A N I MPORTANT W ILD G EOPHYTE
FOR T URKEY: THE GENUS T ULIPA
Prof.Dr.N ERİMAN Ö ZHATAY
İstanbul Unıversıty, Faculty
of Pharmacy,
.
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany
Tulipa orphanidea
Wild tulip grows in İstanbul’ hills
 Tulipa sintenisii
Endemic to Turkey,it is only wild in Turkey
does not grow anywhere else in the world. MUŞ (East Anatolia)
O UTLINE
OF
P RESENTATION
 Part I: Introduction
 What is Geophyte & important centres for geophytes
 Tulipa is a geophyte & geophytes in Turkey
 The genus Tulipa in the World & immigration ways
 Part II: Tulip in History
 At the Ottoman Empire &Europea
 Part III: Wild Tulipa Species in Turkey
 The main taxonomic characteristics, subdivisions
 and th list of the Turkish species
 Part IV:Description and Distrubition of the Türkish wild
Tulipa species
 Part V:Threats & Conservation
Tulipa humilis
WHAT İS GEOPHY TE & İMPORTANT
CENTRES FOR GEOPHY TES
Geophytes were defined as plants with underground
perennation organ (bulb, corm, tuber or rhizome) and the leaves
that die back annually.
A perennial plant, for example the potato or daffodil, which in
spring propagates from an underground organ such as a bulb,
tuber, corm or rhizome.
In the world, geophytes diversity is in the five typically
Mediterranean-climate where cool moist winters
alternate with hot dry summers. They are:
1.Cape
2. Mediterranean Basin
3. Australia
4. Chile
5. California
The Mediterranean basin is home to the World’s the
second richest geophytes flora where Turkey is in the
centers.
F IVE I M PO R TAN T C EN T R ES F O R G EO PH YT ES
G EOPHYTES IN T URKEY
Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands
Vol.1-9 published 1964-1984 and two supplements
Vol. 10 (1988) and 11 (2000)have been published.
Vol.8 includes monocotil geophytes. In the flora of
Turkey and the East Aegean Islands and checklists
after publication of vol.11 geophytes in Turkish flora
about 1100 species and endemism is about 35%,
Geophyte taxa in Turkish flora between 2000 2013
1: Monocots geophyte
Dicots geophyte
Number of species
Lilium
Eminium
Dranculus
Narcissus
Asphodelus
Sternbergia
Romulea
Gladiolus
Galannthus
Bellevalia
Gagea
Biarum
Tulipa
Scilla
Arum
Hyacinthella
Asphodeline
Iris
Muscari
Fritillaria
Colchicum
Crocus
Ornithogalum
Allium
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
12
15
19
20
21
32
41
44
94
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Fritillaria latifolia
Colchicum szovitsii
T ULİP İS A G EOPHY TE
 The genus Tulipa L. is a member of the
family Liliaceae. It is a geophyte & an
important for Turkey
 The definite number of tulip taxa in the
world has not been known exactly, it is
represented by between 40-150 species.
 It occurs in southern Europe, North
Africa, and especially in Asia, from
Greece via Iran to northeast China.
 These
regions
are
not
natural
distribution areas of the species. These
species escaped from cultivation to the
wild and naturalized.
The level of endemism within in Turkish flora is remarkably .
Abou 3500 endemic taxa have been recorded representing
34% of the overall native flora.The richist family in terms of the
number of endemic species is Compositae, whilst the family
Campanulaceae boats the higher percentage of endemics.
Within indivudual genera, Astragalus contains the greatest
number of endemic species. The flora includes16 endemic
genera.
Of
the
country
seven
geographical regions , the
Mediterranean Region boats the
highest number of endemic
species confined to a single
region:
Immigration ways of Tulip
The primary gene centers for Tulipa species are located in the
Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay Mountain Ranges in Middle Asia, with
the Caucasus considered as a secondary center .
 Thousands of cultivars used nowadays as
ornamental crops come from hybridization and
selection of at least 15 species.
,
 Although Tulipa species were cultivated and
selected for a long time before their transfer to
Europe in the 16th century, the origin of Tulipa
species commonly used in the cut flower industry
is unknown.
 The ancestors of the garden tulip (Tulipa
gesneriana) might be extinct. Tulips are referred
to in early Persian literature of the 12th century.
Part II
TULİP İN HİSTORY
Tulipa humilis
 The flowers were introduced in the western Europe
and the Netherlands in the 17th century by Carolus
Clusius via his friend Ogier Ghiselain de Busbecq.
Carolus Clusius
Ogier Ghiselain de Busbecq
 The Tulip was first cultivated by the Turks as
early as 1000 AD. Starting from 12 century, the
tulip entered into decorative art in stylized form
during Seljuk Empire. In the 14. and 15.
centuries, that is, during the first period of
Ottoman Empire, the people maintained fond for
the tulip.
