidenced effects of “active” ingredients (caffeine, taurine, Dglucurono-y-lactone, etc.) on highly sensitive subjects, such as children, pregnant
women, heart-patients, etc.;
o
on potential and/or evidenced effects of co-consuming of ED with alcohol or with
other products containing active ingredients.
There is great availability of advisory reports produced by national food safety authorities (SHC,
2008, 2009; Meltzer et al. 2008) and academic papers (Seifert et al., 2011; Reissig et al., 2009)
aiming at assessing the exposure of caffeine through food other than food supplements (e.g. via
coffee, tea, cola beverages and ED), including specific reference to well-defined population
groups, such as children, teenagers and young adults. Most studies also provide analysis and
evaluations on the adverse effects and possible risks from caffeine (BfR, 2009; James et al.,
2011).
There is also evidence for increased ED consumption trend in excessive quantities and in
combination with alcoholic beverages by young people (Miller, 2008; SHC, 2009). Indeed a
number of recent academic studies (Arria et al., 2010; Alford et al. 2011; Brache and Stockwell,
2011; Oteri et al., 2007) and technical reports (BfR, 2008; EUCAM, 2008, 2009) focused on the
issue of health effects of co-consumption of alcohol and ED on young people.
-
On the contrary, on consumption habits are much less frequent than those focusing on health
issues. US literature in this sense seems to be wider than the EU one, and studies have recently
been conducted also in Canada and New Zealand (Heckman et al., 2010; Miller, 2008; O’Brien et
al., 2008), even though a number of advisory reports on this issue were recently published in
some MS where the phenomenon seems to have higher relevance (BfR, 2008; Norwegian
Scientific Committee for Food Safety, 2009; SHC, 2009).
-
With reference to studies and surveys providing data on ED consumption and human exposure to
caffeine in specific MS, one of the most relevant is the König’s study on caffeine exposure
assessment in a sample of the Austrian population (König, 2011). Moreover, in 2002 a
comprehensive study has been carried out in Ireland and Northern Ireland with the aim of
reviewing the health effects of stimulant drinks, through a survey of the consumption of these
beverages in a representative sample of 11–35 year olds in the Republic of Ireland and in
Northern Ireland. Results of the research demonstrated that the main concerns related to stimulant
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
drinks were co-consumption with alcohol, the high caffeine content and the uncertainty among
consumers regarding the actual content in other ingredients (Food Safety Promotion Board,
2002).
3.1.2.
Focus on the most relevant references
The final version of the literature review – defined with the support from stakeholders - includes
around 40 references (Appendix A for full references and table 10 for summary).Some of the most
relevant references were selected according to their consistency with the study, their content, and
reference geographical area.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
41
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Table 10: Abstracts of relevant references
Paper
Objective
Methodology
Results
A group of 700 subjects (aged 14-39 years) was
selected in Austria. A food frequency
questionnaire was developed for the purpose of
caffeine exposure estimation. A total of 124
samples of different foods and beverages were
analysed in their caffeine concentration.
The vast majority of caffeine exposure resulted
from coffee, providing 60,8% of total caffeine
exposure. ED, as second highest contributor,
provided 11,9% and colas provided 9,5%.
König J, 2011
To determine total caffeine
exposure from all foods in the
average healthy population and
the contribution of ED to this
exposure.
Heckman MA, Sherry K, Gonzalez
de Mejia E, 2010
To analyse the current situation of
U.S. ED market with emphasis on
market size, social aspects of
consumers, active ingredients,
potential benefits, safety and
regulations.
Socio-economic market analysis.
ED have experienced exponential growth since
their launch in the US. The market is becoming
flooded with new ED, many with unusual
names and claims of a higher energy boost
compared to the previous ones. Research needs
to continue regarding the potential benefits of
these products to support the claims.
Gambon DL, Brand HS,
Boutkabout C, Levie D, Veerman
EC, 2011
To determine the frequency of
occurrence and patterns in
consumption of potentially
erosive beverages in school
children in the Netherlands.
A cross-sectional, single centre study was
performed among 502 school children in
Rotterdam, in age varying between 12 and 19
years. Data on consumption of soft drinks, ED,
sports drinks and alcopops were obtained
through a self-reported questionnaire.
Consumption of soft drinks, ED, sports drinks
and alcoholic products by school children is
related to age and gender. Evidence from the
study suggests that a subgroup of school
children with a high cumulative exposure to
these potentially erosive drinks does exist.
Gathering information about food
habits and behaviours of the
students of the School of
Medicine of Messina (Italy)
Dedicated questionnaire focusing on ED in
order to gather information about consumption
patterns of these products, consumed alone or
in association with alcoholic beverages. Five
hundred students of the School of Medicine of
the University of Messina were interviewed,
and 450 filled the questionnaire.
Association of ED + alcohol is very popular
among students. Users of ED + alcoholic
beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol
intoxication, thus increasing the probability of
accidents and/or favouring the possibility of
development of alcohol dependence.
Oteri A, Salvo F, Caputi AP,
Calapai G, 2007
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
42
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the
European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject.
It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in
the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Paper
Methodology
Results
To picture the situation of energy
beverages (EBs) market,
describing their ingredients,
discussing safety aspects, and
providing recommendations
regarding their use. The research
query included studies and
information involving non-athlete
consumers. Also, the review
offers recommendations which
are specific to each group.
A search of the English-language scientific
literature was performed primarily by searching
the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and
using the Google Internet search engine for the
period January 1976 through May 2010.
Ingestion of EBs before an event or during
training can have serious adverse effects.
Limited ingestion of EBs by healthy people is
not likely to cause major adverse effects, but
binge consumption or consumption with
alcohol may lead to adverse effects. Individuals
with medical illnesses, especially underlying
heart disease, should check with their physician
before using EBs.
Meltzer HM, Nordisk Ministerråd
N, Råd Nordisk, 2008
To develop a risk assessment of
caffeine in children and
adolescents in Nordic countries.
The report focuses on effects of
caffeine on the central nervous
system.
An overview of consumption data on caffeinecontaining foods, among children and
adolescents in the Nordic countries, is
presented in the exposure characterisation.
Authors transformed the total caffeine exposure
in the various age-groups and exposure levels
into exposure per kg. This enabled them to
compare more directly Nordic exposure levels
with exposure levels provided in international
literature.
Many Nordic teenagers have an exposure to
caffeine which can be associated with tolerance
development and withdrawal symptoms, while
approximately 20% of the teenagers might be
exposed to levels of caffeine from caffeinecontaining soft drinks inducing anxiety and
jitteriness. If other sources of caffeine such as
chocolate, tea and coffee were also considered,
these figures might be higher..
Alard J, Marìn C, Cubillo JM,
2010
To analyse different types of
promotion strategies used by the
leading brands (including private
labels) of ED in each country, as
well as their long-run effects on
sales for both categories.
The survey, based on scanner data at store-level
in a series which covers 7 years, provides
almost all of the history of the category.
The effect of promotions results to be less
intense for Private Label than for the other
brands. Impacts of different promotional
activities are presented and commented.
Food Safety Promotion Board,
2002
The Food Safety Promotion
Board (FSPB) convened an expert
Committee to review the health
effects of stimulant drinks.
A survey of the consumption of stimulant
drinks in a representative sample of 11 – 35
year olds in the Republic of Ireland (total
sample number (n) = 625)and in Northern
Ireland (n = 635).
Results of the research demonstrated that the
main concerns vis à vis stimulant drinks were
its consumption with alcohol, the perceived
‘high’ caffeine content and the sense of
ambiguity and uncertainty regarding the other
ingredients.
Higgins, JP, Phil M, Tuttle TD,
Higgins CL, 2010
Objective
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
43
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the
European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject.
It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in
the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.2.
Stakeholders consultation: emerging issues
The pre-survey consultation of stakeholders was carried out to identify useful sources and suggestions
for the study, in order to fine-tune the survey design. The post-survey consultation aimed instead at
gathering comments from stakeholders on the analysis developed in the study as well as on results
emerging from the first round of consultations. During the pre-survey consultation, the rationale and
the purpose of the study was introduced by e-mail sent to 41 subjects, as identified in the list of
relevant stakeholders agreed with EFSA. Following this preliminary contacts, and according to the
stakeholders’ availability to cooperate, a total number of 17 interviews (13 phone interviews and 4
based on written contributes) were made between February and May 2012 (table 11).
As for the post-survey consultation, a selection of the stakeholders already interviewed during the first
round of consultations were contacted by email. Written comments were collected by 9 experts on
November 2012 (table 11).
Table 11: List of the contacted stakeholders: pre-survey and post-survey consultation
Country
Stakeholder
Pre-survey
EUCAM – European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol
EU
Phone interview
Marketing
EU
UNESDA – Union of European Beverages Associations
FIEB/VIWF - Fédération des Industries des Eaux et des
Belgium
Phone interview
Boissons Rafraîchissantes
Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and
Cyprus
Phone interview
Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology
Post - Survey
Contacted
Contacted
Written
comments
-
EDE – Energy Drinks Europe
Phone interview
Written
comments
NVWA – Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety
Authority
ANSES - French Agency for Food, Environmental and
Occupational Health & Safety
University of Vienna - Department of Nutritional Sciences
EFET - Hellenic Food Authority, Nutrition Policy &
Research Directorate
Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic - Food
Production and Legislation Department
INRAN – Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e
la Nutrizione
WAFG - Wirtschaftsvereinigung Alkoholfreie Getränke
e.V.
Phone interview
/written answers
-
Cyprus
Ministry of Health - State General Laboratory
Phone interview
Belgium
SHC - Superior Health Council
Latvia
Assessment and Registration Agency of Food and
Veterinary Service of Latvia
Phone interview
Phone
interview/
written answers
Hungary
Hungarian Food Safety Office
Phone interview
Iceland
MAST – Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority
Phone interview
Germany
BfR - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
Phone
interview/
written answers
EU
Netherlands
France
Austria
Greece
Czech
Republic
Italy
Germany
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Phone interview
Phone interview
Phone interview
Phone interview
Phone interview
Phone interview
Written
comments
Contacted
Written
comments
Written
comments
Written
comments
Written
comments
Contacted
Written
comments
Written
comments
-
44
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
A short description of the main issues emerging from the stakeholders’ consultation is provided at §
3.2.1, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 (details in Appendix E).
3.2.1.
Literature and sources
Stakeholders’ contribution to literature review was useful for the identification of relevant scientific
studies, and above all for the collection of reports investigating national features related to the ED
sector in specific MS. Stakeholders also provided interesting remarks on the selection of study
references.
3.2.2.
ED market
Interviewees were asked to provide data and information about the situation of the market both at EU
level and for their MS.
Before the interviews, the study team sent the stakeholders a list of the main brands of ED for each
MS; these lists had been compiled mostly using relevant online sources (i.e. ED websites, blogs, web
magazines, etc.). Stakeholders were then asked to comment and - if deemed opportune - modify such
list of brands, on the basis of their knowledge of the market.
In most cases, stakeholders were unable to provide any additional information regarding ED brands
and market shares, but they generally confirmed the validity of information on the 4-5 leading brands
in each national market. In some cases, useful information was provided by stakeholders on the
growing importance of private labels (especially among youngsters), as well as on the significant
presence, in some MS, of pre-mixed alcoholic ED.
With specific reference to the list of ED brands marketed in each MS, most stakeholders confirmed its
validity and representativeness.
3.2.3.
Active ingredients
On the basis of outcomes from the literature review, a list of the most relevant food products
containing caffeine, taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone had been identified for each MS and provided
to the stakeholders.
Experts were then asked to comment this list, especially for the role of the listed products as potential
sources of active ingredients considered in the study. In some cases the stakeholders’ contribution was
extremely helpful to identify a number of food products containing caffeine which were widely
consumed in some MS only37.
In some cases, experts highlighted that caffeine content in specific products belonging to the same
category may vary significantly38. As a consequence, some experts suggested the adoption of
questionnaires with reference to local foods/beverages and brands for each MS considered in the
study, and the evaluation of caffeine content for any specific product.
37
This was the case of Frappè coffee, which is an extremely popular coffee-based drink in Greece and Cyprus.
For instance, a cappuccino in a bar may contain 70 mg of caffeine whilst a large cappuccino from a coffee
house such as Starbucks may contain 200-250 mg of caffeine.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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38
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
A substantial share of interviewees also highlighted the relevant role played by drugs and medicines in
determining the total exposure to “active ingredients” in the diet, especially for some specific groups
of consumers, thus suggesting the inclusion of these product categories in the questionnaires39.
3.3.
Survey: results
3.3.1.
General overview
The survey activities were started in February and closed in November 2012.
Table 12 below provides the total number of respondents by target group and by MS at the date when
the survey was officially closed (12th November 2012).
Table 12: Number of total validated respondents (a)
Country
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United kingdom
Adults
Adolescents
Children
TOTAL
368
993
363
408
515
2.113
1.553
520
469
1.533
718
799
537
1.331
679
1.658
2.115
67
1.443
2.682
1.547
666
1.068
1.381
3.365
6.449
1.028
4.368
865
1.794
1.398
834
57
12
155
479
261
209
30
197
218
1.627
144
326
379
533
202
131
2.540
1.072
1.961
3.569
2.323
2.988
2.651
2.098
4.052
9.609
1.890
5.493
1.781
3.658
2.279
2.623
Validated respondents
14.557
31.070
4.960
50.587
Total respondents
14.557
31.901
5.558
52.016
Source: Survey Nomisma – Areté for EFSA
(a) The total number of respondents, including not validated respondents, amount at 52.016. A total number of 1.429
respondents were eliminated after applying quality check procedures.
Survey data are presented as average values of the 16 MS as a whole, or for individual MS in specific
cases.
Additional elaborations by gender (for all the target groups) and by age (only for adults) were made
with the aim of investigating potential differences.
39
In the light of considerations concerning both protection of the respondents’ privacy and operational
difficulties posed by the extremely wide variety of drugs and medicines marketed in the 16 MS covered by the
survey, the study team agreed with the steering group the exclusion of any question on drugs and medicine
consumption from the questionnaire.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
46
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With reference to the results of the analysis in the different samples and subsamples, it is important to
clarify that the figures provided in the following chapters refer to actual sample sizes observed in the
survey - which indicate the actual number of interviews - whilst incidence figures in relation to the
analysis on the 16 MS as a whole are based on weighted data, in order to have more accurate data
replicating the differences in sample composition among individual MS. The system of weights
adopted in the analysis was structured to guarantee that the weighted data correctly represent the
proportion both of the total population and the ED consumers for the 16 MS as a whole.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.2.
Adults
The sample of “adults” (14.557 – total respondents) was composed for 55% by women and 43%40 by
men, the 43% were of the age group 30-49 years and around 72% of total respondents lived in urban
areas. Most respondents declared to have completed the upper secondary school (37%) or to have
university degree 29%). The 63% were workers.
3.3.2.1. ED consumption
Around 30% of the total respondents (14.557 – total respondents) declared to have consumed ED at
least once in the last year, and this value varied from around 14% in Cyprus to 50% in Austria (figure
2). This percentage increased to 53% in the age group 18-29, and decreased to around 17% for
respondents older than 50 (figure 3).
As for ED consumers (4.180 ED consumers), the sample was composed for 53% by men and 47% by
women, and around 75% of them lived in urban areas. Most respondents declared to have completed
the upper secondary school (39%) or to have a university degree (29%). Regular smokers accounted
for around 35% of the sample.
Figure 2: Adults – Prevalence41 of ED consumption by country (Sample size: 14.557 - Total respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
40
Being this information N.A. for 2% of respondents.
In the present study ED consumers are defined as subjects who have been drinking ED at least once over the
last year, so prevalence of ED consumption was calculated on the basis of this assumption.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
48
41
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 3: Adults – Prevalence of ED consumption for each age group (Sample size: 14.557 - Total
respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Considering the prevalence of ED consumption by gender, around 26% of females and 37% of males
declared to have consumed ED at least once in the last year.
Around 25% of total adult consumers affirmed to have been drinking ED once or twice a month, while
21% of consumers to have done it once a week. Higher consumption frequencies (at least twice a
week) concern around 33% of consumers. The most common format consumed was the 250 ml can,
while around 6% of consumers declared to consume energy shots42. Around 22% of consumers
resulted to be used to drink more than 10 cans in a month, while for most consumers the volume was
2-4 cans per month (33%) or 5-10 cans per month (23%). Around 52% of adult consumers declared to
have drunk only 1 can of ED in a single session, and only 3% to consume more than 4 cans in the
same occasion (Figure 4).
As for volumes, the average volume consumed by adults was approximately 2 L/month for ED
consumers, ranging from 1,3 L/month in Italy and 2,9 L/month in Romania.
42
Even if energy shots just cover 6,4% of adult consumers, a particular attention is suggested to be paid to this
product category, due to peculiarities in the content of active substances. Indeed, focusing the analysis on the
specific energy shots brands indicated by respondents, the occurrence of active substances reveals to sharply
differ among energy shots brands: in most cases the absolute content of active substances in mg per serving is
approximately equal to that of the “standard” ED (i.e. 80 mg of caffeine in a 60 ml can), but the concentration of
these substances is consequently much higher. See also details in the chapter “materials and methods”, §2.3.6.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 4: Adults - ED consumption related features (Sample size: 4.180 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
According to the final results of the survey, around 25% of adult consumers stated to usually consume
ED in association with sport and physical exercise; for an additional 39% consumption is “sometimes”
associated to such activities.
The most common situations of ED consumption resulted to be “at home in ordinary situations” and
“at home with friends during parties” (both accounting for around 65% of consumers). Also sport and
physical exercise registered high percentages (around 63% of consumers), followed by bar/pubs (52%)
and discos (47%).
As for reasons for consumption, most adult consumers (around 40%) declared to consume ED mainly
as a “source of energy”, or less frequently “to stay awake” (18%), simply because of their taste (16%)
or “to drive for a long time” (around 8%). It is however worth highlighting the presence of other
“secondary” reasons, such as “enhancing sport performance”, ”concentration augmenting” or
“stimulating metabolism” (figure 5).
Red Bull™ resulted to be the most common ED brand: it was included as first choice among the topthree brands by nearly 89% of consumers. Red Bull™ is followed by Monster™ (first choice for 45%
of consumers) and Burn™ (first choice for 42% of consumers).
Figure 5: Adults – Motivations for ED consumption (first choice) (Sample size: 4.180 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Survey data were elaborated according to a specifically defined methodology (§ 3.3.5) in order to
identify “high acute” and “high chronic” consumers.
On this basis, high acute consumers accounted for a 3% of the total respondents, while high chronic
consumers represented around 4% (figure 6).
Figure 6: Adults - Prevalence of ED consumption for ED consumers, high acute consumers and high
chronic consumers on total respondents (Sample size: 14.557 – Total respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Adults identified to be both “high acute” and “high chronic” consumers accounted for 3,4% of ED
consumers, (corresponding to 1% of total respondents): this share was anyway much smaller than the
ones for the purely “high chronic” and “high acute” consumer groups. The “high acute” consumer
profile is provided at § 3.3.2.6.
Table 13: Adults – Overlap between high chronic and high acute ED consumers
(Sample size: 4.180 – ED consumers)
% on total ED consumers
High acute
High chronic
Non high chronic
Total
Non high acute
Total
3,4%
8,4%
11,8%
7,6%
80,6%
88,2%
11,0%
89,0%
100,0%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
High chronic ED consumers resulted to account for around 12% of adult consumers. This average
value varied from around 21% of adult consumers in United Kingdom, and 5% Italy and Hungary
(figure 7).
Figure 7: Prevalence of high chronic ED consumption by country (Sample size: 4.180 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
The prevalence of high chronic consumers was 13,3% in “young adult” consumers.
Table 8 provides the distribution of ED consumers and high chronic ED consumers among different
age groups. Among high chronic consumers the percentage of 18-29 years rose from 27% to 31% of
the target group. High chronic consumption resulted to be higher among consumers who declared to
smoke regularly: 15% against 10% of non-smokers.
Figure 8: Adults - Distribution of high chronic ED consumption by age groups (Sample size: 4.180 – ED
consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Around 95% of high chronic consumers declared to have consumed ED in the three days before the
survey, while this share decreased to 60% considering total consumers. The share of consumers who
declared to drink ED at least 4 times a week was higher for high chronic consumers than for total
consumers (73% and 9%, respectively). As for consumed volumes, only 21% of total consumers
resulted to drink more than 10 cans of ED per month, against a share of 61% of “high chronic”
consumers (figure 9). The average consumed volume was 4,47 L/month in the case of adult high
chronic consumers.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 9: Adults – ED consumption patterns: characteristics for high chronic and ED consumers (Sample
size: 4.180 - ED consumers; 486 - High chronic consumers)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.2.2. Co-consumption of ED and alcohol
Survey results highlighted the co-consumption habit (ED and alcohol)43 among adults. Around 56% of
ED consumers declared to consume ED and alcohol, ranging from 24% in Cyprus to 67% in Germany.
With reference to the total respondents, this percentage decreased to 17%, and ranged from 3% in
Cyprus to 29% in Austria, while percentages for ED consumers varied from 24% in Cyprus and 67%
in Germany (figure 10).
Figure 10: Adults - Prevalence of co-consumption of ED and alcohol by country (Sample size: 14.557 Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
43
In this study, co-consumers of ED and alcohol are defined as subjects who have been drinking ED and alcohol
in a single session at least once over the last year.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Concerning the different age groups identified within the target group “adults”, the highest prevalence
of co-consumption of ED and alcohol was reported in the age group 18-29, as around 71% of ED
consumers and 38% of total respondents in this group declared to consume ED with alcohol in the
same session (figure 11).
Focusing on ED consumers, there were no differences in co-consumption habits by gender. On the
other hand, only 14% of female declared to consume ED and alcohol, while prevalence of such habit
increased for male (21%).
Figure 11: Adults - Prevalence of co-consumption of ED and alcohol by age groups – Comparison between
total respondents (Sample size: 14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Around 60% of respondents declared to co-consume ED and alcohol mostly mixing them at the
moment of consumption. Co-consumption resulted to occur at least once a week for 38% of ED
consumers drinking ED and alcohol. Around 57% of ED consumers stated that they mix ED and
alcohol at least twice in a single session of consumption (figure 12).
Figure 12: Adults - Co-consumption of ED and alcohol and related features
(Sample size: 4.180 - ED consumers)
(Sample size: 2.276 – Consumers drinking ED and alcohol)
(Sample size: 2.276 - Consumers drinking ED and alcohol)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(Sample size: 2.276 – Consumers drinking ED and alcohol)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
As illustrated in figure 13, co-consumption was identified to occur at least twice a week for 56% of
high chronic consumers, against 20% of consumers. The share of high chronic consumers combining
ED with alcohol about every time was 23% (against an average 9% for consumers).
Figure 13: Adults – Monthly frequency of co-consumption of ED and alcohol: high chronic and average
consumers drinking ED and alcohol (Sample size: 2.276 - Consumers drinking ED and alcohol; 486 – High
chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.2.3. Consumption of ED during sport activities
Around 52% of adult ED consumers declared to usually drink ED before/in association with/after
sport activities44. Remarkably, this percentage increased for ED consumers practising sport activities.
Around 49% of consumers stated to practise sport or physical exercise at least twice a week (figure
14).
Figure 14: Adults – Consumption of ED during sport activities
(Sample size: 4.180 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
44
In the context of the study respondents who declare to practice physical activities at least once a week are
considered as “subjects practicing sport activities”.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
61
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Around 75% of ED consumers who practise sport activities at least once a week declared to drink ED
at least “sometimes” during such activities, with 14% drinking ED “about every time” they practise
such activities. Around 53% of consumers declared to drink 2 cans or more in a single sport/physical
exercise session (figure 15).
Figure 15: Adults - Consumption of ED during sport activities and related features
(Sample size: 2.832 – ED consumers practicing sport
activities)
(Sample size: 2.070- ED consumers drinking ED during sport
activities)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
The average prevalence of ED consumption during sport activities masks some differences at MS level
(figure 16): the lowest prevalence was recorded in Hungary (around 41% of ED consumers), while the
highest in the United Kingdom and Greece (around 88% of ED consumers). With regards to the total
respondents and ED consumers, the highest prevalence of ED consumption during physical activities
was registered respectively in Poland (26%) and in Spain (62%).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
62
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 16: Adults - Prevalence of ED consumption during sport activities by country (Sample size: 14.557
– Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers; 2.832 - ED consumers practicing sport activities)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
The main reasons for ED consumption during sport practice were “endurance time at the maximum
intensity” (40%) and “vitality” (26%), but also “aerobic endurance” and “concentration” were
mentioned (figure 17).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
63
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 17: Adults – Motivations for consumption of ED during sport practice (Sample size: 2.070 – ED
consumers drinking ED during sport activities)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Concerning respondents who practise physical activities, the share of high chronic consumers who
declared to consume ED about every time they engage in sport activities (figure 18) was much higher
(45%) than the share of total respondents (14%).
Figure 18: Adults – Prevalence and frequency of consumption of ED during sport activities: high chronic
and average consumers practicing sport (Sample size: 2.832 – ED consumers practicing sport activities; 486
– High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
64
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.2.4. ED contribution to total exposure to relevant substances
Tables 14 and 15 provide absolute values of chronic exposure45 to caffeine for total respondents, ED
consumers and high chronic consumers, calculated on the basis of the methodology (§ 2.3.4.1).
For adults, chronic exposure to caffeine from ED varied from around 7 mg/day for total respondents
to around 48 mg/day for high chronic consumers. Accordingly, total caffeine exposure (from ED and
other products in the diet) varied from 272 mg/day (ED consumers) to around 382 mg/day (high
chronic consumers). Consequently, chronic exposure to caffeine from ED ranged from 0,10 mg/kg
bw/day for total respondents to 0,70 mg/kg bw/day for high chronic consumers.
Table 14: Adults – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products (a) (values in mg/day)
(Sample size: 14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 – ED consumers; 486– High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
exposure from ED:
Total respondents
6,82
0,00
0,00
229,33
2,78
22,43
11,15
0,53
229,33
28,17
High chronic consumers
48,32
Total exposure:
39,80
2,50
228,98
56,80
NA
ED consumers
20,00
39,79
19,10
50,63
77,30
29,14
107,72
158,65
43,12
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ED consumers
271,73
237,67
2,67 1.920,36
365,83
528,36
670,39
202,09
High chronic consumers
381,91
334,01 11,07 1.920,36
503,71
688,96
855,94
252,33
Total respondents
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
Table 15: Adults – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products (a) (values in mg/kg
bw/day) (Sample size: 14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 – ED consumers; 486 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
exposure from ED:
Total respondents
0,10
0,00
0
6,15
0,05
0,29
0,53
0,29
ED consumers
0,32
0,15
0
6,15
0,38
0,71
1,02
0,46
High chronic consumers
Total exposure:
0,70
0,51
0
6,15
0,80
1,59
2,32
0,76
Total respondents
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ED consumers
3,87
3,11
0
79,60
5,05
7,54
9,60
4,08
High chronic consumers
5,78
4,35
0
76,09
7,17
10,60
13,90
6,66
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) *Including ED
45
The calculations of exposure to the different active ingredients were based on usual consumption patterns:
hence, the volume of consumption for each food/beverage investigated in the survey was linked to the average
consumption frequency, e.g. “average month over the last year”. Therefore the exposure here represented has to
be considered as chronic exposure.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
65
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
On average, ED consumption contributed for 8% of the overall daily exposure to caffeine (figure 19),
a figure increasing to 13% for high chronic consumers (to 12% considering daily caffeine exposure
per kg bw).
Figure 19: Adults – ED contribution to the total daily exposure to caffeine (%): high chronic and ED
consumers (Sample size: 4.180 – ED consumers; 486 - High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
66
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Concerning total respondents at MS level, chronic exposure to caffeine from ED ranged from around
14 mg/day (0,20 mg/kg bw/day) in Austria to around 3 mg/day (0,04 mg/kg bw/day) in Cyprus (tables
16 and 17).
