UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS@
JUDUL
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAWATER IN
SEPANGAR AND GAYA BAYS, SABAH
MASTER OF SCIENCE
2005 - 2008
I
UAZAH
SESI PENGAJIAN
Saya, TAMRIN TOHA mengaku membenarkan tesis Sarjana ini disimpan di Perpustakaan
Universiti Malaysia Sabah dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut :
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Malaysia Sabah
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian saya
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara
institusi pengajian tinggi
PERPUSTAKAAN
4. TIDAK TERHAD
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SA8A~
Disahkan oleh
(TANDA TANGAN PUSTAKAWAN)
Alamat:
JI. Amal Lama No. 1
Kampus Universitas Borneo
Kota Tarakan
Kalimantan Timur
Indonesia
(Penyelia: Dr. Shahbudin Saad)
Tarik: 3 Julai 2008
Tarikh: _ _ _ _ __
CATATAN: @Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara
penyelidikan atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau laporan
Projek Sarjana Muda (LPSM)
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF SEAWATER IN SEPANGAR
AND GAYA BAYS, SABAH
TAMRIN TOHA
PERPUSTAKAAN
UNIVERSITI M.C\LAYSIA SJ'Q~~
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
BORNEO MARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
2008
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the materials in this thesis are my own except for quotations,
excerpts, equations, summaries and references, which have been duly
acknowledged.
18th March 2008
TA , RIN TOHA
PS 5-004-008 (A)
PERPUSTAKAAN
UNIVERSITI MALAYSI;" "-
ii
1'1 A ••
CERTIFICATION
TITLE
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
SEAWATER IN SEPANGAR AND GAYA BAYS,
SABAH
DEGREE
MASTER OF SCIENCE
VIVA DATE
18th March 2008
DECLARED BY
SUPERVISOR
(Dr. Shahbudin Saad)
Signature
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praises and gratefulness to Allah SWT, the Almighty, for giving me the opportunity
and strength to complete this study.
I would like to express my sincere grateful acknowledgement to my supervisor, Dr.
Shahbudin Saad for his invaluable suggestions, guidance and encouragements
throughout my study period.
My thank to Dr. H. Abdul Jabarsyah Ibrahim (Rector of Borneo University) for the
assistantship and Dr. H. Jusuf S.K. (Major of Tarakan City, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia) for giving me the scholarship to support my study. I would like to express
my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Saleem Mustafa, Dr. Sitti Raehanah Muhamad Shaleh, as
Director and Deputy of Borneo Marine Research Institute respectively, Prof. Dr.
Ridzwan Abdul Rahman, Director of Centre for Research Management and
Conference (Former Director of Borneo Marine Research Institute), Prof. Datin Dr.
Maryati Mohamed, Dean of Centre for Postgraduate Studies and Prof. Datuk Dr.
Mohd. Noh Dalimin, Vice-Chancellor, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, for their
encouragement and assistance.
My sincere appreciation is also extended to Borneo Marine Research Institute for
allowing me to use the equipment during my experiment in the institute. I extend
heartfelt thanks to Dr. Ejria Saleh, Dr. Sujjat AI Azad, Dr. Md. Azharul Hoque and Dr.
Saifullah A. Jaaman, Mr. Abentin Estim, Mr. Julian, Mrs. Rossita Shapawi, Mr.
Motinius Guntalib, Ismail Tajul, Ms. Siti Badriah, Mrs. Rosliah, Mr. Suhaimi, Mr. Mukti,
Mohd Asri, Asraf, Amizam, Dr. Norazma, Mrs. Asmizah, Ms. Sofia, Ms. Bobita, Ms.
Madiha, Ms. Joana, Ms Aimi, Ms. Farah, Ms. Marlena and all staff of Borneo Marine
Research Institute for their co-operation.
Appreciation is also extended to all BMRI-UMS Boat House staff, UMS Hatchery staff
and UMS Aquarium for their cooperation, Naz and Vellon for their help during
collection of samples in Sepangar and Gaya bays.