,
Tulip was translated into Latin as Tulipa (Hessayon, 1995;
King, 2005). Busbecq sent bulbs to his botanist friend,
professor Carolus Clusius working in Prague and
Vienna. In the 1590, he became the director of
Hortus Botanicus of the University of Leiden
(NetherlandsIn the beginning of the 17th century the
tulip were staring to be used as a garden decoration
beside the former medicinal purposes.
Tulipa is very impotant genus for Turkey .
Tulipa humilis
 The most valuable study relating to the genus Tulipa
in Turkey was performed by Marais who published 15
taxa (14 species and 1 variety) in the Flora of Turkey
and East Aegean Islands (1984).
 3 new species from Turkey have been published:
 T. cinnabarina K. Perss. from Karaman by Persson
(2000),
 T. karamanica Ozhatay & Kocak from Konya by
Ozhatay & Kocak (2000),
 T. gumusanica Terzioğlu from Gumushane by
Terzioğlu & Coskuncelebi (2002).
 Thus, the total number of tulip species increased with
addition of new species to 18 (17 species and 1
variety).
 In the genus Tulipa two main subdivisions are
recognized, the Eriostemones Boiss. and the
Leiostemones Boiss.
The main taxonomic characteristics
 leaf/stem hairiness, a black blotch at the base of the
petals with or without a yellow edge, tepal shapes.
 the presence and type of hairs on the inside of bulb
tunics, flower color, flowering time, hairs on the base of
the filaments
Young flower or bud infundibular or ± globose above
the narrow, constricted base. Perianth segments with
hairy claws, outer narrower and/or shorter. Filaments
unequal, inner longer, all swollen and hairy at base.
Ovary with a small, narrow stigma.
 Divided into 5 sections(İ.Eker 2010)
.
I . S e c t . : S yl v e s t r e s i n c l u d e s 2 t a xa
1 T. sylvestris L. var. sylvestris
2 T. sylvestris L. var. australis (Link.) Pamp
I I . S e c t : O r p h a ni d e a e i n c l ude s 3 s p e c i e s
3 T. orphanidea Boiss. ex Heldr.
4 T. cinnabarina K. Persson
5 T.sprengeri Baker
III.Sect: H u m i l e s i n c l ud e s 2 s p e c i e s
6 T. humilis Herbert
7 T. pulchella Boiss. ex Baker
IV.Sect:Saxatiles includes 1 species
8 T. saxatilis Sieber ex Sprengel
V. Sect:Biflores includes 2 species

.
9T. biflora Pallas
10 T. koyuncui Eker & Babaç
Young flowers campanulate to globular or stellate, rounded at
base. Outer perianth segments longer and wider than inner ones
Filaments the same length, glabrous without swollen, hairy base.
Stigma generally wide.Divided into 2 sections
I.Sect:Tulipa
includes 7 species with 2 varieties
11 T. armena Boiss. var. armena
var. galatica
12 T. sintenisii Baker
13 T. julia C. Koch
14 T. aleppensis Boiss. ex
15 T. agenensis DC. .
16 T. praecox Ten
17 T. undulatifolia Boiss
II.Sect:Clusianae includes 1 species
18 T. clusiana DC.
Flowers yellow
T. sylvestris
Tunics with a ring of
hairs around basal
plate and with short
hairs
at
neck;
leaves 2-7
T.armena var. lycica
T. koyuncui
Tunics lined with
long felted hairs;
leaves always 2
Filaments
glabrous
and
not swollen at
base;
not
stoloniferous
Flowers white
T. saxatilis
Tunics with a ring of
hairs around basal
plate and with short
hairs
at
neck;
leaves 2-7, Lowest
leaf shiny green.
T. bifolia
Flowers
white
with a yellow
blotch inside
T.clusiana
Flowers with a
purple blotch,
outer perianth
segments white
with a reddish-pink
band from base to
tip outside
Flowers red
T. orphanidea
Blotch
distinctly
present, blurred
purplish-black;
filament brownish
black
T. sprengeri
Anther bright
yellow at fresh
T. cinnabarina
Blotch often
absent, filament
yellow, orange,
red or bicoloured
Flowers red: Bulb tunics densely felted or matted, woolly hairs
T. julia
not
stoloniferous
T. praecox
Aerial stem
length 30-60 cm;
not forming
mature capsule
and seed
T. agenensis T. aleppensis
anther
purplish-black;
tunics matted
lanate
anther purple;
tunics densely
lined with
arachnoid
lanate or
straightuntangled
hairs
Flowers red: Bulb tunics glabrous to densely pilose hairy
T. armena
subsp.
armena
not
stoloniferous
T. undulatifolia
inner
periant
segments wider
or equal to outer
periant
segments
T. sintenisii
outer periant
segments wider
and longer than
inner periant
segments
Tulipa humilis
Young flower or bud infundibular or ± globose above
the narrow, constricted base. Perianth segments with
hairy claws, outer narrower and/or shorter. Filaments
unequal, inner longer, all swollen and hairy at base.