Table 16: Adults – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
13,99
2,52
0
228,98
19,54
40,00
66,67
30,21
Belgium
3,53
0,00
0
227,20
0,00
7,95
20,00
15,55
Cyprus
2,67
0,00
0
160,42
0,00
7,63
19,10
12,04
Czech Republic
8,81
0,00
0
227,20
8,01
21,26
39,80
20,68
Finland
5,20
0,00
0
151,00
2,67
10,99
28,40
17,16
France
6,09
0,00
0
229,33
0,00
11,47
38,90
22,30
Germany
6,33
0,00
0
162,41
2,67
19,83
39,20
16,93
Greece
5,83
0,00
0
227,24
3,78
20,13
39,15
15,19
Hungary
6,80
0,00
0
160,00
7,52
20,00
39,88
17,35
Italy
4,46
0,00
0
159,03
2,66
11,39
23,31
12,56
Netherlands
4,34
0,00
0
159,19
0,00
8,34
28,35
14,52
Poland
10,57
0,00
0
218,06
8,00
39,59
40,64
23,14
Romania
12,10
0,00
0
183,18
17,38
39,81
56,46
25,42
Spain
7,53
0,00
0
227,20
7,75
26,77
39,89
20,08
Sweden
3,46
0,00
0
158,38
0,00
8,00
19,90
12,27
0,00
0
228,27
2,66
20,00
39,75
17,44
United Kingdom
6,36
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Table 17: Adults – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw /day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
0,20
0,03
0
3,63
0,17
0,54
0,95
0,48
Belgium
0,05
0,00
0
2,78
0,00
0,11
0,31
0,21
Cyprus
0,04
0,00
0
1,93
0,00
0,11
0,24
0,17
Czech Republic
0,11
0,00
0
3,07
0,11
0,33
0,53
0,27
Finland
0,07
0,00
0
1,99
0,03
0,12
0,45
0,23
France
0,09
0,00
0
3,72
0,00
0,18
0,47
0,34
Germany
0,08
0,00
0
3,25
0,04
0,28
0,47
0,23
Greece
0,08
0,00
0
3,92
0,06
0,27
0,44
0,23
Hungary
0,11
0,00
0
5,51
0,07
0,26
0,51
0,37
Italy
0,06
0,00
0
2,65
0,04
0,20
0,34
0,18
Netherlands
0,06
0,00
0
3,15
0,00
0,14
0,35
0,23
Poland
0,14
0,00
0
2,97
0,13
0,45
0,67
0,31
Romania
0,17
0,00
0
2,82
0,19
0,60
0,85
0,35
Spain
0,11
0,00
0
4,94
0,09
0,34
0,57
0,29
Sweden
0,04
0,00
0
1,79
0,00
0,12
0,25
0,15
0,00
0
6,15
0,03
0,30
0,57
0,35
United Kingdom
0,10
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
67
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Comparing the average values in the 16 MS for adult ED consumers, the highest level of chronic
exposure to caffeine from ED was around 32 mg/day for Romanian consumers (against a total daily
exposure to caffeine of 277 mg) (table 18).
Table 18: Adults – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products (a) in the 16 MS covered
by the survey (values in mg/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
27,82
19,28
2,51
228,98
39,75
66,67
126,32
37,86
246,91
225,56
3,56
891,67
351,40
472,67
611,95
169,71
23,38
8,00
2,51
227,20
28,40
41,84
91,55
33,80
324,30
258,46
16,27
1.228,94
466,42
713,23
819,21
257,56
19,35
8,75
2,50
160,42
21,88
43,72
85,84
27,23
204,89
156,66
11,43
680,59
270,35
390,59
507,00
141,34
19,23
8,05
2,08
227,20
20,09
39,95
56,71
27,11
248,24
211,28
7,50
958,42
355,30
467,71
544,04
171,95
18,11
7,98
1,33
151,00
15,99
55,92
80,00
28,19
343,98
323,24
11,07
1.238,85
493,99
684,03
704,80
232,00
27,30
11,13
2,01
229,33
28,11
65,63
133,33
40,67
276,66
225,19
3,74
1.275,49
399,58
540,47
687,25
215,31
21,01
10,98
1,51
162,41
27,31
52,90
64,34
25,37
311,82
268,20
2,67
1.335,02
431,06
630,46
718,75
222,63
18,48
11,07
2,52
227,24
27,99
40,03
55,14
22,35
207,15
183,94
9,48
669,52
279,86
404,48
490,10
132,18
16,97
7,99
0,53
160,00
19,99
40,00
69,67
24,08
224,13
211,45
4,30
1.074,50
292,54
434,10
493,38
168,63
15,76
8,00
1,33
159,03
20,00
39,92
41,33
19,48
231,95
234,50
9,41
736,46
307,93
416,19
477,80
138,23
20,92
8,00
2,50
159,19
28,17
52,50
76,56
25,94
327,69
274,90
8,98
926,06
511,48
708,96
776,56
242,39
23,34
11,31
2,50
218,06
28,40
41,73
71,85
29,76
269,27
255,45
3,81
960,64
366,40
460,04
565,63
162,59
31,71
20,00
2,54
183,18
39,87
78,17
109,70
32,77
276,93
242,76
8,00
1.271,05
369,82
525,05
638,10
196,45
24,39
15,42
2,50
227,20
29,20
55,43
79,42
29,92
215,04
167,26
8,00
1.057,87
307,84
454,29
589,73
177,36
15,79
7,98
1,31
158,38
19,74
39,76
54,04
22,23
318,60
273,98
5,32
1.252,61
432,67
696,14
738,81
236,01
22,96
11,36
1,27
228,27
28,40
55,91
63,25
26,80
308,27
251,59
4,27
1.920,36
435,30
637,94
786,37
255,29
% from
ED/Total
11,3%
7,2%
9,4%
7,7%
5,3%
9,9%
6,7%
8,9%
7,6%
6,8%
6,4%
8,7%
11,5%
11,3%
5,0%
7,4%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
68
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Exposure to caffeine from ED ranged from 0,20 mg/kg bw/day for Swedish ED consumers to 0,44
mg/kg bw/day for Romania (table 19).
Table 19: Adults – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products (a) in the 16 MS covered
by the survey (values in mg/kg bw/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
exposure from ED
0,40
0,16
0,03
3,63
0,43
0,95
1,68
0,62
total exposure
3,34
3,03
0,06
12,49
4,52
6,66
7,42
2,32
exposure from ED
0,32
0,13
0,03
2,78
0,37
0,70
1,39
0,45
total exposure
4,53
3,47
0,22
16,61
5,98
9,90
13,28
3,77
exposure from ED
0,28
0,14
0,03
1,93
0,28
0,56
1,46
0,38
total exposure
2,91
2,23
0,16
9,07
4,15
6,04
7,24
2,00
exposure from ED
0,25
0,13
0,00
3,07
0,30
0,55
0,78
0,36
total exposure
3,17
2,76
0,00
14,30
4,36
6,47
8,11
2,35
exposure from ED
0,24
0,09
0,00
1,99
0,23
0,68
1,17
0,39
total exposure
4,33
3,94
0,00
34,98
6,12
8,36
10,03
3,93
exposure from ED
0,40
0,16
0,03
3,72
0,41
0,99
1,76
0,62
total exposure
4,12
3,18
0,06
24,53
5,47
8,68
10,80
3,51
exposure from ED
0,28
0,14
0,00
3,25
0,34
0,62
0,86
0,35
total exposure
4,17
3,48
0,00
16,59
5,64
8,46
10,78
3,15
exposure from ED
0,24
0,14
0,02
3,92
0,32
0,50
0,66
0,35
total exposure
2,72
2,44
0,14
9,75
3,94
5,15
5,60
1,83
exposure from ED
0,27
0,11
0,00
5,51
0,26
0,57
1,35
0,55
total exposure
3,37
2,65
0,00
47,53
4,36
6,18
8,03
4,09
exposure from ED
0,22
0,13
0,00
2,65
0,28
0,50
0,71
0,29
total exposure
3,23
3,10
0,00
14,34
4,43
5,56
6,97
2,06
exposure from ED
0,30
0,13
0,02
3,15
0,35
0,69
1,03
0,44
total exposure
4,28
3,26
0,14
14,72
6,19
8,84
10,80
3,23
exposure from ED
0,31
0,16
0,00
2,97
0,39
0,70
0,98
0,40
total exposure
3,71
3,45
0,00
14,18
5,06
6,84
8,10
2,38
exposure from ED
0,44
0,29
0,00
2,82
0,62
0,95
1,31
0,45
total exposure
3,90
3,27
0,00
19,05
5,42
7,72
10,01
2,88
exposure from ED
0,34
0,20
0,00
4,94
0,42
0,73
1,02
0,45
total exposure
3,01
2,38
0,00
13,93
4,22
6,52
8,20
2,53
exposure from ED
0,20
0,11
0,02
1,79
0,24
0,49
0,72
0,27
total exposure
4,18
3,35
0,10
15,86
5,89
8,96
11,25
3,28
exposure from ED
0,37
0,17
0,00
6,15
0,42
0,78
1,09
0,59
total exposure
5,25
3,14
0,00
79,60
5,90
9,76
14,91
8,66
% from
ED/Total
11,9%
7,0%
9,5%
7,8%
5,6%
9,8%
6,6%
8,8%
8,1%
6,9%
6,9%
8,5%
11,2%
11,4%
4,9%
7,0%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
As for the differences between genders, chronic caffeine exposure from ED consumption was equal to
nearly 21 mg/day for female consumers and to about 23 mg/day for male ones. The values of total
daily caffeine exposure were similar between genders.
The highest value of caffeine exposure deriving from ED consumption was around 23 mg/day reported
in the 30-49 age group, whereas the highest value of total caffeine exposure concerned the 50-65 age
group, with an average value of 310 mg/day.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
69
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Concerning the contribution of ED to chronic exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone,
differences between total respondents, ED consumers and high chronic consumers showed to be much
higher than those observed for caffeine.
Tables 20 and 21 show that average taurine exposure in high chronic consumers resulted to be nearly
twice the average value for all consumers, and seven times higher than the average value for total
respondents.
Table 20: Adults – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/day) (Sample size: 14.557 – Total
respondents; 4.180 – ED consumers; 486 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
82,71
0,00
0,00
2.840
33,33
250,00
500,00 236,26
ED consumers
271,88
120,71
0,00
2.840
355,00
500,00
915,40 363,42
High chronic consumers
585,79
500,00
7,10
2.840
710,00
1.337,70
2.000,00 544,46
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Table 21: Adults – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/kg bw/day) (Sample size: 14.557 –
Total respondents; 4.180 – ED consumers; 486 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
1,16
0,00
0
76,92
0,55
ED consumers
3,82
1,80
0
76,92
High chronic consumers
8,49
6,25
0
76,92
3,47
6,46
3,58
4,46
8,76
12,50
5,65
9,96
19,08
29,24
9,42
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
The relative contribution from ED to the total exposure to taurine resulted to be 82% in ED
consumers, picking up to 91% in high chronic consumers.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
70
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Tables 22 and 23 report the daily exposure to taurine from ED for total respondents (respectively in
mg/day and in mg/kg bw/day) in the 16 MS covered by the survey.
Table 22: Adults – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
157,25
5,58
0 2.840,00
108,44
Belgium
36,92
0,00
0 2.840,00
Cyprus
31,49
0,00
0 1.833,33
109,80
0,00
Finland
64,46
France
71,25
Germany
500,00
767,14
359,25
0,00
68,80
178,75
180,55
0,00
100,00
250,00
139,63
0 2.840,00
100,00
308,50
500,00
259,17
0,00
0 2.000,00
33,33
134,13
355,00
216,24
0,00
0 2.840,00
0,00
142,00
355,00
266,35
80,81
0,00
0 2.130,00
33,33
250,00
500,00
219,22
Greece
70,64
0,00
0 2.840,00
41,95
250,00
355,00
188,63
Hungary
85,03
0,00
0 2.000,00
77,40
250,00
500,00
217,95
Italy
51,45
0,00
0 2.000,00
33,33
142,00
250,00
150,61
Czech Republic
Netherlands
49,85
0,00
0 2.000,00
0,00
100,00
355,00
168,11
Poland
130,14
0,00
0 2.840,00
100,00
500,00
500,00
290,49
Romania
150,07
0,00
0 2.366,67
142,00
500,00
710,00
322,97
Spain
89,56
0,00
0 2.840,00
57,48
250,00
500,00
246,55
Sweden
42,86
0,00
0 2.000,00
0,00
100,00
250,00
155,06
United Kingdom
77,80
0,00
0 2.840,00
33,33
250,00
500,00
217,09
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Table 23: Adults – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
2,27
0,08
0
45,08
1,72
5,63
11,58
5,79
Belgium
0,51
0,00
0
30,45
0,00
0,86
2,29
2,42
Cyprus
0,45
0,00
0
22,09
0,00
1,30
2,85
1,98
Czech Republic
1,41
0,00
0
38,38
1,37
4,44
6,72
3,39
Finland
0,85
0,00
0
25,00
0,36
1,50
4,75
2,94
France
1,05
0,00
0
47,33
0,00
2,03
5,55
3,98
Germany
1,06
0,00
0
42,60
0,53
3,53
6,10
2,99
Greece
0,92
0,00
0
48,97
0,64
3,13
5,41
2,81
Hungary
1,37
0,00
0
70,00
0,86
3,33
6,49
4,71
Italy
0,72
0,00
0
33,33
0,41
2,00
3,99
2,18
Netherlands
0,70
0,00
0
41,67
0,00
1,54
4,13
2,69
Poland
1,76
0,00
0
37,10
1,67
5,56
8,33
3,91
Romania
2,06
0,00
0
36,41
2,11
7,20
11,11
4,41
Spain
1,25
0,00
0
61,74
0,83
3,99
7,12
3,60
Sweden
0,55
0,00
0
23,67
0,00
1,45
3,21
1,92
United Kingdom
1,24
0,00
0
76,92
0,41
3,49
6,95
4,33
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
71
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Focusing only on ED consumers, the highest exposure to taurine from ED was evidenced for Romania
(around 393 mg/day, corresponding to 5,41 mg/kg bw/day) (tables 24 and 25), while the relative
contribution from ED to the total exposure to taurine varied from 75,8% in Italy and 87,1% in
Romania.
Chronic taurine exposure from ED showed the highest value in the 30-49 age group of consumers,
even though differences among values for the different age groups were limited. The average exposure
to taurine for male consumers resulted slightly higher than the one for female consumers.
Table 24: Adults – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
% taurine
ED/total
taurine
Austria
312,81
100,00
5,58
2.840,00
369,69
757,92
1.404,79
456,61
84,4%
Belgium
244,40
99,51
0,00
2.840,00
250,00
500,00
972,50
407,42
80,8%
Cyprus
228,62
100,00
33,33
1.833,33
250,00
500,00
1.000,00
313,11
79,8%
Czech Republic
239,56
100,00
13,33
2.840,00
250,00
500,00
710,00
340,19
80,5%
Finland
224,31
100,00
0,00
2.000,00
200,00
710,00
1.000,00
356,93
79,5%
France
319,63
100,00
6,01
2.840,00
355,00
710,00
1.654,09
489,10
84,6%
Germany
268,15
142,00
0,00
2.130,00
355,00
710,00
833,33
330,71
82,2%
Greece
223,97
142,00
0,00
2.840,00
315,44
500,00
710,00
280,59
79,4%
Hungary
212,13
100,00
5,65
2.000,00
250,00
500,00
880,00
302,95
78,5%
Italy
181,73
100,00
6,67
2.000,00
250,00
500,00
500,00
237,76
75,8%
Netherlands
240,23
100,00
0,00
2.000,00
250,00
500,00
933,33
301,43
80,6%
Poland
287,24
142,00
6,67
2.840,00
355,00
500,00
928,33
375,87
83,2%
Romania
393,11
250,00
7,10
2.366,67
500,00
1.000,00
1.394,00
421,96
87,1%
Spain
290,03
142,00
8,40
2.840,00
355,00
674,50
988,75
372,70
83,3%
Sweden
195,30
100,00
5,00
2.000,00
250,00
500,00
710,00
283,14
77,1%
United Kingdom
281,04
142,00
0,00
2.840,00
355,00
710,00
733,33
336,54
82,9%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
72
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 25: Adults – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
4,51
1,72
0
45,08
4,78
11,52
18,34
7,52
Belgium
3,35
1,33
0
30,45
3,92
7,40
16,93
5,41
Cyprus
3,26
1,79
0
22,09
3,27
6,90
16,95
4,44
Czech Republic
3,08
1,54
0
38,38
3,85
6,90
9,77
4,47
Finland
2,97
1,09
0
25,00
2,83
8,78
14,66
4,89
France
4,70
1,82
0
47,33
4,90
11,73
19,72
7,35
Germany
3,53
1,80
0
42,60
4,18
7,89
11,40
4,58
Greece
2,91
1,68
0
48,97
3,70
6,25
8,19
4,38
Hungary
3,43
1,39
0
70,00
3,32
7,49
16,94
6,96
Italy
2,56
1,44
0
33,33
3,21
5,93
8,33
3,49
Netherlands
3,36
1,52
0
41,67
3,85
7,97
12,46
5,09
Poland
3,88
1,90
0
37,10
4,81
8,77
12,24
5,06
Romania
5,41
3,57
0
36,41
7,47
12,12
16,51
5,74
Spain
4,05
2,04
0
61,74
5,10
8,84
12,00
5,53
Sweden
2,52
1,28
0
23,67
2,89
6,01
9,12
3,45
United Kingdom
4,46
2,06
0
76,92
5,07
10,00
13,33
7,30
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
The average chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone in high chronic consumers was 269 mg/day,
around twice the average value for all consumers (126 mg/day). The average value for total
respondents was 38 mg/day (tables 26 and 27).
The relative contribution from ED to the total exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone was 98,8% among
ED consumers and 99,4% in high chronic consumers.
Table 26: Adults – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone exposure from ED (values in mg/day)
(Sample size: 14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 – ED consumers; 486– High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
38,31
0,00
0
1.704
18,64
120,00
225 117,65
ED consumers
125,95
60,00
0
1.704
150,00
300,00
426 185,65
High chronic consumers
268,84
200,59
0
1.704
340,80
633,62
900 284,32
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Table 27: Adults – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/kg bw/day) (Sample
size: 14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 – ED consumers; 486 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
0,54
0,00
0
46,15
0,24
1,53
3,00
1,82
ED consumers
1,78
0,83
0
46,15
2,08
4,27
6,20
2,95
High chronic consumers
3,91
2,49
0
46,15
4,90
7,90
13,33
5,04
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Tables 28 and 29 illustrate the daily exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (in mg/day and in
mg/kg bw/day) for total respondents, comparing the 16 MS covered by the survey. In both cases the
highest data were registered in Romania (83 mg/day corresponding to 1,14 mg/ kg bw/day
respectively).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
73
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 28: Adults – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
79,69
0
0 1.704,00
60,00
255,00
340,35
189,84
Belgium
19,60
0
0 1.704,00
0,00
26,99
60,00
105,70
Cyprus
17,43
0
0 1.100,00
0,00
20,00
85,20
82,88
Czech Republic
31,78
0
0 1.704,00
20,00
85,20
146,63
108,25
Finland
15,18
0
0 1.080,00
0,10
19,00
64,75
78,91
France
33,11
0
0 1.704,00
0,00
60,00
159,75
129,91
Germany
38,04
0
0 1.278,00
19,00
127,68
213,00
112,16
Greece
32,30
0
0 1.704,00
19,38
113,85
201,82
99,33
Hungary
23,32
0
0
576,52
10,00
52,50
116,25
76,12
Italy
27,34
0
0 1.020,00
17,00
72,26
150,00
81,43
Netherlands
22,76
0
0 1.080,00
0,00
58,68
142,50
86,30
Poland
50,03
0
0 1.513,60
51,00
150,00
262,50
118,26
Romania
83,33
0
0 1.200,00
60,00
300,00
420,25
180,48
Spain
44,44
0
0 1.704,00
20,00
146,25
255,00
128,28
Sweden
19,35
0
0
900,00
0,00
57,00
90,00
71,25
United Kingdom
37,43
0
0 1.704,00
18,00
127,50
240,00
112,77
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Table 29: Adults – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
1,13
0
0
27,05
0,97
3,10
5,44
2,95
Belgium
0,27
0
0
18,27
0,00
0,35
1,01
1,40
Cyprus
0,25
0
0
13,25
0,00
0,35
1,36
1,18
Czech Republic
0,43
0
0
23,03
0,30
1,00
2,08
1,52
Finland
0,20
0
0
13,25
0,00
0,22
0,82
1,03
France
0,49
0
0
26,22
0,00
1,00
2,35
1,98
Germany
0,50
0
0
25,56
0,24
1,50
2,69
1,57
Greece
0,43
0
0
29,38
0,28
1,35
2,52
1,54
Hungary
0,42
0
0
42,00
0,14
0,68
1,85
2,24
Italy
0,39
0
0
19,61
0,21
1,08
2,19
1,19
Netherlands
0,33
0
0
22,50
0,00
0,75
1,79
1,44
Poland
0,68
0
0
22,26
0,63
2,13
3,64
1,66
Romania
1,14
0
0
17,14
1,13
4,20
6,26
2,44
Spain
0,62
0
0
37,04
0,34
1,97
3,50
1,91
Sweden
0,24
0
0
9,28
0,00
0,71
1,39
0,83
United Kingdom
0,59
0
0
46,15
0,14
1,59
3,22
2,27
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
74
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Tables 30 and 31 provide the daily exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (in mg/day and in
mg/kg bw/day) for ED consumers, comparing the 16 MS covered by the survey.
Exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED showed the highest value in Romania, where the average
daily exposure for ED consumers was around 218 mg (3 mg/kg bw/day). The lowest value was
recorded in Finland (69 mg/day corresponding to 0,70 mg/kg bw/day). Similarly, the relative
contribution from ED to the total exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone varied from 97,2% in Finland
and 99,3% in Romania.
Table 30: Adults – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th
perc.
90th
perc.
95th
perc.
% ED
glucuronolactone /
StdDev
total
glucuronolactone
Austria
158,51
60,00
0
1.704,00
150,00
334,80
671,65
243,56
99,1%
Belgium
129,78
50,76
0
1.704,00
115,50
300,00
570,00
244,92
98,9%
Cyprus
126,51
60,00
0
1.100,00
150,00
300,00
600,00
191,50
98,8%
Czech Republic
69,33
24,00
0
1.704,00
75,00
150,00
270,00
151,73
97,9%
Finland
52,83
10,00
0
1.080,00
40,47
120,10
271,65
140,60
97,2%
France
148,55
60,00
0
1.704,00
142,50
300,00
776,00
242,19
99,0%
Germany
126,24
60,00
0
1.278,00
150,00
300,00
426,00
175,08
98,8%
Greece
102,40
59,07
0
1.704,00
142,50
237,50
300,00
155,54
98,6%
Hungary
58,17
15,00
0
576,52
52,50
193,53
300,00
111,63
97,5%
Italy
96,58
57,00
0
1.020,00
135,00
255,00
300,00
129,45
98,5%
Netherlands
109,68
57,00
0
1.080,00
138,75
271,56
355,73
162,74
98,7%
Poland
110,42
57,00
0
1.513,60
135,00
270,00
383,40
155,66
98,7%
Romania
218,29
150,00
0
1.200,00
300,00
447,60
800,00
236,61
99,3%
Spain
143,91
63,90
0
1.704,00
181,05
300,00
431,60
197,56
99,0%
88,19
54,00
0
900,00
80,94
210,00
300,00
130,94
98,3%
United Kingdom
135,21
60,00
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0
1.704,00
181,05
300,00
390,00
181,00
98,9%
Sweden
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
75
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 31: Adults – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/kg bw/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
2,25
0,96
0
27,05
2,33
5,43
8,51
3,85
Belgium
1,77
0,64
0
18,27
1,72
4,44
9,63
3,23
Cyprus
1,82
0,88
0
13,25
1,89
4,14
10,17
2,72
Czech Republic
0,93
0,33
0
23,03
0,92
2,14
3,39
2,15
Finland
0,70
0,11
0
13,25
0,44
1,71
3,41
1,84
France
2,20
0,86
0
26,22
2,13
5,18
10,05
3,72
Germany
1,67
0,85
0
25,56
2,11
3,79
5,53
2,49
Greece
1,36
0,78
0
29,38
1,73
3,17
3,80
2,51
Hungary
1,04
0,23
0
42,00
0,68
2,92
3,88
3,45
Italy
1,36
0,76
0
19,61
1,66
3,33
5,00
1,92
Netherlands
1,58
0,71
0
22,50
1,78
3,57
5,25
2,83
Poland
1,51
0,74
0
22,26
1,91
3,94
4,95
2,20
Romania
3,00
1,88
0
17,14
4,33
6,99
9,41
3,18
Spain
2,02
1,03
0
37,04
2,54
4,60
6,24
2,99
Sweden
1,11
0,66
0
9,28
1,30
2,59
4,48
1,48
United Kingdom
2,14
0,94
0
46,15
2,50
4,56
6,39
3,91
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.2.5. ED acute consumption: analysis on high acute consumers
Prevalence of high acute consumption on the population was around 8% (figure 6).
High acute consumers were approximately 11% of total adult ED consumers, ranging from 19% in
Germany, to 0% in Cyprus (figure 20).
Figure 20: Adults – Prevalence of high acute ED consumption by country (Sample size: 4.180 – ED
consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Concerning the different age groups of ED consumers (figure 21), the highest prevalence of high acute
consumption was in “young adults” (13% in 18-29 years).
The distribution of high acute consumers among age groups evidenced a higher percentage of 30-49
aged consumers (49%).
Prevalence of high consumption of ED was about 11% among ED consumers, and approximately 16%
among regular smoking consumers.
Figure 21: Adults - Prevalence of high acute ED consumption by age (Sample size: 4.180 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Approximately 96% of high acute consumers declared to drink at least 3 cans of ED in a single
session, against about 18% of ED consumers (figure 22).
Figure 22: Adults - Recent ED consumption acts: high acute and total consumers (Sample size: 4.180 – ED
consumers; 448 - High acute consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
As illustrated in figure 23, around 61% of high acute consumers resulted to drink 3 or more cocktails
of ED and alcohol in a single session, compared to 30% for ED consumers.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
79
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 23: Adults – Acute consumption of ED in association with alcohol: high acute and average
consumers drinking ED and alcohol (Sample size: 2.832 – ED consumers drinking ED and alcohol; 448 –
High acute consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Concerning acute consumption of ED during sport activities, 57% of high acute consumers resulted to
drink 3 or more cocktails of ED and alcohol in a single session; 27% of total consumers consumed the
same quantity in a single session of physical activity (figure 24).
Figure 24: Adults – Acute consumption of ED during sport practice: high acute and average consumers
practicing sport (Sample size: 2.832 – ED consumers practicing sport activities; 448 – High acute consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
80
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.2.6. Exposure to active ingredients in high acute adult consumers
Tables 32 and 33 provide the average values of exposure to caffeine in a single session of
consumption for total respondents, ED consumers and high acute consumers. Acute exposure form ED
ranged from about 47 mg/single session for total respondents to around 374 mg for high acute
consumers. Considering exposure to caffeine expressed in mg/kg bw/single session, the highest value
was around 5 mg/kg bw/single session for high acute consumers.
Table 32: Adults – Acute exposure to caffeine from ED (values in mg/single session) (Sample size: 14.557 –
Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers; 448 - High acute consumers)
Mean Median
Total respondents
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
47,17
0,00
0,00
800
79,59
160,00
237,53
89,45
155,07
113,60
16,00
800
215,40
316,19
344,25
97,84
High acute consumers
373,70
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
340,35
175,05
800
400,00
464,35
565,24
76,80
ED consumers
Table 33: Adults – Acute exposure to caffeine from ED (values in mg/kg bw/single session) (Sample size:
14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers; 448 - High acute consumers)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
0,66
0,00
0,00
10,90
1,03
2,33
3,37
1,27
ED consumers
2,16
1,64
0,29
10,90
2,75
4,13
5,08
1,44
High acute consumers
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
5,14
4,91
2,43
10,90
6,00
7,15
8,15
1,48
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
81
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Tables 34 and 35 provide results for acute exposure to caffeine from ED in a single session (in
mg/single session and in mg/kg bw/single session) for total respondents, comparing the 16 MS
covered by the survey. Values expressed in mg/single session ranged from around 12 in Cyprus to
around 81 in Austria.
