智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
LOUIS GMAT语法!
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LOUIS，智课⺴⽹网(SmartStudy)GMAT语法权威讲师。华语区GMAT语法教学研究顶级专家，北
京⼤大学理科硕⼠士。对⾼高考、四六级、考研、TOEFL、TOEIC、GMAT等考试均有较深⼊入研
究。近⼗十年专注于GMAT语法教学研究。华语区现代GMAT语法教学体系奠基⼈人。
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主讲内容：
GMAT语法
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出版物：
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
Lecture One
GMAT语法考试介绍................................................................13
1.GMAT语法考试特点.................................................................................................13
2.GMAT语法定义.........................................................................................................13
3.GMAT语法的核⼼心思想.............................................................................................13
4.GMAT语法解题⼀一般步骤.........................................................................................15
5. GMAT备考资料........................................................................................................15
Lecture Two
平⾏行结构、倒装结构、Like结构.............................................17
1.平⾏行结构....................................................................................................................17
2.倒装结构....................................................................................................................22
3.Like结构.......................................................................................................................23
Lecture Three
逻辑主语、主谓⼀一致................................................................25
1.逻辑主语....................................................................................................................25
2.主谓⼀一致....................................................................................................................29
Lecture Four
七种武器初步归纳、Doing在句末的⽤用法.............................33
1.七种武器初步归纳....................................................................................................33
2.Doing在句末的⽤用法 ..................................................................................................35
Lecture Five
代词............................................................................................38
1.代词.............................................................................................................................38
Lecture Six
补语、⽐比较结构........................................................................42
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
1.补语.............................................................................................................................42
2.⽐比较结构....................................................................................................................45
Lecture Seven
定语从句....................................................................................49
1.定语从句....................................................................................................................49
Lecture Eight
宾语后置、平⾏行的最后⼀一点、独⽴立主格、考前准备............55
1.宾语后置....................................................................................................................55
2.平⾏行的最后⼀一点........................................................................................................56
3.独⽴立主格....................................................................................................................58
4.考前准备....................................................................................................................60
附：LOUIS⽼老师精选练习题汇总...........................................61
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
Lecture One
GMAT语法考试介绍
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本节课教学⼤大纲：
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GMAT语法考试特点
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GMAT语法定义
•
GMAT语法的核⼼心思想
•
GMAT语法解题⼀一般步骤
•
GMAT备考资料
1.GMAT语法考试特点
Gmat语法是当今国外考试⾥里⾯面最难的语法考试
第⼆二层含义
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考点相对单⼀一
规律性强
句式复杂、难词多、考法新
-刘⽒氏GMAT语法体系的⼏几个数字：1 2 4 7
-Gmat语法是最重要的部分：16/41=39%
2.GMAT语法定义
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定义：最严格的美式书⾯面英⽂文
-love —— like
✓不做conj, 连接句⼦子
✓不举例（举例通常⽤用such as)
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-likely的词性和⽤用法
✓Be likely to do
Tom is more than four times as likely as Jerry _________ the match.
A in winning
B who will win
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C to win
3.GMAT语法的核⼼心思想
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, maybe none is more
concentrated as the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more
than three decades.
A maybe none is more concentrated as
B it may be that none is more concentrated as
C perhaps it is none that is more concentrated than
D maybe it is none that was more concentrated than
E perhaps none was more concentrated than
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⼀一般考试语法 VS GMAT考试语法
• 考试要求我们选出相对最正确的那个选项。
核⼼心思想：
正确答案未必完美⽆无缺；
错误答案未必⼀一⽆无是处。
核⼼心在于⽐比较。
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•
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两种错误类型
绝对性错误
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✓如 主谓⼀一致、时态、代词单复数等
-相对性错误
✓不简洁
Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education reformers and
many states in the 1970's, has not significantly reduced the gaps existing between the richest and
poorest districts. A has not significantly reduced the gaps existing
B has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists
C has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists
D have not significantly reduced the gap that exists
E have not been significant in a reduction of the gaps existing
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Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail sales figures
released today seem like it is indicative that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a
recession.
A like it is indicative that
B as if to indicate
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C to indicate that
D indicative of
E like an indication of
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✓不清楚
✓不忠实原义
Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, maybe none is more
concentrated as the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more
than three decades.
A maybe none is more concentrated as
B it may be that none is more concentrated as
C perhaps it is none that is more concentrated than
D maybe it is none that was more concentrated than
E perhaps none was more concentrated than
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✓More………….than; As…………..as
倍数后可通⽤用，⾮非倍数数量后只能⽤用more than
混乱搭配
错乱搭配
混乱+错乱
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4.GMAT语法解题⼀一般步骤
Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death,
surpassed only by heart disease and cancer. A ranks as the nation's third leading cause of death, surpassed only
B rank as the nation's third leading cause of death, only surpassed
C has the rank of the nation's third leading cause of death, only surpassed
D are the nation's third leading causes of death, surpassed only
E have been ranked as the nation's third leading causes of death, only surpassed
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通读原⽂文，掌握原句的⼤大致结构和含义。
直接对⽐比五个选项、从差异中发现考点。
先绝对后相对，先语义后简洁。
5. GMAT备考资料
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-Smartstudy“我的个⼈人主⻚页”--下载电⼦子讲义：PDF+Epub
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
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-Smartstudy逐题精讲板块--雅思逐题精讲
-Smartstudy讲座现场板块
-Smartpigai--专业外教批改每篇作⽂文
-APP（IOS+Android）
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
Lecture Two
平⾏行结构、倒装结构、Like结构
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本节课教学⼤大纲：
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平⾏行结构
倒装结构
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Like结构
1.平⾏行结构
• 两个问题
Tom is a boy, but 1，Tom is a boy, but he was a girl. 2，Tom is a boy but loves Jerry. !
•
并列连词
✓And/or/but/yet，Yet做连词等于but
✓Not…but…
✓not only… but(also)…
✓Either…or…
✓Neither…nor… ✓Both…and…
✓…as well as…
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✓…rather than…(…instead of…) 区别？
In metalwork one advantage of adhesive-bonding over spot-welding is that the contact, and hence
the bonding, is effected continuously over a broad surface instead of a series of regularly spaced
points with no bonding in between.
A instead of
B as opposed to
C in contrast with
D rather than at E as against being at !
!
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
Those who come to church with a predisposition to religious belief will be happy in an auditorium
or even a storefront, and there is no doubt that religion is sometimes better served by adapted
spaces of this kind instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it. A adapted spaces of this kind instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it
B adapted spaces like these rather than some of the buildings actually designed for them
C these adapted spaces instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it
D such adapted spaces rather than by some of the buildings actually designed for them
E such adapted spaces than by some of the buildings actually designed for it !
The proposed urban development zones do not represent a new principle; it was employed in
"Operation Bootstrap" in Puerto Rico.
A do not represent a new principle; it
B represent not a new principle, but one that
C are not a new principle; the same one
D are not a new principle, but one that
E are not new in principle; it
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•
and连接n个并列对象的⼀一般⽤用法
-当n=2时，X1 and X2.
-当x=主句时，X1, and X2.
Joan of Arc, a young Frenchwoman who claimed to be divinely inspired, turned the tide of English
victories in her country by liberating the city of Orleans and she persuaded Charles VII of France
to claim his throne.
A
she persuaded Charles VII of France to claim his throne
B
persuaded Charles VII of France in claiming his throne C
persuading that the throne be claimed by Charles VII of France D
persuaded Charles VII of France to claim his throne E
persuading that Charles VII of France should claim the throne
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-当n>2时，以n=4为例，X1, X2, X3, and X4. Recently implemented "shift-work equations" based on studies of the human sleep cycle have
reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production
efficiency in various industries.
A
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fatigue among shift workers, and have raised
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B
fatigue among shift workers, and raised
C
and fatigue among shift workers while raising
D
lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised E
and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising !
-三个have done平⾏行，Have done, have done, and have done.
Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were the rise
of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica. the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and
the victory of the Usuli "mujtahids" in Shiite Iran and Iraq. A Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were the
rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the
Sudan, and
B Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were shown
in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the
Sudan, and also
C In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamic political militancy were the
rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, of the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the
Sudan, and
D
In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamic political militancy were
shown in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the
Mahdi in the Sudan, and
E In the first period of religious reformism, Islamic political militancy was manifested in the rise of
the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, and the Mahdi in the Sudan,
and in
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-V1 o1,o2, and o3, and V2
若两个对象的平⾏行中间包含另⼀一组平⾏行，该平⾏行and前也加逗号，以⽰示分隔。
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and---also/along with/together with的区别
-And 并列连词，可以使n个并列对象从语法到语义成为⼀一个整体。
-Also 副词，不影响结构，可有可⽆无。
-Along with(together with) 介词短语，语法上⽆无任何并列作⽤用。 !
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to
lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a
weakening of the dollar.
A lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation,
B a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,
C a lowering of interest rates, along with fears about inflation,
D interest rates being lowered, along with fears about inflation, E
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interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered, with 动作性名词和具体名词
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Being 90%错
there being和n being done !
两种动名词：
简单动名词
doing n
复杂动名词
a/the doing of n
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New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused
reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80 million
years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
A splitting apart continents
B the splitting apart of continents
C split apart continents
D continents split apart
E continents that were split apart !
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平⾏行的省略
可省可不省
-
✓To do and （to）do
✓五个？
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✓To do, (to) do, (to) do, (to) do, and(to) do -通常省略 ✓Have done and done
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✓Is doing and doing
✓Can do and do !
-通常不省
✓Sb. believe that svo and that svo.
!
-Prep短语的平⾏行，介词尽量保留 !
In the fall of 1985, only 10 percent of the women entering college planned to major in education,
while 28 percent chose business, making it the most popular major for women as well as for men.
A as well as for men
B as well as the men
C and men too
D and men as well
E and also men !
By providing such services as mortgages, home improvement loans, automobile loans, financial
advice, and staying within the metropolitan areas, Acme Bank has become one of the most
profitable savings banks in the nation.
A financial advice, and staying B financial advice, and by staying C and financial advice, staying
D and financial advice, and staying E and financial advice, and by staying !
•
平⾏行的本质
Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades were the
high cost of land, the pressure of housing and commercial development, and basing a marketing and
distribution system on importing produce from Florida and California.
A basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and California
B basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida and California
C basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida and
California
D a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida and California
E a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and California as its base !
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2.倒装结构
• 倒装句的基本原则
• 在考试中的两点作⽤用
An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so
abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for
areas in which to build.
A so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that
B capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that
C the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such,
D such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that
E such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,
!
On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees
grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks. !
In metalwork one advantage of adhesive-bonding over spot-welding is that the contact, and hence
the bonding, is effected continuously over a broad surface instead of a series of regularly spaced
points with no bonding in between. !
Some bat caves, like honeybee hives, have residents that take on different duties such as defending
the entrance, acting as sentinels and to sound a warning at the approach of danger, and scouting
outside the cave for new food and roosting sites.
A acting as sentinels and to sound
B acting as sentinels and sounding
C to act as sentinels and sound
D to act as sentinels and to sound
E to act as a sentinel sounding
!
The caterpillar of the geometrid moth strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed,
after capturing its prey, holds the victim so that it cannot escape.
A strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed,
B striking when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed, but
C which strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed,
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智课⺴⽹网（SmartStudy.com）LOUIS GMAT语法电⼦子讲义
D which, striking when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed, E strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed and,
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3.Like结构
Like the idolization accorded the Brontes and Brownings, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are often
subjected to the kind of veneration that blurs the distinction between the artist and the human
being. A Like the idolization accorded the Brontes and Brownings,
B As the Brontes' and Brownings' idolization,
C Like that accorded to the Brontes and Brownings,
D As it is of the Brontes and Brownings,
E Like the Brontes and Brownings,
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Like A, B v C.
A B可⽐比较，通常为同类
N done=n (that be) done
As做“像”时：
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Owning a sports car is a dream of Tom, as it is of Jerry.
F As the Brontes and Brownings are,
G As are the Brontes and Brownings ,
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Like A, B v C.
B, like A, v C.
B v C, like A.
三个位置中A都在和主语形成对应
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According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal
of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
A like that of earlier generations
B as that for earlier generations
C just as earlier generations did
D as have earlier generations
E as it was of earlier generations
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!
Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle
age.
A Like
B As have
C Just as with
D Just like
E As did
!
Unlike a funded pension system, in which contributions are invested to pay future beneficiaries, a
pay-as-you-go approach is the foundation of Social Security.
A a pay-as-you-go approach is the foundation of Social Security
B the foundation of Social Security is a pay-as-you-go approach
C the approach of Social Security is pay-as-you-go
D Social Security’s approach is pay-as-you-go
E Social Security is founded on a pay-as-you-go approach
!
