Filipino Religiosity Is Different
Mahar Mangahas
A Presentation for the
Loyola School of Theology Theological Hour
December 4, 2013
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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Quot homines tot sententiae:
As Many Opinions As There are People
3
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
THE SWS MISSION IS TO GENERATE DATA --
 to help eyes to see -- Education
 to cause hearts to feel -- Conscientization
 to help minds to understand -- Analysis
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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http://www.issp.org/
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
OUTLINE
1. Religious Identification
2. Church Attendance
3. Religiosity and Religious Beliefs
4. “Role of the New Pope” (1996)
5. “Sometimes I think I might leave the Catholic Church”
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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Religious Identification
7
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
SELF-IDENTIFIED RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION, PHILIPPINES,
FEB 2013
Percent
Catholics
Protestants
Iglesia ni Cristos (INC)
Other Christians
Muslims
Other religions
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
81
6
3
3
6
0.1
Count (000)
42,201
3,327
1,691
1,568
2,911
60
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
4
PERCENTAGE OF SELF-IDENTIFIED CATHOLICS,
PHILIPPINES, 1991 – 2013
90%
85%
81%
80%
75%
70%
* ‘91
*
*
* '95
*
*
*
* '00
*
*
*
* '05
*
*
*
* '10
*
* '13
Gaano po kayo kadalas magsimba o sumamba? (SHOWCARD) HINDI KAILANMAN, ISANG BESES SA ISANG TAON, 2-11 BESES SA ISANG TAON,
MINSAN SA ISANG BUWAN, DALAWANG BESES O HIGIT PA SA ISANG BUWAN, MINSAN SA ISANG LINGGO O HIGIT PA SA 1 LINGGO
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
SELF-IDENTIFIED RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
IN SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
Catholics
91%
Poland (POL)
Other Christians
1%
Italy (ITA)
90
1
Philippines (PHL)
84
9
Mexico (MEX)
80
9
Spain (ESP)
78
1
United States USA
26
55
Great Britain (GBR)
9
44
10
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
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Church Attendance
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
CHURCH ATTENDANCE, BY RELIGION, PHILIPPINES, FEB 2013
Base: Total Registered Voters
Total
PHL
[100%]
Catholics
[81%]
Protestants
[6%]
INC
[3%]
Other
Christs. Muslims
[3%]
[6%]
Other
Religs
[.1%]
At least weekly
43%
37%
64%
70%
62%
75%
67%
2-3 times per month
22
24
15
14
24
10
33
Once a month
21
23
13
16
8
10
0
2-11 times per year
9
10
5
0
6
3
0
Once a year/Never
5
6
2
0
0
3
0
Gaano po kayo kadalas magsimba o sumamba? (SHOWCARD) HINDI KAILANMAN, ISANG BESES SA ISANG TAON, 2-11 BESES SA ISANG TAON,
MINSAN SA ISANG BUWAN, DALAWANG BESES O HIGIT PA SA ISANG BUWAN, MINSAN SA ISANG LINGGO O HIGIT PA SA 1 LINGGO
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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WEEKLY CHURCH ATTENDANCE, PHILIPPINES, 1991 – 2013
70%
65%
60%
ALL ADULTS
55%
50%
45%
43
40%
CATHOLIC ADULTS
37
35%
*'91 *
*
*
*'95 *
*
*
*
*'00 *
*
*
*
*'05 *
*
*
*
*'10 *
*
*'13*
Gaano po kayo kadalas magsimba o sumamba? (SHOWCARD) HINDI KAILANMAN, ISANG BESES SA ISANG TAON, 2-11 BESES SA ISANG TAON,
MINSAN SA ISANG BUWAN, DALAWANG BESES O HIGIT PA SA ISANG BUWAN, MINSAN SA ISANG LINGGO O HIGIT PA SA 1 LINGGO
13
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
CHURCH ATTENDANCE NOW VERSUS 5 YEARS AGO,
BY RELIGION, PHILIPPINES, FEB 2013
Base: Total Registered Voters
Total
PHL
[100%]
Catholics
[81%]
Protestants
[6%]
INC
[3%]
Other
Christs.
[3%]
Muslims
[6%]
A: More frequent now
18%
18%
26%
14%
26%
14%
B: Same as before
54
54
58
51
49
47
C: Less frequent now
28
27
14
36
25
40
NET difference (A-C)
-9
-9
+12
-22
+1
-26
Question: Kung ikukumpara po ang inyong kasalukuyang pagsisimba o pagsasamba sa nakalipas
na limang taon, masasabi po ba ninyo na ang inyong pagsisimba o pagsasamba ay …
(SHOWCARD)? [MAS MALIMIT NGAYON KAYSA NOON, PAREHO LANG NG DATI, MAS MADALANG
NGAYON KAYSA NOON]
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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Religiosity and Religious Beliefs
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
SELF-ASSESSED RELIGIOSITY,
BY RELIGION, PHILIPPINES, FEB 2013
Base: Total Registered Voters
Total
PHL
[100%]
Catholics
[81%]
Protestants
[6%]
INC
[3%]
Other
Christs.