Ovary with a small, narrow stigma.
I.Sect.:Sylvestres includes 1 species with two subspecies
1 T. sylvestris L. var. sylvestris
2 T. sylvestris L. var. australis (Link.) Pamp.
Habitat:Stony places / screes:forest clearings,1000-2000m
T. sylvestris
II.Sect: Orphanideae includes 3 species
3 T. orphanidea Boiss. ex Heldr.
4 T. cinnabarina K. Persson
5 T.sprengeri Baker
T. orphanidea
T. orphanidea Boiss. ex Heldr.
Habitat: Fields at roadsides, in gravely places in the forest
clearing, follow fields,100-1500m
T.sprengeri Baker
T.sprengeri Baker
Habitat: Unknown
T. cinnabarina K. Persson
Syn. T. karamanica N.Ozhatay et.S.Koçak
Habitat:,It grows calcarous stony alpinic slopes,
roadsides1700-1800
III.Sect:Humiles includes 2 species
6 T. humilis Herbert
7 T. pulchella Boiss. ex Baker
Tulipa humilis
T. humilis Herbert
Habitat: Stony places / screes,forest clearings,high
mountain pastures2200-3000m
T. pulchella Boiss. ex Baker
Habitat: Stony and rocky places / screes:forest clearings,
1000-2500m
IV.Sect:Saxatiles includes 1 species
T. saxatilis Sieber ex Sprengel
T. saxatilis Sieber ex Sprengel
Habitat: rocky places / screes 50-100m
V. Sect:Biflores includes 2 species
T. biflora Pallas
. T. koyuncui Eker & Babaç
T. biflora Pallas
Habitat: Stony places / screes,open areas,
2000-3000m
T. koyuncui Eker & Babaç
Habitat: Stony places / screes:high meadow 2000-3000m
Young flowers campanulate to globular or stellate,
rounded at base. Outer perianth segments longer and
wider than inner ones Filaments the same length,
glabrous without swollen, hairy base. Stigma generally
wide.Divided into 2 sections
I.Sect:Tulipa
includes 7 species with 2 varieties
11 T. armena Boiss. var. armena
var. galatica
12 T. sintenisii Baker
13 T. julia C. Koch
14 T. aleppensis Boiss. ex
15 T. agenensis DC. .
16 T. praecox Ten
17 T. undulatifolia Boiss
Tulipa armena var. armena
T. armena Boiss. var. armena
var. galatica
Habitat: Stony places / screes,high mountain steppe,grassland
1000-2000m
 Tulipa sintenisii
Endemic to Turkey,it is only wild in Turkey
does not grow anywhere else in the world. MUŞ (East Anatolia)
T. sintenisii Baker
Habitat: Cultivated places.fields,1000-1700m
T. julia C. Koch
Habitat:Stony and rocky places / screes 1100-1800m
T. aleppensis Boiss. ex
Habitat: Cultivated areas,fields, roadsides 400-1700
T. agenensis DC.
Habitat: Cultivated places,maquis 300-1700m
T. praecox Ten.
Habitat: Cultivated places, gardens,350-500m
T. undulatifolia Boiss.
Habitat:Cultivated places, fields clearings,50-1000m
II.Sect:Clusianae includes 1 species
T. clusiana DC.
Habitat: Cultivated places,850-900m
Tulipa humilis
IUCN Conservation categories ,LC,VU,EN,NT,CRiEW
endemic is marked by redi
T. sylvestris L. var. sylvestris LC

var. australis (Link.) Pamp VU
T. orphanidea Boiss. ex Heldr. NT
 T. cinnabarina K. Persson CR
 T. sprengeri Baker EW
T. humilis Herbert LC
 T. pulchella Boiss. ex Baker LC
T. saxatilis Sieber ex Sprengel VU
T. biflora Pallas VU
T. koyuncui Eker & Babaç EN
T. armena Boiss. var. armena LC

var. galatica VU
 T. sintenisii Baker VU
 T. julia C. Koch LC
 T. aleppensis Boiss. ex VU
 T. agenensis DC. VU.
 T. praecox Ten VU
 T. undulatifolia BoissVU
 T. clusiana DC. VU
Main Threats Are:
Over grazing
Urbanization
Land clearing
Cultivated land and fields
Destroyed by goat flocks
Road works
Collecting
 Tulipa sintenisii
Endemic to Turkey,it is only wild in Turkey
does not grow anywhere else in the world. MUŞ (East Anatolia)
Thank you for your attention