!
!
!
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Lecture Three
逻辑主语、主谓⼀一致
!
本节课授课要点
• 逻辑主语
• 主谓⼀一致
!
!
1.逻辑主语
Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people
to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak. A Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many
people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.
B Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, which they admit they lack, many people are
disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.
C Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, analytical skills bring out a disinclination in many
people to recognize that they are weak to a degree.
D
Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are
disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.
E Many people have a disinclination to recognize the weakness of their analytical skills while willing
to admit their lack of computer skills or other technical skills. !
Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the
activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess
known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess." A Based on accounts of various ancient writers,
B Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts,
C With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis,
D By the accounts of various ancient writers they used,
E Using accounts of various ancient writers, !
Follow me, you will have meat to eat.
Following me, you will have meat to eat.
!
Following me, __________________________
!
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A ⽯石头 B 铅笔
C 棒⼦子
D 汤姆
E ⼩小狗
!
Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the
possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly
meeting.
A the possibility of adding worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly
meeting
B the addition of worker incentives was raised as a possibility by the board of directors at its
quarterly meeting
C added worker incentives was raised by the board of directors at its quarterly meeting as a
possibility
D the board of directors raised at its quarterly meeting the possibility of worker incentives being
added
E the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of adding worker incentives
!
•
doing/done, svo
•
Having done/having been done, svo
-⾮非谓语（分词、动名词、不定式）的完成式 表⽰示：
-Having finished his homework, Tom went to bed.
-Michael is believed to be a rich man.
-Michael is believed to have been a rich man. •
Prep.+doing, svo
-In/for/after/before/By/In addition to
•
!
Adj. prep. n., svo.
-相当于（Being）adj. prep. n., svo —— S be adj. prep. n.
Once common throughout the Western plains, black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in
number as a result of the poisoning of prairie dogs, their prey. A black-footed ferrets are thought to have declined in number as
B it is thought that the decline in number of black-footed ferrets is
!
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C the decline in the number of black-footed ferrets is thought of as
D that black-footed ferrets have declined in their numbers is thought to be
E the numbers of the black-footed ferret are thought to have declined as !
By installing special electric pumps, farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’
milk, according to one agricultural engineer.
A farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural
engineer
B the warmth from cows’ milk could be used by farmers to heat their houses, according to one
agricultural engineer
C one agricultural engineer reports that farmers could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat
their houses
D farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat
their houses
E one agricultural engineer reports that farmers’ houses could be heated by the warmth from
cows’ milk !
Although just inside the orbit of Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able
to see the comet within the next few weeks.
A Although just inside the orbit of
B Although it is just inside the orbit of
C Just inside the orbit of
D Orbiting just inside
E Having orbited just inside !
Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is
suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in
soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
A Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is
suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in
soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
B If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is
suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in
soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
!
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C If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is
suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in
soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.
D The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with
a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of
one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective.
E The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively
long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason
certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place. !
Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a
reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food
allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions. A in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy,
B if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food,
C in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food, D if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior,
E in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior, !
Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by
equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that
used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
A equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that
B equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate it
when
C equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate it
when
!
Native American burial sites dating back 5,000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at that
time were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people.
A were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people
B had been part of a widespread culture of people who were Algonquian-speaking
C were people who were part of a widespread culture that was Algonquian-speaking
D had been people who were part of a widespread culture that was Algonquian-speaking
E were a people which had been part of a widespread, Algonquian-speaking culture !
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!
Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education reformers and
many states in the 1970's, has not significantly reduced the gaps existing between the richest and
poorest districts.
A has not significantly reduced the gaps existing
B has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists
C has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists
D have not significantly reduced the gap that exists
E have not been significant in a reduction of the gaps existing !
!
2.主谓⼀一致
• 基本原则
• 三个推论
谓语和宾语、系动词和表语不必⼀一致
同位语和谓语不必⼀一致
主语和同位语不必⼀一致
-
The proposed urban development zones do not represent a new principle; it was employed in
"Operation Bootstrap" in Puerto Rico.
A do not represent a new principle; it
B represent not a new principle, but one that
C are not a new principle; the same one
D are not a new principle, but one that
E are not new in principle; it
!
Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education reformers and
many states in the 1970's, has not significantly reduced the gaps existing between the richest and
poorest districts.
A has not significantly reduced the gaps existing
D have not significantly reduced the gap that exists
!
•
同位语
-SVA, n.
-SVA of B, n.
-AVO.
A, n,VO.
!
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n, AVO. !
-同位语在考试中的4种考法
✓通过同位语判断主谓⼀一致
Each of Hemingway’s wives—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary Welsh
—were strong and interesting women, very different from the often pallid women who populate
his novels.
A
Each of Hemingway’s wives—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary
Welsh—were strong and interesting women,
B
Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary Welsh—each of them
Hemingway’s wives—were strong and interesting women,
C Hemingway’s wives—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary Welsh—
were all strong and interesting women,
D Strong and interesting women—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary
Welsh—each a wife of Hemingway, was
E Strong and interesting women—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary
Welsh—every one of Hemingway’s wives were
!
✓通过同位语判断主语
Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without
benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
A huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal
transport
B without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were
built by the Maya
C the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the
wheel
D there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple
clusters by the Maya
E were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and
temple clusters
!
思考题
An exceptionally literate people, more Icelanders publish books per capita than do the people of
any other nation.
!
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A more Icelanders publish books per capita than do the people of
B more Icelandic books are published by Icelanders per capita than by the people of
C Icelanders publish more books per capita than do the people of
D Iceland’s per capita publication of books is higher than that by
E the per capita publication of Icelandic books is higher than that in
!
✓通过同位语简化句⼦子：
Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides,
two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.
A ozone is formed in the atmosphere from
B ozone is formed in the atmosphere when
C ozone is formed in the atmosphere, and when
D ozone, formed in the atmosphere when E ozone, formed in the atmosphere from
!
✓通过同位语判断逗号
In June of 1987, The Bridge of Trinquetaille, Vincent van Gogh’s view of an iron bridge over the
Rhone sold for $20.2 million and it was the second highest price ever paid for a painting at auction.
A Rhone sold for $20.2 million and it was
B Rhone, which sold for $20.2 million, was
C Rhone, was sold for $20.2 million,
D Rhone was sold for $20.2 million, being
E Rhone, sold for $20.2 million, and was
!
•
随前⼀一致
A at B in C of D based on E, F that v G,V
!
•
随后⼀一致
Not A but B
Not only A but also B
!
•
就近⼀一致
A or B
!
•
!
A and B
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And出现就是复数
除⾮非A and B是⼀一个东⻄西。
!
Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open
space in areas where little water or services exist.
A little water or services exist
B little water or services exists
C few services and little water exists
D there is little water or services available
E there are few services and little available water
!
However much United States voters may agree that there is waste in government and that the
government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a
movement toward a minimal state.
A However much United States voters may agree that
B Despite the agreement among United States voters to the fact
C Although United States voters agree
D Even though United States voters may agree
E There is agreement among United States voters that
!
Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at stake,
should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency of some of the world’s
largest multinational banks.
A should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is
B should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, are
C should they repudiate a significant number of these debts, are
D if there is a repudiation of a significant number of these debts, would be
E if a significant number of these debts will be repudiated, is
!
!
!
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Lecture Four
七种武器初步归纳、Doing在句末的⽤用法
!
本节课授课要点
• 七种武器初步归纳
!
•
Doing在句末的⽤用法
1.七种武器初步归纳
Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would
appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the
water as a person standing on land.
A water as a
B water as to a
C water; just as it would to a
D water, as it would to the
E water; just as to the !
•
七种武器：5*1+4*1/2=7 -⼀一、⽐比较
-⼆二、平⾏行
-三、同位语
-四、后置定语
✓Prep +n
✓Doing/done
✓定语从句
✓形容词短语
五、从句
✓名词性从句
✓修饰性从句
-
!
•
后置定语 之 形容词短语
-A adj prep n
✓A boy good at games
✓Foods high in fats
-A adj more adj(adjer) than n
✓A boy older than Michael. !
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-A so adj that svo
so adj as to do
too adj to do
✓A bank too big to fail
!
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and
two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred
pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
A baggage so light
B baggage being so light
C baggage, yet being so light
D baggage, and so light
E baggage yet was so light !
Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars into research to develop cars
more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.
A into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road
B into research for developing even more gasoline-efficient cars on the road than at present
C for research for cars to be developed that are more gasoline-efficient even than presently the
road
D in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road
E in research for developing cars that are even more gasoline-efficient than presently on the road !
•
从句 之 名词性从句
-名词性从句：主宾表同
-整个从句相当于⼀一个名词
✓That I love you是什么从句
主： That I love you is known to all
宾： We all know That I love you
表： The fact is That I love you
同： We all know the fact That I love you !
•
从句 之 修饰性从句
-定语从句、状语从句
-分别相当于adj、adv !
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!
It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and the
frequency of inventory turnovers can be crucial to profits. A the frequency of inventory turnovers can be
B the frequency of inventory turnovers is often
C the frequency with which the inventory turns over is often
D how frequently is the inventory turned over are often
E how frequently the inventory turns over can be !
!
•
4个半种
Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would
appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the
water as a person standing on land.
A water as a
B water as to a
C water; just as it would to a
D water, as it would to the
E water; just as to the !
Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number
of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway begun in 1975. A bringing
B and brings
C and it brings
D and it brought
E and brought !
2.Doing在句末的⽤用法 •
⽤用法1：doing做结果状语，doing的逻辑主语相当于是前⾯面的句⼦子。
Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately
placing more women in leadership position in politics and business.
B The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that
will ultimately place
!
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C The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will
ultimately place !
The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling
Uranus, which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet.
A which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
B doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit
C which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around
D doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
E which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit
!
•
⽤用法2：做伴随状语，doing的逻辑主语为?
The colorization of black-and-white films by computers is defended by those who own the film
rights, for the process can mean increased revenues for them; many others in the film industry,
however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting
lipstick on a Greek statue.
A which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue
B which they liken to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it
C which they liken to lipstick put on a Greek statue
D likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it
E likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue
!
Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled
in lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to
see more patients, and spend less time with each.
A imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and
spend B
imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and
spending
C that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend
D
that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients,
spending
E
that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and
spending
!
!
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Beyond the immediate cash flow crisis that the museum faces, its survival depends on if it can
broaden its membership and leave its cramped quarters for a site where it can store and exhibit its
more than 12,000 artifacts.
A if it can broaden its membership and leave
B whether it can broaden its membership and leave
C whether or not it has the capability to broaden its membership and can leave
D its ability for broadening its membership and leaving
E the ability for it to broaden its membership and leave
!
!
!
!
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Lecture Five
代词
!
本节课授课要点
• 代词
!
1.代词
To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, and she
remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the
Resistance.
A To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,
B For Josephine Baker, long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Paris was her home,
C Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashionable,
D Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home,
E Long before it was fashionable being an expatriate, Paris was home to Josephine Baker, !
•
It 三种⽤用法
Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied, Congress has been required to call a
convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by
the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.
A was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible
amendments to the document when formally asked to do it
B
was never applied, there has been a requirement that Congress call a convention for
consideration of possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally
C was never applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention for considering possible
amendments to the document when asked to do it formally
D has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible
amendments to the document when formally asked to do so
E
has never been applied, Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible
amendments to the document when formally asked to do so
!
-⽤用于特指前⾯面出现过的⼀一个单数或不可数中⼼心名词或动名词。
The proposed urban development zones do not represent a new principle; it was employed in
"Operation Bootstrap" in Puerto Rico.
A do not represent a new principle; it
!
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B represent not a new principle, but one that
C are not a new principle; the same one
D are not a new principle, but one that
E are not new in principle; it
!
Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in
small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.
A scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly
B
scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it
painstakingly
C scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
D learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
E
Learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it have to be painstakingly removed by
scientists
!
Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships
point out that dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads.
A dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads
B dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do
C maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as paved roads do
D maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as it does for paved roads
E to maintain dirt roads costs twice as much as for paved roads
!
!
-形主形宾
-强调句
That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said
that it is their fault: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even
mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.
A That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said
that it is their fault
B That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said
to be at fault
C It can hardly be said that it is the fault of educators who have not anticipated the impact of
microcomputer technology
!
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D
It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of
microcomputer technology
E The fact that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology
can hardly be said !
•
that（⾮非从句引导词）
-Adj 形容词
-pron 代词
✓that和it的区别
Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by
equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that
used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
(D) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate that
(E) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate it when
!
✓指前⾯面的复数⽤用those
!
✓前单后复？
For the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than Britain, France, or Germany, with
the unemployment rate having remained well below that of the other three countries.