[3%]
Muslims
[6%]
Very religious
32%
29%
50%
43%
41%
38%
Somewhat religious
56
59
38
55
36
55
Not very religious
11
11
10
2
18
5
No religious belief
1
1
2
0
5
1
Question: Masasabi ba ninyo na kayo ay… (SHOWCARD)? [TALAGANG RELIHIYOSO, MEDYO
RELIHIYOSO, MEDYO HINDI RELIHIYOSO, WALANG RELIHIYONG PINANINIWALAAN]
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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SELF-ASSESSED RELIGIOSITY, PHILIPPINES
1998 T0 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
1 2
4
10
1
1 1
5
11
50
Neither religious
nor non-religious
Somewhat religious
58
55
27
4
8
Extremely non-religious
Very non-religious
Somewhat non-religious
1
16
22
7
9
6
1991
1998
2008
17
Very religious
Extremely religious
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
SELF-ASSESSED RELIGIOSITY, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
2
2
6
10
6
13
11
3
6
6
6
14
18
4
8
10
9
6
4
6
7
13
58
24
51
13
Extremely
non-religious
13
Very
non-religious
11
Somewhat
non-religious
22
59
53
47
Neither
religious nor
non-religious
Somewhat religious
34
22
15
2
POL
11
14
3
6
ITA
PHL
30
19
1
MEX
18
MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
8
7
6
1
ESP
USA
GBR
1
Very religious
Extremely religious
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
9
STRENGTH OF BELIEF IN GOD, PHILIPPINES, 1998 T0 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
2
1% - I don’t believe in God
8
9
13
86
2% - I don’t know whether there
is a God and I don’t believe there
is any way to find out
12
23
1 1
3 2
3
2% - I don’t believe in a
personal God, but I do believe
in a Higher Power of some
kind
3% - I find myself believing in
God some of the time, but not
at others
83
79
9% - While I have doubts, I
feel that I do believe in God
83% - I know God really exists
and I have no doubts about it
1991
1998
2008
19
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
STRENGTH OF BELIEF IN GOD, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
3
6
6
9
14
6
7
7
1
2 2
3
9
3
2
7
9
14
12
10
10
12
I don’t believe in God
3
5
18
10
3
19
17
8
14
25
20
83
63
62
41
POL
ITA
MEX
I find myself believing
in God some of the
time, but not at others
18
While I have doubts,
I feel that I do believe
in God
17
I know God really exists
and I have no doubts
about it
61
20
MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
ESP
USA
I don’t believe in a
personal God, but I do
believe in a Higher
Power of some kind
13
38
PHL
I don’t know whether
there is a God and I
don’t believe there is
any way to find out
GBR
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
10
PERSISTENCE OF BELIEF IN GOD, PHILIPPINES, 1998 T0 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2% - I don’t believe in God
now and I never have
2
2
1% - I don’t believe in God
now, but I used to
2% - I believe in God now,
but I didn’t used to
94
90
93
1991
1998
2008
21
93% - I believe in God
now and I always have
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
PERSISTENCE OF BELIEF IN GOD, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
2
6
4
7
12
2
4
5
8
9
6
8
4
5
7
I don’t believe in
God now and I never
have
14
2
20
POL
81
72
ITA
5
37
I believe in God now
and I always have
15
93
80
I don’t believe in
God now, but I used
to
I believe in God now,
but I didn’t used to
69
MEX
PHL
22
MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
67
ESP
USA
GBR
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
11
BELIEF IN HEAVEN, PHILIPPINES, 1998 T0 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
NO, Definitely Not
5
3
2 1
5
2
19
13
76
80
NO, Probably Not
YES, Probably
50
YES, Definitely
42
1991
1998
2008
23
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
BELIEF IN HEAVEN, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
2
5
9
6
11
9
13
8
14
16
NO, Definitely Not
34
16
22
21
27
NO, Probably Not
22
16
37
36
80
YES, Probably
22
62
24
51
30
POL
22
ITA
YES, Definitely
20
MEX
PHL
24
MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
ESP
17
USA
GBR
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
12
BELIEF IN HELL, PHILIPPINES, 1998 T0 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
NO, Definitely Not
5
7
10
9
NO, Probably Not
9
12
YES, Probably
23
18
47
63
63
1998
2008
YES, Definitely
29
1991
25
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
BELIEF IN HELL, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
9
17
NO, Definitely Not
14
11
18
20
12
15
9
11
43
18
29
20
26
NO, Probably Not
33
33
63
44
26
POL
18
ITA
28
20
MEX
PHL
26
MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
51
16
16
12
11
ESP
YES, Probably
YES, Definitely
USA
GBR
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
13
BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH, PHILIPPINES, 1998 T0 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
6
7
6
NO, Definitely Not
9
NO, Probably Not
8
14
21
YES, Probably
20
43
64
62
YES, Definitely
34
1991
1998
2008
27
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
9
10
13
9
16
15
10
15
8
20
11
19
31
20
NO, Definitely Not
NO, Probably Not
28
22
16
34
38
YES, Probably
26
24
62
55
45
30
POL
YES, Definitely
23
ITA
20
MEX
PHL
28
MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
ESP
20
USA
GBR
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
14
“DO YOU HAVE AN ALTAR OR A SHRINE AT HOME?”
SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2008
Source: ISSP Survey Modules on Religion
16
27
25
25
44
58
83
83
73
75
NO
73
55
41
15
POL
ITA
MEX
PHL
29
ESP
USA
YES
GBR
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
“Role of the New Pope”
(1996 survey initiative of Fr. Andrew M. Greeley
in 7 Catholic countries)
“The following questions are for Catholics only.
This is about the next Pope or head of the Catholic
Church. As you may know, when a Pope dies, the
Cardinals meet in Rome to elect a new Pope. The
last time a Pope was elected was in 1978 when
Pope John Paul II was elected.”
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OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON THE NEXT POPE
PERMITTING PRIESTS TO MARRY, PHILIPPINES, 1996 TO 2013
1996
20%
79
Favor
Oppose
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
2002
2005
22%
12
66
16%
11
72
2013
16%
84
1996 and 2013 Question wording: Would you favor or oppose the next Pope permitting priests to
marry? [Favor, Oppose]
2002 and 2005 Question wording: Do you agree or disagree with this statement – “The Catholic
Church should allow its priests to get married.” [Strongly agree, Somewhat agree, Neither agree nor
disagree, Somewhat disagree, Strongly disagree]
31
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON THE NEXT POPE
PERMITTING PRIESTS TO MARRY, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 1996
Germany
Those in favor
83%
Ireland
82
Spain
79
United States
69
Italy
67
Poland
50
Philippines
20
1996 and 2013 Question wording: Would you favor or oppose the next Pope permitting priests to
marry? [Favor, Oppose]
2002 and 2005 Question wording: Do you agree or disagree with this statement – “The Catholic
Church should allow its priests to get married.” [Strongly agree, Somewhat agree, Neither agree nor
disagree, Somewhat disagree, Strongly disagree]
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON THE NEXT POPE ALLOWING
THE ORDINATION OF WOMEN TO PRIESTHOOD, PHILIPPINES,
1996 TO 2013
1996
17%
83
Favor
Oppose
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
2005
2013
15%
84
12%
10
78
1996 and 2013 Question wording: Would you favor or oppose the next Pope allowing the ordination of
women to priesthood? [Favor, Oppose]
2005 Question wording: Do you agree or disagree with this statement – ““The Catholic Church should
allow women to become priests.” [Strongly agree, Somewhat agree, Neither agree nor disagree,
Somewhat disagree, Strongly disagree]
33
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON WHETHER OR NOT
REPRESENTATIVE LAY PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE MORE VOICE IN
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, PHILIPPINES, 1996
Favor
68%
Oppose
32
Question wording: There is a suggestion about letting representative lay people should have more of
a voice in the Catholic Church. For example, by serving as advisors to the Pope. Would you favor or
oppose this?
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON WHO SHOULD APPOINT BISHOPS,
PHILIPPINES, 1996 TO 2013
1996
2005
2013
Prefer the new Pope to continue
to appoint bishops
49%
66%
57%
Prefer bishops to be chosen by
priests and people within
their own diocese
50
32
43
1
0
0
Don’t know
Question: Currently, Catholic bishops are appointed by the Vatican. In the beginning, bishops were
elected by priests and people within their own diocese. Would you prefer the new Pope to
continue to appoint bishops or would you prefer to have bishops chosen by priests and people
within their own diocese?
35
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON WHETHER OR NOT THE NEXT POPE
SHOULD BE MORE OPEN TO CHANGE IN THE CHURCH,
1996
The next Pope should be
more open to change in the Church
47%
Things are okay the way they are
52
Question: Would you like the next Pope to be more open to change in the Church or do you think
things are okay with the way they are?
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MM Presentation on Filipino Religiosity (Dec03)
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON WHETHER THE NEXT POPE
SHOULD MAINTAIN THE TRADITIONAL POLICIES OF THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH, PHILIPPINES, 2005 AND 2013
2005
2013
Should maintain the traditional
policies of the Church
78%
67%
Should change Church policies to
reflect the attitudes of
Catholics today
20
33
Question: In your opinion, should the next Pope maintain the traditional policies of the Catholic
Church or should change policies to reflect the attitudes of Catholics today?