Thanks so much to my colleagues, Mr. Darwis, Mr. Bacho Bossa and Mr. Welliyadi for
all support and motivation to me till study completely. I also gratitude to Dr. Hamzah
Md. Omar for correction of grammar for my draft and Dr. Rashed and Dr. Iffi for
assistance statistical analysis.
I wish to heartily express my gratitude to Ms. Audrey Daning Tuzan, Ms. Ching Fui
Fui and all the staffs of Fish Hatchery, Borneo Marine Research Institute for their
assistance, to my friends, colleagues and well-wishers for their valuable inputs
directly or indirectly for the successful completion of the thesis.
Last but not the least, special note of thanks to my wife Murniyati Nurdin, my son
Muhammad Arif and my daughter Rezkiyah Nurazmi for their love and patience. My
mother Kalla bin Dabbi, my brothers Yahya, Z. Abidin and Haryanto. My Parents in
law Nurdin Mustafa and Hj. Rukiah, my brothers and sisters in law Taufiq, Dayat,
Diana, Laila, Rahmat, Ali, Khaidir and Ridwan for pray, encouragement, support and
understanding.
iv
ABSTRACT
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAWATER IN SEPANGAR AND GAYA BAYS, SABAH
A study regarding the influence of seasonal changes on . physico-chemical
characteristics of seawater was conducted in coastal area of Sepangar and Gaya
Bays, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The objectives of study were to determine the physicochemical characteristics of seawater (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH,
total suspended solid and nutrients) and the effect of seasonal changes and current
on the distribution of those parameters. Sampling were conducted at eight stations
during inter monsoon (March - May), Southwest monsoon (July - September) and
Northeast monsoon (December - February) from 2006 to 2007. Temperature, DO,
salinity and pH were measured in-situ using multi probe sensor (Hydrolab surveyor
4a). Current measurements were recorded using current meter (Aquadop Nortex).
Total suspended solids and nutrients (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate) were
performed using Standard method as suggested by APHA and Parsons respectively.
The results of study showed that salinity were ranged between 29.47 - 34.75 ppt
which achieve its peak value during 1M season due to low precipitation, nitrate
concentrations ranged between 0.15 - 202.41 I-Ig/I and achieve its peak value during
SW monsoon due to high precipitation. While, DO, pH, TSS, N0 2 and P04 were found
relative higher during NE monsoon compared to other season which in range from
2.03 - 16.18 mgjl, 6.5 - 8.74, 0.20 - 298.0 mgjl, 0.07 - 46.43 jJ9jl and 0.04 156.25 jJg/1 respectively. Current circulation at the study area was influenced by local
wind and tidal current. Total suspended solid, seawater temperature, ammonia and
nitrite were higher during ebb current. The pH, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphatephosphorus were higher during flood current. Whereas, dissolved oxygen and salinity
did not show significant difference during ebb current and flood current.
Keywords: Physico-chemical, seasonal, current, Sepangar and Gaya Bays.