A Britain, france, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained
B have those of Britain, france, or Germany, and the unemployment rate remaining
C have Britain, france, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
D the economy of Britain, france, and Germany, with the unemployment rate that has remained
E the economies of Britain, france, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
!
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site
of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and
the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
A that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
B that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
C that flourished at the same time those had
D flourishing at the same time as those did
E flourishing at the same time as those were !
!
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•
过去完成时
Quasars are so distant that their light has taken billions of years to reach the Earth; consequently,
we see them as they were during the formation of the universe. A we see them as they were during
B we see them as they had been during
C we see them as if during
D they appear to us as they did in
E they appear to us as though in !
Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform
Act of 1986.
A so many changes at once as they had in
B at once as many changes as
C at once as many changes that there were with
D as many changes at once as they confronted in
E so many changes at once that confronted them in !
Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were
constructed in violation of the city’s building code.
A Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were
B Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been
C Some buildings that the earthquake destroyed and heavily damaged last year have been
D Last year the earthquake destroyed or heavily damaged some buildings that have been
E Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earth quake had
been
!
!
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Lecture Six
补语、⽐比较结构
!
本节课授课要点
• 补语
• ⽐比较结构
!
!
1.补语
To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, and she
remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the
Resistance.
(D)Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, !
•
补语的种类
宾补的定义
-
Critics of the trend toward privately operated prisons consider corrections facilities to be an
integral part of the criminal justice system and question if profits should be made from
incarceration.
A to be an integral part of the criminal justice system and question if
B as an integral part of the criminal justice system and they question if
C as being an integral part of the criminal justice system and question whether
D an integral part of the criminal justice system and question whether
E are an integral part of the criminal justice system, and they question whether
!
George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural
poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her
novels.
A to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
B should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these
C as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them
D as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray them
E legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them
!
!
-变体
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Federally imposed restrictions on how much they may pay small savers has made difficulties for
savings banks as they are competing with such unregulated investment vehicles as money market
certificates.
A has made difficulties for savings banks as they are competing with such
B has made difficulties for savings banks competing with such
C have made difficulties for savings banks as they are competing with
D have made it difficult for savings banks to compete with such
E have made it difficult for savings banks as they are competing with such !
When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try and establish
tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage
more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas. A and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and
to encourage
B
and establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain able to be grown by farmers and
encouraging
C establishing tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are allowed to grow and to
encourage
D to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain capable of being grown by farmers and
encouraging
E to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to
encourage !
✓被动动名词
In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes mood
swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manicdepressive psychosis.
A
mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from
genuine manic-depressive psychosis
B mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manicdepressive psychosis,
C between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and
genuine manic-depressive psychosis
D between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from genuine
manic-depressive psychosis
!
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E
genuine manic-depressive psychosis and mood swings, which may be violent without being
grounded in mental disease !
The first decision for most tenants living in a building undergoing being converted to cooperative
ownership is if to sign a no-buy pledge with the other tenants.
A being converted to cooperative ownership is if to sign
B being converted to cooperative ownership is whether they should be signing
C being converted to cooperative ownership is whether or not they sign
D conversion to cooperative ownership is if to sign
E conversion to cooperative ownership is whether to sign !
✓进⾏行时的被动语态
In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until
completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced as the
greatest translation in any language.
A his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary
critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced as
B his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic
Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced
C his translation of the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic
Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it as
D his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic
Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it
E translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel
Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it
!
Heavy commitment bv an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the
past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
A Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the
past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
B An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in
the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do
appear.
C An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret
signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
!
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D Executives' being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the
past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do
appear.
E Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is
likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do
appear.
!
A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of
the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the
incineration of wastes.
A much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes
B much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to come
C much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to
comes
D many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come
E many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come !
Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida was the only one of
the five-nation Iroquois League who sided with the colonists during the American Revolution. A was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided
B was alone of the five-nation Iroquois League when they sided
C alone among the five-nation Iroquois League sided
D were the only ones out of the five nations of Iroquois League in siding
E only of the five-nation Iroquois League had sided !
A huge flying reptile that died out with the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago, the
Quetzalcoatlus had a wingspan of 36 feet, believed to be the largest flying creature the world has
ever seen.
A believed to be
B and that is believed to be
C and it is believed to have been
D which was, it is believed,
E which is believed to be 2.⽐比较结构
• 基本原则
!
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-⽐比较对象要对等
The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South
Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation’s 116 private Black colleges because their
economic bases are often more fragile than most predominantly White colleges.
A than
B than those of
C than is so of
D compared to
E compared to those of
!
The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart;
rather a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay to produce power.
A apart; rather
B apart, but rather
C apart, but rather that of
D apart, but that of
E apart; it is that of
!
While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and
verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in
Montgomery, Alabama.
A not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused
B not unlike Rosa Parks, who refused
C like Rosa Parks and her refusal
D like that of Rosa Parks for refusing
E as that of Rosa Parks, who refused
!
-⽐比较中助动词的补出问题
✓只有当⽐比较对象是主语时，才涉及助动词的补出问题
✓在⽐比较的as或than后，可直接补出助动词，即为倒装，倒不倒都对
✓结论和推论
✓可能引起误会的情况
‣不同时间⽐比较
Inflation has made many Americans reevaluate their assumptions about the future; they still expect
to live better than their parents have, but not so well as they once thought they could.
!
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A they still expect to live better than their parents have
B they still expect to live better than their parents did
C they still expect to live better than their parents had
D still expecting to live better than their parents had
E still expecting to live better than did their parents
!
‣前句除主语外还有其他名词可参与⽐比较
Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits
of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.
A in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than
B isolated from contact with Europeans longer than
C in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were
D isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were
E in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than !
In addition to having more protein than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in
wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.
A the protein in rice is higher quality than that in
B rice has protein of higher quality than that in
C the protein in rice is higher in quality than it is in
D rice protein is higher in quality than it is in
E rice has a protein higher in quality than
!
According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American
Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in
planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas.
A minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to
practice
B
minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on
practicing
C minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing
D it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will plan
to practice
E it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice !
!
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!
!
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Lecture Seven
定语从句
!
本节课授课要点
• 定语从句
!
!
1.定语从句
Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and
sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and
between its toes. A sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently
enough
B
sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep 15 hours a day, and with such
infrequent movements
C sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep 15 hours a day, and move so
infrequently
D the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so
infrequently
E
the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps 15 hours a day, and it moves
infrequently enough
!
The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculpture portrait, the features of
which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”
A so unrealistic as to constitute
B so unrealistic they constituted
C so unrealistic that they have constituted
D unrealistic enough so that they constitute
E unrealistic enough so as to constitute
!
Students in the metropolitan school district lack math skills to such a large degree as to make it
difficult to absorb them into a city economy becoming ever more dependent on information-based
industries.
A lack math skills to such a large degree as to make it difficult to absorb them into a city economy
becoming
!
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B
lack math skills to a large enough degree that they will be difficult to absorb into a city’s
economy that becomes
C
lack of math skills is so large as to be difficult to absorb them into a city’s economy that
becomes
D are lacking so much in math skills as to be difficult to absorb into a city’s economy becoming
E are so lacking in math skills that it will be difficult to absorb them into a city economy becoming
!
Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of The Messenger were two young journalists, Chandler
Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.
A
Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of The Messenger were two young journalists,
Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.
B Published in Harlem, two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would
later make his reputation as a labor leader, were the owner and editor of The Messenger.
C Published in Harlem, The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip
Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen.
D The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip
Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and published in Harlem.
E The owner and editor being two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who
would later make his reputation as a labor leader, The Messenger was published in Harlem. !
•
定义
-adj从句，整个从句相当于⼀一个adj修饰前⾯面的n。
-三种
✓N that vo/s vt.；n, which vo.
✓N prep which svo.
!
✓N, A of which vo.
Presenters at the seminar, one who is blind, will demonstrate adaptive equipment that allows
visually impaired people to use computers.
A one who
B one of them who
C and one of them who
D one of whom
E one of which
!
!
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-A prep B that vo
✓基本原则
✓若prep B是状语
✓若prep B是后定
It is possible that Native Americans originally have migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a
bridge of land that once existed between Siberia and Alaska.
A have migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed
B were migrating to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that existed once
C migrated over a bridge of land to the Western Hemisphere that once existed
D migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed
E were migrating to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land existing once
!
Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War,
Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding
its movements with his left.
A Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
B In spite of his right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
C Because there had been a sniper’s bullet during the First World War that crippled his right hand
and arm
D The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
E His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
!
Out of America’s fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of
furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the clawfooted bathtub.
A things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
B things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing
C things that are antiques has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that
bring
D antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
E antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
!
!
-A prep B prep C and D
-A prep B that vo
-A prep B, A that vo.
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Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and
bone not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
A because they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone
B because they are composed of tissues like tooth and bone that are
C because they are composed of tissues, like tooth and bone, tissues
D in that their composition, tissues such as tooth and bone, is
E in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth and bone, tissues
!
Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand
English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does—computers
that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or
other purposes such as these.
A as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding
whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these
B as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns
or deciding whether to authorize a loan
C
like an expert—computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment
breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan
D
like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment
breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized
E like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a
loan or not, or the like !
Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty
centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity
there.
A Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
B Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings
C Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
D sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the
area
E sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
!
!
-A B；B prep A
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As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the
Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was
less limited.
A whose access to water was less limited
B where there was access to water that was less limited
C where they had less limited water access
D with less limitations on water access
E having less limitations to water access
!
-N doing；N that vo
The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still experience
some of the effects of a divorce occurring when a child.
A occurring when a child
B occurring when children
C that occurred when a child
D that occurred when they were children
E that has occurred as each was a child
!
Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately
placing more women in leadership position in politics and business.
A
Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend
ultimately placing
B The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that
will ultimately place
C The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will
ultimately place
D It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend
ultimately placing
E It is expected for the women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which
will ultimately place
!
-N having done？
As business grows more complex, students majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and
marketing have been becoming increasingly successful in the job market.
!
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A
majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming
increasingly
B who major in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more
C who majored in specialized areas such as those of finance and marketing are being increasingly
D who major in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming more
and more
E having majored in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are being increasingly
!
!
!
!
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Lecture Eight
宾语后置、平⾏行的最后⼀一点、独⽴立主格、考前准备
!
本节课授课要点
• 宾语后置
• 平⾏行的最后⼀一点
• 独⽴立主格
• 考前准备
!
!
1.宾语后置
By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad
discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of
intelligence information.
A enabling it to withhold from the public
B for it to withhold from the public
C for withholding disclosure to the public of
D that enable them to withhold from public disclosure
E that they can withhold public disclosure of !
The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank’s funding by
$175 billion, though some United States legislators cite an obstacle to congressional passage being
the concern that the bank’s loans will help foreign producers compete with American businesses. A an obstacle to congressional passage being the concern
B a concern as an obstacle to congressional passage
C as an obstacle to congressional passage the concern
D the concern, an obstacle to congressional passage
E as an obstacle for Congress to pass it the concern !
In 1923, the Supreme Court declared a minimum wage for women and children in the District of
Columbia as unconstitutional, and ruling that it was a form of pricefixing and, as such, an
abridgment of the right of contract.
A
the Supreme Court declared a minimum wage for women and children in the District of
Columbia as unconstitutional, and
B the Supreme Court declared as unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and children in
the District of Columbia, and
!
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C the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and children in the
District of Columbia,
D
a minimum wage for women and children in the District of Columbia was declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court,
E when the Supreme Court declared a minimum wage for women and children in the District of
Columbia as unconstitutional, !
The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the
Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern India alphabets.
A the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
B the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
C with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
D with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
E with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and !
2.平⾏行的最后⼀一点
Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a
giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single
fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a
Michigan forest.
A extending
B extends
C extended
D it extended
E is extending !
•
平⾏行的本质
平⾏行不是外表的平⾏行，其本质是语法功能的平⾏行和语义的呼应。
-
In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers
should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid
vigor.
A in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics
B in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers
C partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics
D partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers
!
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E partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers !
Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own
elaborate society, based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and
shellfish, and exploiting other wild and domestic resources.
A based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and
exploiting
B based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and
the exploitation of
C based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvest of fish and seafood, and
the exploitation of
D based on their cultivation of crops such as corn and beans, the harvest of fish and seafood, and
the exploiting of
E based on the cultivating of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and
the exploiting of !
-N, n, n, and _____ .
N /doing?
Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations
in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changing the measured
strain across a fault zone, and varying the electrical properties of underground rocks.
A changing the measured strain across a fault zone and varying
B changing measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and varying
C changing the strain as measured across a fault zone, and variations of
D changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in
E changes in measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and variations among
!
The Federal Reserve Board’s reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is both an
acknowledgement of past economic trends and an effort to influence their future direction.
A reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is both an acknowledgement of past
economic trends and an effort
B reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is an acknowledgement both of past
economic trends as well as an effort
C reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions both acknowledge past economic
trends and attempt
!
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D reducing interest rates on loans to financial institutions is an acknowledgement both of past
economic trends and an effort
E reducing interest rates on loans to financial institutions both acknowledge past economic trends
as well as attempt !
There is no consensus on what role, if any, is played by acid rain in slowing the growth or damaging
forests in the eastern United States.
A slowing the growth or damaging
B the damage or the slowing of the growth of
C the damage to or the slowness of the growth of
D damaged or slowed growth of
E damaging or slowing the growth of !
Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the
branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.
A saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang
B saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging
C saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
D seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging
E seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung !
3.独⽴立主格
• 来源
• 定义
• ⼀一般形式
Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War,
Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding
it s movements with his left.
A Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
B In spite of his right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
C Because there had been a sniper’s bullet during the First World War that crippled his right hand
and arm
D The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War
E His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper’s bullet during the First World War !
!
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•
特殊形式
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will
be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.
A each with its own executive
B all having their own executive
C each having their own executive
D with its own executive for each
E every one with an executive of their own !
Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes
to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading
microbe or foreign substance.
A seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at
B seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to
C seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at
D seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to
E seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at !
While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business
course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it would be taught as a separately
required course.
A only if it would be taught as a separately required course
B only if it is taught as a separate, required course
C if it is taught only as a course required separately
D if it was taught only as a separate and required course
E if it would only be taught as a required course, separately !
For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave lived in open-sided, flat-topped dwellings known
as shades, each a roof of poles and arrow weed supported by posts set in a rectangle. A each a roof of poles and arrow weed
B each a roof of poles and arrow weed that are being
C with each being a roof of poles and arrow weed
D with roofs of poles and arrow weed to be
E with roofs of poles and arrow weed that are !
!
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India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises many different
styles of cooking, with each a product of their regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian dishes
of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more familiar Mogul
food of the north. A with each a product of their B with each as a product of its C each products of their D each a product of E each products of !
•
七种武器
⽐比较
平⾏行
同位语
后置定语
从句
✓倒装
✓补语
✓宾语后置
-
✓独⽴立主格 !
•
!
⼀一个中⼼心、两个基本点、四项基本原则
中⼼心：两种错误类型
两个基本点：代词和逻辑主语
四项基本原则：
✓倒装句
✓主谓⼀一致
✓定语从句
✓⽐比较结构
-
4.考前准备
• 基础
• 提⾼高
-Prep
!
!
!
•
鸡精（机经）
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附：LOUIS⽼老师精选练习题汇总
!
1. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without
benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
A: huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal
transport
B: without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were
built by the Maya
C: the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the
wheel
D: there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple
clusters by the Maya
E: were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and
temple clusters
!
2. The discovery of glass being expandable and able to be shaped by human breath revolutionized
glassworking to such an extent that today “glassblowing” has become the generic term for all
glassworking, whether the glass is blown or formed by other techniques.
A: of glass being expandable and able to be
B: of glass that is capable of expansion and
C: of glass being capable of expansion and that it can be
D: that glass can be expanded and it is able to be
E: that glass can be expanded and
!
3. Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a “blank slate”, but instead that it
comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving specific
problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
A: the human mind is not a “blank slate”, but instead that it comprises specialized mental
mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving
B: the human mind is not a “blank slate” but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that
were developed to solve
C: the human mind, instead of a “blank slate”, it comprises specialized mental mechanisms that have
been developed to solve
D: rather than it being a “blank slate”, the human mind comprises specialized mental mechanisms
that have been developed as a way of solving
!
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E: rather than the human mind’s being a “blank slate”, that it comprises specialized mental
mechanisms that were developed as a way of solving
!
4. Results of a United States study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine have shown collegeeducated women and women living in the South and West to be significantly more likely to be
using supplemental hormones as women living in the Northeast and Midwest.
A: college-educated women and women living in the South and West to be significantly more likely
to be using supplemental hormones as women living
B: college-educated women and women living in the South and West as significantly more likely to
use supplemental hormones than if they are living
C: college-educated women and those living in the South and West being significantly more likely
to use supplemental hormones than if they lived
D: that college-educated women and women who live in the South and West are significantly more
likely to be using supplemental hormones as were women that lived
E: that college-educated women and women living in the South and West are significantly more
likely to use supplemental hormones than women living
!
5. The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing service,
announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some unneeded operations, and
it grounded twenty-two planes.
A: closing some unneeded operations, and it grounded
B: closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
C: was closing some unneeded operations, while it grounded
D: it closed some unneeded operations and grounded
E: it was closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
!
6. Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which have been some of the most frequently
translated works in literary history, while he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as
several autobiographies, which remained almost unknown outside his native Denmark.
A: Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which have been some of the most frequently
translated works in literary history, while he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as
several autobiographies, which remained
B: Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales, which, while among the most frequently translated
works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies remain
!
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C: Even as Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tales have been among the most frequently translated
works in literary history, still his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, remain
D: Unlike the fairy tales written by Hans Christian Andersen, which are some of the most
frequently translated works in literary history, he wrote plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as
well as several autobiographies, which remained
E: Although Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales that are among the most frequently
translated works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several
autobiographies, remain
!
7. The particular design of muscles and bones in the neck and limbs of the turtle allow that it can
draw in its exposed parts such that an attacker can find nothing but hard shell to bite.
A: allow that it can draw in its exposed parts such that
B: allow it to draw in its exposed parts, and so
C: allows for it to draw in its exposed parts and that
D: allows that it can draw in its exposed parts, and so
E: allows it to draw in its exposed parts, so that
!
8. Hundreds of species of fish generate and discharge electric currents, in bursts or as steady
electric fields around their bodies, using their power either to find and attack prey, to defend
themselves, or also for communicating and navigating.
A: either to find and attack prey, to defend themselves, or also for communicating and navigating
B: either for finding and attacking prey, defend themselves, or for communication and navigation
C: to find and attack prey, for defense, or communication and navigation
D: for finding and attacking prey, to defend themselves, or also for communication and navigation
E: to find and attack prey, to defend themselves, or to communicate and navigate
!
9. Broccoli thrives in moderate to cool climates and propagated by seeds, either sown directly in
the field or in plant beds designed for producing transplants.
A: propagated by seeds, either sown directly in the field or in plant beds designed for producing
B: propagated by seeds, sown either directly in the field or sown in plant beds designed so as to
produce
C: is propagated by seeds either sown directly in the field or in plant beds designed so that they
produce
D: is propagated by seeds sown either directly in the field or in plant beds designed to produce
!
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E: is propagated by seeds, sown either directly in the field or sown in plant beds designed for
producing
!
10. Like the thorny ballooning of a frightened pufferfish or the sudden appearance of angry
sapphire hoops for which the blue-ringed octopus is named, so the California newt’s display of its
red underbelly is a clear warning that predators ignore at their peril.
A: so the California newt’s display of its red underbelly is a clear warning that predators ignore at
their peril
B: so it is at their peril that predators ignore the California newt’s display of its red underbelly, a
clear warning
C: the California newt’s displaying its red underbelly is a clear warning for predators, so they ignore
it at their peril
D: the California newt’s display of its red underbelly is a clear warning that predators ignore at
their peril
E: it is at their peril that predators ignore the California newt’s display of its red underbelly, a clear
warning
!
11: Most vaccines are derived from weakened or killed strains of the same virus that they prevent,
unlike the derivation of smallpox vaccine from a different virus altogether.
A: the derivation of smallpox vaccine from a different virus altogether
B: smallpox vaccine, which is derived from a different virus altogether
C: smallpox’s vaccine, which gets derived from a different virus altogether
D: when smallpox vaccine is derived from an altogether different virus
E: the altogether different virus from which smallpox vaccine is derived
!
12. A recent study has found amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, as being
about as effective as newer, more expensive antibiotics and causing fewer side effects.
A: amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, as being about as effective as newer,
more expensive antibiotics and causing
B: amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, to be about as effective compared to
newer, more expensive antibiotics and with
C: amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, to be about as effective as newer, more
expensive antibiotics and that it causes
D: that amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, is about as effective as newer, more
expensive antibiotics and causes
!
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E: that amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, is about as effective compare ed to
newer, more expensive antibiotics and with
!
13. Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness, and voluntary
cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group or also with outsiders.
A: selfishness, and voluntary cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group
or
B: selfishness, encouraging voluntary cooperation as well, both within the group but
C: selfishness and also encouraging voluntary cooperation, within the group and
D: selfishness and they encouraged voluntary cooperation, whether it be within the group or
E: selfishness and encouraged voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but
!
14. Recent breakthroughs in technology have made it possible that high-definition digital video
cameras are able to capture material with a degree of fidelity that nearly compares to 35millimeter film and to project it digitally in theaters with no resulting loss of image quality.
A: it possible that high-definition digital video cameras are able to capture material with a degree of
fidelity that nearly compares to
B: it possible to have high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of
fidelity almost like that with
C: it possible for high-definition digital video cameras to capture material with a degree of fidelity
nearly comparable to that of D: possible high-definition digital video cameras that can capture material at a degree of fidelity
almost like
E: possible high-definition digital video cameras able to capture material with a degree of fidelity
that nearly compares to that with
!
15. Like their male counterparts, women scientists are above average in terms of intelligence and
creativity, but unlike men of science, their female counterparts have had to work against the grain
of occupational stereotyping to enter a “man’s world”.
A: their female counterparts have had to work
B: their problem is working
C: one thing they have had to do is work
D: the handicap women of science have had is to work
E: women of science have had to work
!
!
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16. Born into poverty and sent by her father into servitude at the age of seven, Martha Matilda
Harper created America’s first retail franchise network, a radical new business model that enabled
women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own their own businesses and gain
financial independence.
A: Martha Matilda Harper created America’s first retail franchise network, a radical new business
model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own
B: Martha Matilda Harper created America’s first retail franchise network, a radical new business
model that enabled ownership by women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of
C: Martha Matilda Harper’s creation of America’s first retail franchise network was a radical new
business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own
D: America’s first retail franchise network was created by Martha Matilda Harper, a radical new
business model that enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own
E: America’s first retail franchise network was created by Martha Matilda Harper, a radical new
business model that enabled ownership by women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries of
!
17. The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently
and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels
altogether.
A: fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen
fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
B: fossil fuels that are burned more efficiently and, in some cases, those that are replaced altogether
with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
C: burning fossil fuels more efficiently and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with
alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
D: more efficiency in the burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by alternatives such as hydrogen
fuel cells that can replace fossil fuels altogether
E: the more efficient burning of fossil fuels and, in some cases, by fossil fuels that are replaced
altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cells
!
18. Both the caribou and the reindeer belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but after 7,000 years
of domestication in Eurasia, reindeer have developed a tendency to circle in tight groups, while
caribou tend to spread far and wide.
!
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A: belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but after 7,000 years of domestication in Eurasia,
reindeer have developed a tendency to circle in tight groups, while caribou tend
B: belong to the same species, Rangifer tarandus, but about 7,000 years of domestication in Eurasia
have developed reindeer’s tendency to circle in tight groups, which is different from caribou that
tend
C: belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but being domesticated in Eurasia for about 7,000 years
has developed reindeer’s tendency to circle in tight groups, and that is different from caribou
tending
D: are the same species, Rangifer tarandus, but about 7,000 years of domestication in Eurasia have
developed reindeer’s tendency to circle in tight groups, while the tendency is for caribou
E: are the same species, Rangifer tarandus, but being domesticated in Eurasia for about 7,000 years
has developed the reindeer’s tendency to circle in tight groups, which differs from caribou tending
!
19. A study on couples’ retirement transitions found that, different from men who took new jobs
after retiring from their primary careers, women who did so were more likely than those who
retired completely to report high marital satisfaction.
A: different from
B: unlike with
C: unlike
D: unlike the results for
E: compared to the results for
!
20. Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on
pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be
far stricter than the federal rules.
A: to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt
B: to impose new controls on truck and bus engines’ pollution by the joint adoption of
C: to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting
D: for imposing new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines, and jointly adopting
E: for imposing new controls on truck and bus engine pollution in the joint adoption of
!
21. Several educational research groups are denouncing the mayor’s proposal of a system by which
individual teachers would be given raises or bonuses should it be that test scores show their
students’ mastery of reading skills having improved over a nine-month period.
A: should it be that test scores show their students’ mastery of reading skills having
!
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B: should it be that test scores show their students’ mastery of reading skills have
C: should test scores showing their students’ mastery of reading skills has
D: if test scores showing their students’ mastery of reading skills having
E: if test scores show that their students’ mastery of reading skills has
!