Table 34: Adults – Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
80,73
75
0
454,40
152,00
240,00
320,00
107,11
Belgium
24,24
0
0
568,00
0,00
80,00
160,00
70,01
Cyprus
12,08
0
0
150,00
0,00
83,07
87,50
30,66
Czech Republic
77,08
0
0
480,90
122,09
239,52
321,10
109,49
Finland
39,93
0
0
800,00
79,50
113,60
219,51
86,39
France
32,20
0
0
565,69
0,00
153,78
194,29
71,61
Germany
53,96
0
0
574,04
78,76
204,76
310,10
103,35
Greece
49,22
0
0
571,02
80,00
160,81
243,06
93,48
Hungary
61,68
0
0
568,00
80,00
225,82
319,63
101,94
Italy
36,70
0
0
565,69
79,40
158,38
160,75
71,00
Netherlands
30,83
0
0
449,43
0,00
151,72
160,76
71,58
Poland
67,98
0
0
562,68
87,34
224,43
240,00
95,82
Romania
58,23
0
0
568,00
80,00
160,00
238,85
94,72
Spain
48,32
0
0
771,25
79,68
159,68
234,20
89,07
Sweden
34,03
0
0
636,10
0,00
113,60
226,03
81,56
United Kingdom
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
43,66
0
0
583,98
78,52
159,19
228,10
88,80
Table 35: Adults - Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/single session) - Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
1,12
0,62
0
7,65
1,69
3,05
4,69
1,57
Belgium
0,34
0,00
0
10,90
0,00
1,23
2,44
1,02
Cyprus
0,17
0,00
0
2,63
0,00
1,05
1,33
0,46
Czech Republic
1,03
0,00
0
7,61
1,46
3,16
4,35
1,52
Finland
0,51
0,00
0
9,39
0,89
1,67
2,42
1,12
France
0,48
0,00
0
9,12
0,00
1,80
2,97
1,10
Germany
0,73
0,00
0
9,29
1,03
2,66
3,78
1,42
Greece
0,66
0,00
0
8,83
1,06
2,27
3,66
1,26
Hungary
0,87
0,00
0
10,33
1,22
2,67
4,38
1,54
Italy
0,52
0,00
0
6,98
0,95
1,88
2,64
1,01
Netherlands
0,41
0,00
0
6,81
0,00
1,67
2,48
0,98
Poland
0,94
0,00
0
9,70
1,46
2,86
3,53
1,34
Romania
0,83
0,00
0
8,89
1,27
2,65
3,85
1,39
Spain
0,69
0,00
0
9,22
1,14
2,36
3,37
1,29
Sweden
0,45
0,00
0
9,69
0,00
1,68
2,76
1,09
United Kingdom
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0,60
0,00
0
10,18
0,93
2,19
3,41
1,26
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With regards to ED consumers, acute exposure to caffeine from ED ranged from around 88 mg/single
session in Cyprus to around 180 mg/single session for Austrian consumers. At the same time, acute
exposure per body weight in a single session ranged from 1,27 mg /kg bw/single session in Cyprus to
2,42 mg/kg bw/single session in Germany (tables 36 and 37).
Table 36: Adults - Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
160,58
152,00
75,00
454,40
230,18
320,00
397,54
99,95
Belgium
160,47
113,87
60,21
568,00
227,95
319,64
340,80
103,05
Cyprus
87,69
87,50
75,00
150,00
87,50
104,60
122,30
13,38
Czech Republic
168,17
157,20
62,50
480,90
233,40
323,52
400,15
104,06
Finland
138,94
80,00
39,75
800,00
160,00
290,21
360,99
110,66
France
144,45
112,91
60,21
565,69
163,75
240,00
320,00
82,44
Germany
179,07
155,46
49,70
574,04
230,63
337,37
401,13
114,21
Greece
156,07
110,92
69,50
571,02
226,16
321,78
345,10
105,11
Hungary
153,88
80,00
16,00
568,00
211,39
320,00
396,38
108,37
Italy
129,63
82,06
39,92
565,69
159,84
237,04
319,35
75,90
Netherlands
148,59
150,68
75,00
449,43
160,00
281,23
331,75
84,91
Poland
150,05
113,60
75,00
562,68
164,80
245,29
320,00
89,14
Romania
152,54
113,60
64,00
568,00
175,10
312,18
346,31
95,47
Spain
156,48
154,15
39,63
771,25
220,74
243,83
339,21
93,63
Sweden
155,09
113,60
39,25
636,10
192,07
301,35
396,94
107,57
United Kingdom
157,70
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
113,01
38,19
583,98
221,34
320,00
350,39
102,50
Table 37: Adults - Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
2,22
1,67
0,62
7,65
2,78
4,69
6,22
1,56
Belgium
2,26
1,68
0,61
10,90
2,94
4,81
5,17
1,58
Cyprus
1,27
1,17
0,73
2,63
1,48
1,60
2,08
0,35
Czech Republic
2,24
1,62
0,65
7,61
2,93
4,40
5,74
1,53
Finland
1,79
1,21
0,35
9,39
1,99
3,70
4,96
1,45
France
2,16
1,63
0,69
9,12
2,86
3,74
4,93
1,35
Germany
2,42
1,98
0,66
9,29
3,08
4,86
5,93
1,62
Greece
2,08
1,51
0,65
8,83
2,81
4,32
4,87
1,43
Hungary
2,18
1,38
0,29
10,33
2,67
4,62
6,48
1,74
Italy
1,83
1,43
0,57
6,98
2,20
3,17
4,35
1,08
Netherlands
1,98
1,58
0,71
6,81
2,43
3,82
4,47
1,23
Poland
2,06
1,59
0,70
9,70
2,75
3,78
4,63
1,28
Romania
2,17
1,59
0,66
8,89
2,70
4,19
5,44
1,47
Spain
2,22
1,78
0,59
9,22
2,71
4,09
5,08
1,41
Sweden
2,05
1,58
0,51
9,69
2,64
4,08
4,89
1,45
United Kingdom
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
2,18
1,60
0,58
10,18
2,79
4,26
5,19
1,51
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Concerning the analysis of acute exposure to taurine, data expressed in mg/single session varied from
around 568 mg for total respondents, 1.869 for ED consumers, and around 4.654 mg for high acute
consumers (tables 38). Values are also provided in mg/ kg bw/single session (table 39).
Table 38: Adults – Acute exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/single session) (Sample size: 14.557 –
Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers; 448 - High acute consumers)
Mean
Total respondents
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
568,61
0
0
10.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
1.104,87
1.869,16
1.420
0
10.000
2.000
4.000
4.260
1.257,80
High acute consumers
4.654,53
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
4.260
142
10.000
5.000
5.680
7.100
1.061,20
ED consumers
Table 39: Adults – Acute exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/kg bw/single session) (Sample size:
14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers; 448 - High acute consumers)
Mean
Total respondents
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
7,89
0,00
0
140,00
12,35
28,19
40,82
15,65
25,95
19,23
0
140,00
33,33
50,58
63,58
18,35
High acute consumers
64,04
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
61,54
2
136,54
74,93
88,96
101,43
19,54
ED consumers
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With reference to the variations registered among the 16 MS, acute exposure to taurine from ED
ranged from around 145 mg/day in Cyprus to around 972 mg/day in Czech Republic (table 40).
Calculations in terms of mg/kg bw/single session are provided in table 41.
Table 40: Adults - Acute exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
Austria
881,45
158,75
0
5.680
1.000,00
Belgium
248,60
0,00
0
7.100
Cyprus
145,12
0,00
0
2.000
Czech Republic
971,88
0,00
0
Finland
493,54
0,00
0
France
378,77
0,00
0
Germany
680,01
0,00
0
Greece
584,66
0,00
Hungary
766,84
0,00
Italy
421,11
Netherlands
Poland
StdDev
2.734,25
3.843,02
1.218,43
0,00
950,00
1.994,75
778,23
0,00
1.000,00
1.000,00
369,49
9.100
1.420,00
3.000,00
4.000,00
1.425,54
10.000
1.000,00
1.420,00
2.168,00
1.084,00
7.100
0,00
1.420,00
2.000,00
871,05
7.100
1.000,00
2.840,00
4.000,00
1.317,51
0
7.100
1.000,00
2.000,00
3.000,00
1.127,63
0
7.100
1.000,00
2.000,00
4.000,00
1.282,15
0,00
0
7.100
789,76
1.420,00
2.000,00
854,41
362,56
0,00
0
5.680
0,00
1.420,00
2.000,00
864,70
824,78
0,00
0
7.100
1.000,00
2.840,00
3.000,00
1.182,32
Romania
706,77
0,00
0
7.100
1.000,00
2.000,00
3.000,00
1.153,44
Spain
571,44
0,00
0
10.000
1.000,00
2.000,00
2.840,00
1.081,02
Sweden
410,10
0,00
0
8.000
0,00
1.420,00
2.700,00
1.001,32
United Kingdom
532,26
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0,00
0
7.100
1.000,00
2.000,00
2.840,00
1.092,88
Table 41: Adults - Acute exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/single session) - Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
12,31
1,25
0
98,04
18,18
34,48
47,99
17,99
Belgium
3,51
0,00
0
136,54
0,00
12,47
25,00
11,25
Cyprus
2,11
0,00
0
35,09
0,00
12,69
15,63
5,55
12,97
0,00
0
140,00
18,62
40,61
55,10
20,02
Finland
6,35
0,00
0
117,65
10,53
20,95
29,91
14,07
France
5,66
0,00
0
118,33
0,00
20,88
35,77
13,44
Germany
9,18
0,00
0
118,33
13,16
33,33
48,39
18,11
Greece
7,77
0,00
0
109,23
12,63
24,39
44,43
15,08
10,89
0,00
0
129,09
15,15
33,33
54,80
19,36
5,91
0,00
0
87,65
9,41
20,67
30,91
12,01
Czech Republic
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
4,77
0,00
0
86,06
0,00
19,28
28,59
11,62
Poland
11,35
0,00
0
122,41
17,86
35,50
43,48
16,57
Romania
10,05
0,00
0
116,28
15,50
33,33
46,59
17,00
Spain
8,09
0,00
0
116,11
13,33
28,57
40,00
15,60
Sweden
5,39
0,00
0
91,03
0,00
20,29
33,90
13,00
United Kingdom
7,37
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0,00
0
129,09
10,48
26,33
41,92
15,50
Concerning ED consumers, acute exposure to taurine showed the highest value in Germany (around
2.256 mg/single session and 30 mg/kg bw/single session), and the lowest in Cyprus (tables 42 and 43).
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 42: Adults - Acute exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
1.753,37
1.000
150,00
5.680
2.000
3.835,38
4.630
1.193,30
Belgium
1.645,71
1.000
0,00
7.100
2.000
3.792,75
4.117
1.310,52
Cyprus
1.053,60
1.000 1.000,00
2.000
1.000
1.378,00
1.420
178,54
Czech Republic
2.120,46
2.000
399,96
9.100
3.000
4.260,00
5.000
1.413,54
Finland
1.717,38
1.000
0,00
10.000
2.000
3.640,00
4.667
1.411,59
France
1.699,23
1.420
185,74
7.100
2.000
3.000,00
4.000
1.077,44
Germany
2.256,51
2.000
0,00
7.100
3.000
4.260,00
5.000
1.484,51
Greece
1.853,81
1.310
0,00
7.100
2.840
4.000,00
4.260
1.296,73
Hungary
1.913,03
1.000
169,40
7.100
2.000
4.000,00
5.000
1.381,94
Italy
1.487,46
1.000
152,60
7.100
2.000
2.840,00
4.000
996,51
Netherlands
1.747,08
1.420
0,00
5.680
2.000
3.000,00
4.260
1.089,55
Poland
1.820,44
1.420
200,00
7.100
2.000
3.000,00
4.000
1.128,04
Romania
1.851,38
1.420
142,00
7.100
2.000
3.400,00
4.182
1.168,81
Spain
1.850,57
1.420
199,89
10.000
2.000
3.000,00
4.260
1.190,77
Sweden
1.868,83
1.420
150,00
8.000
2.000
3.976,00
5.000
1.359,66
United Kingdom
1.922,65
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
1.420
0,00
7.100
2.840
4.000,00
4.260
1.281,46
Table 43: Adults - Acute exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
24,48
18,18
1,15
98,04
29,80
47,59
69,97
18,60
Belgium
23,22
16,26
0,00
136,54
31,79
53,79
61,88
19,54
Cyprus
15,30
14,29
9,52
35,09
17,32
19,89
26,06
4,66
Czech Republic
28,29
20,41
5,00
140,00
37,50
56,80
72,88
21,00
Finland
22,11
15,15
0,00
117,65
24,87
48,62
63,62
18,48
France
25,41
18,87
2,55
118,33
34,48
45,74
60,60
17,58
Germany
30,45
25,00
0,00
118,33
38,46
62,56
75,30
20,99
Greece
24,63
17,92
0,00
109,23
32,94
50,06
58,51
17,51
Hungary
27,16
17,28
1,88
129,09
33,33
58,91
82,86
22,21
Italy
20,88
15,87
2,13
87,65
25,97
37,80
53,64
14,03
Netherlands
22,97
18,87
0,00
86,06
28,45
44,44
51,89
15,26
Poland
25,05
19,23
2,86
122,41
34,04
46,88
57,56
16,20
Romania
26,32
19,23
2,03
116,28
33,33
51,81
66,02
18,14
Spain
26,19
21,88
2,68
116,11
31,91
47,73
61,62
17,72
Sweden
24,57
18,68
2,38
91,03
31,40
47,62
61,25
17,31
United Kingdom
26,62
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
20,00
0,00
129,09
34,48
53,25
64,55
18,85
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
The average exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone in acute consumers ranged from 263 mg/single
session for total respondents, to 864 mg for ED consumers, and 2.119 mg for high acute consumers
(tables 44 and 45).
Table 44: Adults – Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/single session) (Sample
size: 14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers; 448 - High acute consumers)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
262,98
0
0
4.344
360
960
1.440
548,48
ED consumers
864,50
600
0
4.344
1.170
1.737
2.300
684,82
High acute consumers
2.118,90
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
2.280
0
4.344
2.726
3.191
3.616
959,27
Table 45: Adults – Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/kg bw/single session)
(Sample size: 14.557 – Total respondents; 4.180 - ED consumers; 448 - High acute consumers)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
3,66
0,00
0
77,83
4,62
12,92
19,88
7,77
12,03
9,13
0
77,83
15,62
24,88
32,77
9,89
High acute consumers
29,15
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
29,78
0
77,83
38,13
47,31
53,32
14,52
ED consumers
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Concerning the differences among MS, the highest values of acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone
for total respondents were registered in Austria (around 488; tables 46 and 47).
Table 46: Adults - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey
(values in mg/single session) – Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
488,14
0
0
3.237,60
600,00
1.542,24
1.800,00
700,01
Belgium
126,28
0
0
4.260,00
0,00
450,00
858,00
420,56
Cyprus
78,48
0
0
1.200,00
0,00
600,00
600,00
212,38
Czech Republic
296,20
0
0
3.067,20
450,00
960,00
1.600,29
547,54
Finland
109,28
0
0
4.344,00
3,00
320,58
600,00
373,08
France
178,20
0
0
3.834,00
0,00
639,00
1.140,00
423,56
Germany
324,57
0
0
4.260,00
420,00
1.200,00
1.800,00
679,98
Greece
269,53
0
0
4.047,00
420,00
828,57
1.704,00
567,09
Hungary
199,23
0
0
3.621,00
180,00
600,00
1.080,00
456,19
Italy
222,69
0
0
3.834,00
255,60
722,52
1.200,00
463,54
Netherlands
169,97
0
0
2.811,60
0,00
600,00
1.142,46
426,63
Poland
324,05
0
0
3.621,00
540,00
1.022,40
1.440,00
522,28
Romania
394,16
0
0
4.260,00
600,00
1.200,00
1.785,42
656,70
Spain
279,86
0
0
4.260,00
450,00
1.050,00
1.592,52
544,53
Sweden
199,78
0
0
4.260,00
0,00
600,00
1.170,00
512,44
United Kingdom
252,67
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0
0
4.260,00
300,00
852,00
1.440,42
542,78
Table 47: Adults - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey
(values in mg/kg bw/single session) - Total respondents (Sample size: 14.557)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
6,71
0
0
54,55
9,74
20,14
26,79
10,07
Belgium
1,77
0
0
77,83
0,00
5,72
10,91
6,05
Cyprus
1,14
0
0
21,05
0,00
7,04
9,35
3,20
Czech Republic
4,01
0
0
48,39
4,99
13,09
21,71
7,82
Finland
1,42
0
0
63,88
0,03
4,18
9,01
4,98
France
2,67
0
0
61,84
0,00
10,36
16,47
6,50
Germany
4,37
0
0
68,16
5,52
16,20
23,72
9,32
Greece
3,60
0
0
52,43
4,87
10,96
20,80
7,62
Hungary
2,85
0
0
54,22
2,38
8,57
14,49
6,81
Italy
3,13
0
0
48,56
4,11
11,07
16,24
6,50
Netherlands
2,29
0
0
45,00
0,00
9,38
14,25
5,97
Poland
4,46
0
0
62,43
7,29
13,92
19,81
7,32
Romania
5,61
0
0
69,77
8,57
17,94
25,85
9,70
Spain
3,97
0
0
65,22
6,00
14,19
20,48
7,97
Sweden
2,60
0
0
54,62
0,00
9,50
15,85
6,53
United Kingdom
3,52
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0
0
61,34
3,57
12,40
19,94
7,70
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Regarding ED consumers (tables 48 and 49), acute exposures ranged from around 380 mg/single
session in Finland to over 1.000 mg in Germany.
Table 48: Adults - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey
(values in mg/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
970,99
600,00
0
3.237,60
1.200
1.800,00
2.554,20
711,30
Belgium
836,00
570,00
0
4.260,00
1.140
2.082,00
2.307,00
761,75
Cyprus
569,76
600,00
0
1.200,00
600
826,80
852,00
218,17
Czech Republic
646,25
511,20
0
3.067,20
900
1.620,00
2.136,00
654,66
Finland
380,25
150,00
0
4.344,00
480
982,80
1.557,00
618,82
France
799,42
600,00
0
3.834,00
1.080
1.575,96
1.800,00
555,41
1.077,05
809,40
0
4.260,00
1.530
2.400,00
3.000,00
851,13
Greece
854,62
585,00
0
4.047,00
1.080
1.800,00
2.428,20
721,72
Hungary
497,01
300,00
0
3.621,00
600
1.237,86
1.800,00
609,95
Italy
786,60
600,00
0
3.834,00
1.080
1.363,20
1.829,25
561,80
Netherlands
819,04
600,00
0
2.811,60
1.140
1.704,00
2.010,00
588,69
Poland
715,24
570,00
0
3.621,00
1.020
1.530,00
1.797,30
567,81
Germany
Romania
1.032,52
809,40
0
4.260,00
1.200
1.800,00
2.400,00
686,12
Spain
906,32
681,60
0
4.260,00
1.200
1.710,00
2.167,49
626,67
Sweden
910,43
600,00
0
4.260,00
1.140
1.710,00
2.662,50
742,71
United Kingdom
912,70
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
600,00
0
4.260,00
1.188
1.800,00
2.400,00
679,82
Table 49: Adults - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey
(values in mg/kg bw/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 4.180)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
13,35
9,68
0
54,55
17,44
26,70
36,80
10,64
Belgium
11,69
8,01
0
77,83
14,40
30,26
34,31
11,24
Cyprus
8,30
8,22
0
21,05
10,29
11,36
15,63
3,88
Czech Republic
8,75
5,88
0
48,39
11,49
22,61
29,26
9,59
Finland
4,92
1,72
0
63,88
5,57
13,17
22,89
8,32
France
11,96
9,50
0
61,84
15,43
24,00
29,86
8,85
Germany
14,51
11,05
0
68,16
18,99
31,13
40,85
11,89
Greece
11,43
8,00
0
52,43
13,90
26,67
32,38
9,73
Hungary
7,10
4,11
0
54,22
8,52
17,50
27,83
9,25
Italy
11,06
8,77
0
48,56
13,90
20,34
28,29
7,85
Netherlands
11,04
9,19
0
45,00
13,85
22,48
30,38
8,68
9,85
7,86
0
62,43
12,98
21,12
25,69
8,07
Romania
14,70
10,80
0
69,77
18,32
29,77
36,46
10,62
Spain
12,87
10,25
0
65,22
16,67
24,84
33,40
9,55
Sweden
11,86
8,81
0
54,62
14,55
23,75
33,06
9,22
United Kingdom
12,71
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
9,38
0
61,34
17,14
26,98
32,98
9,86
Poland
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.3.
Adolescents
As already mentioned at § 2.3.6, the sample of schools for the survey on adolescents was considerably
enlarged with respect to the original sample design, especially for all the MS where the progress of
survey activities was slower than expected. A total number of 31.901 filled-in questionnaires (of
which 31.070 validated) were collected in the 16 MS covered by the survey.
It is worth highlighting that the average results presented in this paragraph often hide relevant
differences at MS level, which are highlighted wherever opportune.
The sample appeared to be well balanced between boys and girls, with an average age of 16 years.
58% of the total respondents resided in urban areas and 90% lived with parents. Regular smokers
accounted for 17% of the total number of respondents.
3.3.3.1. ED consumption
With reference to the prevalence of ED consumption, around 68% of the total respondents (31.070 –
Total respondents) declared to have consumed ED at least once during the last year, while around 28%
of total respondents declared to have consumed ED in the three days before the survey (figure 25).
Figure 25: Adolescents – ED consumption and related features (Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
As highlighted by figure 26, prevalence of ED consumption varied from around 48% in Greece to
82% in Czech Republic46.
Figure 26: Adolescents - Prevalence of ED consumption by country (Sample size: 31.070 – Total
respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
46
The highest prevalence of ED consumption among total respondents was observed in Belgium (85%).
Nevertheless, due do the small dimension of the sample for Belgium, for which the sampling error of estimates
exceeds 5%, it was preferred to indicate the highest value as observed in Czech Republic.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
ED consumers had higher prevalence in the 15-18 age group (73% of total population; figure 27) than
in the 10-14 age group (55% of total population). Among male respondents a higher prevalence of ED
consumption was reported (74 %) than among female ones (63%).
Share of ED consumers increased among respondents who smoke regularly: around 85% of regular
smokers consumed ED, against 64% of non-smokers.
Figure 27: Adolescents - Prevalence of ED consumption by age groups and by gender (Sample size: 31.070
– Total respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Around 26% of total consumers has been usually drinking ED twice a week or more (with around 5%
drinking ED every day and around 6% drinking them 4-5 times a week). The most consumed size
format was by far the 250 ml can (around 60% of total consumers), while around 11% of consumers
declared to consume energy shots47. Around 19% of ED consumers stated to have been drinking more
than 10 can per month; around 49% of ED consumers declared to drink two or more cans in a single
occasion (figure 28).
As for volumes, adolescent ED consumers declared to drink on average around 2 L/month, varying
from 1,3 L/month in Italy to 3,1 L/month in the UK.
Figure 28: Adolescents - Features of ED consumption (Sample size: 20.713- ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
47
See also considerations on energy shots at § 3.3.2.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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As for the reasons behind ED consumption (figure 29), the most important (“first choice”) among
adolescents resulted to be the taste of the product (for around 40% of ED consumers), the need for
energy (21%) and the need to stay awake (17%); also mentioned were consumption to enhance sport
performance (7%) and to treat hangover (4%).
The most common situations of ED consumption resulted to be “at home with friends during parties”
(for around 65% of consumers) and “at home in ordinary situations” (for around 56% of consumers).
Also discos and bar/pubs resulted to be quite common consumption situations, together with sport and
physical exercise (these three were mentioned by at least 40% of consumers).
Red Bull™ was by far the most popular brand among adolescents (it was mentioned as first choice
among the top-three ED brands by 48% of consumers), followed by Monster™ (22%). No other ED
brands were mentioned as first choice among the top-three ones by more than 5% of consumers.
Figure 29: Adolescents - Motivations for ED consumption (First choice) (Sample size: 20.713 – ED
consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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As previously seen for adults (§ 3.3.2.2), also in the case of adolescents data were elaborated
according to a specifically defined methodology (§ 2.3.5), in order to identify “high acute” and “high
chronic” consumers.
With reference to total respondents, prevalence of ED high acute consumption was about 8% and the
same share is recorded for the prevalence of high chronic consumption (figure 30).
As highlighted in figure 31, high chronic consumers represent around 17% of total ED consumers.
Figure 30: Adolescents - Prevalence of ED consumption for ED consumers, high acute consumers and
high chronic consumers on total respondents (Sample size: 31.070– Total respondents)
Similarly to adults, an overlap between “high acute” and “high chronic” profiles was observed in
adolescents, accounting for 4,5% of ED consumers (corresponding to 3% of total respondents). Again,
being this percentage smaller than the overall incidence of purely “high acute” and “high chronic”
consumers on total ED consumers, a dedicated analysis for “high acute” consumers will be provided at
§ 3.3.3.5.
Table 50: Adolescents – Overlap between high chronic and high acute groups of ED consumers
% on total ED consumers
High acute
Non high acute
Total
High chronic
4,5%
7,2%
11,7%
Non high chronic
7,2%
81,1%
88,3%
11,7%
88,3%
100,0%
Total
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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Considering the 16 MS involved in the survey, high chronic consumers had the lowest prevalence in
Italy and France (7% of total ED consumers) and the highest one in the Netherlands (27%) (figure 31).
Among ED consumers who declared to regularly smoke the percentage of high chronic ED consumers
was about 21%, while among total consumers this share decreases at 12%.
Concerning the different age groups of the target group “adolescents”, the highest prevalence of high
chronic ED consumers was recorded among consumers aged 10-14 (15% against 11% in 15-18 years
group).
Figure 31: Prevalence of high chronic ED consumption by country (Sample size: 20.713 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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Around 88% of high chronic consumers declared to have consumed ED in the three days before the
survey, compared to around 42% of total ED consumers. As for the frequency of consumption, around
47% of high chronic consumers drank ED every day. About 69% of high chronic consumers declared
to drink more than 10 cans of ED in an average month and with an average ED volume of around 7
L/month, against 18% of total consumers (figure 32).
Figure 32: Adolescents – Recent consumption acts: high chronic and total consumers (Sample size: 20.713 ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
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Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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3.3.3.2. Co-consumption of ED with alcohol
In the case of adolescents, the phenomenon of co-consumption of ED and alcohol involved, on
average, around 36% of the total population (figure 33) and around 53% of ED consumers.
Figure 33: Adolescents - Co-consumption of ED and alcohol (Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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drinks
Prevalence of co-consumption among ED consumers ranged from 29% in the Netherlands to 71% in
Austria48 (figure 34). When referring to total respondents, the prevalence ranged from 20% in the
Netherlands to 57% in Czech Republic.
Figure 34: Adolescents – Co-consumption of ED and alcohol by country (Sample size: 31.070 – Total
respondents; 20.713– ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
48
The highest prevalence of co-consumption of ED and alcohol was observed in Belgium (81%). Nevertheless,
due do the small dimension of the sample for Belgium, for which the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it
was preferred not to cite this figure.
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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drinks
Prevalence of co-consumption among ED consumers was higher in the 15-18 age group (59%: figure
35) than in the 10-14 one (32%). Even if the prevalence of co-consumption was slightly higher in the
male population (38% vs. 35%), prevalence among male ED consumers was lower than prevalence
among female ones (51% vs. 55% respectively).
Figure 35: Adolescents - Prevalence of co-consumption of ED and alcohol by age groups and gender
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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drinks
Consumers drinking ED and alcohol “about every time” or “often” accounted for 29% of the total
number of co-consumers. Co-consumption occurred every day for a relatively small share of coconsumers (7%); most consumers experienced co-consumption less frequently (16% once a week,
24% once-twice a month, 31% with lower frequency). Around 39% of co-consumers mixed ED and
alcohol more than twice in a single session (figure 36).