v
ABSTRAK
Kajian mengenai pengaruh perubahan monson terhadap ciri-ciri fiziko-kimia air laut
telah dijalankan di teluk Sepangar dan teluk Gaya/ Kota Kinabalu/ Sabah. Kajian ini
bertujuan untuk menentukan ciri-ciri fiziko-kimia air laut seperti suhu/ saliniti, oksigen
terlarut pH, jumlah sedimen terampai dan nutrien dan kesan perubphan monson dan
pengaruh arus terhadap taburan parameter tersebut. Penyampelan telah dijalankan
di lapan stesen kajian pada monson peralihan (Mac-Mei)/ Monson Barat Oaya (JulaiSeptember) dan Monson Timur Laut (Oisember-Februari). Bacaan suhu/ saliniti,
kepekatan oksigen terlarut dan pH telah diukur dengan menggunakan hydrolab
model SUlveyor 4a. Pengukuran arus telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan
Aquadopp model Nortex. Manakala pepejal terampai dan nutrien dalam sampel air
laut telah dianalisis berpandukan masing-masing kaedah standad oleh APHA dan
Parsons. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa saliniti berada dikisaran 29.47 - 34.75
ppt yang mana mencapai puncaknya semasa peralihan monson disebabkan
rendahnya air hujan kadar nitrit berada antara 0.15 - 202.41 fJg/l dan mencapai
puncak semasa Monson Barat Oaya karena tingginya air hujan. Manakala/ 00/ pH,
sediment terampai, nitrit dan fosforus ditemukan lebih tinggi semasa Monson Timur
Laut berbanding musim lain yang mana masing-masing berada antara 2.03 -16.18
mg/I, 6.5 - 8.74/ 0.20 - 298.0 mg/I, 0.07 - 46.43 fJg/1 and 0.04 -156.25 fJg/l. Arus
di kawasan kajian lebih dipengaruhi oleh faktor pasang surut berbanding perbezaan
monson. Jumlah sedimen terampai, suhu air laut ammonia-nitrogen dan nitritnitrogen menunjukkan lebih tinggi semasa arus surut. pH, nitrate-nitrogen dan
fosfat-fosforus lebih tinggi ketika arus pasang. Manakala oksigen terlarut dan saliniti
tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh arus yang signifikan ketika arus pasang dan
surut.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITTLE
DECLARATION
ii
CERTIFICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2 Objectives
4
1.3
4
1
1
Significance of the Study
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Climate Variability and theirs Effect in Coastal Water
2.2
Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Seawater
2.3
2.4
2.5
Nutrients in Coastal Ecosystem
Water Quality in Coastal Water
Current Circulation
CHAPTER 3 STUDY AREA
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Physical Setting
Bathymetry
Climate
Wind Speed and Direction
Temperature
Evaporation
CHAPTER 4 MATERIAL AND METHOD
4.1
4.2
4.3
Sampling Stations
Study Period
Field Measurement
4.3.1 Deployment of Current
4.3.2 Measurement of Physico-Chemical
vii
5
5
7
12
17
20
27
27
29
31
31
34
34
35
35
37
38
38
40
Characteristics of Seawater
4.4
4.5
4.3.3 Sampling and Storage
Laboratory Procedures
4.4.1 Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
4.4.2 Determination of Nutrients
Analysis and Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER 5 RESULT
5.1
Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Seawater
5.1.1 Temporal Variation of Physico-Chemical
Characteristics
5.1.2 Spatial Variation of Physico-Chemical
Characteristics
40
42
43
44
46
48
48
48
54
5.2 Nutrient
5.2.1 Temporal Variation of Nutrients
5.2.2 Spatial Variation of Nutrients
5.2.3 Relationship between Physico-Chemical and
Nutrients Parameters
75
75
79
81
Current Circulation
5.3.1 Seasonal Variation of Coastal Current in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
97
97
5.3
5.3.2 Current Pattern and Distribution
CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION
6.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Seawater in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.1.1 Seawater Temperature
6.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
6.1.3 Salinity
6.1.4 pH
6.1.5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Nutrients in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
6.2.1 Ammonia-Nitrogen
6.2.2 Nitrite-Nitrogen
6.2.3 Nitrate-Nitrogen
6.2.4 Phosphate-Phosphorous
Effect of Seasonal Changes on Physico-Chemical in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
Surface Current and Distribution of Physico-Chemical