22. Critics of the research study claimed that monkeys are different enough from human beings
that comparing the two species can be as questionable-or as useless-as comparisons between
humans and mice.
A: different enough from human beings that comparing the two species can
B: different enough from human beings so that comparing the two species can
C: different enough from human beings for comparing the two species to
D: so different from human beings that comparisons between the two species can
E: so different from human beings for comparisons between the two species to
!
23. Thomas Eakins’s powerful style and his choices of subject-the advances in modern surgery, the
discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with themselves-was as
disturbing to his own time as it is compelling for ours.
A: was as disturbing to his own time as it is
B: were as disturbing to his own time as they are
C: has been as disturbing in his own time as they are
D: had been as disturbing in his own time as it was
E: have been as disturbing in his own time as
!
24. The list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand i.e., claw,
paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.
A: exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been
expanded to include
B: exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been
expanded and includes
C: exhibit a preference in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been
expanded to include
D: exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been
expanded to include
E: exhibit the preference as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded and includes
!
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!
25. Methane, which has long been counted among the greenhouse gases that are implicated in
global warming, comes both from natural sources such as bogs and from a host of human sources,
including coal mines, leaking pipelines, landfills, and rice paddies.
A: that are implicated in global warming, comes both from
B: that are implicated in global warming, coming from both
C: being implicated in global warming, comes from both
D: implicated in global warming and coming both from
E: implicated in global warming, that come both from
!
26. According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so
much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have
relatively few founding members. A: the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred
for looks or to meet other narrow criteria
B: the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not as much their being bred for
looks or meeting other narrow criteria as much
C: it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog that they are being
bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as much
D: it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is their being bred for
looks or meeting other narrow criteria so much
E: it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog to be bred for looks
or to meet other narrow criteria
!
27. Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida was the only one
of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided with the colonists during the American Revolution. A: was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided
B: was alone of the five-nation Iroquois League when they sided
C: alone among the five-nation Iroquois League sided
D: were the only ones out of the five nations of Iroquois League in siding
E: only of the five-nation Iroquois League had sided
!
28. Although the turtle has been toothless for more than 150 million years, in some contemporary
turtle species the moderately sharp and jagged edges of their horny jaws function for teeth.
A: their horny jaws function for teeth
!
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B: its horny jaws function for teeth
C: its horny jaws function as do teeth
D: the horny jaws function as teeth do
E: the horny jaws function as teeth
!
29. The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the
Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern India alphabets.
A: the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
B: the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
C: with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
D: with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
E: with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and
!
30. In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of
them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
A: most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
B: most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
C: most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
D: mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
E: mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
!
31. Each year companies in the United State could save as much as $58 billion annually by
preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving
performance of workers if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.
A:　annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through
improving performance of workers if they simply provided
B:　annually if they prevented employee illness and gain as much as $200 billion through worker
performance improved by simply providing
C: annually in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through worker
performance improved by simply providing
D: in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance
of workers if they simply provided
E: by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved
worker performance if they simply provided
!
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!
32. Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend
ultimately placing more women in leadership position in politics and business.
A: Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend
ultimately placing
B: The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that
will ultimately place
C: The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will
ultimately place
D: It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend
ultimately placing
E: It is expected for the women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which
will ultimately place
!
33. The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization of
there being little that is a significant difference in the underlying mental processes manifested by
people from different cultures.
A: of there being little that is a significant difference
B: of there being little that is significantly different
C: of little that is significantly different
D: that there is little that is significantly different
E: that there is little of significant differences
!
34. The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both
its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and
twelve pounds of dried beans a year.
A: enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could
produce
B: enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to
produce
C: enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to
produce
D:enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of
producing
!
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E: enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude,
could produce
!
35. Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in
small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.
A:scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly
B: scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it
painstakingly
C: scientists learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removed
D: learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakingly
E: Learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it have to be painstakingly removed by
scientists
!
36. The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they
had not previously considered possible -- better control, if not eradication, of the other infections
such as measles and yaws.
A: what they had not previously considered possible -- better control, if not eradication, of the
other infections such as
B: what they had not previously considered a possibility -- better control, if not eradication, of such
infections like
C: something they had not previously considered possible -- better control, if not eradication, of
such infections as
D: something not considered a previous possibility -- better control and perhaps eradication, of
other infections such as
E: the possibility of what they had not previously considered possible – better control and possibly
eradication of infections like
!
37. A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that creatures
of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasing sea
surface temperatures during the same period.
A: that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from
increasing
B: that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as a
result of an increase in
!
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C: that creatures of the seabed were suffering because of food supplies, which were dwindling
possibly as a result of increasing
D: creatures of the seabed that were suffering from food supplies that were dwindling, possibly
resulting from an increase in
E: creatures of the seabed that were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, which possibly
resulted from increasing
!
38. The largest trade-book publisher in the US has announced the creation of a new digital imprint
division, under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either
electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase.
A: works to be sold online as either electronic books or
B: works to sell them online, either as electronic books or
C: works and it will sell them online as either electronic books or as
D: works, and selling them online as either electronic books or as
E: works, and it will sell them online as either electronic books or
!
39. Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the
brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries
that learn new songs.
A: the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in
canaries that B: mice whose brains grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries whose
neurons increase when they
C: mice's brains that grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries' neurons
that increase when they
D: the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries'
neurons when they
E: brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in
canaries that
!
40. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their
descendants, popular known as killer bees，had migrated as far north as Southern Texas.
A: Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
B: In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
!
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C: In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
D: It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, when
E: It took less than 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo,
Brazil, and then
!
41. There is a widespread belief in the US and Western Europe that young people have a smaller
commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and that the source of the
change lies in the collapse of the 'work ethic'. A: a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents B: less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents C: a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had
D: less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had E: a lessening of the commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had
!
42. Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living
around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical
pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
A: while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants,
having
B: while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
C: while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time,
which have
D: but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have
E: but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
!
43. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain
has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the
solar system’s largest planet.
A: astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18
huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
B: astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge
gas spheres estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter’s mass
C: astronomers is working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, having detected at least
18 huge gas sphere that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
!
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D: astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, and has detected at least 18
huge gas spheres estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
E: astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, has detected at least 18
huge gas spheres they have estimated to be 5 to 15 times Jupiter’s mass
!
44. Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallow costal
waters, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone
in scuba gear, whether they be archaeologist, treasure hunter, or sport diver.
A: than in shallow costal waters, which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes
them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether they be
B: than in shallow costal waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are
accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether
C: as opposed to shallow waters along the coast, where archaeological remains are exposed to
turbulence and accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including
D: instead of in shallow waters along the coast, which exposes archaeological remains to
turbulence and making them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, including an E: instead of shallow coastal waters, because it exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and
make them accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether
!
45. Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until the last day scheduled to
collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package even if they find
a new job before they are terminated. A: the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its
severance package B: the last day they are scheduled to collect, workers are eligible for the automobile company's
severance package
C: their last scheduled day to collect, the automobile company offers its severance package to
workers
D: their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is
available to workers
E: the last day that they are scheduled to collect, the automobile company's severance package is
available to workers
!
!
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46. Ozone reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it has long appeared that
it was immune from human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial
chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.
A: has long appeared that it was immune from B: has long appeared to have been immune from
C: has long appeared as being immune to
D: had long appeared immune to
E: had long appeared that it was immune to
!
47. There are hopeful signs that we are shifting away from our heavy reliance on fossil fuels: more
than ten times as much energy is generated through wind power now than it was in 1990. A: generated through wind power now than it was
B: generated through wind power now as it was
C: generated through wind power now as was the case
D: now generated through wind power as it was
E: now generated through wind power than was the case
!
48. The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final try outs
are held for athletes representing the US in the Olympics, is geared toward enhancing athletes'
performance and toward their preparation for international competition.
A: is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation
B: is geared to enhance the performance of athletes and to prepare them
C: are geared to enhance athletes performance and their preparation
D: are geared toward the enhancement of athletes' performance and toward preparing them
E: are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them
!
49. A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay
than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980. A: that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a
ratio of 42 times B: that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that
compares to 42 times C: that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42
times their pay, the ratio !
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D: CEO’s who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to
42 times their pay, the ratio E: CEO’s now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the
ratio of 42 times
!
50. The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division of a rival
company for $950 million, which is part of a deal that will make it the largest manufacturer in the
office color-printing market,
A: million, which is part of a deal that will make
B: million, a part of a deal that makes
C: million, part of a deal making
D: million as a part of a deal to make
E: million as part of a deal that will make
!
51. Many teenagers undergo stress, but results of a recent study indicate that the patterns of stress
that girls experience are more likely to result in depression than are those that boys experience. A: are those that boys experience B: what boys experience C: boys’ experience would D: boys’ stress patterns do E: stress patterns of boys
!
52. Patience Lovell Wright, whose traveling waxworks exhibit preceded Madame Tussaud’s work by
30 years, became well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having
skillfully rendered popular public figures in wax. A: well known as much because of having an eccentric personality as for having skillfully rendered
popular public figures in wax
B: well known as much for having an eccentric personality as for her skillful wax renderings of
popular public figures.
C: well known as much because of her eccentric personality as she was for her skillful wax
renderings of popular public figures.
D: as well known for having an eccentric personality as having skillfully rendered popular public
figures in wax.
E: as well known for her eccentric personality as for her skillful wax renderings of popular public
figures.
!
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!
53. The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that make a large number of longdistance calls, the Federal communication's recent telephone rate cuts will greatly reduce costs,
though some consumer groups disagree with the government's estimates, suggesting they are too
optimistic.
A: The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that make a large number of longdistance calls, the Federal communication's recent telephone rate cuts will greatly reduce costs,
B: The government predicts that costs will be greatly reduced for consumers and businesses that
make a large number of long-distance calls by the Federal Communication Commission's telephone
rate cuts,
C: The government's prediction is, for consumers and businesses making a large number of longdistance calls, costs will be greatly reduced by the recent telephone rate cuts made by the Federal
Communications Commission,
D: For consumers and businesses that make large number of long-distance calls, the government
prediction that the Federal Communication's recent telephone rate cuts will greatly reduce costs,
E: For consumers and businesses making a large number of long-distance calls, the government
predicts that the recent telephone rate cuts that the Federal Communications Commission has
made will greatly reduce costs,
!
54. Scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have succeeded for the first time in mining
heat from the Earth’s interior and producing energy on a commercial scale, enough for efficient
generation of electricity and heating factories and homes.
A: and producing energy on a commercial scale, enough for efficient generation of electricity and
heating
B: and producing enough energy on a commercial scale for electricity to be generated efficiently
and to heat
C: for energy production on a commercial scale, enough for generating electricity efficiently and to
heat
D: to produce energy on a commercial scale, enough for generating electricity efficiently and for
heating
E: to produce enough energy on a commercial scale for efficient generation of electricity and heat
!
55. In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to
archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly
documenting East African cave paintings.
!
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A: Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid
activity and painstakingly documenting
B: Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid
activity and by painstakingly documenting
C: Leakey was a contributor to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
D: Leakey’s contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of
E: Leakey’s contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
!
56. In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to
archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through
her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.
A: Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of
B: Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
C: Mary Leakey was a contributor to archaeology by discovering the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
D: Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence
of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
E: Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence
of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
!
57. Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of them has
fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the
taste pore.
A: them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud
called the taste pore
B: them that have fingerlike projections that poke through an opening located at the top of the
taste bud, which they call the taste pore
C: which has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the
top of taste bud
!
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D: which having fingerlike projections that poke through an opening, which is called the taste pore,
located at the top of the taste bud
E: which have fingerlike projections that are poking through an opening located at the top of the
taste bud called the taste pore
!
58. To meet the rising marketing demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice as
fast as their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on
special diets.
A: their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment B: their natural growth rate, their feed allotment cut
C: growing them naturally, cutting their feed allotment
D: they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment
E: they grow naturally, with their feed allotment cut
!
59. Mideast immigrants’ rates of entrepreneurship exceed virtually every other immigrant group in
the increasingly divers United States economy.
A: Mideast immigrants’ rates of entrepreneurship exceed
B: Mideast immigrants are exhibiting rates of entrepreneurship exceeding
C: Immigrants from the Mideast exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding those of
D: The rates of entrepreneurship in immigrants from the Mideast exceed
E: The rates of Mideast immigrants’ entrepreneurship exceeds those of
!
60. Unlike using spices for cooking, in medicinal usage they are taken in large quantities in order to
treat particular maladies.
A: Unlike using spices for cooking, in medicinal usage they are taken
B: unlike spices that are used in cooking, in using spices for medicine, they are taken
C: Unlike cooking with spices, taking spices for medicinal use is done
D: In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken
E: In cooking, the usage of spices is in small quantities, whereas in medicinal usage they are taken
!