37
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
OPINION OF CATHOLICS ON WHETHER OR NOT THE NEXT POPE
SHOULD GIVE MORE DECISION-MAKING POWER TO THE
BISHOPS IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1996 AND 2013
1996
2013
Give more decision-making power
to the Bishops in the Philippines
36%
34%
Pope should continue to make
most of the decisions
63
66
Question: Would you like to see the next Pope give more decision-making power to the Bishops in
here in the Philippines, or do you think the Pope should continue to make most of the decisions for
the Church?
38
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OPINION ON WHETHER OR NOT THE NEXT POPE SHOULD
SHOW MORE CONCERN WHAT LIFE IS LIKE
FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE, 1996 AND 2013
1996
2013
The Pope should show more concern
about what life is like
for ordinary people
46%
48%
The Pope should show more concern
about religious issues
53
52
Question: Would you like to see the next Pope give more decision-making power to the Bishops in
here in the Philippines, or do you think the Pope should continue to make most of the decisions for
the Church?
39
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
“Sometimes I think I might leave the
Catholic Church” (2013)
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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AMONG CATHOLICS: “SOMETIMES I THINK I MIGHT LEAVE THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH,” FEB 2013
Strongly agree
2
7
Somewhat
agree
Undecided
5
Strongly disagree
Somewhat
disagree
11
74
Question: Pakisabi po kung gaano kayo sumasang-ayon o hindi sumasang-ayon sa pangungusap na ito: “Paminsanminsan iniisip ko na baka umalis ako sa Simbahang Katoliko? (SHOWCARD)?
41
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
“… I MIGHT LEAVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH…” IS INVERSELY
RELATED TO RELIGIOSITY, PHILIPPINES, FEB 2013
Strongly
agree
Somewhat
agree
Und.
Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree
Very religious (29%) 2 31 6
Somewhat religious
2 7
(59%)
Not very religious (11%) 2
88
5
13
15
No religious belief (1%)
14
38
73
19
51
19
24
19
Question: Pakisabi po kung gaano kayo sumasang-ayon o hindi sumasang-ayon sa pangungusap na ito: “Paminsan-minsan iniisip ko na baka umalis ako sa
Simbahang Katoliko? (SHOWCARD: TALAGANG SUMASANG-AYON, MEDYO SUMASANG-AYON, HINDI TIYAK KUNG SUMASANG-AYON O HINDI, MEDYO HINDI
SUMASANG-AYON, TALAGANG HINDI SUMASANG-AYON )?
42
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
21
“… I MIGHT LEAVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH…” IS DIRECTLY
RELATED TO CHURCH ATTENDANCE, PHILIPPINES, FEB 2013
Strongly
agree
Somewhat
agree
At least weekly (37%) 3 3 4
82
12
Once a month (23%) 3 10
77
5
11
Never/Once a year (6%) 5
Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree
8
2-3 a month (24%) 1 6 4
2-11 times a year (10) 4
Und.
16
9
13
66
15
9
61
8
66
Question: Pakisabi po kung gaano kayo sumasang-ayon o hindi sumasang-ayon sa pangungusap na ito: “Paminsan-minsan iniisip ko na baka umalis ako sa
Simbahang Katoliko? (SHOWCARD: TALAGANG SUMASANG-AYON, MEDYO SUMASANG-AYON, HINDI TIYAK KUNG SUMASANG-AYON O HINDI, MEDYO HINDI
SUMASANG-AYON, TALAGANG HINDI SUMASANG-AYON )?
43
Filipino Religiosity Is Different
“… I MIGHT LEAVE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH…” IS DIRECTLY
RELATED TO DECLINE IN CHURCH ATTENDANCE,
PHILIPPINES, FEB 2013
Strongly
agree
Somewhat
agree
Und.
Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree
More frequent now
(18%) 3 7 2 6
Same as 5 years ago
3 5 6
(54%)
Less frequent now
(27%) 2 10
82
15
6
8
71
75
Question: Pakisabi po kung gaano kayo sumasang-ayon o hindi sumasang-ayon sa pangungusap na ito: “Paminsan-minsan iniisip ko na baka umalis ako sa
Simbahang Katoliko? (SHOWCARD: TALAGANG SUMASANG-AYON, MEDYO SUMASANG-AYON, HINDI TIYAK KUNG SUMASANG-AYON O HINDI, MEDYO HINDI
SUMASANG-AYON, TALAGANG HINDI SUMASANG-AYON )?
44
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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#52 Malingap Street,
E-mail:
Sikatuna Village, Quezon City
Tels: 926-4308, 924-4456, 924-4458, 924-4465
45
sws_info@sws.org.ph
Filipino Religiosity
Is Different
45
MARAMING SALAMAT AT
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Filipino Religiosity Is Different
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