in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
Limitation of Present Study
100
106
106
106
107
108
108
109
111
111
112
113
114
115
118
119
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1 Conclusion
7.2 Recommendation for Future Study
121
121
121
REFERENCES
123
APPENDICES
136
viii
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Table 2.1
Water quality data of the Gaya Bay from 1989 survey
Table 2.2
Approximate concentration of the major forms of nitrogen in
different marine waters
17
Table 2.3
Seawater properties important in aquaculture water quality
management
20
Table 4.1
GPS coordinate of sample stations in the study area
35
Table 4.2
Sampling Schedule throughout the study period in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays, Sabah
38
Table 4.3
Sample preservation for nutrient analysis
41
Table 4.4
Analytical methods used for measuring TSS and nutrients
parameters in this study
42
Table 5.1
Seasonal variation of physico-chemical parameters of
seawater in Sepangar and Gaya bays (Mean, ±SD, minimum
and maximum)
48
Table 5.2
Spatial variation of physico-chemical at different layer in
Sepangar and Gaya bays (Mean, ±SD, minimum and
maximum)
59
Table 5.3
Seasonal variation of nutrients during 1M season, SW
monsoon and NE monsoon in Sepangar and Gaya bays
(Mean, ±SD, minimum and maximum)
75
Table 5.4
Spatial variation of nutrients in different layer of Sepangar
and Gaya bays (Mean, ±SD, minimum and maximum)
83
Table 5.5
Pearson correlation for the average of monthly physicochemical parameters
96
Table 5.6
Seasonal variation of surface current velocity and direction
(Mean, ±SD, minimum and maximum) at each sampling
station in Sepangar and Gaya bays
99
Table 6.1
Comparison of selected parameters from different water
quality standards
110
11
I
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 2.1
Geographical extent of the global surface monsoon in the
world
6
Figure 2.2
Schematic showing general sources of nutrients and main
routes of transport to coastal waters
14
Figure 2.3
Relationship of along-shore winds and coastal upwelling and
wind stress curl and divergence/convergence of surface
Ekman transport offshore of the primary upwelling zone
23
Figure 2.4
Total sea surface current circulation pattern on (a) 1M season
of April 2004, (b) 1M season of April 2005, (c) 1M season of
October 2004, (d) 1M season of October 2005, (e) SW
monsoon 2004, (f) SW monsoon 2005, (g) NE monsoon
2004 and (h) NE monsoon 2005
26
Figure 3.1
Location of the study area
28
Figure 3.2
Type of tidal indicating a pure semi-diurnal in Sepangar and
Gaya bays
29
Figure 3.3
Bathymetry map of the study area
30
Figure 3.4
Average monthly rainfall during 1997 Kinabalu, Sabah
2006 in Kota
31
Figure 3.5
Directional distribution of hourly averaged wind during 19902004
32
Figure 3.6
Wind class frequency
33
Figure 3.7
Monthly average of evaporation in Kota Kinabalu during
1997-2006
34
Figure 4.1
Sampling station in the study area of Sepangar and Gaya
bays
36
Figure 4.2
Monthly average of rainfall during sampling period in Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah (2006 - 2007)
37
Figure 4.3
Tidal condition during sampling time
39
Figure 4.4
Aquadopp and hydrolab used to measure current
physico-chemical of seawater in the study area
x
and
40
Figure 4.5
Collection sample using Van Dorn Niskin bottle in study site
42
Figure 5.1
Seasonal variation of temperature from different station
during 1M season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and
Gaya Bays
51
Figure 5.2:
Seasonal variation of DO from different station Quring IM
season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
51
Figure 5.3
Seasonal variation of salinity from different station during IM
season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
52
Figure 5.4:
Relationship between monthly rainfall/ temperature and
salinity in the study area
52
Figure 5.5
Seasonal variation of pH from different station during IM
season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
53
Figure 5.6
Seasonal variation of TSS from different station during IM
season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
53
Figure 5.7
Spatial distribution of temperature during IM season in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