61. The Environmental Protection Agency frequently puts mandatory controls on toxic substances
that present as little risk as one in a million chances to cause cancer.
A: as little risk as one in a million chances to cause
B: as little risk as one chance in a million of causing
C: as little risk as one chance in a million that it will cause
!
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D: a risk as little as one chance in a million for causing
E: a risk as little as one chance in a million for it to cause
!
62. Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific blends, are known
to be important in courtship, and apparently this assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on
prospective mates to distinguish their own species from that of others.
A: and apparently this assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish
their own species from that of
B: and apparently this assists flies when they taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in
distinguishing their own species from those of
C: which apparently assists flies that tastes the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in being able to
distinguish their own species from
D: apparently assisting flies to taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish their
own species from those of
E: apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in distinguishing their
own species from
!
63. If current trends continue, by the year 2010 carbon emissions in the United States will soar to
a level more than one-third higher than were those in 1990, according to official projections.
A: will soar to a level more than one-third higher than were those
B: will soar to a level more than one-third higher than that
C: would soar to a level more than one-third higher than is was
D: would soar to a level more than one-third higher than those
E: would soar to a level more than one-third higher than they were
!
64. So-called green taxes, which exact a price for the use of polluting or nonrenewable fuels, are
having a positive effect on the environmental and natural resource base of countries as varied as
China, the Netherlands, and Hungary.
A: as varied as
B: as varied as are
C: as varied as those of
D: that are as varied as
E: that are varied as are
!
!
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65. The automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s models would
decrease four-tenths of one percent, amounting to about $72, as compared with comparably
equipped cars and trucks this year.
A: The automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s models would
decrease four-tenths of one percent, amounting to about $72, as compared with comparably
equipped cars and trucks this year. B: The automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s cars and trucks would
decrease four-tenths of one percent, or about $72, from that of comparably equipped models this
year.
C: The automobile company announced that there would be a decrease of four-tenths of one
percent in next year’s models price, or about $72, below this year’s comparably equipped cars and
trucks. D: Compared to comparably equipped models this year, the automobile company announced that
the average price of next year’s cars and trucks would decrease about $72, less by four-tenths of
one percent.
E: Contrasted with comparably equipped cars and trucks of this year, the automobile company
announced that the average price of next year’s models would decrease about $72, or four-tenths
of one percent.
!
66. A study on couples' retirement transitions found that women who took new jobs after retiring
from their primary careers reported high marital satisfaction, more so than those who retired
completely.
A: more so than those who retired
B: which was more than if they had retired
C: more than when retiring
D: more than if they were to retire
E: which was more so than those retiring
!
67. Although at one time children’s programming had been limited to a few hours a week, now,
however, there are at least four cable networks that dedicate themselves entirely to shows
produced specifically for children.
A: Although at one time children’s programming had been limited to a few hours a week, now,
however, there are at least four cable networks that dedicate themselves
B: With children’s programming having been limited at one time to a few hours a week, now at
least four cable networks have dedicated themselves
!
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C: Once limited to a few hours a week, there are now at least four cable networks with children’s
programming that dedicate themselves
D: Children’s programming was once limited to a few hours a week, but now there are at least four
cable networks dedicated
E: While children’s programming had once been limited to a few hours a week, at least four cable
networks are now dedicated
!
68. The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing
conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever
more accurate.
A: The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing
conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever
more accurate.
B: The ability of scientists has become ever more accurate in providing models of the atmosphere’s
complex responses to changing conditions, such as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary
conjunctions.
C: Scientists have become able to provide ever more accurate models of the atmosphere’s
complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary
conjunctions.
D: Scientists have become ever more accurate in their ability for providing models of the
atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different
planetary conjunctions.
E: Scientists’ ability to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to such changing
conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions have become ever more
accurate.
!
69. Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for
throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788, when European saw
Dharug-speaking men tossing 'bumariny' in the area later known as Sydney.
A: Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for
throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788
B: Regardless of their form or function, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for
throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians ever since 1788
C: Ever since 1788, non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made
for throwing boomerangs, regardless of their form or function, from
!
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D: Ever since 1788, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been
called a boomerang by non-Australians, regardless of its form or function, from
E: Non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing
boomerangs since 1788, regardless of their form or function, from
!
70. The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names
of high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing
the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seed up to
$100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them
later.
A: passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seed
up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling
them later.
B: the passage of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, which allows
companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent that they will sell
C: the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows
companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent of selling
D: the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999, and it allows
companies to seek up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent to sell
E: the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, passed in 1999, and it allows companies to
seek up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of
selling
!
71. Whereas scientists, because of random fluctuations in the weather, can not determine the
transition from one season to the next by monitoring temperatures on a daily basis, so they cannot
determine the onset of global warming by monitoring average annual temperatures. A: Whereas scientists
B: Just as scientists
C: Like scientists who
D: Inasmuch as a scientist
E: In the same way a scientist
!
!
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72. Diesel engines burn as much as 30% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, as well
as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses that have been implicated
in global warming.
A: of comparable size , as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other
gasses that have
B: of comparable size, as well as emit far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses
having C: of comparable size, and also they emit far fewer carbon dioxide and other gasses that have D: that have a comparable size, and also they emit far fewer of the other gasses having E: that have a comparable size, as well as emitting far fewer of the other gasses having !
73. First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in
the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a
brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye. A: found in the Philippines and that resembles
B: found in the Philippines and that, resembling
C: found in the Philippines and resembling
D: that is found in the Philippines and it resembles
E: that is found in the Philippines and that, resembling
!
74. Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be
enrolled in lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring
doctors to see more patients, and spend less time with each.
A: imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, and
spend
B: imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and
spending
C: that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend
D: that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients,
spending
E: that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and
spending
!
75. Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution
personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from 1765
!
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to 1789, a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make her one of the most
valuable historians of the ear
A: a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make
B: a vantage point, when combined with her talent for writing, that made
C: a vantage point that combined with her talent for writing, and it made
D: and this vantage point, which combined with her talent for writing to make
E: and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made
!
76. When drafting the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women’s
Rights Conventions in 1848, included in it by the author, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was a call for
female enfranchisement.
A: When drafting the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women’s
Rights Conventions in 1848, included in it by the author, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was a call for
female enfranchisement.
B: Including a call for female enfranchisement, a draft of the Declaration of Sentiments was adopted
at the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Conventions in 1848 that Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote.
C: When the Declaration of Sentiments drafted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton was adopted at the
Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, a call for female enfranchisement had been
included in it .
D: A call for female enfranchisement, included in Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s draft of the Declaration
of Sentiments in 1848, that was adopted by the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention.
E: When Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the
Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, she included in it a call for female
enfranchisement.
!
77. A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program,
per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per
person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as in the nation as a whole.
A: per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per
person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as
B: annual per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs to about
60, more than twice as great as that
C: California's annual per capita consumption of cigarettes declined from over 125 packs per
person to about 60, more than twice as great as the drop
!
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D: California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually
to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that
E: California has seen annual per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs per
person to about 60, more than twice as great as that
!
78. Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest
surviving example of example of a “built” boat—in other words, a boat constructed out of planks
fitted together—and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology,
over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.
A: together—and that thus represents
B: together—and this has represented
C: together, and it represents
D. together that was representing
E: together to represent
!
79. Africa’s black rhino population in the mid-1970’s numbered about 20000, ten times the
estimated population of 2,000 in 1997.
A: the estimated population
B: that of their estimated population
C: more than the population’s estimated amount
D: more black rhinos than their population estimate
E: more than that of their population’s estimated amount
!
80. The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in
recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of surrounding
woodlands.
A: years as a result of the removal of
B: years as a result of removing
C: years, resulting from the removing of
D: years, which is result of removing
E: years, which is a result of the removal of
!
81. In human hearing, subtle differences in how the two ears hear a given sound help the listener
determine the qualities of that sound.
A: in how the two ears hear a given sound help the listener determine
!
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B: in the two ears hearing a given sound help the listener in determining
C: in how a sound is heard by the two ears helps the listener determine
D: between how the two ears hear a given sound helps the listener in determining
E: between how a sound is heard by the two ears help the listener in determining
!
82. Simply because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to
become an invasive according to a decade-long study published in the journal Nature.
A: because they are genetically engineered does not make it any more likely for plants to
B: because it is genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
C: being genetically engineered does not make it any more likely that plants will
D: being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to
E: being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely that it will become
!
83. A recent United States Census Bureau report shows that there are more than three times as
many households where the children and grandchildren are living in their grandparents’ home as
compared to households where the grandparents are living in their children’s or grandchildren’s
home.
A: as compared to households where the
B: as there are households where the
C: as those whose
D: than compared to those where the
E: than there are whose
!
84. A recently published report indicates that the salaries of teachers continue to lag far behind
other college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less at
the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less a year by the time they reach the age of 50.
A: other college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less
at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less
B: other college-educated professionals, by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the start of their
careers, to almost $24,000
C: what other college-educated professionals are paid—making an average of nearly $8,000 a year
less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less
D: those of other college-educated professionals—by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the
start of their careers to almost $24,000 less
!
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E: those of other college-educated professionals—by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the start
of their careers, and by almost $24,000
!
85. A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of
conservative and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying government is
doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting many specific
government programs for health car, education, and environment.
A: they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too
powerful, while at the same time supporting
B: they denounce big government—they say that government is doing too much and has become
too powerful—but supporting at the same time
C: they denounce big government, they say that government is doing too much and it has become
too powerful, while they support at the same time
D: while they denounce big government, saying that government is doing too much and has
become too powerful, at the same time supporting
E: while they are denouncing big government—they say that government is doing too much and it
has become too powerful—supporting at the same time
!
86. Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths of
Numbing, Australia, call female moths to them by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory
ones, and they attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.
A: by the use of acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and they attract
B: by the use of acoustical signals instead of using olfactory ones, and attracting
C: by using acoustical signals, not using olfactory ones, and by attracting
D: using acoustical signals, rather than olfactory ones, and attract
E: using acoustical signals, but not olfactory ones, and attracting
!
87. Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its store, it
expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.
A: Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its store, it
expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting
B: Like any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun’s core is exhausted, then it expands
into a red giant and eventually ejects
C: As in the case of any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun’s core is exhausted, it
will expand into a red giant, and eventually ejecting
!
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D: As any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun’s core is exhausted it will
expand into a red giant and will eventually eject
E: As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its
core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject
!
88. As it is with traditional pharmacies, online drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful,
since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other healthrelated items.
A: As it is with traditional pharmacies, online drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful
B: As with the case of traditional pharmacies, online drugstores rely on prescriptions to have
success
C: As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful
online drugstore
D: As traditional pharmacies, so online drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful
E: Like traditional pharmacies, the cornerstone of a successful online drugstore is prescriptions
!
89. Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress a statue of the goddess Athena and that this
robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena’s father, and giants.
A: Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave
a new woolen robe that they used to dress
B: Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women had collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe with which to dress
C: According to records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress
D: Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed E: Records from ancient Athens indicate each year young Athenian women had collaborated to
weave a new woolen robe for dressing
!
90. Radiocarbon dating of fossils taken from caves on islands along southeastern Alaska’s coast
suggest that at least a portion of the area was remaining ice-free during the last ice age.
A: suggest that at least a portion of the area was remaining
B: suggest at least a portion of the area remaining
C: suggests that at least a portion of the area remained
!
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D. suggests at least a portion of the area that had remained
E. suggests at least a portion of the area to have remained
!
91. The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and it will probably have what
is estimated as 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous nation.
A: it will probably have what is estimated as
B: they are likely to have
C: the country will probably have
D: there will probably be
E: there will be an estimated
!
92. Ranked among great mathematical scientists such as Archimedes, Kepler, and Newton, Abu Ali
al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light
and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on
experiment as well as on philosophical arguments.
A: al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light and
vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on
experiment as well as
B: al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the
foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on experiment as
well as
C: al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., and who experimented extensively with light and vision,
thereby laid the foundation for modern optics and also for the notion that science should be based
on not only experiment but also
D: al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., and had experimented extensively with light and vision,
laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on not
only experiment but also
E: al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimenting extensively with light and vision and
laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion of science being based on experiment
as well as
!
93. Until Berta and Emst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists
believed that either cells secreted hormones, which made them endocrine cells and thus part of
the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which case they were nerve cells and
thus part of the nervous system.
!
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A: either cells secreted hormones, which made them
B: either cells secreted hormones, making them
C: either cells secreted hormones and were
D: cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were
E: cells either secreted hormones, which made them
!