Figure 36: Adolescents - Co-consumption of ED and alcohol and related features
(Sample size: 20.713 – ED consumers)
(Sample size: 11.034 – ED consumers drinking ED and
alcohol)
(Sample size: 11.034 – ED consumers drinking ED (Sample size: 11.034– ED consumers drinking ED and
and alcohol)
alcohol)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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Among co-consumers, 31% of high chronic ones mixed ED and alcohol every day, while just 12% of
total co-consumers do the same. About 36% of high chronic consumers declared to drink ED in
association with alcohol about every time they drink ED (figure 37).
Figure 37: Adolescents – Monthly frequency of co-consumption of ED with alcohol: high chronic and total
co-consumers (Sample size: 11.034 – ED consumers drinking ED and alcohol; 2.077 – High chronic
consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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drinks
3.3.3.3. Consumption of ED during sport activities
Around 77% of ED consumers were found to usually practise sport or physical exercise, while around
41% of total ED consumers declared to consume ED before, during, or just after practising sport or
physical activities (figure 38).
Figure 38: Adolescents - Consumption of ED during sport activities (Sample size: 20.713- ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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Around 37% of ED consumers usually practising sport declared to associate ED consumption with
sport practice “about every time” or “often”. Around 14% of ED consumers usually practising sport
drank four or more cans of ED in a single sport session; 48% of them limited instead themselves to
one can only (figure 39).
Figure 39: Adolescents – Consumption of ED during sport practice and related features
(Sample size: 16.055 – ED consumers practicing (Sample size: 7.767 - ED consumers drinking ED during
sport activities)
sport)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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Prevalence of ED consumption during sport activities showed substantial differences at MS level
(figure 40): the lowest prevalence was recorded in Sweden (around 14% of ED consumers and 10% of
total respondents), while the highest prevalence was recorded in the United Kingdom (around 65% of
ED consumers and 45% of total respondents, reaching 81% of ED consumers practicing sport
activities).
Figure 40: Adolescents - Prevalence of ED consumption during sport activities by country (Sample size:
31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 - ED consumers; 16.055 - ED consumers practicing sport activities)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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The most common motivations behind ED consumption during sport activity (first choice: figure 41)
were ED capacity to increase endurance time at a high intensity (43%) and power (21%); also cited as
the most important reason were ED capacity to improve vitality (12%), concentration (11%), and
aerobic endurance (8%).
Figure 41: Adolescents - Motivations for consumption of ED during sport activity (Sample size: 7.767 – ED
consumers drinking ED during sport activities)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Around 65% of high chronic consumers drank ED during sport activities, while the prevalence was
41% among total consumers (figure 42).
Figure 42: Adolescents - Prevalence and frequency of consumption of ED during sport activities: high
chronic and total consumers (Sample size: 20.713 – ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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Around 62% of high chronic consumers drank ED in association with sport practice “about every
time” or “often” (figure 43), whereas this happened for just around 21% of ED consumers usually
practising sports.
Figure 43: Adolescents - Frequency of consumption of ED during sport practice: high chronic and ED
consumers practicing sport activities (Sample size: 16.055- ED consumers practicing sport activities; 2.077 –
High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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3.3.3.4. ED contribution to total exposure to relevant substances
Tables 51 and 52 report data on chronic exposure to caffeine for the different categories of
consumers, calculated on the basis of the methodology (§ 2.3.4.1).
Average caffeine exposure from ED varied from around 16 mg/day for total respondents to around 75
mg/day for high chronic consumers. Accordingly, total caffeine exposure (from ED and other products
in the diet) varied from around 150 mg/day (total respondents) to around 477 mg/day (high chronic
consumers), with an average caffeine exposure for ED consumers of around 185 mg/day. Average
caffeine exposure from ED in high chronic consumers was nearly three times the average value for
total ED consumers and was seven times higher than the average value for total respondents. ED
contribution to total caffeine exposure in high chronic consumers was around 16%, and not
remarkably higher than the average one (13%) applying for all ED consumers (table 51).
(a)
Table 51: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products
(values in
mg/day) (Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713- ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
exposure from ED:
Total respondents
15,91
3,63 0,00
340,70
17,67
41,08
79,39
32,45
ED consumers
23,51
8,00 0,01
340,70
20,31
58,10
106,64
37,08
High chronic consumers
75,08
Total exposure:
57,98 2,05
340,70
110,73
155,67
195,06
61,89
Total respondents
149,20
74,51 0,00 2395,54
170,52
329,87
505,87 239,68
ED consumers
184,92
101,85 0,62 2395,54
215,21
404,85
636,09 265,84
High chronic consumers
476,99
267,79 2,50 2395,54
574,70
1281,04
1895,09
536,38
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
Data for the chronic exposure to caffeine in mg//kg bw/day are provided in table 52. The total
exposure varied from 2,45 mg in total respondents to around 3 in ED consumers and 7,3 in high
chronic consumers.
The average ED contribution to total caffeine exposure was 13% in ED consumers and 16% in in high
chronic consumers (figure 44).
(a)
Table 52: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products
(values in mg/kg
bw/day) (Sample size: 31.072 – Total respondents; 20.709 - ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
exposure from ED:
Total respondents
0,26
0,06 0,00
6,95
0,25
0,71
1,20
0,53
ED consumers
0,38
0,15 0,00
6,95
0,41
0,94
1,59
0,60
High chronic consumers
Total exposure:
1,18
0,89 0,02
6,40
1,76
2,66
3,09
1,01
Total respondents
2,45
1,28 0,00
50,17
2,93
5,58
8,59
3,71
ED consumers
3,01
1,73 0,01
50,17
3,53
6,74
10,27
4,12
High chronic consumers
7,30
4,11 0,05
49,54
9,75
18,60
25,78
8,07
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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drinks
Figure 44: Adolescents - ED contribution to total daily exposure to caffeine (%) (Sample size: 20.713- ED
consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
As for the variations registered among different MS, it can be observed that:
chronic exposure to caffeine from ED for total respondents varied from around 6,9% (9
mg/day and 0,24 mg/kg bw/day) in Italy, to around 14,2% (22,3 mg/day and 0,39 mg/kg
bw/day) in the UK (tables 53 and 54);
chronic exposure to caffeine from ED for ED consumers varied from around 9% (around 16
mg/day) in the case of Italy to nearly 17% (around 32 mg/day) in the case of United Kingdom
(tables 55 and 56);
As for variations among different age groups, chronic exposure to caffeine from ED varied from
around 12% (corresponding to 23 mg/day) in adolescents aged 15-18, to around 15% (corresponding
to 26 mg/day) in the age group 10 - 14 years;
Some differences were also registered according to gender: the ED contribution was around 11%
(corresponding to 16 mg/day) for female consumers, around 14% (corresponding to 28 mg/day) for
male ones.
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considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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drinks
Table 53: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values
in mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
16,53
7,90
0
320,00
19,80
41,33
79,55
30,52
122,45
65,43
0
2.233,65
140,57
266,09
391,83
192,36
25,14
8,00
0
218,50
20,00
76,52
148,16
43,83
264,64
148,62
0
2.062,77
284,61
885,75
1217,75
386,71
10,36
2,56
0
340,70
8,30
21,73
44,27
27,62
107,34
51,78
0
2.116,23
113,98
247,46
389,53
182,62
15,42
7,70
0
210,27
19,24
40,96
66,11
26,16
134,73
80,89
0
1.959,07
162,83
303,37
424,64
179,18
15,29
2,67
0
227,20
11,36
40,00
82,67
33,33
167,58
79,37
0
2.229,59
210,85
406,56
525,67
258,63
13,89
2,76
0
326,00
10,22
39,73
58,25
31,30
141,36
86,12
0
1.281,04
177,81
316,10
488,11
168,92
13,19
2,64
0
305,60
11,13
39,03
57,50
28,94
129,48
54,89
0
2.229,14
142,91
305,28
477,69
221,42
9,34
0,00
0
314,00
7,90
20,08
40,99
27,91
95,91
40,08
0
2.153,32
101,53
230,05
336,17
172,17
18,59
7,81
0
320,00
19,96
41,33
80,00
34,25
153,50
84,37
0
2.204,71
188,90
351,40
497,89
216,03
8,94
2,64
0
226,49
7,99
20,00
41,12
21,27
130,48
70,18
0
2.395,54
159,20
298,98
426,84
199,76
exposure from ED
13,04
2,67
0
317,13
10,94
40,49
57,98
26,62
total exposure
98,91
56,54
0
2.189,21
113,11
214,66
302,91
171,12
16,20
3,79
0
320,00
19,35
41,33
76,83
32,71
171,44
101,85
0
2.361,57
195,83
373,18
534,73
237,54
17,79
7,58
0
211,13
20,00
41,76
101,39
29,96
143,15
78,57
0
2.110,16
163,02
334,09
463,51
220,24
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
12,60
2,66
0
224,89
11,09
38,60
57,98
25,98
total exposure
95,92
41,00
0
2.060,74
111,10
254,59
363,82
161,53
13,63
2,67
0
296,07
11,13
39,45
58,70
29,87
122,15
46,77
0
2.228,34
129,03
302,69
461,71
227,97
22,29
7,57
0
304,00
19,63
66,69
123,45
40,90
156,48
63,48
0
2.190,67
165,13
323,28
672,59
288,98
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
% from
ED/Total
13,5%
9,5%
9,7%
11,4%
9,1%
9,8%
10,2%
9,7%
12,1%
6,9%
13,2%
9,4%
12,4%
13,1%
11,2%
14,2%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
111
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 54: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values
in mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
exposure from ED
0,28
0,12
0
4,94
0,31
0,75
1,33
0,52
total exposure
2,14
1,17
0
46,47
2,48
4,62
7,00
3,42
exposure from ED
0,44
0,14
0
3,97
0,43
1,23
3,04
0,82
total exposure
4,19
2,37
0
25,78
4,28
15,09
19,12
5,74
exposure from ED
0,18
0,04
0
5,41
0,16
0,45
0,77
0,45
total exposure
1,88
0,94
0
50,17
2,06
4,42
6,71
3,14
exposure from ED
0,25
0,11
0
3,77
0,28
0,66
1,00
0,42
total exposure
2,17
1,32
0
43,47
2,65
4,90
7,15
2,88
exposure from ED
0,23
0,05
0
4,92
0,19
0,61
1,20
0,49
total exposure
2,56
1,26
0
40,89
3,39
6,30
8,22
3,87
exposure from ED
0,23
0,06
0
5,02
0,18
0,61
0,97
0,48
total exposure
2,42
1,51
0
20,02
3,26
5,53
8,11
2,79
exposure from ED
0,22
0,05
0
6,95
0,20
0,62
1,04
0,48
total exposure
2,18
1,03
0
49,54
2,50
5,10
7,83
3,68
exposure from ED
0,14
0,00
0
4,48
0,12
0,34
0,61
0,40
total exposure
1,47
0,69
0
42,24
1,63
3,58
5,51
2,44
exposure from ED
0,29
0,11
0
5,61
0,34
0,77
1,23
0,53
total exposure
2,46
1,40
0
42,85
3,08
5,62
8,39
3,32
exposure from ED
0,14
0,04
0
4,26
0,14
0,37
0,67
0,34
total exposure
2,15
1,19
0
47,41
2,62
4,88
7,16
3,16
exposure from ED
0,24
0,06
0
3,59
0,20
0,67
1,09
0,46
total exposure
1,82
1,05
0
45,87
2,14
3,93
5,63
3,01
exposure from ED
0,26
0,07
0
6,40
0,25
0,69
1,07
0,53
total exposure
2,79
1,68
0
48,14
3,24
6,26
9,04
3,76
exposure from ED
0,32
0,11
0
4,69
0,39
0,89
1,43
0,55
total exposure
2,63
1,45
0
44,56
3,09
5,99
8,67
3,91
exposure from ED
0,21
0,05
0
4,59
0,20
0,59
1,02
0,43
total exposure
1,62
0,71
0
29,63
1,99
4,31
6,09
2,53
exposure from ED
0,20
0,05
0
4,14
0,16
0,52
1,02
0,44
total exposure
1,86
0,72
0
47,00
1,97
4,72
6,83
3,54
exposure from ED
0,39
0,12
0
4,83
0,40
1,23
2,02
0,73
total exposure
2,64
1,18
0
31,77
2,95
6,18
10,33
4,26
% from
ED/Total
13,2%
10,6%
9,3%
11,3%
8,8%
9,4%
10,0%
9,4%
11,9%
6,7%
13,1%
9,2%
12,2%
13,2%
10,9%
14,9%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
112
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 55: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products
covered by the survey (values in mg/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
(a)
in the 16 MS
StdDev
22,05
8,00
1,07
320,00
20,00
57,78
105,76
33,49
140,77
80,77
2,58
2.233,65
159,37
296,11
438,42
207,41
29,55
11,18
2,51
218,50
27,83
112,90
152,49
46,17
304,22
178,24
5,82
2.062,77
334,70
1015,87
1301,61
405,93
19,64
8,20
0,26
340,70
20,08
43,21
75,70
35,57
153,11
82,25
1,36
2.116,23
175,13
329,22
519,11
227,52
18,88
7,97
0,10
210,27
19,92
41,36
79,74
27,80
148,73
91,10
2,56
1.959,07
181,31
328,25
445,48
186,23
23,58
8,00
0,11
227,20
21,06
66,02
106,67
38,97
210,24
118,32
1,60
2.229,59
282,76
467,21
594,25
287,96
21,07
8,00
0,11
326,00
20,00
45,23
80,75
36,55
172,36
110,41
2,34
1.281,04
213,29
415,17
580,33
190,08
21,90
8,00
0,79
305,60
20,00
55,48
81,65
34,65
173,20
88,68
2,50
2.229,14
205,20
400,95
629,39
257,82
19,33
7,96
0,10
314,00
19,63
41,20
80,25
37,69
143,20
75,57
2,08
2.153,32
158,92
312,80
551,38
213,67
23,74
8,00
0,26
320,00
26,87
56,95
105,07
37,09
176,18
104,63
2,50
2.204,71
217,11
395,24
546,67
228,89
15,97
7,94
0,02
226,49
19,76
40,91
58,39
26,38
172,45
102,45
2,13
2.395,54
214,07
367,92
503,06
232,94
19,57
7,97
0,81
317,13
20,00
41,33
79,36
30,59
121,02
70,59
2,63
2.189,21
138,09
237,99
348,36
199,48
22,24
8,00
0,01
320,00
20,00
56,00
104,57
36,53
198,81
118,71
2,43
2.361,57
232,73
416,74
629,56
259,30
25,51
9,24
0,11
211,13
39,14
76,26
106,66
33,03
183,76
110,91
2,67
2.110,16
215,77
391,80
580,77
248,81
20,36
8,00
0,10
224,89
19,96
56,31
80,48
30,54
127,60
63,63
0,62
2.060,74
150,93
307,36
432,39
188,00
19,79
7,92
0,21
296,07
19,84
42,96
90,12
34,26
155,78
70,57
0,65
2.228,34
184,15
343,83
553,15
258,15
32,11
11,22
2,07
304,00
39,00
99,31
145,67
45,77
189,86
91,83
2,07
2.190,67
209,13
422,31
796,85
309,77
% from
ED/Total
15,7%
9,7%
12,8%
12,7%
11,2%
12,2%
12,6%
13,5%
13,5%
9,3%
16,2%
11,2%
13,9%
16,0%
12,7%
16,9%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
113
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
In table 56, data on exposure to caffeine are expressed in mg/kg bw/day. The highest exposure to
caffeine deriving from ED was reported for United Kingdom’s consumers (0,57 mg/kg bw/day), while
the lowest value was registered in Italy (0,26 mg/kg bw/day).
Table 56: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products
covered by the survey (values in mg/kg bw/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
(a)
in the 16 MS
StdDev
exposure from ED
0,38
0,15
0,02
4,94
0,38
0,91
1,65
0,58
total exposure
2,41
1,40
0,03
46,47
2,76
5,08
7,42
3,62
exposure from ED
0,52
0,18
0,02
3,97
0,45
1,95
3,05
0,87
total exposure
4,80
2,93
0,10
25,78
4,66
15,76
20,06
6,00
exposure from ED
0,33
0,15
0,00
5,41
0,35
0,75
1,31
0,57
total exposure
2,64
1,43
0,02
50,17
2,90
5,95
9,02
3,93
exposure from ED
0,30
0,13
0,00
3,77
0,33
0,74
1,18
0,44
total exposure
2,39
1,47
0,03
43,47
2,92
5,28
7,46
3,01
exposure from ED
0,35
0,13
0,00
4,92
0,36
0,95
1,61
0,57
total exposure
3,16
1,81
0,01
40,89
4,17
7,06
9,63
4,21
exposure from ED
0,35
0,15
0,00
5,02
0,36
0,81
1,44
0,56
total exposure
2,90
1,91
0,04
20,02
3,74
6,26
9,24
3,10
exposure from ED
0,36
0,16
0,02
6,95
0,39
0,92
1,34
0,57
total exposure
2,84
1,51
0,04
49,54
3,32
6,42
10,55
4,27
exposure from ED
0,29
0,12
0,00
4,48
0,27
0,63
1,04
0,54
total exposure
2,14
1,18
0,03
42,24
2,39
4,89
7,79
3,01
exposure from ED
0,38
0,15
0,01
5,61
0,42
0,90
1,46
0,57
total exposure
2,82
1,72
0,02
42,85
3,46
6,45
9,21
3,54
exposure from ED
0,26
0,12
0,00
4,26
0,28
0,62
0,98
0,42
total exposure
2,76
1,68
0,03
47,41
3,44
6,17
8,37
3,57
exposure from ED
0,36
0,16
0,01
3,59
0,41
0,89
1,44
0,52
total exposure
2,20
1,31
0,05
45,87
2,58
4,47
6,43
3,47
exposure from ED
0,35
0,15
0,00
6,40
0,37
0,84
1,44
0,59
total exposure
3,20
1,91
0,02
48,14
3,76
7,16
10,28
4,13
exposure from ED
0,46
0,19
0,00
4,69
0,62
1,24
1,85
0,60
total exposure
3,33
2,09
0,05
44,56
4,07
7,33
10,28
4,40
exposure from ED
0,35
0,16
0,00
4,59
0,40
0,89
1,34
0,51
total exposure
2,13
1,11
0,01
29,63
2,56
5,22
7,47
2,90
exposure from ED
0,30
0,11
0,00
4,14
0,30
0,75
1,43
0,50
total exposure
2,36
1,08
0,01
47,00
2,58
5,54
8,71
4,04
exposure from ED
0,57
0,21
0,02
4,83
0,63
1,59
2,33
0,82
total exposure
3,21
1,64
0,02
31,77
3,55
7,23
13,36
4,62
% from
ED/Total
15,7%
10,9%
12,6%
12,6%
11,0%
11,9%
12,7%
13,4%
13,3%
9,3%
16,3%
11,0%
13,8%
16,2%
12,5%
17,7%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
114
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 45 focuses on the average values of ED contribution to total caffeine exposure for the 16 MS
covered by the study, considering both total respondents and ED consumers. The relative contribution
from ED in total respondents varies from around 6% in Greece to 14% in Austria, while referring only
to ED consumers the relative contribution varies from 9% in Italy to around 17% in the UK.
Figure 45: Adolescents - ED contribution to total daily exposure to caffeine (%) by country
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 –ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
115
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Also in the case of adolescents, as already seen for adults (§ 3.3.2.5), differences in the total exposure
to active ingredients other than caffeine (i.e. taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone) among total
respondents, ED consumers, and high chronic consumers were higher than the differences already
described for the case of caffeine.
Exposure to taurine from ED varied from an average value of 192 mg/day in total respondents, to
around 283 mg/day in ED consumers, till around 924 in high chronic consumers (tables 57 and 58).
Table 57: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/day)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 - ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
192,01
33,33 0,00
4000
ED consumers
283,88
100,00 0,00
4000
924,34 733,67 0,00
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
4000
High chronic consumers
196,25
516,67
994,00 405,19
250,00
733,67
1333,33 465,05
1333,33
2000,00
2366,67 795,41
Table 58: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/kg bw/day)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 - ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
3,14
0,67 0,00
90,91
2,91
8,61
14,72
6,60
ED consumers
4,63
1,82 0,00
90,91
4,90
11,48
18,81
7,56
10,33 0,00
80,00
21,42
33,81
41,16
13,09
High chronic consumers
14,53
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
116
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With regards to differences among MS, it is worth noting that:
for total respondents, average value of exposure to taurine ranged from around 100 mg/day
(corresponding to 1,62 mg/kg bw/day) in Italy, to around 284 mg/day (corresponding to 5
mg/kg bw/day) in United Kingdom (tables 58 and 59);
for ED consumers the highest value in absolute terms – around 410 mg/day in the United
Kingdom (corresponding to around 7mg/kg bw/day) – was more than twice the lowest one
(around 180 mg/day corresponding to around 3 mg/kg bw/day in Italy: tables 60 and 61).
With regards to differences between genders, exposure was around 345 mg/day in male ED
consumers, versus around 213 mg/day in female ones.
Table 59: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values
in mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
178,93
64,55
0 3075,00
180,63
516,67
833,33
349,48
Belgium
302,22
85,00
0 2840,00
250,00
960,00
1893,33
564,87
Cyprus
120,32
13,33
0 4000,00
100,00
250,00
516,67
327,04
Czech Republic
191,02
100,00
0 2666,67
250,00
516,67
833,33
332,58
Finland
191,75
33,33
0 2840,00
142,00
500,00
1033,33
420,09
France
157,14
33,33
0 4000,00
100,00
362,92
733,67
372,85
Germany
165,07
33,33
0 4000,00
142,00
500,00
733,67
368,19
Greece
106,66
0,00
0 4000,00
100,00
250,00
516,67
326,05
Hungary
229,50
100,00
0 4000,00
250,00
516,67
1000,00
433,88
Italy
100,98
13,33
0 2840,00
100,00
250,00
516,67
260,87
Netherlands
160,62
33,33
0 3750,00
100,00
516,67
733,67
332,94
Poland
195,81
47,33
0 4000,00
200,00
516,67
800,00
405,17
Romania
209,31
40,00
0 2666,67
250,00
516,67
1183,33
369,52
Spain
148,54
33,33
0 2840,00
142,00
355,00
733,67
324,06
Sweden
163,04
33,33
0 2840,00
142,00
465,00
733,67
358,17
United Kingdom
284,45 100,00
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0 4000,00
250,00
850,00
1641,67
526,56
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
117
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 60: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values
in mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
3,06
1,02
0
61,45
3,00
8,13
14,16
6,05
Belgium
5,35
1,43
0
51,64
4,46
15,40
38,77
10,64
Cyprus
2,05
0,27
0
63,11
1,87
5,46
8,88
5,39
Czech Republic
3,03
1,22
0
47,33
3,38
8,34
12,55
5,31
Finland
2,83
0,61
0
61,74
2,37
7,69
15,11
6,18
France
2,57
0,62
0
61,54
2,13
6,78
10,78
5,79
Germany
2,73
0,61
0
90,91
2,50
7,72
13,34
6,13
Greece
1,58
0,00
0
54,79
1,35
3,95
7,38
4,64
Hungary
3,63
1,31
0
72,73
4,17
9,41
15,43
6,73
Italy
1,62
0,24
0
53,33
1,54
4,24
7,62
4,11
Netherlands
2,94
0,74
0
47,33
2,50
8,08
13,34
5,75
Poland
3,09
0,75
0
80,00
2,96
7,96
13,34
6,49
Romania
3,76
0,95
0
59,26
4,44
10,51
17,47
6,76
Spain
2,52
0,56
0
57,96
2,22
7,10
12,34
5,41
Sweden
2,43
0,60
0
51,64
2,00
6,42
11,29
5,26
1,52
0
63,49
5,00
15,78
26,04
9,42
United Kingdom
5,03
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Table 61: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values
in mg/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
238,76
100,00
3 3075,00
250,00
516,67
1033,33
385,63
Belgium
355,24
130,68
10 2840,00
253,69
1413,33
1904,00
597,40
Cyprus
228,14
100,00
0 4000,00
250,00
516,67
733,67
422,26
Czech Republic
233,83
100,00
0 2666,67
250,00
516,67
1000,00
354,10
Finland
295,75
100,00
0 2840,00
250,00
833,33
1333,33
491,42
France
238,39
100,00
1 4000,00
250,00
516,67
944,94
437,78
Germany
274,17
100,00
0 4000,00
250,00
733,67
1033,33
441,98
Greece
220,84
100,00
0 4000,00
225,00
516,67
800,00
441,62
Hungary
293,08
100,00
0 4000,00
250,00
733,33
1333,33
470,94
Italy
180,40
100,00
0 2840,00
173,59
512,60
733,67
327,49
Netherlands
241,04
100,00
0 3750,00
250,00
516,67
1000,00
383,44
Poland
268,79
100,00
0 4000,00
250,00
700,00
1183,33
453,59
Romania
300,26
100,00
1 2666,67
355,00
733,67
1333,33
410,64
Spain
240,07
100,00
0 2840,00
250,00
718,00
1033,33
384,44
Sweden
236,69
100,00
0 2840,00
250,00
516,67
1033,33
410,91
United Kingdom
409,73 142,00
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
6 4000,00
500,00
1230,67
1893,33
590,05
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
118
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 62: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values
in mg/kg bw/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
4,08
1,67
0
61,45
4,31
9,94
17,56
6,68
Belgium
6,29
2,18
0
51,64
5,12
24,27
39,41
11,29
Cyprus
3,89
1,79
0
63,11
4,02
8,63
13,54
6,93
Czech Republic
3,71
1,67
0
47,33
4,17
9,39
14,44
5,65
Finland
4,37
1,56
0
61,74
4,55
11,83
20,11
7,22
France
3,90
1,72
0
61,54
4,31
9,39
14,71
6,76
Germany
4,54
1,92
0
90,91
5,00
11,47
17,05
7,36
Greece
3,27
1,43
0
54,79
3,08
7,38
11,81
6,24
Hungary
4,63
1,82
0
72,73
5,10
11,23
18,50
7,30
Italy
2,89
1,31
0
53,33
2,91
6,88
11,48
5,15
Netherlands
4,41
1,95
0
47,33
5,04
10,86
18,38
6,57
Poland
4,24
1,72
0
80,00
4,55
10,33
16,67
7,28
Romania
5,40
2,22
0
59,26
7,40
14,54
21,10
7,53
Spain
4,07
1,79
0
57,96
4,55
11,03
16,47
6,40
Sweden
3,53
1,42
0
51,64
3,52
8,69
15,54
6,03
2,63
0
63,49
7,95
21,21
30,30
10,58
United Kingdom
7,25
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
119
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Contribution from ED to chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone in high chronic consumers was
more than three times the average value for all ED consumers, and over four times the average value
for total respondents (tables 63 and 64).
Table 63: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/day)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 - ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
67,72
14,00
0
2400
60,00
159,75
310 167,29
100,14
32,68
0
2400
105,00
248,00
420 195,09
High chronic consumers
311,60 156,49
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
0
2400
425,00
875,00
1136 368,58
ED consumers
Table 64: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/kg bw/day)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 - ED consumers; 2.077 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
1,12
0,22
0
43,64
0,96
ED consumers
1,65
0,55
0
43,64
1,67
2,56
0
43,64
6,73
High chronic consumers
4,98
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
2,82
5,22
2,73
4,13
6,77
3,18
14,20
18,26
6,11
120
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Focussing on the differences registered among MS, with reference to the chronic exposure to Dglucurono-y-lactone, it can be highlighted that:
with regards to total respondents, average exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone ranged from
around 41 mg/day (0,60 mg/kg bw/day) in Greece, to around 104,5 mg/day (1,91 mg/kg
bw/day) in Romania49 (tables 65 and 66);
with regards to ED contribution in ED consumers, values varied from around 51 mg/day in
Czech Republic to around 150 mg/day in Romania;
Similarly to what observed for taurine, some differences also appeared between genders: ED
contribution to total exposure was around 117 mg/day for male ED consumers, versus around 80
mg/day for female ones.