60
Figure 5.8:
Spatial distribution of temperature during SW monsoon
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
in
61
Figure 5.9
Spatial distribution of temperature during NE monsoon
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
in
62
Figure 5.10
Spatial distribution of DO during 1M season in Sepangar and
Gaya Bays
63
Figure 5.11
Spatial distribution of DO during SW monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
64
Figure 5.12
Spatial distribution of DO during NE monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
65
Figure 5.13
Spatial distribution of salinity during 1M season in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
66
Figure 5.14
Spatial distribution of salinity during SW monsoon in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
67
Figure 5.15
Spatial distribution of salinity during
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
in
68
Figure 5.16
Spatial distribution of pH during 1M Season in Sepangar and
Gaya Bays
69
xi
NE monsoon
Figure 5.17
Spatial distribution of pH during SW monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
70
Figure 5.18
Spatial distribution of pH during NE monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
71
Figure 5.19
Spatial distribution of TSS during 1M Season in Sepqngar and
Gaya Bays
72
Figure 5.20
Spatial distribution of TSS during SW monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
73
Figure 5.21
Spatial distribution of TSS during NE monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
74
Figure 5.22
Seasonal variation of ammonia from different station during
1M season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya
Bays
77
Figure 5.23
Seasonal variation of nitrite from different station during 1M
season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
77
Figure 5.24
Seasonal variation of nitrate from different station during 1M
season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya Bays
78
Figure 5.25
Seasonal variation of phosphate from different station during
1M season, SW and NE monsoons in Sepangar and Gaya
Bays
78
Figure 5.26
Spatial distribution of ammonia during 1M season
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
in
84
Figure 5.27
Spatial distribution of ammonia during SW monsoon in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
85
Figure 5.28
Spatial distribution of ammonia during NE monsoon in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
86
Figure 5.29
Spatial distribution of nitrite during 1M season in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
87
Figure 5.30
Spatial distribution of nitrite during SW monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
88
Figure 5.31
Spatial distribution of nitrite during NE monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
89
Figure 5.32
Spatial distribution of nitrate during 1M season in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
90
xii
Figure 5.33
Spatial distribution of nitrate during
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
SW monsoon in
91
Figure 5.34
Spatial distribution of nitrate during NE monsoon in Sepangar
and Gaya Bays
92
Figure 5.35
Spatial distribution of phosphate during IM season in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
93
Figure 5.36
Spatial distribution of phosphate during SW monsoon in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
94
Figure 5.37
Spatial distribution of phosphate during NE monsoon in
Sepangar and Gaya Bays
95
Figure 5.38
Comparison of current velocity at each sampling station
during different of monsoon.
98
Figure 5.39
Seasonal Variation of surface current and direction each
station during study period in the study site
100
Figure 5.40
Residual current and plot of surface current on 29 March and
25 May 2006 during IM season in Sepangar and Gaya bays
102
Figure 5.41
Residual current and plot of surface current on 27 July and
27 September 2006) in Sepangar and Gaya bays
103
Figure 5.42
Residual current and plot of surface current on 7 December
2006 (a), 16 January 2007 (b) in Sepangar and Gaya bays
104
Figure 5.43
Residual 'current and plot of surface current on 7 February
2007 in Sepangar and Gaya bays.