94. The British sociologist and activist Barbara Wootton once noted as a humorous example of
income maldistribution that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was
earning annually exactly what she then earned as director of adult education for London.
A: that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning
B: that the elephant, giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo, had been earning
C: that there was an elephant giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo, and it earned
D: the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and was earning
E: the elephant giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and that it earned
!
95. Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal
style were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians,
that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from his own.
A: were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians,
that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from
B: influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including Elvis Presley
and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from
C: were influential to generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians,
that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music was different significantly in comparison
to
D: were influential to generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, who include
Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, the music of whom differed significantly when compared to
E: were an influence on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians,
including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from that of !
96. While they remove carbon dioxide from the air, conserve soil and water, and house thousands
of species, forests also supply potentially valuable pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building
material and firewood, that provide employment for millions worldwide.
A: pharmaceuticals, and, as sources of building material and firewood, that provide
B: pharmaceuticals, and sources of building material and firewood, are providers of
!
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C: pharmaceuticals and, as sources of building material and firewood that are provide
D: pharmaceuticals and as sources of building material and firewood, for providing
E: pharmaceuticals and, as sources of building material and firewood, provide
!
97. Shrinking faster than any other nation’s, the projected decline of Japan’s population is 17
percent during the next half century.
A: Shrinking faster than any other nation’s, the projected decline of Japan’s population is
B: Shrinking faster than any other nation, Japan’s population has a projected decline of
C: The population of Japan is shrinking faster than that of any other nation and is projected to
decline by
D: The Japanese population is shrinking faster than any other nation, and it has a projected decline
at
E: Japan’s population is shrinking faster than that of any other nation, with a projected decline at
!
98. Unlike the other major planets, Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit, which is thus closer to the
Sun than Neptune is for 20 years out of every 230-year cycle, even though it is commonly
described as the remotest planet in the solar system.
A: Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit, which is thus closer to the Sun than Neptune is
B: Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit and is thus closer to the Sun than Neptune is
C: Pluto’s orbit is highly eccentric and is thus closer to the Sun than Neptune
D: the orbit of Pluto is highly eccentric and thus closer to the Sun than Neptune
E: the orbit of Pluto is highly eccentric, thus closer to the Sun than Neptune is
!
99. The parachutelike membranes of Africa’s scaly-tailed flying squirrels differ from those of the
flying squirrels in the family Sciuridae because they are attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow
instead of the wrist.
A: because they are attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow instead of
B: because of being attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow rather than at
C: in their attachment to a cartilage rod at the elbow instead of being attached at
D: in that they are attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow rather than at
E: in their being attached to a cartilage rod at the elbow instead of
!
100. The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers
are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s
A: extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than
!
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B: extinction; its numbers are now five times more than
C: extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were
D: extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had
E: extinction, now with numbers five times greater than !
101. The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a
symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, are being threatened, experts say, not only by
pollutants like agricultural runoff, oil sticks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing drivers,
and global warming.
A: are being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants like
B: are being threatened, experts say, by not only pollutants such as
C: is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants such as
D: is not only being threatened, experts say, by pollutants like
E: is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as
!
102. Once made exclusively from the wool of sheep that roam the Isle of Lewis and Harris off the
coast of Scotland, Harris tweed is now made only with wools that are imported, sometimes from
the mainland and sometimes they come—as a result of a 1996 amendment to the Harris Tweed
Act—from outside Scotland.
A: sometimes from the mainland and sometimes they come
B: sometimes from the mainland and sometimes C: that come sometimes from the mainland or sometimes
D: from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes it comes
E: from the mainland sometimes, or sometimes coming
!
103. While Hands Holbein the Younger is most often identified with his English portraits, scholars
have long been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
was fundamental in synthesizing the novelties of the Italian Renaissance with the tradition of
Northern Europe.
A: been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
B: been recognizing him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
C: been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist who
D: been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he
E: been recognizing him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who
!
!
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104. From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the
skull, come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
A: From studies of the bony house of the brain, which is the cranium, located in the back of the
skull, come what scientists know about dinosaur brains.
B: The knowledge that scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the bony
house of the brain, located in the back of the skull, that is, the cranium.
C: The knowledge of dinosaur brains that scientists have come from studies of the bony house of
the brain, which is located in the back of the skull and is called the cranium.
D: What scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the cranium, the bony house
of the brain located in the back of the skull
E: Located in the back of the skull is the cranium, the bony house of the brain, and it is from studies
of this that scientists know what they know about dinosaur brains
!
105. In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers,
making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers. A: In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers,
making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.
B: Making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow, interest rates were raised by
British policymakers, in hopes of their restraining economic growth.
C: In making borrowing for businesses and consumers more expensive, British policymakers, in
hopes they will restrain economic growth, had raised interest rates.
D: Hopefully restraining economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making more
expensive borrowing by businesses and consumers.
E: Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it more
expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow.
!
106. Scientists have found new evidence of people initially registering emotions like sadness or
anger in much the same way as heartburn—by monitoring what’s going on within their bodies. A: of people initially registering emotions like sadness or anger in much the same way as
B: of people initially registering emotions such as sadness or anger much the same way as
experiencing
C: that people initially register emotions such as sadness or anger in much the same way as they
experiencing
D: that a person initially registers emotions such as sadness or anger much the same way as
experiencing !
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E: that a person initially registers emotions like sadness or anger much the same way as
!
107. In an effort to increase profits, the company moved itself from emphasizing its chemicals
business to expand into high-growth pharmaceuticals and futuristic biotechnologies. A: itself from emphasizing its chemicals business to expand
B: itself from emphasizing its chemicals business then to expanding
C: from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expanding
D: from an emphasis on its chemicals business and to expand
E: from emphasizing its chemicals business to expanding
!
108. Compared to those who do not, running three days a week saves an average of 14.1 percent
on health-care costs each year in the United States. A: Compared to those who do not, running three days a week saves
B: Compared with nonrunners, people who run three days a week save C: Compared to not running, those running for three days a week save
D: When compared with those who do not, people running three days a week save
E: When compared to nonrunners, running three days a week saves
!
109. Vivien Thomas, who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he
became a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns Hopkins
University. A: who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he became
B: having had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds to become C: who, having no formal medical training, he struggled against overwhelming odds in becoming
D: who, having had no formal medical training and struggled against overwhelming odds, became
E: who had no formal medical training, struggled against overwhelming odds to become
!
110. In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher
than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not, in 1910 this group made up 35
percent of the population when compared to 20 percent in 2000. A: population when compared to 20 percent in 2000
B: population as compared to 2000, when it was 20 percent
C: population, comparing it with 20 percent in 2000
D: population, unlike 2000, with 20 percent
E: population, compared with 20 percent in 2000
!
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!
111. As with those of humans, the DNA of grape plants contains sites where certain unique
sequences of nucleotides are repeated over and over. A: As with those of humans, the DNA of grape plants contains sites where
B: As human DNA, the DNA of grape plants contain sites in which C. As it is with human DNA, the DNA of grape plants, containing sites in which
D: Like human, the DNA of grape plants contain sites where
E: Like human DNA, the DNA of grape plants contains sites in which
!
112. A new study finds that the more hostility people show in their behavior and attitudes, then
calcium deposits are more likely to be in the arteries of their hearts. A: then calcium deposits are more likely to be
B: then the more likely calcium deposits are
C: the more there are likely to be calcium deposits
D: the more likely they are to have calcium deposits
E: the more likely there are to be calcium deposits
!
113. The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with
mainland China or preserves the status quo, since the island nation is the United States’ seventhlargest trading partner. A: The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with
mainland China or preserves the status quo
B: Whether or not Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China or preserves the
status quo affecting the United States C: Whether or not Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China or the status quo is
preserved, it will affect the United States
D: It affects the United States whether Taiwan will develop a closer relationship with mainland
China or preserves the status quo
E: It affects the United States whether or not Taiwan will develop a closer relationship with
mainland China or preserve the status quo
!
114. One of the earliest known birds with a beak and contour feathers, Confuciusornis sanctus, with
large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, which probably helped them to climb up to a launching
position for flight. A: with large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, which probably helped them to
!
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B: with large clawlike “thumbs” on their wings, which probably helped it to C: had large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, which probably helped them
D: had large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, probably to help it
E: had large clawlike “thumbs” on their wings, probably to help it
!
115. The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street’s
estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further. A: The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street’s
estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.
B: The report of the computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings, surpassing Wall
Street’s estimates, and they announced the first in a series of price cuts that they intend to
increase sales further. C: Surpassing Wall Street’s estimates, the report of the computer company showed strong secondquarter earnings, and, for the purpose of increasing sales further, they announced the first in a
series of price cuts.
D: The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings, while announcing the first in
a series of price cuts for the purpose of increasing sales further that surpass Wall Street’s
estimates.
E: The computer company, surpassing Wall Street’s estimates, reported strong second-quarter
earnings, while announcing that to increase sales further, there would be the first in a series of
price cuts.
!
116. Even though her career was cut short when she was in her prime and the fifteen recordings
she made were disappointing artistically as well as technically, Olive Fremstad (1871-1951 has
never been entirely forgotten by opera aficionados. A: though her career was cut short when she was in her prime and the fifteen recordings she
made were
B: though her career was cut short while in her prime, with the fifteen recordings she made C: as her career had been cut short when she was in her prime, with the fifteen recordings she had
made
D: with her career having been cut short when she was in her prime, and the fifteen recordings she
made were
E: with her career cut short while in her prime, and that the fifteen recordings she made were
!
!
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117. The two oil companies agreed to merge their refining and marketing operations in the
Midwest and the West, forming a new company for controlling nearly fifteen of the nation’s
gasoline sales. A: forming a new company for controlling
B: forming a new company that would control
C: which would form a new company that controlled
D: which formed a new company for controlling
E: which formed a new company that would control
!
118. The ecosystems of barrier islands are extremely vulnerable-whether from natural processes
like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or the ever-increasing
pressures of development. A: whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, or
B: whether from natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, or also C: to processes that are natural like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, and also
D: to processes that are natural ones like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive
hurricanes, as well as to
E: to natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as
well as to
!
119. The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank’s funding
by $175 billion, though some United States legislators cite an obstacle to congressional passage
being the concern that the bank’s loans will help foreign producers compete with American
businesses. A: an obstacle to congressional passage being the concern
B: a concern as an obstacle to congressional passage
C: as an obstacle to congressional passage the concern
D: the concern, an obstacle to congressional passage
E: as an obstacle for Congress to pass it the concern
!
!
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120. A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any new
drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must undergo pediatric study and that
its manufactures list children’s doses on the label. A: drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must
B: drug whose intended use is for adults and children as well
C: drug intended for use by both adults and children
D: drug, if they intend that it be used by adults and also children, must
E: drug, if intended for use both by adults and children, must
!
121. Meteor showers and individual streaks of light that flash across the sky every night are
generated when tiny flecks of celestial detritus, often no larger than grains of sand or of pebbles,
burn up speeding through the atmosphere. A: grains of sand or of pebbles, burn up speeding
B: grains of sand or pebbles, burn up while speeding
C: grains of sand or pebbles, which burn up while speeding
D: a grain of sand or pebble, which burns up as it speeds
E: a grain of sand or a pebble, burns up when it speeds
!
122. Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument
had been made, he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses. A: Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had
been made, he
B: Galileo had not invented the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical
instrument having been made, C: Galileo, even though he had not invented the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical
instrument had been made, he
D: Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical
instrument had been made,
E: Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical
instrument being made, he
!
123. Performing a risky maneuver that required precision flying, not only did space shuttle
astronauts retrieve an orbiting satellite, it was done simultaneously while avoiding being rear-ended
by a passing ultraviolet telescope.
!
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A: not only did space shuttle astronauts retrieve an orbiting satellite, it was done simultaneously
while avoiding
B: not only was an orbiting satellite retrieved by space shuttle astronauts, but they also
simultaneously avoided
C: an orbiting satellite was retrieved by space shuttle astronauts who also avoided simultaneously
D: space shuttle astronauts retrieved an orbiting satellite, simultaneously while avoiding E: space shuttle astronauts retrieved an orbiting satellite and simultaneously avoided !
124. Genetic engineering sometimes entails plant or animal genes’ getting spliced into other
species’ DNA, either to improve crop yields or for warding off insects or disease.
A: plant or animal genes’ getting spliced into other species’ DNA, either to improve crop yields or
for warding off
B: plant or animal genes that get spliced into the DNA of other species, either for improving crop
yields or the warding off of
C: the splicing of plant or animal genes into other species’ DNA, to either improve crop yields or
to ward off
D: splicing plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, either to improve crop yields or
to ward off
E: splicing of plant or animal genes into the DNA of other species, for either the improvement of
crop yields or to ward off !