Table 65: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
95,94
24,00
0 2400,00
85,20
279,00
440,20
196,48
Belgium
105,21
40,00
0 1136,00
120,00
213,00
662,00
208,98
Cyprus
46,04
0,00
0 2160,00
30,00
105,00
191,70
149,52
Czech Republic
41,73
6,00
0 1200,00
30,00
105,00
205,37
112,40
Finland
59,04
6,39
0 1600,00
33,00
139,52
300,00
168,77
France
62,59
15,06
0 2400,00
57,00
150,00
265,01
163,55
Germany
54,39
6,00
0 1695,48
42,00
149,19
270,69
151,08
Greece
40,86
0,00
0 1704,00
20,08
80,94
150,00
151,00
Hungary
41,51
4,00
0 2160,00
26,25
93,00
186,00
132,10
Italy
46,05
5,63
0 1704,00
42,00
120,00
213,00
127,48
Netherlands
69,85
19,00
0 1831,25
60,00
186,00
310,00
156,82
Poland
51,84
8,00
0 2400,00
42,00
124,00
253,65
143,11
104,45
20,00
0 1600,00
136,25
310,00
500,00
191,94
Spain
46,10
4,92
0 1704,00
36,00
124,72
217,00
126,36
Sweden
67,39
16,60
0 1600,00
59,64
155,00
310,00
162,44
15,00
0 1600,00
66,56
215,00
397,14
181,62
Romania
United Kingdom
81,08
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
49
The highest chronic exposure to glucuronolactone on total respondents was observed in Belgium (105 mg/day
corresponding to 1,95 mg/kg bw/day). Nevertheless, due do the small dimension of the sample for Belgium, for
which the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it was preferred not to cite this figure.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
121
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 66: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
1,64
0,44
0
36,86
1,42
4,46
7,08
3,34
Belgium
1,95
0,54
0
24,70
1,76
3,60
11,82
4,42
Cyprus
0,77
0,00
0
37,87
0,54
1,88
3,48
2,42
Czech Republic
0,66
0,10
0
22,72
0,50
1,61
3,13
1,80
Finland
0,87
0,10
0
33,34
0,51
2,06
4,25
2,50
France
1,01
0,26
0
36,92
0,97
2,72
4,57
2,43
Germany
0,89
0,10
0
29,43
0,67
2,45
4,44
2,30
Greece
0,60
0,00
0
27,61
0,36
1,24
2,50
2,06
Hungary
0,64
0,06
0
27,88
0,43
1,50
3,10
1,95
Italy
0,74
0,09
0
30,98
0,65
1,90
3,30
2,00
Netherlands
1,25
0,33
0
21,82
1,13
3,56
5,64
2,50
Poland
0,81
0,13
0
43,64
0,65
2,00
3,88
2,26
Romania
1,91
0,43
0
35,56
2,28
5,58
9,10
3,60
Spain
0,78
0,08
0
26,08
0,60
2,12
3,78
2,08
Sweden
1,01
0,25
0
23,24
0,86
2,54
5,21
2,37
0,27
0
29,09
1,33
3,68
7,53
3,23
United Kingdom
1,44
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Table 67: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
128,02
56,70
0 2400,00
135,00
310,00
567,00
217,74
Belgium
123,67
48,00
0 1136,00
129,78
247,44
817,76
221,69
Cyprus
87,30
28,97
0 2160,00
75,00
186,00
328,14
197,00
Czech Republic
51,09
14,00
0 1200,00
45,00
127,20
248,00
122,42
Finland
91,06
20,00
0 1600,00
68,20
226,84
440,20
202,56
France
94,96
42,00
0 2400,00
93,00
217,00
374,17
193,73
Germany
90,33
30,00
0 1695,48
85,20
240,00
358,43
186,24
Greece
84,61
22,68
0 1704,00
60,00
150,00
310,00
208,66
Hungary
53,01
10,00
0 2160,00
40,30
124,00
248,00
147,23
Italy
82,27
28,40
0 1704,00
68,62
185,82
310,00
161,42
104,83
48,00
0 1831,25
132,47
279,00
419,46
182,35
71,16
18,00
0 2400,00
60,00
174,69
308,40
163,53
149,83
60,00
0 1600,00
170,50
323,75
704,32
214,63
Spain
74,50
21,30
0 1704,00
60,86
175,51
310,00
153,94
Sweden
97,83
30,00
0 1600,00
90,00
270,75
426,44
187,99
45,00
0 1600,00
120,00
310,00
528,24
208,24
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
United Kingdom
116,78
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
122
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
The highest contribution from ED to D-glucurono-y-lactone exposure was recorded in Romania (2,74
mg/kg bw/day, against an average value of 1,65 mg/day/kg for total ED consumers).
Table 68: Adolescents – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/kg bw/day) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
2,18
0,93
0
36,86
2,32
5,52
8,82
3,70
Belgium
2,29
0,86
0
24,70
2,19
3,95
15,82
4,71
Cyprus
1,46
0,48
0
37,87
1,26
3,40
5,49
3,18
Czech Republic
0,81
0,20
0
22,72
0,69
2,02
3,70
1,96
Finland
1,34
0,34
0
33,34
1,09
3,43
6,55
3,00
France
1,54
0,65
0
36,92
1,63
3,67
5,64
2,85
Germany
1,47
0,47
0
29,43
1,50
4,01
6,12
2,81
Greece
1,24
0,39
0
27,61
1,07
2,59
4,43
2,83
Hungary
0,82
0,17
0
27,88
0,64
2,02
3,82
2,17
Italy
1,32
0,49
0
30,98
1,25
3,00
5,17
2,53
Netherlands
1,88
0,86
0
21,82
2,34
4,98
7,71
2,87
Poland
1,12
0,30
0
43,64
0,99
2,72
4,94
2,58
Romania
2,74
1,15
0
35,56
3,49
6,77
10,79
4,04
Spain
1,27
0,39
0
26,08
1,14
3,26
5,46
2,53
Sweden
1,46
0,45
0
23,24
1,32
3,88
6,52
2,73
0,75
0
29,09
2,17
5,54
9,57
3,71
United Kingdom
2,07
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
123
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.3.5. ED acute consumption: analysis on high acute consumers
As previously seen for adults (§ 3.3.2.2), also in the case of adolescents data were elaborated
according to a specifically defined methodology, in order to identify “high acute” consumers (§ 2.3.5).
High acute consumers represented around 12% of total ED consumers; prevalence of high acute
consumers ranged from 7% of total ED consumers in Romania and the Netherlands to 17% in
Germany and Sweden50 (figure 46).
Figure 46: Adolescents – Prevalence of high acute ED consumption by country (Sample size: 20.713 – ED
consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Prevalence of high acute consumption was slightly higher in the 15-18 years age group towards the
younger one (12% and 11% respectively). It reached a share of 23% among smokers (ED consumers
who declare to regularly smoke), while among non-smoker consumers it was around 9%.
Around 54% of high acute consumers declared to have consumed more than 4 cans of ED in a single
session of consumption over the last year. About 50% of high acute consumers among the adolescents
involved in the survey have drunk 4 or more cocktails of ED and alcohol in a single session. Then,
22% of high acute consumers declared of having drunk more than 4 cans of ED during sport activities
(figure 47).
50
The highest prevalence of high acute ED consumption was observed in Belgium (26%). Nevertheless, due do
the small dimension of the sample for Belgium, for which the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it was
preferred not to cite this figure.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
124
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 47: Adolescents - ED consumption: high acute and total consumers (Sample size: 20.713 – ED
consumers; 2.170 – High acute consumers; 11.034 – ED consumers drinking ED and alcohol; 16.055 - ED
consumers practicing sport activities)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
125
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
126
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.3.6. Exposure to active ingredients in high acute adolescent consumers
Tables 69 and 70 illustrate the average values of acute exposure to caffeine of total respondents, ED
consumers and high acute consumers. Values in mg/single session varied from around 119 mg for total
respondents, to 175 for ED consumers till around 458 for high acute consumers.
Table 69: Adolescents – Acute exposure to caffeine from ED (values in mg/single session)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713 - ED consumers; 2.170 – High acute consumers)
Mean Median
Total respondents
118,63
79,84
ED consumers
175,62
High acute consumers
457,98
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
0,00
1.110,25
159,96
316,10
397,56
135,76
149,00
0,32
1.110,25
229,80
340,80
449,51
131,45
426,67
197,50
1.110,25
546,26
614,85
760,00
119,59
Table 70: Adolescents – Acute exposure to caffeine from ED (values in mg/kg bw/single session)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713- ED consumers; 2.170 – High acute consumers)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
1,97
1,44
0,00
17,78
2,84
4,92
6,43
2,24
ED consumers
2,92
2,13
0,00
17,78
3,67
5,82
7,24
2,16
High acute consumers
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
7,21
6,76
2,06
17,78
8,66
10,83
11,87
2,39
Also with respect to acute exposure to caffeine from ED, some differences were observed at MS level:
as for total respondents, acute exposure to caffeine ranged from around 83 mg/single session
(1,32 mg/kg bw/single session) in the case of Greece, to nearly 146 mg/single session (2,34
mg/kg bw/single session) in the case of Czech Republic51 (tables 71 and 72);
as for ED consumers, the highest value of acute exposure to caffeine was registered in
Germany52, with around 202 mg/single session (3,44 mg/kg bw/single session) Belgium, with
around 226 mg/single session (3,77 mg/kg bw/single session) (tables 73 and 74).
As for differences among age groups, the average value of acute exposure to caffeine for total
respondents was around 130 mg/single session in adolescents aged 15-18, versus around 92 mg/single
session in the age group between 10 and 14 years;
With regards to differences between genders, male respondents presented an average acute exposure to
caffeine equal to about 140 mg/single session, against 100 mg/single session registered for female
respondents.
51
The highest acute exposure to caffeine on total respondents was observed in Belgium (192 mg/single session
corresponding to 3,21 mg/kg bw/single session). Nevertheless, due do the small dimension of the sample for
Belgium, for which the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it was preferred not to cite this figure.
52
The highest acute exposure to caffeine on ED consumers was observed in Belgium (226 mg/single session and
3,77 mg/kg bw/single session). Nevertheless, due do the small dimension of the sample for Belgium, for which
the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it was preferred not to cite this figure.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
127
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 71: Adolescents – Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
143,38
80,82
0
800,00
237,08
337,93
400,00
133,05
Belgium
192,38
159,35
0
779,38
240,00
449,88
540,75
171,77
Cyprus
99,15
76,43
0
851,75
160,85
309,80
352,90
133,37
Czech Republic
145,96
109,66
0
805,00
220,17
320,24
398,59
130,75
Finland
113,50
80,00
0
800,00
159,50
320,00
400,00
144,17
France
105,81
79,84
0
652,00
159,19
239,30
338,24
118,60
Germany
121,88
77,53
0
920,05
159,89
322,44
447,21
155,29
82,84
0,00
0
785,00
113,60
237,53
343,95
122,43
136,65
80,00
0
800,00
160,01
320,00
400,00
130,66
87,36
79,03
0
799,84
153,44
236,29
329,87
113,11
Netherlands
105,56
79,55
0
781,15
158,35
240,00
320,00
117,32
Poland
110,44
80,00
0
800,00
158,38
240,00
340,80
117,49
Romania
103,67
79,68
0
800,00
156,13
240,00
323,88
115,82
97,02
78,09
0
822,50
153,15
237,08
329,28
119,35
138,36
80,00
0
1.110,25
224,87
339,42
449,87
153,31
United Kingdom
125,66
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
79,19
0
800,00
159,00
316,70
409,31
142,44
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Spain
Sweden
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
128
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 72: Adolescents - Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/single session) - Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
2,47
1,78
0,00
15,42
3,75
5,85
7,01
2,32
Belgium
3,21
2,37
0,00
11,58
4,90
7,88
9,59
2,97
Cyprus
1,73
1,12
0,00
13,74
2,73
4,97
6,27
2,31
Czech Republic
2,34
1,75
0,00
16,34
3,24
5,16
6,45
2,09
Finland
1,71
1,33
0,00
16,00
2,27
4,27
6,15
2,14
France
1,81
1,43
0,00
11,24
2,67
4,41
5,80
2,01
Germany
2,07
1,35
0,00
15,35
3,05
5,78
7,59
2,63
Greece
1,31
0,00
0,00
14,88
1,83
3,81
5,20
1,96
Hungary
2,23
1,54
0,00
17,78
3,14
5,31
6,68
2,17
Italy
1,44
1,13
0,00
17,77
2,10
3,74
5,23
1,90
Netherlands
1,98
1,51
0,00
16,76
2,86
5,17
6,38
2,22
Poland
1,79
1,38
0,00
15,99
2,35
4,25
5,62
1,92
Romania
1,92
1,59
0,00
17,59
2,61
4,64
6,27
2,14
Spain
1,69
1,33
0,00
16,35
2,34
4,45
5,78
2,07
Sweden
2,07
1,43
0,00
11,88
3,19
5,33
6,88
2,24
United Kingdom
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
2,24
1,67
0,00
14,55
3,21
5,52
7,12
2,50
Table 73: Adolescents - Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean Median
Min
Max
Austria
191,32
159,68
32,00
800,00
240,00
397,20
400,00
120,20
Belgium
226,13
160,00
67,57
779,38
340,75
454,36
548,73
164,33
Cyprus
188,02
159,96
7,72
851,75
245,91
349,80
435,64
130,46
Czech Republic
178,67
155,60
3,07
805,00
235,13
335,90
400,78
122,80
Finland
175,06
113,60
3,20
800,00
164,50
340,80
490,80
145,89
France
160,52
113,14
3,23
652,00
224,43
318,70
397,53
112,04
Germany
202,44
153,89
21,00
920,05
302,70
426,73
546,70
154,10
Greece
171,53
116,62
3,07
785,00
223,35
359,67
445,08
125,80
Hungary
174,51
154,80
3,20
800,00
236,10
375,00
400,00
123,26
Italy
156,06
112,22
0,61
799,84
165,85
319,91
398,38
110,15
Netherlands
158,41
113,60
16,17
781,15
217,26
316,10
394,28
110,82
Poland
151,61
85,66
0,32
800,00
160,00
320,00
395,13
112,72
Romania
148,72
85,66
3,20
800,00
160,00
314,22
383,32
112,00
Spain
156,81
109,91
3,07
822,50
217,84
319,83
397,93
116,81
Sweden
200,86
158,38
6,37
1.110,25
249,00
400,00
513,98
146,85
United Kingdom
181,00
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
150,00
60,00
800,00
227,20
340,80
468,00
138,58
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
129
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 74: Adolescents - Acute exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
3,30
2,75
0,53
15,42
4,53
6,35
7,27
2,11
Belgium
3,77
2,75
0,68
11,58
5,65
8,67
10,07
2,87
Cyprus
3,27
2,63
0,12
13,74
4,34
6,17
7,59
2,25
Czech Republic
2,86
2,31
0,08
16,34
3,69
5,64
6,90
1,96
Finland
2,64
1,88
0,05
16,00
2,91
5,34
7,38
2,15
France
2,74
2,00
0,06
11,24
3,54
5,14
6,32
1,89
Germany
3,44
2,57
0,42
15,35
4,52
6,82
9,20
2,61
Greece
2,71
1,92
0,06
14,88
3,42
5,24
6,88
2,04
Hungary
2,85
2,13
0,07
17,78
3,66
5,85
7,11
2,06
Italy
2,57
1,85
0,01
17,77
3,16
4,99
6,40
1,87
Netherlands
2,97
2,21
0,16
16,76
3,73
5,87
7,23
2,11
Poland
2,45
1,67
0,00
15,99
3,02
4,88
6,28
1,85
Romania
2,75
1,88
0,06
17,59
3,33
5,34
7,05
2,07
Spain
2,73
1,93
0,05
16,35
3,41
5,33
6,77
2,03
Sweden
3,00
2,32
0,14
11,88
4,06
6,06
7,51
2,12
United Kingdom
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
3,23
2,37
0,64
14,55
4,08
6,54
8,47
2,41
Acute exposure to taurine from ED in high acute consumers was more than two times the average
value for all ED consumers, and over four times the average value for total respondents (tables 75 and
76).
Table 75: Adolescents – Acute exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/single session)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713- ED consumers; 2.170 – High acute consumers)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
Total respondents
1.414,48
1.000
0
10.000
2.000
4.000
ED consumers
2.094,16
1.420
0
10.000
2.840
High acute consumers
5.821,87
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
5.396
0
10.000
7.100
StdDev
5.000
1.722,44
4.260
5.680
1.723,13
8.000
10.000
1.577,68
Table 76: Adolescents – Acute exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/kg bw/single session)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713- ED consumers; 2.170 – High acute consumers)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
Total respondents
23,47
16,67
0
222,22
ED consumers
34,70
23,81
0
222,22
44,44
High acute consumers
91,58
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
86,21
0
222,22
109,23
33,33
61,54
StdDev
80,00
28,44
72,73
90,91
28,35
136,29
154,35
31,19
Tables from 77 to 80 provides data on acute exposure to taurine from ED (in mg/single session and
mg/kg bw/single session) in the 16 MS considered in the study (total respondents and ED
consumers).Concerning differences among MS, the highest values of acute exposure to taurine for
total respondents (tables 77 and 78) were registered in Czech Republic53 with 1.791 mg/single session
(28,62 mg/kg bw/single session).
53
The highest acute exposure to taurine on total respondents was observed in Belgium (2.222 mg/single session
corresponding to 37,1 mg/kg bw/single session). Nevertheless, due do the small dimension of the sample for
Belgium, for which the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it was preferred not to cite this figure.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
130
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 77: Adolescents - Acute exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean
Median
Austria
1.558,12
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.167,50
4.000
5.000
1.577,45
Belgium
2.222,25
1.500,00
0
9.812,50
3.000,00
5.680
7.100
2.183,24
Cyprus
1.155,69
375,32
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
3.000
4.260
1.619,02
Czech Republic
1.790,56
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.840,00
4.000
5.000
1.692,00
Finland
1.414,45
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
4.000
5.000
1.822,57
France
1.202,62
1.000,00
0
8.000,00
2.000,00
3.000
4.169
1.488,84
Germany
1.514,17
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
4.025
5.680
2.000,93
942,75
0,00
0
10.000,00
1.199,94
2.840
4.234
1.476,85
1.653,05
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
4.000
5.000
1.673,26
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
952,01
375,32
0
10.000,00
1.200,00
2.840
4.000
1.378,07
Netherlands
1.297,04
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
3.000
4.000
1.476,73
Poland
1.322,45
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
3.000
4.260
1.460,94
Romania
1.192,18
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
3.000
4.000
1.456,53
Spain
1.119,39
992,50
0
10.000,00
1.420,00
3.000
4.260
1.502,39
Sweden
1.685,33
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.840,00
4.260
5.680
1.902,17
United Kingdom
1.590,74
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
1.000,00
0
10.000,00
2.000,00
4.000
5.170
1.837,52
Table 78: Adolescents – Acute exposure to taurine from ED acute consumption in the 16 MS covered by
the survey (values in mg/kg bw/single session) - Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
26,80
18,53
0
185,19
40,00
67,12
83,33
27,43
Belgium
37,10
27,88
0
154,35
55,10
98,66
124,51
38,08
Cyprus
20,08
7,27
0
177,50
31,56
60,00
76,07
28,06
Czech Republic
28,62
20,41
0
212,77
40,54
66,67
81,63
26,93
Finland
21,35
16,67
0
200,00
28,40
54,56
76,92
27,07
France
20,48
15,33
0
142,00
29,94
54,55
71,43
25,24
Germany
25,71
15,70
0
200,00
37,83
73,29
95,81
34,07
Greece
14,83
0,00
0
166,67
20,73
44,44
62,50
23,31
Hungary
26,88
18,18
0
222,22
38,46
66,67
83,53
27,70
Italy
15,59
6,15
0
222,22
21,74
43,69
61,74
22,85
Netherlands
24,31
18,18
0
217,39
35,71
64,59
80,35
27,98
Poland
21,32
16,67
0
200,00
28,17
51,56
66,67
23,76
Romania
21,90
17,39
0
222,22
30,15
53,77
76,92
26,76
Spain
19,43
14,25
0
212,77
26,30
52,94
71,43
26,03
Sweden
25,13
17,54
0
145,45
38,99
65,54
83,34
27,78
United Kingdom
28,36
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
21,24
0
181,82
41,29
71,00
88,99
32,16
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
131
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With regards to ED consumers, the highest values of acute exposure to taurine among MS (tables 79
and 80) were registered in Germany54 with 2.515 mg/single session (42.71 mg/kg bw/single session).
Table 79: Adolescents - Acute exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
2.079,14
1.815,00
75,00
10.000,00
3.000
4.260
5.000,00
1.495,66
Belgium
2.612,11
2.000,00
252,92
9.812,50
4.047
5.744
7.100,00
2.140,36
Cyprus
2.191,41
2.000,00
0,00
10.000,00
3.000
4.260
5.000,00
1.643,40
Czech Republic
2.191,82
2.000,00
7,00
10.000,00
3.000
4.260
5.000,00
1.620,13
Finland
2.181,60
1.420,00
0,00
10.000,00
2.000
4.260
6.000,00
1.857,39
France
1.824,48
1.000,00
40,00
8.000,00
2.808
4.000
5.000,00
1.492,75
Germany
2.514,98
2.000,00
0,00
10.000,00
4.000
5.680
7.100,00
2.033,03
Greece
1.951,94
1.420,00
0,00
10.000,00
2.769
4.260
5.520,00
1.595,79
Hungary
2.111,01
2.000,00
0,00
10.000,00
3.000
4.260
5.000,00
1.615,13
Italy
1.700,69
1.000,00
0,00
10.000,00
2.000
4.000
5.000,00
1.455,79
Netherlands
1.946,51
1.420,00
0,00
10.000,00
2.000
4.000
5.000,00
1.417,13
Poland
1.815,35
1.000,00
0,00
10.000,00
2.000
4.000
5.000,00
1.426,55
Romania
1.710,17
1.000,00
40,00
10.000,00
2.000
4.000
5.000,00
1.468,82
Spain
1.809,18
1.295,81
0,00
10.000,00
2.000
4.000
5.000,00
1.549,28
Sweden
2.446,62
2.000,00
0,00
10.000,00
3.000
5.000
6.640,50
1.841,15
United Kingdom
2.291,32
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
1.420,00
180,44
10.000,00
2.840
4.260
6.000,00
1.805,01
Table 80: Adolescents – Acute exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
Austria
35,76
28,57
0,63
185,19
48,98
74,67
88,75
26,15
Belgium
43,61
30,77
2,86
154,35
61,56
109,68
130,40
37,68
Cyprus
38,07
30,77
0,00
177,50
50,00
74,74
90,50
28,43
Czech Republic
35,03
27,78
0,13
212,77
46,15
71,43
86,21
25,75
Finland
32,93
23,67
0,00
200,00
36,36
67,42
92,55
27,36
France
31,07
21,28
0,70
142,00
42,39
63,11
78,89
25,25
Germany
42,71
31,25
0,00
200,00
57,14
89,13
119,95
34,67
Greece
30,71
21,28
0,00
166,67
40,00
63,54
82,79
25,24
Hungary
34,33
24,48
0,00
222,22
44,78
72,96
88,89
26,91
Italy
27,85
19,72
0,00
222,22
35,71
59,70
76,92
24,31
Netherlands
36,49
26,30
0,00
217,39
46,15
73,90
90,30
27,04
Poland
29,27
20,00
0,00
200,00
36,36
59,06
76,92
23,28
Romania
31,41
22,22
0,71
222,22
37,74
64,94
88,54
26,98
Spain
31,40
21,85
0,00
212,77
40,82
65,54
86,54
26,82
Sweden
36,49
27,84
0,00
145,45
50,00
72,73
94,60
26,57
United Kingdom
40,86
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
30,77
3,03
181,82
51,64
83,33
109,23
31,29
54
The highest acute exposure to taurine on ED consumers was observed in Belgium (2.612 mg/single session
corresponding to 43,61 mg/kg bw/single session). Nevertheless, due do the small dimension of the sample for
Belgium, for which the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it was preferred not to cite this figure.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With regards to the acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED, data in mg/single session vary
from around 512 mg for total respondents, to around 759 for ED consumers and around 1.934 in high
acute consumers (tables 81 and 82).
Table 81: Adolescents – Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/single session)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713- ED consumers; 2.170 – High acute consumers)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
512,62
240,00
0
6.000
600
1.440
2.100
744,18
ED consumers
759,24
540,00
0
6.000
1.050
1.800
2.400
795,64
High acute consumers
1.934,11
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
2.044,80
0
6.000
2.982
3.834
4.260
1.319,83
Table 82: Adolescents – Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/kg bw/single
session)
(Sample size: 31.070 – Total respondents; 20.713- ED consumers; 2.170 – High acute consumers)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
4,00
0
132,67
11,54
24,34
33,96
12,56
12,70
8,96
0
132,67
16,73
29,51
39,71
13,44
30,93
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
28,96
0
132,67
44,84
62,65
73,85
22,80
ED consumers
High acute consumers
8,58
For what concerns differences among MS, it can be noted that:
with regards to total respondents, acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone ranges from
around 306 mg/single session (4,96 mg/kg bw/single session) in Hungary, to around 828
mg/single session (14,28 mg/kg bw/single session) in the case of Austria55 (tables 83 and 84);
with regards to ED consumers, the highest value of acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone
is registered in Austria, with around 1.105 mg/single session (19 mg/kg bw/single session)
(tables 85 and 86);
As for differences among age groups of total respondents, the average value of acute exposure to Dglucurono-y-lactone is around 566 mg/single session in adolescents aged 15-18, versus around 375
mg/single session in the age group between 10 and 14 years;
Passing to variations between genders, the average acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone results to
be around 582 mg/single session for males and 455 mg/single session for females.