105
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ANOVA
APHA
AWWA
BDL
BMRI
CO 2
DO
CGER
EPD
FAO
GPS
HAB
1M
ITCZ
NE
NHrN
N0 2-N
N0 3-N
pH
P04-P
ppm
ppt
SD
SPSS
SW
TAN
TDS
TSS
UMS
WPCF
Analysis of Variance
American Public Health Association
American Water Works Association
Below detectable limit
Borneo Marine Research Institute
Carbon dioxide
Dissolved Oxygen
Commission on Geosciences, Environmental and Resources
Environmental Protection Department
Food Association Organization
Global Position System
Harmful Algal Bloom
Inter-monsoon
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
Northeast
Ammonia-Nitrogen
Nitrite-Nitrogen
Nitrate-Nitrogen
hydrogen ion concentration
Phosphate-Phosphorus
Part per million
Part per thousand
Standard Deviation
Statistical Packet Social Science
Southwest
Total Ammonia Nitrogen
Total Dissolved Solid
Total Suspended Solid
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Washington Press Club Foundation
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
%
°C
J-lg Njl
J-lgjl
J-lM
em
g
h
L
m
M
mjs
mg
mg Pjl
mgjl
ml
N
N
nm
P
V
Percent
Degree Celsius
Microgram Nitrogen per liter
microgram per liter
micro molar
Centimeter
Gram
Hour
Liter
Meter
Molar
meter per second
Milligram
milligram phosphate per liter
milligram per liter
Milliliter
Normality
Nitrogen
Nanometer
Phosphorus
Volume
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
Appendix A
Preparation of Reagent and Standard Solution
136
Appendix B
Calibration Regression for Determination of Nutrients
139
Appendix C
Oneway ANOVA of Physico-Chemical in Different Season
141
Appendix D
Oneway ANOVA of Physico-Chemical in Different Station
143
Appendix E
Non Parametric Test for Nutrients in Different Season
146
Appendix F
Non Parametric Test for Nutrients in Different Station
147
xvi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Seasonal change is one of the natural phenomenon that indicates a relationship
between atmosphere and ocean. Change of weather will bring effects on marine
environment condition. Seasonal change in atmospheric circulation is a small degree
of its variation which is defined quite constant pattern every year. The phenomenon
of seasonal changes is commonly known as monsoon. The alteration of monsoon
resulted from changes of wind direction which blow from the southwest whereas
trade winds in Southern Hemisphere blow from the southeast and affected by
different latitudes, continental shape and earth's surface (Jahi, 1985; Segar, 1998).
Changes of wind direction constantly twice a year is a main factor which
contribute to seasonal changes within the tropical and subtropical land region in the
world. The changes of wind direction due to change of direction of the Coriolis force
will bring effect on fluctuation from season to season and year to year. Winds are
primary energy source for current that flow horizontally at ocean surface layer.
Rainfall is one of climate element at any scale is most important aspects of monsoon
climatology (Ranatunge et aI., 2003).
In South East Asia, wind flow from Pacific Ocean pass through South China
Sea towards Southwest is known as Northeast (NE) monsoon, which occurs between
November and February. This monsoon will take along heavy rains, turbulent wind
and extremely strong water in this region (Nasir et aI., 1997; Maged et aI., 1997). On
the other hand, wind flow from the Indian Sea through South China Sea is known as
Southwest (SW) monsoon, which occur between May and September. The wind flow
in SW monsoon is dry and subsiding and also produce hot weather and calm of
ocean water current.
The period between southwest and northeast monsoon are
considered as transitional periods, which is called as Inter-monsoon season. The first
inter-monsoon is prevailing between March and April and the second Inter-monsoon
season is generally occur from October to November. These inter-seasonal monsoon
occur in associate with the northward-southward shift respectively of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (DANCED, 1998).
Study about seasonal changes has been conducted by practitioners from
various parts of the world, particularly in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ICTZ)
Many studies show that the seasonal
which associate with tropical monsoon.
changes bring a change to the condition of water territory of the sea especially in
physical, chemical and biological aspects. As example, variation of the sea surface
temperature in the South China Sea are dependent on the surface current flow which
dominated by these monsoon winds (Tuen, 1994). In addition, in Ombai Street Timor
Passage, highest temperatures are found during Northwest monsoon and coincide
with the Austral summer months. On the other hand, cooler temperature in the
Lesser Sundas are found during Southeast monsoon (Sprintal et aI., 2003). In
subtropical region, DO concentration increase during winter and spring period but
decrease during summer. The water temperatures can reach as low as 2 °c to 3 °c
particularly during peak winter and reach as high as 32°C to 33 °c in peak summer
(Livingston, 2001). Meanwhile, in tropical region water temperatures generally
ranging between 25°C and 35 °c (Allabaster & L1yod, 1980).
