CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of Figures Introduction ix xi 1 Chapter 1. Beginnings: Palaeolithic and Neolithic A. Introduction B. Textile impressions C. Weaving implements D. Neolithic figurines E. Conclusions 5 5 6 7 8 10 Chapter 2. Dress in Early Bronze Age Greece and Prepalatial Crete A. Textiles, weaving and sewing implements, and attachments B. Decorated anthropomorphic vessels C. The figurines D. Conclusions 11 11 13 22 25 Chapter 3. Minoan Middle Bronze Age Dresses with Egyptian and Near Eastern Comparanda A. The Minoan peak-back robe 1. The Corpus 2. Distribution of the peak-back robe 3. Dating of the peak-back robe 4. Previous scholarship and interpretations 5. Stylistic evaluation 6. Egyptian comparanda: the bag tunic 7. Near Eastern comparanda and replications: the tunic of Ishtar 8. Peak-back robe replications B. The high-neck (peak-back?) robe C. The Minoan double-V-necked dress D. The petaloid loop “garment” E. Cloaks and wraps 27 27 27 33 33 33 36 36 38 44 48 49 53 53 Chapter 4. Late Bronze Age Dresses A. The Minoan open front dress 1. Bands 2. Warp-weighted loom 3. Seams 4. Linear B texts 5. Fabrics 6. Previous scholarship 7. Experimental replications of the Minoan dress (heanos) with open front a. The Snake Goddess, Knossos, HM 65 b. Crocus Gatherer, Thera c. Veiled Maiden, Thera d. Crocus Basket Emptier, Thera e. Necklace Bearer, Thera f. Crouching Woman (goddess), Hagia Triada g. Ivory Triad figure, Mycenae h. Fragmentary figure, House of Ladies, Thera 57 57 65 67 69 70 72 73 74 74 79 85 88 90 93 98 99 vi CONTENTS 8. Experimental replications of the Minoan dress (heanos) with partly closed front a. Kneeling figure, Hagia Triada b. Miniature Girl, Mycenae c. Bucket Carrier and Lyre Player, Hagia Triada Sarcophagus d. Bending Lady, Thera e. Wounded Lady, Thera f. Open front dress covering the breasts: the Mykenaia 9. Decorative motifs and fragmentary upper and lower dress parts B. The Mycenaean tunic with horizontal neckline 1. Corpus 2. Experimental reconstruction of Camp Stool Banqueter, Knossos, and replication of tunic with horizontal neckline 113 114 121 124 124 129 131 132 143 143 150 Chapter 5. The Flounced Skirt A. Near Eastern flounced garments and their appearance in Crete B. The Minoan flounced skirt 1. Minoan flounced skirt 2. Minoan flounced skirt: fastened in front 155 155 168 168 174 Chapter 6. The Flounced Kilt A. Introduction: the Minoan flounced kilt B. Experimental replications of the flounced kilt 1. Crouching Woman (“goddess”), Hagia Triada 2. Ivory Triad, Mycenae 3. Crocus Basket Emptier, Thera 4. Bending Lady, Thera 5. Necklace Bearer, Thera 6. Crocus Gatherer Thera 7. Veiled Maiden, Thera C. Flounced kilts in Crete from MM IIIB to LM IB 1. Wall paintings a. Sacred Grove and Grandstand, Knossos b. Procession, Knossos c. Lady B, Pseira d. Dancing Lady, Knossos: reconstruction 2. Glyptic 3. The Phaestos Disk D. The Minoan flounced kilt in Mainland Greece 1. Wall paintings a. The Mykenaia, Cult Center, Mycenae b. Seated “goddess,” Cult Center, Mycenae c. Staff Bearer, Citadel House Fresco, Mycenae d. Processional Women, Tiryns e. Processional Women, Pylos 2. Varia 3. Mainland glyptic E. Four Minoan flounced kilts in the Cyclades (Thera) F. The Minoan flounced kilt outside the Aegean 1. Egypt 2. Syria G. The male kilt H. Conclusions 177 178 182 182 186 188 189 190 191 193 195 195 195 197 198 198 199 202 204 205 205 208 208 208 209 210 212 213 215 215 215 217 220 CONTENTS vii Chapter 7. The Side-Pleated Skirt A. The corpus B. Dating of the side-pleated skirt C. Construction of the side-pleated skirt D. Experimental replications of the side-pleated skirt E. Conclusions 227 227 232 234 234 236 Chapter 8. The A-shaped and Hide Skirts A. A-shaped skirts 1. Faience A-shaped skirts, Knossos 2. A-shaped skirts on seals, sealings and wall paintings 3. Constructions 4. Replication of skirt of HM 64 B. Hide skirts 241 241 241 247 249 250 251 Chapter 9. Accessories A. Mantles and cloaks B. Hand-held mantles, shawl C. Shoulder-fastened mantles 1. Recreation of mantle of “Camp Stool Banqueter,” Knossos 2. Replication of mantle of Harvester Vase Leader , Hagia Triada 3. Comparanda from the Near East and Egypt D. Long cloaks E. Short cloaks F. Bolero (frontless blouse) 1. Replication A 2. Replication B 3. Reconstruction of Bolero on Pylos fresco G. Scarves H. Aprons 1. Replication A: HM 65 2. Replication B: HM 65 3. Replication C: HM 64 257 257 258 262 264 266 270 271 275 277 277 279 280 281 283 283 283 284 Chapter 10. Conclusions 287 Bibliography 291