55
The highest acute exposure to glucuronolactone on total respondents was observed in Belgium (890 mg/single
session and 15,25 mg/kg bw/single session. Nevertheless, due do the small dimension of the sample for Belgium,
for which the sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%, it was preferred not to cite this figure.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 83: Adolescents - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/single session) – Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
828,01
600,00
0
6.000
1.200,00
2.202,60
2.700,00
872,91
Belgium
890,91
532,50
0
4.500
1.200,00
1.920,00
2.992,80
962,77
Cyprus
447,53
0
0
5.400
600,00
1.533,60
2.040,00
738,25
Czech Republic
390,66
150,00
0
5.400
540,00
1.200,00
1.704,00
610,37
Finland
412,30
120,00
0
5.850
546,00
1.102,62
1.953,36
720,62
France
517,10
240,00
0
4.800
600,00
1.440,00
2.080,68
726,62
Germany
481,75
120,00
0
5.100
600,00
1.533,60
2.241,90
763,44
Greece
359,52
0
0
4.260
540,00
1.080,00
1.620,00
663,14
Hungary
306,41
60,00
0
5.400
360,00
900,00
1.440,00
558,92
Italy
442,91
127,26
0
6.000
600,00
1.200,00
1.800,00
686,26
Netherlands
569,67
429,38
0
4.800
769,20
1.575,00
2.044,80
711,40
Poland
352,16
135,00
0
6.000
480,00
960,00
1.405,80
565,27
Romania
600,36
480,00
0
5.400
766,80
1.704,00
2.392,80
752,96
Spain
341,22
90,36
0
6.000
525,00
960,00
1.507,50
561,83
Sweden
691,80
450,00
0
6.000
1.080,00
1.800,00
2.556,00
875,85
United Kingdom
488,23
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
207,30
0
6.000
600,00
1.278,00
2.055,00
743,48
Table 84: Adolescents - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/kg bw/single session) - Total respondents (Sample size: 31.070)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
14,28
10,00
0
92,15
21,82
37,19
46,15
15,18
Belgium
15,25
9,68
0
92,61
21,60
34,51
55,48
17,46
Cyprus
7,67
0,00
0
94,67
10,84
25,04
33,94
12,62
Czech Republic
6,28
2,35
0
85,20
8,71
18,62
26,18
9,95
Finland
6,19
1,91
0
85,20
8,11
16,94
27,83
10,49
France
8,76
4,58
0
85,20
12,00
25,54
35,10
12,21
Germany
8,23
2,03
0
86,51
11,16
25,16
37,02
13,14
Greece
5,67
0,00
0
85,20
8,33
17,53
26,63
10,47
Hungary
4,96
1,15
0
100,00
6,00
14,20
23,41
9,08
Italy
7,28
2,27
0
132,67
10,34
20,69
29,47
11,44
10,58
7,66
0
82,29
15,00
28,15
39,13
13,15
Netherlands
Poland
5,66
2,27
0
109,09
7,75
15,27
23,95
9,08
11,18
8,15
0
121,71
15,00
27,69
40,47
14,22
5,92
1,63
0
94,67
8,88
16,83
25,66
9,64
10,38
6,55
0
80,38
15,33
28,44
38,07
12,97
United Kingdom
8,74
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
3,75
0
109,09
11,44
24,89
33,67
13,51
Romania
Spain
Sweden
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 85: Adolescents - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
1.104,88
852,00
0
6.000
1.620
2.400,00
2.984,10
843,10
Belgium
1.047,21
840,00
0
4.500
1.444
2.484,00
3.126,00
962,21
Cyprus
848,59
596,40
0
5.400
1.200
1.893,60
2.400,00
832,65
Czech Republic
478,20
240,00
0
5.400
600
1.260,00
1.800,00
643,57
Finland
635,92
390,00
0
5.850
768
1.381,08
2.400,00
811,71
France
784,48
540,00
0
4.800
1.080
1.800,00
2.400,00
769,01
Germany
800,18
540,00
0
5.100
1.170
2.100,00
2.400,00
844,68
Greece
744,36
540,00
0
4.260
900
1.628,28
2.400,00
790,14
Hungary
391,30
180,00
0
5.400
480
1.080,00
1.704,00
604,77
Italy
791,23
600,00
0
6.000
1.059
1.753,50
2.400,00
752,16
Netherlands
854,92
600,00
0
4.800
1.200
1.800,00
2.400,00
718,09
Poland
483,42
300,00
0
6.000
600
1.192,80
1.704,00
612,52
Romania
861,22
600,00
0
5.400
1.200
1.800,00
2.400,00
767,24
Spain
551,49
420,00
0
6.000
639
1.260,00
1.800,00
627,91
1.004,30
600,00
0
6.000
1.350
2.385,60
3.000,00
894,33
United Kingdom
703,25
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
480,00
0
6.000
900
1.704,00
2.400,00
803,22
Sweden
Table 86: Adolescents - Acute exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/kg bw/single session) – ED Consumers (Sample size: 20.713)
Mean
Median Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
19,05
14,29
0
92,15
26,53
41,67
49,09
14,71
Belgium
17,93
12,74
0
92,61
24,22
40,68
58,44
17,62
Cyprus
14,55
10,19
0
94,67
21,31
33,33
42,60
14,22
7,69
4,00
0
85,20
10,34
20,69
29,95
10,51
Finland
9,54
6,00
0
85,20
11,52
22,04
33,76
11,73
France
13,30
9,38
0
85,20
17,04
31,03
38,57
12,88
Germany
13,66
9,23
0
86,51
18,46
34,29
43,92
14,57
Greece
11,74
8,57
0
85,20
15,00
27,00
35,50
12,48
Czech Republic
Hungary
6,33
2,86
0
100,00
7,89
17,14
26,67
9,83
Italy
13,00
9,31
0
132,67
16,67
27,88
37,87
12,63
Netherlands
15,87
11,80
0
82,29
21,05
34,16
44,67
13,24
7,77
5,12
0
109,09
9,82
18,87
26,67
9,84
16,04
12,00
0
121,71
20,00
33,09
46,41
14,57
9,56
6,67
0
94,67
12,12
22,50
31,51
10,74
15,07
10,84
0
80,38
21,05
34,09
43,64
13,18
United Kingdom
12,59
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
9,09
0
109,09
16,09
29,45
37,50
14,65
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.4.
Children
The sample of “children” featured a marked prevalence of male respondents (4.960 Total
respondents). Children living in urban areas accounted for around 53% of the sample; around 99% of
respondents attended primary schools, while around 1% attended pre-schools. Children aged 3-5
accounted for around 1% of the sample; children aged 6-10 accounted for the remaining share (around
99%).
3.3.4.1. ED consumption
On average, around 18% of children stated to have consumed ED at least once in the last year; the
figure presents differences at MS level (from a prevalence of around 6% in Hungary to a prevalence of
around 40% in the Czech Republic) (figure 48).
Prevalence of ED consumption was around 19% in the age group 6-10 years, and decreased to around
2% in the age group 3-5 age. Prevalence was higher among male: around 22%, versus around 14%
among female (figure 49)
Figure 48: Children – Prevalence of ED consumption by country (Sample size: 4.960 – Total respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 49: Children – Prevalence of ED consumption by age groups and gender (Sample size: 4.960 – Total
respondents)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Among ED consumers (930 ED consumers), around 16% stated to have been drinking ED 3 times a
week or more during the last months before the survey (figure 50). As for the consumption location,
most children consumed ED at home (35%), during sport and physical exercise (27%) and at parties
(26%). Consumption frequency resulted to be one glass per week for around 56% of consumers, and 2
glasses per week for around 24%, with an average ED consumption volume of 0,49 L/week for ED
consumers, ranging from 0,25 L/week in Belgium to 0,63 L/week in Germany. Children declared that
they drank ED for their taste (around 60% of consumers) or as a source of energy (around 31% of
consumers). When asked whether they considered drinking ED the same as drinking colas, around
55% of consumers declared that they were aware of the difference between the two product categories,
while around 23% of consumers declared that they simply did not know. Around 19% of consumers
considered ED and colas equivalent.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Figure 50: Children – ED consumption and related features (Sample size: 930 – ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Also in the case of children, data were elaborated in order to identify “high chronic” consumers (§
2.3.5 for details on methodology). Among children, high chronic consumers accounted for around
16% of ED consumers (figure 51) and had an average consumption volume of ED of around 0,95
L/week.
Figure 51: Children - Prevalence of high chronic ED consumption (Sample size: 930– ED consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Around 39% of high chronic consumers drank ED about every day (compared to just 6% of total
consumers; figure 52). Around 69% of high chronic consumers drank 3 or more glasses of ED per
week (compared to just 21% of total consumers).
Figure 52: Children – Monthly frequency of ED consumption and weekly consumed volumes: high
chronic and total consumers (Sample size: 930 – ED consumers; 154 – High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Focusing on situations of ED consumption, there were some differences between high chronic and
total consumers (figure 53): consumption at home occurred for around 50% of high chronic
consumers, compared to around 35% on the other ones; consumption during parties was instead more
common among consumers (around 26%, versus around 14% of high chronic consumers).
Figure 53: Children – Situations of ED consumption: high chronic and total consumers (Sample size: 930–
ED consumers; 154 – High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With regards to the motivations behind consumption, most children declared to consume ED because
they like their taste, both in the case of total consumers (60%) and high chronic consumers (54%;
figure 54).
Figure 54: Children – Motivations for ED consumption: high chronic and total consumers (Sample size:
930– ED consumers; 154 – High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
3.3.4.2. ED contribution to total exposure to relevant substances
Tables 87 and 88 provide data on chronic exposure to caffeine for the different categories of
consumers, calculated on the basis of the methodology (§ 2.3.4.1).
In the case of children, chronic caffeine exposure from ED varied from 3,98 mg/day for total
respondents to around 43 mg/day for high chronic consumers. Accordingly, total caffeine exposure
(from ED and other products in the diet) varied from 23 mg/day (total respondents) to around 90
mg/day (high chronic consumers).
Table 87: Children – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products (a) (values in mg/day)
(Sample size: 4.960 – Total respondents; 930 – ED consumers: 154 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
exposure from ED:
Total respondents
0,00
112,74
0,00
11,27
22,55
11,46
21,97
11,27 11,27
112,74
22,55
45,10
67,64
18,18
High chronic consumers
42,90
Total exposure:
33,82 11,27
112,74
45,10
78,92
112,74
26,98
Total respondents
23,35
16,07
0,00
292,21
31,57
51,06
66,68
24,93
ED consumers
51,38
41,61 11,27
288,09
60,66
98,76
110,39
36,28
High chronic consumers
90,24
75,51 12,97
288,09
109,97
183,88
206,22
56,23
ED consumers
3,98
0,00
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
Table 88: Children – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED and from all products (a) (values in mg/kg
bw/day) (Sample size: 4.960 – Total respondents; 930 – ED consumers: 154 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
exposure from ED:
Total respondents
0,18
0,00
0,00
5,20
0,00
0,52
1,04
0,53
ED consumers
1,01
0,52
0,52
5,20
1,04
2,08
3,12
0,84
High chronic consumers
Total exposure:
1,98
1,56
0,52
5,20
2,08
3,64
5,20
1,24
Total respondents
1,08
0,74
0,00
13,47
1,45
2,35
3,07
1,15
ED consumers
2,37
1,92
0,52
13,28
2,80
4,55
5,09
1,67
High chronic consumers
4,16
3,48
0,60
13,28
5,07
8,47
9,50
2,59
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
(a) Including ED
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
143
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Differences in ED contribution to total caffeine exposure between all consumers and high chronic
consumers are reported in figure 55: ED consumption accounted for around 43% of total daily
exposure of all consumers, compared to around 48% in the case of high chronic consumers.
Differences in the importance of ED’s contribution to caffeine exposure according to gender are
relatively limited: ED contributed to 42% of total daily exposure in the case of male consumers, and
44% in the case of female ones. Also differences in the importance of ED’s contribution to caffeine
exposure in the two age groups considered were relatively limited: ED contributed to around 43% of
total daily exposure in the age group 6-10, and around 46% in the age group 3-5.
Figure 55: Children - ED contribution to total daily exposure to caffeine (%): high chronic and total
consumers (Sample size: 4.960 – Total respondents; 154 – High chronic consumers)
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
144
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Also in the case of children, some differences were observed from one MS to another. In this case the
highest values in terms of relative contribution of ED to the chronic exposure to caffeine were
registered in Spain (33%) and Netherlands (21%). The highest values in terms of exposure from ED
appeared in Czech Republic (7,41 mg/day and 0,34 mg/kg bw/day, tables 89 and 90).
Table 89: Children – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 4.960)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
exposure from ED
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
1,58
0,00
0,00
22,55
0,00
2,25
22,55
5,41
24,84
16,72
0,00
109,39
32,41
69,06
95,42
26,33
exposure from ED
0,94
0,00
0,00
11,27
0,00
7,89
-
3,25
total exposure
9,88
6,99
1,69
24,15
17,45
23,30
-
7,66
2,11
0,00
0,00
56,37
0,00
11,27
22,55
7,13
21,39
13,33
0,00
107,91
28,81
54,86
72,14
21,97
7,41
0,00
0,00
112,74
11,27
22,55
33,82
13,00
39,49
31,73
0,00
292,21
49,12
81,40
109,95
34,35
3,02
0,00
0,00
33,82
0,00
11,27
22,55
7,24
25,97
18,85
0,00
145,33
31,62
56,17
75,07
25,03
3,83
0,00
0,00
67,64
0,00
11,27
22,55
8,87
25,34
19,19
0,00
206,22
38,80
50,05
59,82
23,79
3,76
0,00
0,00
67,64
0,00
11,27
42,84
13,02
22,01
14,90
0,00
100,05
27,57
57,82
78,31
22,27
2,06
0,00
0,00
45,10
0,00
11,27
12,40
7,27
17,41
11,80
0,00
118,77
22,66
38,07
54,71
17,89
1,29
0,00
0,00
45,10
0,00
0,00
11,27
5,93
21,38
18,23
0,00
170,79
25,76
39,20
55,27
20,07
3,33
0,00
0,00
78,92
0,00
11,27
22,55
8,97
22,19
15,17
0,00
187,11
29,42
52,67
68,52
22,19
4,78
0,00
0,00
112,74
0,00
11,27
33,82
14,08
22,91
16,71
0,00
183,02
31,76
48,34
64,19
24,26
3,04
0,00
0,00
112,74
0,00
11,27
29,88
10,84
28,16
19,12
0,00
204,65
37,17
63,47
77,74
28,26
1,76
0,00
0,00
33,82
0,00
11,27
11,27
5,25
20,02
15,69
0,00
101,05
26,46
40,84
49,37
16,42
6,26
0,00
0,00
112,74
11,27
22,55
33,82
14,01
18,79
11,24
0,00
243,55
22,15
43,25
68,01
26,71
2,46
0,00
0,00
45,10
0,00
11,27
11,27
7,13
20,38
13,49
0,00
105,30
27,01
49,29
66,00
20,29
6,20
0,00
0,00
112,74
0,00
22,55
33,82
16,73
27,05
17,49
0,00
288,09
39,62
54,52
70,95
31,19
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
exposure from ED
total exposure
% from
ED/Total
6,4%
9,5%
9,9%
18,8%
11,6%
15,1%
17,1%
11,8%
6,0%
15,0%
20,8%
10,8%
8,8%
33,3%
12,1%
22,9%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
145
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 90: Children – Chronic exposure to caffeine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 4.960)
Mean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Median
Min
Max
75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc.
StdDev
exposure from ED
0,07
0,00
0,00
1,04
0,00
0,10
1,04
0,25
total exposure
1,14
0,77
0,00
5,04
1,49
3,18
4,40
1,21
exposure from ED
0,04
0,00
0,00
0,52
0,00
0,36
-
0,15
total exposure
0,46
0,32
0,08
1,11
0,80
1,07
-
0,35
exposure from ED
0,10
0,00
0,00
2,60
0,00
0,52
1,04
0,33
total exposure
0,99
0,61
0,00
4,97
1,33
2,53
3,32
1,01
exposure from ED
0,34
0,00
0,00
5,20
0,52
1,04
1,56
0,60
total exposure
1,82
1,46
0,00
13,47
2,26
3,75
5,07
1,58
exposure from ED
0,14
0,00
0,00
1,56
0,00
0,52
1,04
0,33
total exposure
1,20
0,87
0,00
6,70
1,46
2,59
3,46
1,15
exposure from ED
0,18
0,00
0,00
3,12
0,00
0,52
1,04
0,41
total exposure
1,17
0,88
0,00
9,50
1,79
2,31
2,76
1,10
exposure from ED
0,17
0,00
0,00
3,12
0,00
0,52
1,97
0,60
total exposure
1,01
0,69
0,00
4,61
1,27
2,66
3,61
1,03
exposure from ED
0,09
0,00
0,00
2,08
0,00
0,52
0,57
0,33
total exposure
0,80
0,54
0,00
5,47
1,04
1,75
2,52
0,82
exposure from ED
0,06
0,00
0,00
2,08
0,00
0,00
0,52
0,27
total exposure
0,99
0,84
0,00
7,87
1,19
1,81
2,55
0,92
exposure from ED
0,15
0,00
0,00
3,64
0,00
0,52
1,04
0,41
total exposure
1,02
0,70
0,00
8,62
1,36
2,43
3,16
1,02
exposure from ED
0,22
0,00
0,00
5,20
0,00
0,52
1,56
0,65
total exposure
1,06
0,77
0,00
8,43
1,46
2,23
2,96
1,12
exposure from ED
0,14
0,00
0,00
5,20
0,00
0,52
1,38
0,50
total exposure
1,30
0,88
0,00
9,43
1,71
2,93
3,58
1,30
exposure from ED
0,08
0,00
0,00
1,56
0,00
0,52
0,52
0,24
total exposure
0,92
0,72
0,00
4,66
1,22
1,88
2,28
0,76
exposure from ED
0,29
0,00
0,00
5,20
0,52
1,04
1,56
0,65
total exposure
0,87
0,52
0,00
11,22
1,02
1,99
3,13
1,23
exposure from ED
0,11
0,00
0,00
2,08
0,00
0,52
0,52
0,33
total exposure
0,94
0,62
0,00
4,85
1,24
2,27
3,04
0,93
exposure from ED
0,29
0,00
0,00
5,20
0,00
1,04
1,56
0,77
total exposure
1,25
0,81
0,00
13,28
1,83
2,51
3,27
1,44
% from
ED/Total
6,4%
9,5%
9,9%
18,8%
11,6%
15,1%
17,1%
11,8%
6,0%
15,0%
20,8%
10,8%
8,8%
33,3%
12,1%
22,9%
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
146
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
The average exposure to taurine for high chronic consumers varied from 50 mg/day in total
respondents, to around 278 mg/day in ED consumers, till around 543 mg/day in high chronic
consumers (tables 91 and 92).
Table 91: Children – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/day) (Sample size: 4.960 – Total
respondents; 930 – ED consumers: 154 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min
Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
0,00
1429
0,00
142,86 142,86
1429
285,71
571,43
857,14 230,39
543,57 428,57 142,86
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
1429
571,43
1.000,00
1428,57 341,82
ED consumers
50,39
278,37
0,00
High chronic consumers
142,86
285,71 145,22
Table 92: Children – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED (values in mg/kg bw/day) (Sample size: 4.960 –
Total respondents; 930 – ED consumers: 154 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min
Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
ED consumers
2,32
0,00
0,00
65,83
0,00
6,58
13,17
6,69
12,83
6,58
6,58
65,83
13,17
26,33
39,50
10,62
19,75
6,58
65,83
26,33
46,08
65,83
15,75
High chronic consumers
25,05
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Tables 93 and 94 show the differences of chronic exposure to taurine for total respondents among the
16 MS involved in the study.
Besides, values of chronic exposure to taurine of male and female consumers were similar. Chronic
taurine exposure was higher in the 6-10 age group (around 279 mg/day) than in the 3-5 one (around
220 mg/day.
Table 93: Children – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 4.960)
Mean Median Min
Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
20,05
0
0
285,71
0,00
28,57
285,71
68,50
Belgium
11,90
0
0
142,86
0,00
100,00
-
41,24
Cyprus
26,73
0
0
714,29
0,00
142,86
285,71
90,33
Czech Republic
93,95
0
0 1.428,57
142,86
285,71
428,57
164,77
Finland
38,31
0
0
428,57
0,00
142,86
285,71
91,74
France
48,53
0
0
857,14
0,00
142,86
285,71
112,45
Germany
47,62
0
0
857,14
0,00
142,86
542,86
164,96
Greece
26,11
0
0
571,43
0,00
142,86
157,14
92,08
Hungary
16,38
0
0
571,43
0,00
0,00
142,86
75,20
Italy
42,23
0
0 1.000,00
0,00
142,86
285,71
113,63
Netherlands
60,52
0
0 1.428,57
0,00
142,86
428,57
178,46
Poland
38,56
0
0 1.428,57
0,00
142,86
378,57
137,31
Romania
22,24
0
0
428,57
0,00
142,86
142,86
66,46
Spain
79,34
0
0 1.428,57
142,86
285,71
428,57
177,53
Sweden
31,12
0
0
571,43
0,00
142,86
142,86
90,36
0
0 1.428,57
0,00
285,71
428,57
212,05
United Kingdom
78,52
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
147
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 94: Children – Chronic exposure to taurine from ED in the 16 MS covered by the survey (values in
mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 4.960)
Mean Median Min
Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
0,92
0
0
13,17
0,00
1,32
13,17
3,16
Belgium
0,55
0
0
6,58
0,00
4,61
-
1,90
Cyprus
1,23
0
0
32,92
0,00
6,58
13,17
4,16
Czech Republic
4,33
0
0
65,83
6,58
13,17
19,75
7,59
Finland
1,77
0
0
19,75
0,00
6,58
13,17
4,23
France
2,24
0
0
39,50
0,00
6,58
13,17
5,18
Germany
2,19
0
0
39,50
0,00
6,58
25,02
7,60
Greece
1,20
0
0
26,33
0,00
6,58
7,24
4,24
Hungary
0,75
0
0
26,33
0,00
0,00
6,58
3,47
Italy
1,95
0
0
46,08
0,00
6,58
13,17
5,24
Netherlands
2,79
0
0
65,83
0,00
6,58
19,75
8,22
Poland
1,78
0
0
65,83
0,00
6,58
17,45
6,33
Romania
1,02
0
0
19,75
0,00
6,58
6,58
3,06
Spain
3,66
0
0
65,83
6,58
13,17
19,75
8,18
Sweden
1,43
0
0
26,33
0,00
6,58
6,58
4,16
0
0
65,83
0,00
13,17
19,75
9,77
United Kingdom
3,62
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
148
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With regards to the average chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone, data varied from around 20
mg/day in total respondents to 111 mg/day in ED consumers and around 217 mg/day in high chronic
consumers (tables 95 and 96).
Table 95: Children – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/day) (Sample size:
4.960 – Total respondents; 930 – ED consumers: 154 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
0,00
571,43
0,00
57,14
114
58,09
57,14 57,14
571,43
114,29
228,57
343
92,15
High chronic consumers
217,43 171,43 57,14
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
571,43
228,57
400,00
571 136,73
ED consumers
20,15
111,35
0,00
Table 96: Children – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED (values in mg/kg bw/day)
(Sample size: 4.960 – Total respondents; 930 – ED consumers: 154 – High chronic consumers)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Total respondents
0,93
0,00
0
26,33
0,00
2,63
5,27
2,68
ED consumers
5,13
2,63
3
26,33
5,27
10,53
15,80
4,25
7,90
3
26,33
10,53
18,43
26,33
6,30
High chronic consumers
10,02
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
149
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
With respect to total respondents, chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone ranged from around 5
mg/day (0,22 mg/kg bw/day) in Belgium to around 38 mg/day (1,73 mg/kg bw/day) in Czech
Republic (tables 97 and 98).
Similarly to what observed for taurine, chronic exposures to D-glucurono-y-lactone for male and
female consumers were similar. Exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone resulted to be higher in the 6-10
age group (around 111 mg/day) than in the 3-5 one (around 88 mg/day) .
Table 97: Children – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/day) – Total respondents (Sample size: 4.960)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
8,02
0
0
114,29
0,00
11,43
114,29
27,40
Belgium
4,76
0
0
57,14
0,00
40,00
-
16,50
Cyprus
10,69
0
0
285,71
0,00
57,14
114,29
36,13
Czech Republic
37,58
0
0
571,43
57,14
114,29
171,43
65,91
Finland
15,33
0
0
171,43
0,00
57,14
114,29
36,70
France
19,41
0
0
342,86
0,00
57,14
114,29
44,98
Germany
19,05
0
0
342,86
0,00
57,14
217,14
65,98
Greece
10,44
0
0
228,57
0,00
57,14
62,86
36,83
Hungary
6,55
0
0
228,57
0,00
0,00
57,14
30,08
Italy
16,89
0
0
400,00
0,00
57,14
114,29
45,45
Netherlands
24,21
0
0
571,43
0,00
57,14
171,43
71,38
Poland
15,43
0
0
571,43
0,00
57,14
151,43
54,92
Romania
8,90
0
0
171,43
0,00
57,14
57,14
26,58
Spain
31,73
0
0
571,43
57,14
114,29
171,43
71,01
Sweden
12,45
0
0
228,57
0,00
57,14
57,14
36,14
0
0
571,43
0,00
114,29
171,43
84,82
United Kingdom
31,41
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
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by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Table 98: Children – Chronic exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED in the 16 MS covered by the
survey (values in mg/kg bw/day) - Total respondents (Sample size: 4.960)
Mean Median Min Max 75th perc. 90th perc. 95th perc. StdDev
Austria
0,37
0
0
5,27
0,00
0,53
Belgium
0,22
0
0
2,63
0,00
1,84
Cyprus
0,49
0
0
13,17
0,00
2,63
5,27
1,67
Czech Republic
1,73
0
0
26,33
2,63
5,27
7,90
3,04
Finland
0,71
0
0
7,90
0,00
2,63
5,27
1,69
France
0,89
0
0
15,80
0,00
2,63
5,27
2,07
Germany
0,88
0
0
15,80
0,00
2,63
10,01
3,04
Greece
0,48
0
0
10,53
0,00
2,63
2,90
1,70
Hungary
0,30
0
0
10,53
0,00
0,00
2,63
1,39
Italy
0,78
0
0
18,43
0,00
2,63
5,27
2,09
Netherlands
1,12
0
0
26,33
0,00
2,63
7,90
3,29
Poland
0,71
0
0
26,33
0,00
2,63
6,98
2,53
Romania
0,41
0
0
7,90
0,00
2,63
2,63
1,23
Spain
1,46
0
0
26,33
2,63
5,27
7,90
3,27
Sweden
0,57
0
0
10,53
0,00
2,63
2,63
1,67
0
0
26,33
0,00
5,27
7,90
3,91
United Kingdom
1,45
Source: Survey Nomisma-Areté for EFSA
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
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-
1,26
0,76
151
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4.
4.1.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Literature review
Results emerging from the literature review highlighted a limited availability of recent and
comprehensive studies or surveys at EU level, providing reliable data on ED consumption and
exposure to specific ingredients. Such limitation did not allow an analysis of the evolution of ED
consumption over time.
Results emerging from the literature review evidenced an increasing attention – by both the scientific
community and mass media - for ED consumption and human exposure to active ingredients (caffeine
in particular).
The availability of recent and comprehensive studies or surveys at European level providing reliable
data on ED consumption and exposure to active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, and D-glucurono-ylactone), is however very limited. Such lack of data did not allow an exhaustive analysis of the
evolution of ED consumption over time, nor any full and reliable comparison with results from the
survey performed in the context of this study.
Focusing on studies and surveys performed during the last three years in specific MS, the Austrian
survey only provided an exhaustive analysis of ED consumption in the context of human exposure
assessment to caffeine (König, 2011).Significant differences between the scopes of the two studies,
their coverage, and the methodologies adopted for both survey and data processing, make difficult to
perform trustworthy comparisons among data. Other less recent studies were also collected and
analysed, mostly covering the issues of exposure to active ingredients (caffeine, taurine and Dglucurono-y-lactone) and, in a few cases, providing some specific data on ED consumption (EFSA,
2009; Andersson et al., 2004; Food Safety Promotion Board, 2002).
Considering the prevalence of ED consumption (percentage of people declaring to have consumed
ED at least once over a defined period), the comparison with data provided by the study performed in
Ireland (Food Safety Promotion Board, 2002)56 would suggest – in spite of some differences in the
methodology - that the prevalence of ED consumption among adolescents and young adults might
have increased over the last ten years.
For exposure to caffeine, results from the present study and the study by König appear to be
substantially comparable for caffeine exposure from ED57, whilst data regarding total exposure to
caffeine present some differences, justified by differences in the number and typologies of caffeine
sources covered by the two surveys.
Finally, concerning exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone, the availability of data from
scientific literature on human exposure is very limited, not covering ED as source of these substances,
nor for specific groups of population (i.e. children). The possible comparison, in this respect, is with
56
In the study covering Northern Ireland, a consumption prevalence of around 51% was reported for age group
11-35 years. Data from the present study shown a prevalence of around 69% for adolescents (11-17) in the UK
and of 53% for adults between 18 and 29 years on average.
57
In Austria, age group 18-29 years, caffeine exposure from ED: 45,2 mg/day (present study) versus 47,1
mg/day (König’s study). However, it is worth underlying that König considered 700 subjects aged 14-39 years
and that caffeine exposure and contribution of specific foods to total caffeine exposure have been assessed
quantifying caffeine in foods and beverages samples by HPLC method.
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the average exposure to these ingredients for a non-ED consumer adult. On the basis of this
comparison, the exposure to taurine and D-glucurono-y-lactone in ED consumers results to be higher
of – respectively - one and two orders of magnitude in ED consumers than non-ED consumers.
4.2.
Results emerging from the survey
4.2.1.
Adults
Around 30% of adults interviewed declared to have consumed ED at least once during the last year,
with prevalence varying among MS from 14% in Cyprus to 50% in Austria, and mainly (53%)
observed in “young adults” (18-29 years). The most common (71%) consumed size of ED resulted to
be 250 ml can. Among ED consumers, the average volume consumed by adults was approximately 2
L/month, ranging from 1,3 L/month in Italy to 2,9 L/month in Romania. Approximately 12% of adult
consumers were identified as “high chronic” consumers i.e. consuming ED 4-5 times/week or more,
with an average volume consumed of 4,5 L/month. The prevalence of high chronic consumers was
13,3% in “young adult” consumers. Data for MS showed the highest prevalence for high chronic
consumers in UK (21%).