Study of seasonal change on physico-chemical of seawater in several
countries have been done and well documented. Meanwhile, in developing countries,
the study is still limited and not well published. This indicates that interest in
oceanography and meteorology studies among the developing country are still poor.
However, research of oceanography and meteorology are important for them in order
to understand the relationship between oceanography and meteorology and this can
serve as reference in the future.
Physical and chemical properties of seawater play an important role in marine
environment.
Physical
parameters
such
as
temperature,
salinity,
turbidity,
conductivity and suspended sediment are factors that determine the equilibrium
structure in the marine ecosystem. While chemical parameters has an
important
role on biological productivity through interaction with physiological processes of
organism (Bengen, 2000). Therefore, change of these properties can influence the
2
behaviour of marine organism that live in an ecosystem. For example, temperature
and salinity are important factors to determine the distribution of organism. DO is
generally referred as indicator of water pollution and can fluctuate by affecting
biological factor (Best, 2007).
Nutrients in marine ecosystem are biologically important elements, which are
mainly used by plants for growth and reproduction (Bizsel et aI., 2000). In many
estuaries, harbours and bays, nutrient concentrations are very high due to
anthropogenic inputs. Therefore, there are many coastal area face eutrophication
problem.
Study of physico-chemical of seawater are important to conduct continuously
because it is related to the ocean living. Effect of change will bring changes globally
and locally to interfere with equilibrium of ecosystem. Seasonal change as a natural
phenomenon that occur constantly as long a life need to study widely in order to
understand its effect to marine environment. Hence, human can arrange a planning
to anticipate and eliminate negative effect on environment and human being.
The coastal area of Sepangar and Gaya bays are treating with industrial
activities and
housing development. Therefore,
research
related
to marine
environmental is needed to be established earlier. Phenomenon such as red tide have
occurred in Sepangar and Gaya bays in alarming frequency over the recent years.
This phenomena was occurred frequently due to changes of environmental condition
particularly in physical, chemical and biological factors. As stated by Justic et al.
(2005) changes in global temperature and the hydrology cycle may influence coastal
eutrophication.
A part of that, study of coastal current is very important in various aspect.
Coastal current carry things in the water from place to place, which can have a
significant impacts to marine organism, coastal environmental and human. Therefore,
this study is needed to be conducted in order to understand the characteristic of
physico-chemical and current circulation in this area. Hence, the understanding of
dynamic and its effect of these parameters on the marine can be used to plan for
integrated marine and coastal zone management.
3
1.2
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted with the following objectives:
a.
To study of physico-chemical characteristics of seawater in the coastal area of
Sepangar and Gaya bays.
b.
To determine the influence of Inter monsoon season, Southwest monsoon and
Northeast monsoon
on
physico-chemical
characteristics
of seawater in
Sepangar and Gaya bays.
c.
To investigate the effect of surface current circulation on distribution of physicochemical characteristics of seawater in Sepangar and Gaya bays.
1.3
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The detailed study of physical (temperature, salinity, TSS) and chemical (pH, DO,
and nutrients) characteristics of the Sepangar and Gaya bays can provide baseline
data and information for the marine environment.
The management of the marine environment has been one of the prime
environmental issues in Malaysia. In Malaysia has yet to adopt a practical, economic
and acceptable approach in managing the marine environment as baseline data was
limited. Therefore, this study should be great importance and can be used as a
guideline for the marine local authorities and other government agencies.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND THEIR EFFECT IN COASTAL WATER
Estuarine and coastal environment are highly variable because of the continuous
interaction of freshwater runoff from land and climatological condition. Shallow
inshore marine habitat in many coastal area of the bay are physically stressed system
due to natural water quality cycle. Water temperature is an important limiting factor
during both summer and winter periods when wind mixing of the water column leads
to rapid air - water equilibration (liVingston, 2001). The effects of the interactions on
climate may be extremely localized and limited to one small area, or may be ranged
across an entire continent or ocean. On the local scale, effects include land and sea
breezes and the "island effect" (Segar, 1998).