125. Despite there being no fundamental difference in shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age
Scandinavia from the ones in other parts of Northern Europe, archaeological evidence shows that
Viking ships were lighter, slimmer, faster, and thus probably more seaworthy than the heavier
vessels used by the English at that time.
A: Despite there being no fundamental difference in shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age
Scandinavia from the ones B: Despite no fundamental difference between the shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia
from those
C: With shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia not fundamentally different from those D: With the shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia having no fundamental difference from
the ones E: Although shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia were not fundamentally different from
those
!
!
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126. It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary
nebulas, may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other at close range.
A: may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other B: may be caused by the interaction between two stars that each orbit the other C: are because of the interaction between two stars that orbit each other D: are caused by the interaction of two stars where each is orbiting the other E: are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other
!
127. Gasoline marketing is undergoing major changes as stations often not only add convenience
stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build complexes where customers can
shop and eat as well as buy gasoline.
A: not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build B: not only add convenience stores but also they combine with major fast-food chains to build C: are not only adding convenience stores but also in combination with major fast-food chains they
build D: add not only convenience stores, but also combining with major fast-food chains to build E: are not only adding convenience stores, but also in combining with major fast-food chains they
build
!
128. Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Villas plain by the Mars
Pathfinder indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the
degree that rocks were scattered by its force.
A: indicate the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree
that B: indicate that the extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago was overwhelming and
the degree to which C: indicate the overwhelming extent of the floods on the planet billions of years ago and the
degree to which D: indicates the overwhelming extent of the flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the
degree to which E: indicates the overwhelming extent to flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree
that
!
!
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129. As a result of a supernova explosion, every human being on Earth was bombarded on
February 23, 1987, by about 100 billion neutrinos; fortunately, neutrinos are harmless elementary
particles that are produced in nuclear reactions and that interact very weakly with matter.
A: neutrinos are harmless elementary particles that are produced in nuclear reactions and that B: neutrinos, which are harmless, are elementary particles produced in nuclear reactions and which C: neutrinos are harmless elementary particles produced in nuclear reactions and which D: these harmless elementary particles are produced in nuclear reactions, and neutrinos E: these elementary particles, harmless products of nuclear reactions, are neutrinos that
!
130. Research has shown that when speaking, individuals who have been blind from birth and have
thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same
way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing with another blind
person.
A: have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in
the same way as sighted people do, and that
B: have thus never seen anyone gesture but nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and
in the same way that sighted people do, and
C: have thus never seen anyone gesture, that they nonetheless make hand motions just as
frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and
D: thus they have never seen anyone gesture, but nonetheless they make hand motions just as
frequently and in the same way that sighted people do, and that
E: thus they have never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and
in the same way that sighted people do, and
!
131. According to two teams of paleontologists, recent fossil discoveries in Pakistan show that
whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known even-toed
ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and hippos—than to
any other mammals.
A: that whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates—a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos—than B: that whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known eventoed ungulates—a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and hippos—as !
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C: whales, porpoises, and dolphins to be more closely related to some of the oldest known eventoed ungulates—a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and hippos—
than they are
D: whales, porpoises, and dolphins as being more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates—a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos—as they are
E: whales, porpoises, and dolphins as more closely related to some of the oldest known even-toed
ungulates—a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and hippos—than !
132. When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in
pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container, or an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.
A: When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure
if the gas is enclosed in a container, or
B: When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if
it is enclosed in a container or
C: When the temperature of a gas is increased, the increase is either accompanied by an increase in
pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by
D: Any increase in the temperature of a gas is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if it is
enclosed in a container, or by
E: Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if the
gas is enclosed in a container or by
!
133. Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received
inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be
effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
A: having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been B: having, for example, a drug prescription that was ineffective because the dosage was too low, or
being
C: as, for example, having too low of a dosage of a prescribed drug for it to be effective, or being D: when they have, for example, been prescribed too low a drug dosage to be effective, or were E: for example, when they have a drug prescription with a dosage too low to be effective, or been
!
134. The budget for education reflects the administration's demand that the money is controlled by
local school districts, but it can only be spent on teachers, not on books, computers, or other
materials or activities.
!
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A: the money is controlled by local school districts, but it can only be spent B: the money be controlled by local school districts, but it allows them to spend the money only C: the money is to be controlled by local school districts, but allowing it only to be spent D: local school districts are in control of the money, but it allows them to spend the money only E: local school districts are to be in control of the money, but it can only spend it
!
135. Exceeding even the figures predicted by the most optimistic financial analysts, the automobile
company had earnings in the first quarter that more than doubled the previous quarter.
A: company had earnings in the first quarter that more than doubled B: company earned more than double in the first quarter what they were in C: company had first quarter earnings that more than doubled those in D: company's earnings in the first quarter were more than double E: company's earnings in the first quarter were more than double those of
!
136. Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D, 581-618. the Altar of Heaven is the
oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1.000 years older than a
similar one in Beijing, it is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty (A.D.
1644-1912).
A: Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest
known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar
one in Beijing, it is
B: Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the oldest
known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar
one in Beijing and is
C: The Altar of Heaven, having been constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618)
and the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older
than a similar one in Beijing and
D: The Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618)
and is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older
than a similar one in Beijing and is
E: The oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older
than a similar one in Beijing, the Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui
dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is
!
!
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137. Whereas heat transferred between the ocean and the atmosphere occurs more rapidly when
the ocean is warmer than the air, it is slow when the ocean is colder. A: Whereas heat transferred between the ocean and the atmosphere occurs more rapidly when
the ocean is warmer than the air, it is slow when the ocean is colder.
B: Unlike the slow process of heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere when the
ocean is colder than the air, heat transfers more rapidly when the ocean is warmer.
C: The transfer of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere is slow when the ocean is colder
than the air and more rapid when the ocean is warmer. D: Transferring heat between the ocean and the atmosphere occurs slowly when the ocean is
colder than the air and more rapidly when it is warmer. E: When the ocean is colder than the atmosphere, heat transferred between them occurs slowly,
unlike the more rapid transfer occurring when the ocean is warmer.
!
138. The rise of the Incan empire rested not only on the Incas' military might and the ability of
their rulers but also they imposed a highly organized economic and political system on many
different ethnic groups and permitting them to retain many of their customs and often their own
leaders.
A: they imposed a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups
and permitting them B: on their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic
groups, who were permitted C: because of their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system on many
different ethnic groups, who they permitted
D: on their imposing of a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic
groups and they permitted them E: imposing a highly organized economic and political system on many different ethnic groups,
permitting them
!
139. Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount
Everest slammed into North America, which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks the end of
the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.
A: which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks B: which caused the plant and animal extinctions marking C: and causing plant and animal extinctions that mark D: an event that caused plant and animal extinctions, and it marks !
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E: an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark
!
140. Although the vast constellation of small islands that dot the South Pacific has a population of
only a few million people, it is home to about a sixth of the world's 6,000 or so languages.
A: pacific has a population of only a few million people, it is B: Pacific has a population of only a few million people, they are C: Pacific is populated by only a few million people, and it is D: Pacific, having a population of only a few million people, is nonetheless
E: Pacific, populated by only a few million people, yet they are
!
141. Complex human traits such as artistic talent or social skill are likely to be shaped by
thousands, if not tens of thousands, of the 80.000 or so genes in the human genome. A: such as artistic talent or social skill are likely to be shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands,
of the 80,000 or so
B: such as artistic talent or social skill are likely shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands, of
80,000 or so of the
C: such as artistic talent or social skill is likely to be shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands,
of 80,000 or so of the
D: like artistic talent or social skill is likely to be shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands, of
the 80,000 or so
E: like artistic talent or social skill are likely shaped by thousands, if not tens of thousands, of the
80,000 or so
!
142. During the same period in which the Maya were developing a hieroglyphic system of writing,
the Aztec people also developed a written language, but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of
the Maya and was more pictographic in nature.
A: but it was not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya and was B: but it was not as highly sophisticated as the Maya, being C: but, not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's, was D: not as highly sophisticated as that of the Maya, however, being E: not as highly sophisticated as the Maya's however, it was
!
143. A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some
of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, and they are at least 25 million years older than
those of any similar dinosaur type that previously was found in North America.
!
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A: and they are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type that
previously was B: and that they were at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur type previously C: and the fossils are at least 25 million years older than any similar dinosaur types that previously
were D: fossils that are at least 25 million years older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously E: fossils at least 25 million years older than similar dinosaur types that were previously
!
144. Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star that was as bright as the full moon
exploding into view 340.000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's
protective ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.
A: that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago, emitting B: that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into view 340,000 years ago, emitting C: of a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago and that it
emitted D: of a star as bright as the full moon, exploding into view 340,000 years ago and emitting E: of a star as bright as the full moon that exploded into view 340,000 years ago and that emitted
!
145. To protect English manufacturers of woolen goods both against American and Irish
competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen
cloth beyond a colony's borders.
A: To protect English manufacturers of woolen goods both against American and Irish competition,
England passed the Woolens Act of 1698
B: In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish
competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698
C: In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against American, as well as against
Irish, competition, the Woolens Act of 1698 was passed by England
D: For protecting English manufacturers of woolen goods against American, as well as Irish,
competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698
E: For the protection of English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish
competition, the Woolens Act of 1698, passed by England
!
146. By pressing a tiny amount of nitrogen between two diamonds to a pressure of 25 million
pounds per square inch, scientists not only were able to transform the gas into a solid, but they
also created a semiconductor similar to silicon.
!
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A: not only were able to transform the gas into a solid, but they also created B: not only were able to transform the gas into a solid but also creating
C: were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but to create
D: were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but also creating
E: were not only able to transform the gas into a solid, but they were also able to create
!
147. In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade deficit
with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
A: In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade deficit
with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
B: In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold record
exports to Mexico, reducing its trade deficit by $500 million.
C: When compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico, reducing their trade deficit by $500 million.
D: Compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold record
exports to Mexico, reducing the trade deficit by $500 million.
E: Compared to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States record exports
to Mexico caused a $500 million decline in the trade deficit with that country.
!
148. Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to
relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the
developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this
downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution.
A: that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward
more lax attitudes about pollution
B: that, for maintaining competitiveness, rich nations join in this downward slide toward more lax
attitudes about pollution
C: that rich nations join this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution because of
wanting to maintain competitiveness
D: that in rich nations, joining this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution is a
result of wanting to maintain competition
E: that wanting to maintain competition is making rich nations join in this downward slide toward
an attitude about pollution that is more lax
!
!
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149. With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the
letters A and B, companies conducting consumer taste tests of foods or beverages typically choose
numbers such as 697 or 483 to label the products.
A: With an awareness that there are connotations associated with the numbers 1 and 2 and the
letters A and B B: Because the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations they are aware of C: Because of an awareness of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B having connotations D: Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B E: Since the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B have connotations associated with them and
they are aware of it
!
150. India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine:
Indian food comprises many
different styles of cooking, with each a product of their regional influences, from the fiery
vegetarian dishes of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the
more familiar Mogul food of the north.
A: with each a product of their B: with each as a product of its C: each products of their D: each a product of E: each products of
!
1. c
2. e
3. b
4. e
5. b
6. e
7. e
8. e
9. d
10. d
11. b
12. d
13. e
14. c
!
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15. e
16. a
17. c
18. a
19. c
20. c
21. e
22. d
23. b
24. d
25. a
26. a
27. c
28. e
29. c
30. c
31. e
32. b
33. d
34. c
35. c
36. c
37. b
38. a
39. e
40. a
41. d
42. b
43. a
44. b
45. d
46. d
47. c
48. e
49. c
!
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50. e
51. a
52. e
53. a
54. d
55. d
56. a
57. c
58. d
59. c
60. d
61. b
62. e
63. b
64. a
65. b
66. a
67. d
68. c
69. a
70. c
71. b
72. a
73. c
74. d
75. e
76. e
77. d
78. a
79. a
80. a
81. a
82. d
83. b
84. e
!
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85. a
86. d
87. e
88. c
89. d
90. c
91. c
92. b
93. d
94. a
95. b
96. e
97. c
98. b
99. d
100. a
101. e
102. b
103. c
104. d
105. e
106. c
107. e
108. b
109. e
110. e
111. e
112. d
113. a
114. d
115. a
116. a
117. b
118. e
119. c
!
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120. c
121. b
122. a
123. e
124. d
125. e
126. e
127. a
128. d
129. a
130. a
131. a
132. e
133. a
134. b
135. e
136. b
137. c
138. b
139. e
140. a
141. a
142. a
143. d
144. b
145. b
146. c
147. a
148. a
149. d
150. d
!!
!
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