Analysis of consumption data per single session allowed to identify the group of “high acute”
consumers (consuming at least 1 L/single session), resulted on average 11% of ED consumers. The
prevalence was 19% in Germany, and 13,4% on average with specific reference to the group of
“young adults”.
The co-consumption of ED and alcohol was evidenced for around 56% of consumers, ranging from
24% in Cyprus to 67% in Germany, and mainly (71%) observed in the age group of “young adults”.
Among “co-consumers”, 38% declared to habitually consume ED and alcohol more than once/week,
and 57% more than two cocktails of ED and alcohol/single session.
Concerning ED consumption in relation with physical exercise, around 52% of consumers (and
75,4% of adult ED consumers practising sport) declared to consume ED during sport activities,
ranging from 26% in Cyprus to 62% in Spain. Within the consumer group declaring to consume ED
and practicing physical exercise, around 37% declared to drink ED during sport “often” (23%) or
“every time” (14%), and around 27% of them declared to drink 3 or more cans of ED/single sport
session. The highest prevalence (55%), in this context, was evidenced for the group of “old adults”
(50-65 years).
The average exposure to caffeine from ED was 22,4 mg/day (0,32 mg/kg b.w.58/day) for consumers,
and the contribution of ED to the total caffeine exposure was 8%. Caffeine exposure from ED
increased to 48,3 mg/day (0,7 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers, with a relative contribution
of ED of approximately 13%. Caffeine exposure from ED ranged from 15,7 mg/day (0,22 mg/kg
b.w./day) in Italy to 31,7 mg/day (0,44 mg/kg b.w./day) in Romania. Relative contributions from ED
to the total caffeine exposure in adult ED consumers ranged from 5% in Sweden to 11,3% in Austria.
Average exposure to taurine from ED was 271,9 mg/day (3,82 mg/kg b.w./day) in consumers, rising
to 585,79 mg/day (8,49 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers, and varying between 181,7
mg/day (2,56 mg/kg b.w./day) in Italy and 393,1 mg/day (5,41 mg/kg b.w./day) in Romania. Relative
58
Data on the exposure for kg of body weight were calculated for each consumer on the basis of data on body
weight (b.w.) collected through the survey. In case of missing data, data on body weight from EFSA scientific
opinion “Guidance on selected default values to be used by the EFSA Scientific Committee, Scientific Panels
and Units in the absence of actual measured data” (EFSA, 2012) were adopted.
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contributions from ED to the total exposure to taurine59 in adult ED consumers was 82,4% (91% in
high chronic consumers), ranging from 75,8% in Italy to 87,1% in Romania.
Finally, exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED was 125,95 mg/day (1,78 mg/kg b.w./day) on
average for ED consumers, raising to 268,84 mg/day (3,91 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic
consumers, and ranging from 52,8 mg/day (0,7 mg/kg b.w./day) in Finland to 218,29 mg/day (3 mg/kg
b.w./day) in Romania. Relative ED contributions to the total exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone60 in
adult ED consumers was 98,8% (99,4% in high chronic consumers), varying from 97,2% in Finland to
99,3% in Romania.
4.2.2.
Adolescents
Prevalence of ED consumption was 68%, varying from 48% in Greece to 82% in Czech Republic61,
and mainly (73%) observed in the 15-18 years age subgroup. Also in this case, the most common
(60%) consumed size of ED resulted to be 250 ml can. As for volumes, adolescent consumers declared
to drink on average around 2,1 L/month, varying from 1,3 L/month in Italy to 3,1 L/month in the UK.
Around 32% of consumers declared to drink 2-4 cans/ month, while 19% consume 5-10 cans/month,
and around 19% declared to usually consume more than 10 cans/month.
Around 12% of adolescent consumers were identified as “high chronic” consumers, i.e. consuming
ED 4-5 times per week or more, with an average ED volume of around 7 L/month. The highest
prevalence of high chronic consumers was 27% in Netherlands. No relevant differences were
registered among different age subgroups.
Around 12% of adolescent ED consumers resulted to be “high acute” consumers consuming at least
1,065 L of ED per single session. The highest prevalence of high acute consumers was 17% in
Germany and Sweden62.
Concerning co-consumption of ED and alcohol, prevalence was around 53% for adolescents, ranging
from 29% in Netherlands to 71% in Austria63. The highest prevalence of co-consumption (59%)
characterised the age group 15-18 years old. Among “co-consumers”, around 45% declared to
habitually consume ED and alcohol more than once a week, and 39% to consume 3 or more cocktails
of ED and alcohol in a single consumption session.
Results on ED consumption in relation with physical exercise evidenced that around 41% of
adolescent (and 75% of ED consumers practising sport) consume ED during sport activities, ranging
from 14% in Sweden to 65% in UK. Around 27% of ED consumers drinking ED during sport
activities declared to consume 3 or more cans of ED in a single sport session (prevalence of such
consumption habit rises to 48% in the 10-14 years subgroup).
The average exposure to caffeine from ED was 23,5 mg/day (0,38 mg/kg b.w./day) for adolescent ED
consumers, with an average contribution of ED to the total caffeine exposure of 13%. The caffeine
exposure from ED increased to 75,08 mg/day (1,18 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers,
contributing to 16% of total caffeine exposure. Among MS, caffeine exposure from ED varied
59
Taurine occurrence data in other sources than ED (58 mg as mean daily exposure from omnivore diet) was
extrapolated from literature (EFSA, 2009) for adults only.
60
D-glucurono-y-lactone occurrence data in other sources than ED (1,2 mg as mean daily exposure from
omnivore diet) was extrapolated from literature (EFSA, 2009) for adults only.
61
The highest prevalence of ED consumption among total respondents was observed in Belgium (85%) but not
reported due to the small dimension of the sample for this MS (sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%).
62
The highest prevalence of high acute ED consumption was observed in Belgium (26%) but not reported due
to the small dimension of the sample for this MS (sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%).
63
The highest prevalence of co-consumption of ED and alcohol was observed in Belgium (81%) but not reported
due to the small dimension of the sample for this MS (sampling error of estimates exceeds 5%).
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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between 16 mg/day (0,26 mg/kg b.w./day) in Italy and 32 mg/day (0,57 mg/kg b.w./day) in UK, while
the relative contribution of ED to the total caffeine exposure ranged from 9% in Italy to 17% in UK.
The average exposure to taurine from ED was 283,9 mg/day (4,6 mg/kg b.w./day) in adolescent ED
consumers, rising to 924,3 mg/day (14,5 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers, and varying
between 180,4 mg/day (2,89 mg/kg b.w./day) in Italy and 409,73 mg/day (7,25 mg/kg b.w./day) in the
UK.
Average exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED was 100,14 mg/day (1,65 mg/kg b.w./day),
rising to 311,6 mg/day (4,9 mg/kg b.w./day) in high chronic consumers, and varying between 51,09
mg/day (0,81 mg/kg b.w./day) in Czech Republic and 149,83 mg/day (2,74 mg/kg b.w./day) in
Romania.
4.2.3.
Children
Prevalence of ED consumption in children was 18%, varying from a 6% in Hungary to 40% in the
Czech Republic, with the highest prevalence in the 6-10 year age group (19%).
Approximately 44% of children consumers declared to drink 2 or more glasses of ED per week, and
16% to consume ED 3 times a week or more. On average, consumption volume of ED was 0,49
L/week among children consumers, and varied from 0,25 L/week in Belgium to 0,63 L/week in
Germany.
Among the children consumers, 16% resulted to be “high chronic” consumers (around 0,95 L of ED
consumed per week).
Average caffeine exposure from ED was 21,97 mg/day (1 mg/kg b.w./day), with a relative
contribution of ED to total caffeine exposure of 43%. Caffeine exposure from ED in high chronic
consumers was 42,9 mg/day (1,98 mg/kg b.w./day), with ED contributing for 48% to total caffeine
exposure.
Average exposure to taurine from ED was 278,37 mg/day (12,83 mg/kg b.w./day) in ED consumers,
increasing to 543,57 mg/day (25,05 mg/kg b.w./day) in the high chronic consumers.
Finally, average exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone from ED was 111,35 mg/day (5,13 mg/kg
b.w./day) in ED consumers, increasing to 217,43 mg/day (10 mg/kg b.w./day) for high chronic
consumers.
4.2.4.
Final overview
A summary of results from the survey is reported:
1. ED consumption: higher prevalence among the total respondents was observed for adolescents
(68%), and in particular for the 15-18 age sub-group (73%). In adults prevalence for consumption
was 30% (up to 53% for “young adults”), and 18% in children, mainly in the 6-10 years subgroup
(19%).
2. High chronic consumers: no relevant differences were observed for prevalence in the 3 target
groups of ED consumers, ranging from 12% in adults (mainly in the 30-49 years subgroup) and
adolescents to 16% in children.
3. High acute consumers: among ED consumers, similar prevalence was evidenced for adults
(11%, mainly in the 30-49 years subgroup) and adolescents (12%, mainly in the 15-18 years
subgroup).
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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4. Co-consumption of ED and alcohol: among ED consumers, similar prevalence was observed for
adults (56%, mainly in “young adults”) and adolescents (53%, mainly in the 15-18 years
subgroup).
5. ED consumption associated to sport activities: higher prevalence among ED consumers was
observed for adults (52%), mainly in the 50-65 years subgroup. In adolescents ED consumers the
prevalence was 41%, mainly in the 10-14 years subgroup.
6. ED contribution to the total exposure to caffeine: the calculated contribution from chronic ED
consumption was 43% for children, 13% for adolescents, and 8% for adults. Result obtained in
children was mainly due to higher levels of caffeine exposure from ED in this consumer group
(1,01 mg/kg b.w./day) than in the adolescents and adults (0,38 and 0,32 mg/kg b.w./day,
respectively). The contribution rates increased for the high chronic consumers to 48% in children,
16% in adolescents, and 12% in adults, due to increase in the caffeine exposure from ED (1,98,
1,18, and 0,70 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively). Levels of exposure to caffeine from ED were
significantly increased for the high acute consumers to 7,21 and 5,14 mg/kg b.w./single session in
adolescents and adults, respectively.
7. Exposure to taurine: higher average levels of exposure were evidenced in children (12,83 mg/kg
b.w./day), in comparison to adolescents (4,6 mg/kg b.w./day) and adults (3,82 mg/kg b.w./day),
increasing for high chronic consumers (25,05, 14,5 and 8,49 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively).
8. Exposure to D-glucurono-y-lactone: higher levels of exposure were evidenced in children (5,13
mg/kg b.w./day), in comparison to adolescents (1,65 mg/kg b.w./day) and adults (1,78 mg/kg
b.w./day), increasing for high chronic consumers (10, 4,9 and 3,9 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively).
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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4.3.
Recommendations
This project represented the first effort at European level of data collection on ED consumption and
contribution to some active ingredients (caffeine, taurine, and D-glucurono-y-lactone) exposure, in
specific consumer groups (considering also consumption habits) and in different MS.
Results emerging from the study - in terms of prevalence of ED consumption, prevalence of patterns
of consumption (chronic and acute), as well as levels of exposure to the active ingredients- are
comprehensive and could be used for a full risk assessment, in the light of the available information on
potential risks associated to ED consumption and exposure to specific active ingredients.
Moreover, due to the exponential growth rate which characterised the ED market over the last years,
the study team suggests to monitor possible further increases in ED consumption and eventually
consider the possibility to update the present study, considering specific analysis of “caffeine
consumption models” (i.e., energy shots).
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
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issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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Høstmark AT, 2010, The Oslo health study: soft drink intake is associated with the metabolic
syndrome, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 35, 5, 635-42
James JE, Kristjánsson AL, Sigfúsdóttir ID, 2011, Adolescent substance use, sleep, and academic
achievement: evidence of harm due to caffeine, Journal of Adolescence, 34, 4, 665-673
Kaminer Y, 2010, Problematic use of energy drinks by adolescents, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric
Clinics of North America, 19, 3, 643-650
König J, xxx, Final report: Assessment of caffeine intake in a representative sample of the Austrian
population (age 14-39 years), (forthcoming)
Leclercq C, Arcella D, Piccinelli R, Sette S, Le Donne C, Turrini A; INRAN-SCAI 2005-06 Study
Group, 2009, The Italian National Food Consumption Survey INRAN-SCAI 2005-06: main results
in terms of food consumption, Public Health Nutrition, 12, 12, 2504-2532
Marin Institute, 2007, Alcohol, Energy Drinks, and Youth: A Dangerous Mix, San Rafael, CA, US
Meltzer HM, Nordisk Ministerråd N, Råd Nordisk, 2008, Risk assessment of caffeine among children
and adolescents in the Nordic countries, TemaNord, Nordic council of Ministers, Copenhagen
Miller KE, 2008, Energy Drinks, race, and problem behaviors among college students, Journal of
Adolescent Health, 43, 5, 490–497
Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, 2009, New information on ingredients in so-called
”energy drinks”. Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids, Materials
in Contact with Food and Cosmetics of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, 11
May 2009
NZFSA - New Zealand Food Safety Authority, 2010, Risk profile: caffeine in energy drinks and
energy shots. Report prepared by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited
(ESR). Available from: http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/science/risk-profiles/fw10002-caffeine-inbeverages-risk-profile.pdf
O’Brien MC, McCoy TP, MS, Rhodes SD, Wagoner A, Wolfson M, 2008, Caffeinated cocktails:
Energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and slcohol-related consequences among college
students, Academic Emergency Medicine, 15, 5, 453-460
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
159
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Oteri A, Salvo F, Caputi AP, Calapai G, 2007, Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic
beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina,
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 10, 1677-1680
Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR, 2009, Caffeinated energy drinks – A growing problem, Drug and
Alcohol Dependence, 99, 1-3, 1-10
Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE, 2011, Health effects of energy drinks on
children, adolescents, and young adults, Pedriatics, 127, 511-528
SHC-Superior Health Council, 2009, Energy Drinks, Publication of the Superior Health Council, No
8622. Available from: www.health.fgov.be/CSS_HGR
SHC-Superior Health Council, 2012, The use of caffeine in foodstuffs. Advisory report of the Superior
Health Council, No 8689. Available from: www.csh-hgr.be
Thompson FE, Subar AF, 2008, Dietary Assessment Methodology”, chapter in Nutrition in the
Prevention and Treatment of Disease, (edited by Coulston AM, Boushey CJ, Ferruzzi M), second
edition, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
Velazquez CE, Poulos NS, Latimer LA, Pasch KE, 2012, Associations between energy drink
consumption and alcohol use behaviors among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend, 1, 123, 1-3,
167-172
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
160
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
LIST OF APPENDICES
A. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: COMPLETE LIST OF CONTACTS
B. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: LIST OF QUESTIONS
C. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR THE INTERVIEW
D. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: MAIN FINDINGS
E. CONTENT OF RELEVANT SUBSTANCES IN DIFFERENT ED BRANDS INDICATED AS "OTHER"
BY RESPONDENTS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE
F. DETAILS ON CAFFEINE CONTENT FOR THE CATEGORIES OF FOOD SELECTED FOR THE
CALCULATION OF EXPOSURE
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
161
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
GATHERING CONSUMPTION DATA
ON SPECIFIC CONSUMER GROUPS OF ENERGY DRINKS
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
APPENDIX A
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: COMPLETE LIST OF CONTACTS
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
162
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
-
EU Organizations
European Consumers´ Organisation (BEUC)
European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing (EUCAM)
Energy Drinks Europe (EDE)
Union of European Soft Drinks Associations (UNESDA)
-
National Industry Organizations
Institution/Organisation
Verband der Hersteller Alkoholfreier Erfrischungsgetränke (V.D.H.A.E.)
Fédération des Industries des Eaux et des Boissons Rafraîchissantes
(F.I.E.B. /V.I.W.F.)
Member State
Austria
Belgium
Union of Beverage Producers (S.V.N.N.)
Czech Republic
Syndicat National des Boissons Rafraîchissantes (S.N.B.R.)
France
Wirtschaftsvereinigung Alkoholfreie Getränke e.V. (WAFG)
Germany
Association of Greek Soft Drinks Industries (SEVA)
Greece
Magyarországi Üdítital, Gyümölcslé- és Ásványvízgyártok Szövetsége
Hungary
Nederlands Vereniging Frisdranken, Waters, Sappen (FWS)
The Netherlands
National Chamber of Business Beverage Industry (KIGPR)
Poland
Romanian Soft Drinks Association (ANBR)
Romania
Asociacion Nacional de Fabricantes de Bebidas Refrescantes Analcoholicas
(ANFABRA)
Spain
Sveriges Bryggerier / Brewers of Sweden
Sweden
British Soft Drinks Assocation Ltd. (B.S.D.A.)
United Kingdom
PANIMOLIITTO (Finnish Federation of the Brewing and Soft Drinks
Industry)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Finland
163
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
-
National Health Organizations
Institution/Organisation
Member State
University of Vienna - Department of Nutritional Sciences
Austria
-
Scientific Institute of Public Health
-
Superior Health Council
National Center of Public Health and Analyses - Foods and Nutrition
Department
-
Ministry of Health - State General Laboratory
-
Cyprus University of Technology – Cyprus International Institute for
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Environmental and Public Health
Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic - Food Production and
Legislation Department
Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira - Risk Assessment Research Unit
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety
(ANSES)
Unit Nutritional Risks, Allergies and Novel Foods - Food Safety
Department - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)
Hellenic Food Authority (EFET) - Nutrition Policy & Research Directorate
Ministry of National Resources - Department for Health Policy - Unit for
Public Health, Infectious Diseases, Health Administration and Defense
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority (MAST)
Iceland
Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance (IUNA)
Ireland
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (INRAN)
Italy
Assessment and Registration Agency of Food and Veterinary Service of
Latvia
Latvia
National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute - Nutrition Unit
Lithuania
Slovak Public Health Authority
Slovak Republic
National Institute of Public Health
Slovenia
Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency (AESAN)
Spain
Sweeden National Food Agency - Food Data Unit
Sweden
Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) Office for Risk Assessment and Research (BuRo)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
The Netherlands
164
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on energy drinks
GATHERING CONSUMPTION DATA
ON SPECIFIC CONSUMER GROUPS OF ENERGY DRINKS
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
APPENDIX B
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: LIST OF QUESTIONS
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
165
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on energy drinks
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: LIST OF QUESTIONS
1
Identification of relevant literature
IMPORTANT: the interviewee is provided in advance with a list of the relevant literature collected by
the study team
a.
After looking at the list of relevant bibliographic references for the study, do you think that
some recent (i.e. published in the last 3 years) important references are missing? If yes, could you
please indicate which ones?
2
Identification of available data sources
IMPORTANT: the interviewee is provided in advance with a list of the relevant information sources
identified by the study team
a.
After looking at the list of relevant information sources for the study, do you think that some
authoritative sources are missing? If yes, could you please indicate which ones?
3
Identification of the main energy drinks
IMPORTANT: the interviewee is provided in advance with a list of the main energy drinks marketed
in the European Union, compiled by the study team on the basis of the information retrieved. Such list
might be incomplete: in such case, the interviewee will be asked to add the missing brands he/she
knows.
a.
After looking at the list of the most important brands of energy drinks marketed in the
European Union, do you think that some brands (including brands with national diffusion) are
missing? If yes, could you please indicate which ones?
b.
Could you please provide information on the market shares/marketed volumes of the main
energy drinks in the European Union and in individual Member States, if available?
4
Identification of main food products in the diet (other than energy drinks) with significant
content in caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, theophylline and theobromine
IMPORTANT: the interviewee is provided in advance with a list of the food products in the diet (other
than energy drinks) with significant content in caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, theophylline and
theobromine, compiled by the study team on the basis of the information retrieved. Such list might be
incomplete: in such case, the interviewee will be asked to add the missing food products he/she knows.
a.
After looking at the list of the most important food products in the diet (other than energy
drinks) with significant content in caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, theophylline and theobromine,
do you think that some products are missing? If yes, could you please indicate which ones?
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
166
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
GATHERING CONSUMPTION DATA
ON SPECIFIC CONSUMER GROUPS OF ENERGY DRINKS
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
APPENDIX C
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR THE
INTERVIEW
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
167
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR THE INTERVIEW
1
List of the relevant literature
Alard J, Marìn C, Cubillo JM, 2010, Effects of sales promotion in the long term in National Brand and
Private Label in the energy drink category, International Journal of Communication research-AD
Research ESIC, 1, 115-130
Alford C, König J, Aufricht C, Verster JC, 2011, Proceedings of the 2010 Energy Drinks Symposium,
The Open Neuropsychopharmacology Journal, 4, 1-4
BfR - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 2009, Health risks of excessive energy shot intake. BfR
Opinion, No. 1, 2 December 2009
BfR - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 2008, New Human Data on the Assessment of Energy
Drinks. BfR Information, No. 16, 13 March 2008
Calle Aznar S, 2011, Determinación analìtica de la cafeìna in diferentes productos comerciales, Final
project for graduation in Ingeniería Técnica Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC),
Barcelona
CRIOC – Centre de Recherche et d’Information des Organisations de Consommateurs, 2010, Boissons
Energisantes. Fondation de utilité publique, Bruxelles
EFSA - European Food Safety Authority, 2009, The use of taurine and D-glucuronolactone as
constituants of the so-called energy drinks, The EFSA Journal, 935, 1-31. Available from:
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Scientific_Opinion/ans_ej935_Taurine%20and%20Dglucuronolactone_op_en,1.pdf?ssbinary=true
EUCAM - European Center for monitoring Alcohol Marketing, 2009, The raise of alcoholic energy
drinks in Europe - A first exploration of the availability of these drinks in Europe. Available from:
http://www.eucam.info/eucam/home/marketing-products-and-reports.html
EUCAM – European Center for monitoring Alcohol Marketing, 2008, Drinks with a Boost: Alcoholic
energy drinks trends in alcohol marketing -EUCAM Report 2008. Available from: www.eucam.info
Food Safety Promotion Board, 2002, A review of the health effects of stimulant drinks – Final Report,
Safe Food, Cork, Ireland
Gros L and Healey K, 2009, Chemistry changes everything - Do energy drinks really give you wings?.
Final publication of the EC COMENIUS project CITIES (Chemistry and Industry for Teachers in
European Schools). Socrates Comenius Project
James JE, Kristjánsson AL, Sigfúsdóttir ID, 2011, Adolescent substance use, sleep, and academic
achievement: evidence of harm due to caffeine, Journal of Adolescence, 34, 4, 665-73
König J, xxxx, Final report: Assessment of caffeine intake in a representative sample of the Austrian
population (age 14-39 years), (forthcoming)
NZFSA - New Zealand Food Safety Authority, 2010, Risk profile : caffeine in energy drinks and
energy shots. Report prepared by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR).
Available at: http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/science/risk-profiles/fw10002-caffeine-in-beverages-riskprofile.pdf
Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR, 2009, Caffeinated energy drinks – A growing problem, Drug and
Alcohol Dependence, 99, 1-3, 1-10
SHC-Superior Health Council, 2009, Energy Drinks, Publication of the Superior Health Council, No.
8622. Available from: www.health.fgov.be/CSS_HGR
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
168
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
SHC-Superior Health Council, 2012, The use of caffeine in foodstuffs, Advisory report of the Superior
Health Council, N°8689. Available from: www.csh-hgr.be.
2
List of the relevant information sources
British Soft Drinks Association, 2007, The 2007 Soft Drinks Report - UK Market Review. British Soft
Drinks Association, London
British Soft Drinks Association, 2008, The 2008 Soft Drinks Report - UK Market Review. British Soft
Drinks Association, London
British Soft Drinks Association, 2009, The 2009 Soft Drinks Report - UK Market Review. British Soft
Drinks Association, London
British Soft Drinks Association, 2010, The 2010 Soft Drinks Report - UK Market Review. British Soft
Drinks Association, London
British Soft Drinks Association, 2011, The 2011 Soft Drinks Report - UK Market Review. British Soft
Drinks Association, London
Britvic Soft Drinks, 2010, Britvic Soft Drinks Report 2010, available from: www.softdrinksreport.com
Britvic Soft Drinks, 2011, Britvic Soft Drinks Report 2011, available from: www.softdrinksreport.com
Datamonitor Report, 2004, Red Bull Gmbh, October 2004
GDO Week, issue: April 2008
Hansen
Natural
Corporation,
http://monsterbevcorp.com/index.php
2010,
Annual
Report
2010.
Available
from:
Hansen
Natural
corporation,
http://monsterbevcorp.com/index.php
2009,
Annual
Report
2009.
Available
from:
HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence), Study Coordinator Prof. Moreno
Aznar LA, Universidad de Zaragoza. Available from: http://www.helenastudy.com
IDEFICS project (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in
children and infants). Available from: http://www.idefics.eu/Idefics/
INRA – Dietary behaviours and practices: determinants, actions, outputs, 2010. Available from:
http://www.international.inra.fr/search?select=&go=1&access=p&client=instit_en&filter=0&getfields
=*&ie=latin1&oe=latin1&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=instit_en&site=INRAINSTITUTION
AL&sort=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1&q=energy+drink
INRAN SCAI 2005-06 survey. Italian food consumption survey. Detailed data on:
http://www.inran.it/710/I_consumi_alimentari__INRAN-SCAI_2005-06.html
LDV Capital management, 2010, Energy drink due diligence report: Hansen Natural Corporation.
Florida, USA. Available from: http://www.ldvcapitalmanagement.com/
Mark Up, issues: July/August 2008; April 2009; April 2010
Red Bull, North America Inc., 2009, Red Bull Media Kit. California, USA
Soft Drinks International – The Global Beverage Industry Monthly, issues from June 2009 to February
2011
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
169
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
UK Essays, 2011, Red Bull. Downloaded from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/redbull.php?utm_source=socialmedia&utm_medium=downloadpdf&utm_term=pdf&utm_content=essay
&utm_campaign=marketing-rb&utm_nooveride=1
Zenith International – Functional Drinks News, newsletter 2008 - 2009, issues: 181, 185, 191, 203,
204, 205
Websites:
www.ages.at
www.anfabra.es
www.anses.fr
www.assobibe.it
www.atomicdrinks.com
www.batterydrink.com
www.beuc.org
www.beverfood.com
www.bfr.bund.de
www.boissonsrafraichissantes.com
www.brava-italia.com
www.burn.si
www.cesualus.lv/en/produkti/sporta
www.csh-hgr.be
www.datamonitor.com
www.dumpsoda.org
www.dynamit.lv/pillowing
www.energyfiend.com
http://energy-drinks.cz/ (news from Czech energy drink market)
www.energydrink.lv
www.eucam.info
www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk
www.food.gov.uk
www.fsai.ie
www.hansens.com
www.hc-sc.gc.ca
www.inran.it
www.international.inra.fr
www.invs.sante.fr (French Institute for public health surveillance - InVS)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
170
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
www.monsterbevcorp.com/index.php
www.nutritiondusport.fr/sfns/ (French society of nutrition and sport - SFNS)
www.monsterenergy.com
www.pinelli.cz
www.reddevildrinks.com
www.redbull.com
www.redbull.it
www.sante.gouv.fr/les-boissons-energisantes.html (Ministry of Health, France)
www.sharkenergy.com
www.shockenergy.cz
www.slv.se
www.unesda.org
www.wikipedia.org
3
List of the main energy drinks marketed in the European Union and in some Member
States suggested by the stakeholders during the interviews
AUSTRIA: Alpenjodlenergy, Bad Dog, Blue Bear, Bomba, Booster energy drink, Burn, Clever energy
drink, Dark Dog, Flying Power, Full Speed, Mixxedup energy, Monster, Oxxnkracherl, Pure cafaine,
Power Horse, Race energy, Red Bull, Red Eye, Rockstar, S-Budget energy, Shark
BELGIUM: Atomic, Boosted, Burn, Energy, Hell, Monster, Nalu, Red Bull, Rockstar, Rodeo, Shark,
Taurine Force, Virus
CYPRUS: Big Energy Shock, Blu, Bullet, Burn, Chillo, Life is Drive, M-150, Mixxed up, Monster,
Premium XO, Red Bull, Rienergy Refresher, Shark
CZECH REPUBLIC: Big Shock, Burn, Crazy Horse, Crazy Wolf (Kaufland), Erectus, Kamikaze,
Monster, Red Bull, Rockstar, Semtex, Shark, V 12 Energy Power drink
FINLAND: Battery, Mad Croc, Monster, Red Bull, Rockstar, Shark
FRANCE: Atomic, Burn, Coca Blāk, Dark Dog, Energy Drink Taurine Force (Carrefour), Fireball,
Hype, Long Horn, Monster, Red Bull, Rockstar, Shark; X-tense (Leclerc)
GERMANY: Effect, Fireball, Flying Horse, Hell, Monster, Red Bull, Rhino’s, Rockstar, Shark
GREECE: Fireball, Monster Energy, Monster Ripper, Monster Khaos, Monster Lo Carb, Red Bull,
Red Bull Sugar Free, Rockstar Energy, Rockstar Recovery, Shark, 28 Black Acai, Chillo, Lucozade
Alert
HUNGARY: Adrenalin, BIG, B!Bomb, Booster, Burn, Cocaine, Hell, Big Energy, Blue bear, Booster,
Fit Energy, Fütyülős, Kalaschnikow, Kerozin, Kobra, Light Kick, Max, Playboy, Power, Red Bull,
Reload, Shark, Tiger, UP, Watt, XL
ITALY: Atomic, Brava Italia, Burn, Effect, Monster, Red Bull, Sexy Italia, Shark, Tonino
Lamborghini
NETHERLANDS: Atomic, Monster, Red Bull, Red Devil, Rockstar, Rodeo, Shark, V
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
171
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
POLAND: Burn, Control, GreenGo, Monster, Pitbull, Red Bull, Rockstar, Tiger, Vpower
ROMANIA: Burn, Power Horse, Red Bull, Rienergy Refresher Energy Drink
SPAIN: Burn, Long Horn, Monster, Real Power Atomic, Red Bull, Rockstar, Shark, V
SWEDEN: Battery; Burn, FullStrike, Magic, Monster, Red Bull, Rockstar, Shark, White Tiger
UNITED KINGDOM: Atomic, Battery, Blue Bolt (Sainsbury’s), Blue Charge (Asda), Boost, Burn,
Fireball, Full Throttle, Kx (Tesco), Monster , Red Bull, Red Rooster, Relentless, Rockstar, Shark, V
4
List of the main food products in the diet (other than energy drinks) with significant
content in caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, theophylline and theobromine
a.