Borneo
is
a typica l
equatorial
climate,
with
constant
temperature,
considerable amount of rain and high humidity throughout the year. There is no
distinct seasonality on land, but the seas especially the South China Sea are
noticeably affected by monsoon winds. Over the South China Sea, the monsoon are
generated by the low pressure troughs in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) (Figure 2.1), which moves North or South following the sun through the
seasons. During Southwest (SW) monsoon, the atmospheriC equatorial moves
through North while a heat created low pressure area from over China. The trade
winds then blow east from Northern Australia, curving to the northwest as they cross
the Java Sea and the equator to blow from the southeast along the coast of Borneo
(Borneo Environmental Program, 2007).
During northeast (NE) monsoon, there is an atmospheriC high pressure
centred over China, a low over Japan and the winds in the South China Sea blow
from the northeast. During this monsoon swell generated in the northern part of
South China Sea will usually take 24 hours to reach the west coast of Borneo, but it
will produce rough seas very quickly upon reaching shallow water. While in February
and March these winds are dry and weather is mainly dry and sunny which makes
February the driest month of the year in Northern Borneo. During the transition
between monsoons in March to April, winds are light and weather is controlled mainly
by the land and sea breezes with localized shOwers and thunderstorms (Borneo
Environmental Program, 2007).
Figure 2.i:
Source:
Geographical extent of the global surface monsoon in the
world (The red, green and blue indicate the tropical,
subtropical and temperate-frigid monsoons, respectively. The
red and blue thick line represent the ITCZ in summer and
winter respectively.
Chao et al. (2001)
Coastal meteorology is the study of meteorological phenomena in the coastal
zone caused, or significantly affected by sharp changes in heat, humidity, and
momentum transfers and elevation that occur between land and water. Examples of
coastal meteorological phenomena include land and sea breezes, sea-breeze-related
thunderstorms, coastal fronts, fog, haze, marine stratus clouds, and strong winds
associated with coastal orography. In addition, to their intrinsic importance to coastal
weather, increased knowledge of these phenomena Is important for understanding
the physical, chemical, and biological oceanography of the coastal ocean. Practical
application of this knowledge is vital for more accurate prediction of coastal weather
6
and sea states, which affect transportation and commerce, pollutant dispersal and
public safety (CGER, 1992).
Climate profoundly influences a variety of ecological
processes and
consequently temporal and spatial patterns of population and species abundance.
Responses to climate fluctuations are reflected in the productivity of marine
ecosystems from phytoplankton to the dynamics of fish populations (Chusing, 1982).
These effects operate through variations in local weather and climate phenomena,
such as temperature, wind, and residual current as well as interaction among all of
these (Ottersen et a!., 2004).
2.2
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAWATER
2.2.1 Temperature
Seawater temperature is one of the ocean environmental parameters which is
routinely observed and therefore has numerous analyses. Many changes in the
marine fish ecosystem have been correlated with temperature changes. Sea surface
temperature changes are caused either by advection, which dominates in coastal
waters and in semi-closed seas (Laevastu, 1995). According to Segar (1998), ocean
surface water absorbs solar radiation during the day with out a significant
temperature change with three main reasons. First, water has a high heat capacity.
Second, much of solar energy penetrates beneath the surface of the water before
being absorbed, particularly in low turbidity waters. Third, wind mixing stirs the
upper water column, distributing the warmer water.
Ocean surface water temperature responds to seasonal changes in the sun's
angle (Segar, 1998). Therefore, temperature of a water body is influenced by
monsoon, latitude, air circulation, flow and depth water. Change of temperature will
affect the physical, chemical and biological processes in the seawater (Effendi, 2003).
For example, increasing of temperature can cause reduction gases to dissolved in the
water such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen, CH 4 and affect increasing of
metabolism process and respiration in aquatic organism which affect high of oxygen
consumed (Haslam, 1995).
7
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