Espresso coffee
b.
Coffee (instant, ground, ice-coffee, frappè coffee, Turkish or Greek coffee, canned coffee,
3in1 and 2in 1 coffees, etc.)
c.
Cappuccino
d.
Tea (instant, tea bag, ice-tea, etc.)
e.
Hot chocolate
f.
Chocolate bars (dark chocolate, milk chocolate, white chocolate, energy chocolate bars, etc.)
g.
Other bars (i.e. soya bars)
h.
Colas and other soft drinks (i.e. lemonade; Fanta Verdia ; IRN-BRU , etc.)
i.
Meal substitutes and sport nutrition (i.e. protein shakes)
j.
Capsule, pills, gels (i.e. energy pills available in pubs, night clubs, etc., labelled as food
supplement)
k.
All foods and beverages with coffee and chocolate as ingredient (e.g. yogurt with coffee or
chocolate, biscuits with chocolate wafers filled and/or coated with/by chocolate cream, breakfast
cereals with cacao, Puddings with cocoa, Ice creams with cocoa or chocolate, cottage cheese desserts
with chocolate, Pastry with cocoa or chocolate, etc.).
l.
Supplement and medicine
m.
Caffeinated chewing gums (i.e. Black Rhino…)
n.
Syrups
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
172
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
GATHERING CONSUMPTION DATA
ON SPECIFIC CONSUMER GROUPS OF ENERGY DRINKS
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
APPENDIX D
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION:
MAIN FINDINGS
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
173
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
A. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION: MAIN FINDINGS
Country
Stakeholder
EU
EUCAM – European Centre for
Monitoring Alcohol Marketing
Additional literature (in Dutch)
Belgium
FIEB/VIWF - Fédération des
Industries des Eaux et des
Boissons Rafraîchissantes
Remarks on references of American studies
Cyprus
Cyprus International Institute
for Environmental and Public
Health, Cyprus University of
Tachnology
Comprehensive
EDE – Energy Drinks Europe
The literature from EUCAM and Marin Institute not
helpful; BfR opinions do not deal with ED intake but
only with their safety; no reference should be made
to US literature
List of brands comprehensive; reasonable
to focus on the main 4-5 brands in each
specific national situation; energy shots
belong to another product category
Coffee-containing products, such as
yoghurt, desserts, pralines/toffees (e.g
“Pocket coffee”), etc. Focus on a
comprehensive and country-specific list of
such products
NVWA - Netherlands Food and
Consumer Product Safety
Authority
In 2009 NVWA studied the combined intake of
alcohol and energy drinks. The advice (in Dutch) can
be found at:
http://www.vwa.nl/actueel/bestanden/bestand/42525
http://www.vwa.nl/actueel/bestanden/bestand/42527
Additional ED brands: Rodeo; there are
also brands of ED pre-mixed with alcohol
No further information
EU
Netherlands
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Literature Review
Energy Drinks Market
No consumption/sales data. List of brands
complete; increasing popularity of energy
drinks with retailers’ brands (private
labels); presence of pre-mixed alcoholic
ED in some MS
No consumption data. On the basis of her
personal knowledge, the interviewee
indicated RED BULL, MONSTER, BURN
and NALU as the most common ED
brands in Belgian market. No market data,
but Anses is conducting a study with
Nielsen and from the preliminary results
on sales: Red Bull 41.8%, private labels
25.4% , Monster 13.8%, Burn 6.5% and
Dark Dog 3.4%; other brands represent
9.1% of the sales.
ED brands and market shares: Cypriot
market divided into SHARK (55%), RED
BULL (30%), MONSTER (12%) and XL
(3%).
Food products with Active Ingredients
Lack of expertise to add any information
No additional food products
Frappé coffee, a Greek foam-covered iced
coffee drink very popular in Greece and
Cyprus
174
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Country
France
Austria
Greece
Czech
Republic
Stakeholder
ANSES - French Agency for
Food, Environmental and
Occupational Health & Safety
University of Vienna Department of Nutritional
Sciences
EFET - Hellenic Food
Authority, Nutrition Policy &
Research Directorate
Ministry of Agriculture of the
Czech Republic
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Literature Review
Additional literature:
Attila S, Cakir B, 2011, Energy-drink consumption
in college students and associated factors. Nutrition,
27, 316-322;
Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de Mejia, E,
2010, Caffeine in foods: a comprehensive review on
consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory
matters, J Food Sci, 75, R77- 87;
Bigard, AX, 2010, Risks of energy drinks in youths,
Arch Pediatr, 17, 1625-1631
Comprehensive
Energy Drinks Market
Main ED brands: BURN, HYPE, COCA
BLACK, PEPSI X. Consumption of ED
with retailers’ brands (private labels) is
also significant in France, as such products
are usually cheaper than the leading ED.
The interviewee indicated Carrefour
Energy Drink Taurine force and Leclerc Xtense as examples of this category of
products.
Additional ED brands: Red Bull Energy
Drink, Red Bull Sugarfree, Burn, Flying
Power, Flying Power sugarfree, Full
Speed, Blue Bear, Blue Bear sugarfree, SBudget energy, S-Budget energy sugarfree,
Race energy, Race energy sugarfree,
Bomba, Booster energy drink, Mixxedup
energy, Mixxedup energy light, Race
Mango fruit energy, Alpenjodlenergy, Pure
cafaine, Power Horse, Clever energy drink,
Oxxnkracherl
Comprehensive
ED brands on the Greek market: Fireball,
Monster Energy, Monster Ripper, Monster
Khaos, Monster Lo Carb, Red Bull, Red
Bull Sugar Free, Rockstar Energy,
Rockstar Recovery, as well as Shark, 28
Black Acai, Chillo, Lucozade Alert.
Comprehensive
Czech market characterised by a wide
range of local ED brands; importance of
ED with retailers’ brands. Additional ED
brands: Burn, Semtex, Erectus, Big Shock,
Crazy Wolf (Kaufland), V 12 Energy
Power drink, Kamikaze
Food products with Active Ingredients
The interviewee concluded that the food
products listed had been mostly identified
in relation to their caffeine and
theobromine content. So she suggested to
add some food products which are high in
glucuronolactone, such as wine and
stabilizing ingredients used in industrial
products and meat in small quantities; and
also some food products high in taurine,
such as seafood, meat and dairy products.
Coffee flavour in food products
assortments should also be considered. It
could be necessary to include coffee
yoghurt in the study, as it is very popular
in Austria. Important to specify how coffee
and coffee beverages are made to evaluate
caffeine concentration in these products.
The interviewee proposed to include drugs
in the list.
May be important also to investigate in
which way and how “strong” the coffee
was prepared (i.e. for a hot cup of Nescafé
whether one or two spoons of the instant
coffee powder were added in hot water).
Concerning Taurine, the respondent
considered diet supplements (in general
available in gyms and sport centres or
through internet) as one of the main
sources potentially available on the market.
Additional food products such as food
supplements, especially in capsules and
tablets. Additional categories of food
products that should be considered in the
study: other bars (i.e. soya bars); capsule,
pills, gels, sports drinks (even
concentrated).
175
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Country
Italy
Stakeholder
INRAN – Istituto Nazionale di
Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la
Nutrizione
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Literature Review
Additional literature:
Gambon DL, Brand HS, Boutkabout C, Levie D,
Veerman EC, 2011, Patterns in consumption of
potentially erosive beverages among adolescent
school children in the Netherlands. Int Dent J.; 61, 5,
247-51;
Oteri A, Salvo F, Caputi AP, Calapai G, 2007,
Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic
beverages in a cohort of students of the School of
Medicine of the University of Messina. Alcohol Clin
Exp Res.;31, 10, 1677-80.
Kaminer Y, 2010, Problematic use of energy drinks
by adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am.,
19, 3, 643-50.
James JE, Kristjánsson AL, Sigfúsdóttir ID, 2011,
Adolescent substance use, sleep, and academic
achievement: evidence of harm due to caffeine. J
Adolesc.;34, 4, 665-73.
Høstmark AT, 2010, The Oslo health study: soft
drink intake is associated with the metabolic
syndrome, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 35, 5, 635-42.
Leclercq C, Arcella D, Piccinelli R, Sette S, Le
Donne C, Turrini A; INRAN-SCAI 2005-06 Study
Group, 2009, The Italian National Food
Consumption Survey INRAN-SCAI 2005-06: main
results in terms of food consumption, Public Health
Nutr;12, 12, 2504-32.
Energy Drinks Market
List of brands complete. No data on ED
market.
Food products with Active Ingredients
Additional food products: all foods and
beverages with coffee and chocolate as
ingredient (e.g. yogurt with coffee or
chocolate, biscuits with chocolate, etc.);
meal substitutes and sport nutrition;
supplements and medicines
176
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Country
Germany
Cyprus
Belgium
Stakeholder
WAFG Wirtschaftsvereinigung
Alkoholfreie Getränke e.V.
Literature Review
BfR documents listed in the literature for the study
can create some misunderstandings. The Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Germany is in
charge of assessing food safety risks (from a
scientific point of view), but has no legal authority to
judge whether food products can be marketed or not.
This is an important issue that must be addressed, in
particular referring to the BfR publication on energy
shots’ safety.
Ministry of Health - State
General Laboratory
Comprehensive.
SHC - Superior Health Council
Additional literature:
Superior Health Council, 2012, The use of caffeine
in foodstuffs. Advisory report of the Superior Health
Council, N°8689;
Meltzer HM, Nordisk Ministerråd N, Råd
Nordisk, 2008, Risk assessment of caffeine among
children and adolescents in the Nordic countries.
Nordic council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
TemaNord;
NZFSA - New Zealand Food Safety Authority,
2010, Risk profile : caffeine in energy drinks and
energy shots. Report prepared by the Institute of
Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Energy Drinks Market
No data about ED market (difficult to
obtain). A general overview of household
consumption of ED in Germany was
provided. These data do not take into
account products sold in petrol stations or
exported. Significant increase in marketed
volumes of ED, but despite this fact it is
obvious that ED, with only 0,4 % of
overall beverage consumption, still have a
very low market share or impact.
BURN is not anymore present in the
German market, while EFFECT should be
added to the list of ED brands marketed in
Germany. There are a lot of local brands in
each different region of the country.
Additional ED brands marketed in Cyprus:
Red Bull, Shark, Big Energy Shock,
Bullet, Blu, Chillo, Life is Drive, M-150,
Mixxed up, Monster, Premium XO,
Rienergy Refresher. Red Bull has the
biggest market share followed by Shark
(information provided from the Public
Health Services of Cyprus)
Additional ED brands marketed in
Belgium: Rodeo, Virus, Boosted, Hell,
Taurine Force, Energy. Provided some info
about energy shots.
Food products with Active Ingredients
Emerging energy products: energy
chocolate bars and sweets.
Additional food products: canned coffee to
the category of “coffee”; a category called
“other soft drinks” where including soft
drinks other than colas containing caffeine
(i.e. Fanta Verdia and Irn-Bru, popular
brands in Cyprus and Greece).
Other potential sources of caffeine
available in Belgium: “Lemonades”, very
often presented as 25 or 33 cl cans;
Chewing gums “Black Rhino”, 3 tablets of
which are believed to amount to 80 mg of
caffeine; “Energy” pills available in pubs,
night clubs, labelled as food supplements.
Effervescent tablets - intended to be
dissolved in water - should provide not
more than 320 mg of caffeine per litre (see
lemonades); Syrups should also provide no
more than 320 mg/l caffeine after having
been diluted with water.
177
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Country
Stakeholder
Latvia
Agency of Food and Veterinary
Service of Latvia
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Literature Review
Arria AM, et al., 2010, Energy drink consumption
and increased risk of alcohol dependence, Alcohol
Clin Exp Res.;
Velazquez CE, Poulos NS, Latimer LA, Pasch
KE, 2012, Associations between energy drink
consumption and alcohol use behaviors among
college students. Drug Alcohol Depend, 1, 123, 1-3,
167-172
O'Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, Wagoner A,
Wolfson, M, 2008, Caffeinated cocktails: energy
drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcoholrelated consequences among college students,
Acad.Emerg.Med, 15, 5, 453-460;
Brache K, Stockwell T, 2011, Drinking patterns and
risk behaviors associated with combined alcohol and
energy drink consumption in college drinkers,
Addictive Behaviors, 36, 12, 1133-1140
Energy Drinks Market
Popular ED brands in the Latvian market:
Dynamit, Arkta energy, Starter
Food products with Active Ingredients
Additional food products: food
supplements, sports drinks, caffeinated
chewing gums
178
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Country
Stakeholder
Hungary
State Secretariat for Health,
Ministry of National Resources
Iceland
MAST – Icelandic Food and
Veterinary Authority
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Literature Review
Additional literature:
Higgins JP, Phil M, Tuttle TD, Higgins CL, 2010.
Energy Beverages: Content and Safety. Mayo Clin
Proc, 85, 11, 1033-104;
Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety:
New information on ingredients in so-called ”energy
drinks”. Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives,
Flavourings, Processing Aids, Materials in Contact
with Food and Cosmetics of the Norwegian
Scientific Committee for Food Safety, 11 May 2009;
Committee on Nutrition and the Council on
Sports Medicine and Fitness. Sports drinks and
energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they
appropriate? Pediatrics 2011 Jun,12, 6, 1182-9.
Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin, ER,
Lipshultz SE, 2011, Health effects of energy drinks
on children, adolescents, and young adults.
Pediatrics 127, 3, 511-28.
Kaminer Y, 2010, Problematic use of energy drinks
by adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am
19, 3, 643-50.
Bigard AX, 2010, Risks of energy drinks in youths,
Arch Pediatr 17, 11, 1625-31.
Additional papers:
Eucam, 2009, Dutch Minister doesn’t follow advise
on labeling alcoholic energy drinks, Utrecht;
O’Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, Wagoner
A,Wolfson M, 2008,Caffeinated Cocktails: Energy
DrinkConsumption, High-risk Drinking, and
Alcohol-related Consequences among College
Students, Academic Emergency Medicine, 15: 1–-8;
Arria AM, Caldeira MK, Kasperski SJ, Vincent
KB,Griffiths RR, O’Grady KE, 2011, Energy
Drink Consumption and Increased Risk for Alcohol
Dependence”, Alcoholism: Clinical and
Experimental Research, Vol. 35, No. 2.
Energy Drinks Market
Food products with Active Ingredients
Integration of the list of ED brands with:
Adrenalin, BIG, B!Bomb, Booster, Burn,
Cocaine, Big Energy, Blue bear, Booster,
Fit Energy, Fütyülős, Kalaschnikow,
Kerozin, Kobra, Light Kick, Max,
Playboy, Power, Reload, Tiger, UP, Watt,
XL. The respondent mentioned Red Bull
and Hell as the most popular energy drink
brands in Hungary, but she underlined that
she had no consumption/sales data to
support her opinion.
Addition of the following food products:
3in1 and 2in1 coffees; biscuits, wafers
(filled and/or coated with/by chocolate
cream); breakfast cereals with cocoa;
puddings with cocoa; cottage cheese
desserts with chocolate; ice creams with
cocoa or chocolate; pastry with cocoa or
chocolate. Might be more appropriate to
use the wording “food supplements”
instead of “capsules, pills, gels”, and
“foods for special dietary purposes”
instead of “sport drinks” in the original list.
List of brands quite complete. No data on
ED consumption.
No additional food products.
179
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
Country
Stakeholder
Germany
BfR - Federal Institute for Risk
Assessment
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
Literature Review
Additional literature:
Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de Mejia E.,
2010, Caffeine in foods: a comprehensive review on
consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory
matters. J Food Sci, 75, R77- 87;
Heckman MA, Sherry K, DeMejia EG, 2010,
Energy drinks: An assessment of their market size,
consumer demographics, ingredient profile,
functionality, and regulations in the United States.
Comprehensive reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety, 9, 303-317.
Energy Drinks Market
http://energydrinkblog.de/von-a-z/
Food products with Active Ingredients
No further information available.
180
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
GATHERING CONSUMPTION DATA
ON SPECIFIC CONSUMER GROUPS OF ENERGY DRINKS
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
APPENDIX E
CONTENT OF RELEVANT INGREDIENTS IN ED BRANDS INDICATED AS “OTHER”
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
181
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
CONTENT OF RELEVANT SUBSTANCES IN DIFFERENT ED BRANDS INDICATED AS “OTHER” BY
RESPONDENTS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE
Caffeine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Taurine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Glucuronolactone (mg/L)as declared on the label
666™
1666
Not present
Not present
9mm™
320
4000
Not present
Action™
315
3800
2400 (**)
Adrenalin™
320
4000
Not present
Afri power™
320
Not present
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
AMP-Mountain Dew™
300
4000 (**)
Not present
Appie™ (private label)
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
BePOwer- Biedronka™
320
4000
Not present
Bigpump: Taurine™
240
4000
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Black cat™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Black energy™
320
3000
Not present
Black Horse™
480
4000
2400
Black Panter™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
300
4000
2400
Brand name
Albert Hejin™ (private label)
Biturbo™
Blitz™
Blow™
240
2000
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
320
4000
2400
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Boost™
300
4000
Not present
Buffalo™
320
Not present
Not present
Bullit™ (private label Penny)
300
4000
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
320
4000
2400
Blue Bear™
Blue bear™ (private label Spar
UK)
Boom Boom™
c1000™ (private label)
Cannabis™
Celcius™
Club-Mate™
Cobra™
Cocaine™
Crazy wolf™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
200
Not present
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
640
4000
Not present
250
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Demon™
320
4000
Not present
Denner Energy™
300
3800
2400
C-Strong energy™
Devil™
350
4000 (**)
Not present
300 (*)
Not present
Not present
Dr Pepper Energy™- Venom
320
4000
2400
Dragster™
320
4000
Not present
Dynamite ™
260
3100
Not present
Doc Weingart™
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
182
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Caffeine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Taurine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Glucuronolactone (mg/L)as declared on the label
E2™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Ed™
320
4000
Not present
Emerge™
300
4000
Not present
Energgy2000™
320
4000
Not present
Energia Lecha™
320
4000
Not present
Energy™ (private label
Euroshopper)
320
4000
2400 (**)
Energy slammers™
320
Not present
2400 (**)
Enerji™
133
Not present
Not present
Fenix™
300 (*)
4000
Not present
Flying Power™ (private label
Hofer)
320
4000
Not present
Frank’s™
320
4000
Not present
Full size™
320
3800
3000
Full Speed™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Full Strike™
320
4000
1200
Gasoline for humans™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Glontz™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Golden eagle™
320
4000
2400
Golden Power™
320
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Gordon’s space™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Grasshopper™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Green up™
320
Not present
Not present
Guru™
500
Not present
Not present
Hacendado™ (private label
Mercadona)
150
4000
2400 (**)
Herbapol - Green Up™
320
Not present
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Hools™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Hot Blood™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Hunter™
300
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Hustler™
200
3000
Not present
Hype™
320
4000
2400
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Imola™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Inferno™
320
4000
Not present
Jaguar™
320
4000
2400
Jolt™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Jump in! ™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Kalashnikov™
315
4000
Not present
Kamikaze™
610
Not present
2400 (**)
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Brand name
Hijinks energy™
Ica energidryck™ (private
label)
Kaufland™ (private label)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
183
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Caffeine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Taurine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Glucuronolactone (mg/L)as declared on the label
Kick™
300
4000
2400
Killerfish™
320
3000
Not present
Kite™
300
Not present
Not present
Koks™
320
400
2500
300 (*)
Not present
Not present
320
4000
2400
Brand name
Kombucha™
Kratin daeng™
Las Vegas™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Leszarom™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Lift Off™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Lipovitan™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Liquid Lightnin™
400
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Locura™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Lucozade original™
120
Not present
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
M-150™
330
Not present
Not present
Magic Man™
320
3000
Not present
Mask™
320
4000
2400 (**)
Matrix™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Max Force™
320
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Maxx™
320
4000
Not present
Megaforce™
320
4000
1200
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Nae danger energy drink™
320
4000 (**)
Not present
N-gine (private label Tesco)™
320
4000
Not present
No Fear™
300
4000
2400
NY Razor™
320
4000 (**)
Not present
M power™
Motion™
Olimp™
560
4000
2400 (**)
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Oxxenkracherl™
320
3000
2400 (**)
Ozone Energy Drink™
320
4000
Not present
Party Power™
320
4000
Not present
Pink Fish™
300
4000
2400
Pitbull™
320
4000
Not present
Planet Energy™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Plus™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
pokka™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Power King™
320
4000
2400
Power UP™
480
Not present
Not present
Powerade™
320
Not present
Not present
Powerking™
320
4000
2400
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Onyx Energy Drink™
Private label Casino™
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
184
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Caffeine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Taurine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Glucuronolactone (mg/L)as declared on the label
Puma™
300
3800
2400
R20™
300
4000
2400
Race™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Race™
300
4000
2400 (**)
Rasta Sta™r
320
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Red dragon™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Red force™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Red hell™
320
Not present
2400 (**)
Red rooster™
320
4000
Not present
Red thunder™
315
4000 (**)
Not present
Riders™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Ronin™
320
4000
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Sainsbury's Blue Bolt™
300
4000
2400 (**)
Sbudget - Privale Label Spar™
320
4000 (**)
Not present
Schartner clue™
315
4000 (**)
1000
Scheckter's Organic™
340
Not present
Not present
Schwarze dose™
320
Not present
Not present
Brand name
Rox™
Sexergy™
320
3000
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Slammers™
320
Not present
2400 (**)
Spam™
300
4000
2400
Speed™
310
300
Not present
Speedstar™
320
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Spike Shotgun™
700
Not present
Not present
Spoko energy drnik™
1066
Not present
Not present
T400™
300
4000
100
Tabu™
320
4000
Not present
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
TDI™
300
4000
Not present
Teho™
320
4000
Not present
Thunder energy™
320
4000
Not present
Titanium - private label
Eroski™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Trigger™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Tunnel™
230
2900
Not present
Ursus energy drink™
320
4000
Not present
Verve™
320
4000
Not present
Vibe™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
2400 (**)
Vipera™
320
4000
Not present
Vitamin™
315
Not present
Not present
V-MAX™
320
4000
Not present
She™
Take off™
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
185
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
Caffeine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Taurine (mg/L) - as
declared on the label
Glucuronolactone (mg/L)as declared on the label
Volcaz™
300
4000 (**)
Not present
Vulcano™
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Wake up™
Brand name
300 (*)
4000 (**)
Not present
Watt™
300
4000
Not present
Wild Dragon™
300
3900
2400
X act™
320
4000
2400 (**)
XL™
320
4000
Not present
X-Ray™
240
Not present
Not present
Xtreme™
320
4000
2400
XXL™
320
4000
Not present
Note: values highlighted by the light grey background were assumed, as no information on actual content could be retrieved;
further investigations are being carried out to achieve a final validation of the assumptions made.
* assumed as equal to the value in König, 2011.
** assumed as equal to the modal value.
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
186
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
GATHERING CONSUMPTION DATA
ON SPECIFIC CONSUMER GROUPS OF ENERGY DRINKS
EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
APPENDIX F
DETAILS ON CAFFEINE CONTENT FOR THE CATEGORIES OF FOOD SELECTED FOR
THE CALCULATION OF EXPOSURE
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
187
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
DETAILS ON CAFFEINE CONTENT FOR THE CATEGORIES OF FOOD SELECTED FOR THE CALCULATION OF EXPOSURE
References for products with caffeine (segue)
WITH CAFFEINE
(mg/L o mg/kg)
Espresso Coffee
Coffee (instant, ground, ice-coffe..)
Cappuccino
1916
400
250
Tea (instant, tea bag, ice-tea …)
100
Hot chocolate
150
Chocolate bars
Dark chocolate
Milk chocolate
White chocolate
Chocolate snacks (e.g. Mars, Kit kat..)
Dark chocolate
Milk chocolate
White chocolate
Colas (e.g. Coca-cola, Pepsi)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
180
340
183
0
Range caffeine content mg/kg (min-max)
http://faculty.washi
Konig
Mayo clinic ngton.edu/chudler/
(forthcoming)
caff.html
‐
1320-2475
402-1005
‐
368 494
113,4-840
194 310
315
50-150
Heckman et al.
(2010)
1008-3024
113,4-840
McCuscker et Safe Food (2002)- NZFSA (2010) Anderson et al.
Chou (1992)
al.(2003)
Ireland
New Zealand
(2004)-Norden
310-544,5
58,8-256,2 268-536 (no ice tea) 105-504 (no ice tea)
105-340
250-2140
90-1180
286-770
355-690
95-430 (no ice tea)
50-390
134-234,5
25,5-405
6,7-53,6
165-211
21-150
5,36-71
330-1250
210
130-400
50-540 (220-300)
60-1260
340
183
0
140
108-250
264
142
0
79,2
41-132
75,6-131,6
64,4-179,2
93-127
97,2-123,1
188
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks
References for products without caffeine
DECAFFEINATED
(mg/L o mg/kg)
Range caffeine content mg/kg (min-max)
Mayo clinic
Espresso Coffee
Coffee (instant, ground, ice-coffe..)
Cappuccino
250
10,7
50
8,4-50,4
Tea (instant, tea bag, ice-tea …)
25
0-50,4
Hot chocolate
NO
http://faculty.was
Heckman et al. Safe Food (2002)hington.edu/chud
Chou (1992)
(2010)
Ireland
ler/caff.html
13,4-33,5
12,6-50,4
3,3-13,3
13,2-17,6
Chocolate bars
Dark chocolate
Milk chocolate
White chocolate
Chocolate snacks (e.g. Mars, Kit kat..)
Dark chocolate
Milk chocolate
White chocolate
Colas (e.g. Coca-cola, Pepsi)
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
189
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy
drinks
GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
CATI: Computer Assisted Telephone Interview
CAWI: Computer Assisted Web Interview
ED: Energy Drinks
EU: European Union
MS: Member States
UK: United Kingdom
US: United States
Supporting Publications 2013:EN-394
190
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively
by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender
procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be
considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the
issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.