MAT 1033 Intermediate Algebra Handbook Department of Mathematics University of Central Florida Course: Intermediate Algebra Semester: Fall 2011 1 Table of Contents Syllabus ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Mathematics Assistance and Learning Lab (MALL) .................................................................................... 14 Policies and Procedures .............................................................................................................................. 14 Semester schedule ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Online Log-In Directions for MyLabsPlus .................................................................................................... 20 To change your password in MyLabsPlus ................................................................................................... 20 Technical Support ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Access Codes ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Temporary Access Code .............................................................................................................................. 21 Test Scheduling ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Test Taking .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Homework Assignments ............................................................................................................................. 23 Quiz Assignments ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Class Activity Assignments .......................................................................................................................... 25 MALL Assignments ...................................................................................................................................... 26 MyLabsPlus Help Documents...................................................................................................................... 27 Clearing Cookies and Cache/Files ............................................................................................................... 28 Browser Settings ......................................................................................................................................... 29 MAC Computer User Information: .............................................................................................................. 31 Key Concepts ............................................................................................................................................... 34 Calendars: ................................................................................................................................................... 53 2 Syllabus MAT1033 Intermediate Algebra, Fall 2011, 3 credit hours Course Description: Course Goals: Class Meetings: Intermediate Algebra: PR: MAT 0024 OR SUITABLE PLACEMENT SCORE or HIGH SCHOOL ALGEBRA OR C.I. MAT 1033, Intermediate Algebra, is a 3 semester hour college credit course which may be applied towards a degree as elective credit. Since it is considered a ―bridge‖ course, MAT 1033 cannot be applied towards the 6 hours of general education or Gordon Rule requirements in mathematics. MAT1033 is a prerequisite to MAC 1105, College Algebra. The purpose of the course is reinforcement and development of algebra skills needed for further study in mathematics. Topics include operations with polynomials and rational expressions, radicals, rational expressions, radicals, rational exponents, linear and quadratic equations, linear inequalities, and applications. Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Factor positive integers into products of primes. 2. Simplify algebraic expressions. 3. Recognize the order of operations in algebraic expressions and equations. 4. Manipulate rational expressions. 5. Convert between standard and scientific notation. 6. Add, multiply, and divide polynomials. 7. Factor monomials from polynomials, factor trinomials, and use the special factoring formulas. 8. Simplify expressions involving radicals, rational exponents, and absolute value. 9. Set up and solve word problems. 10. Solve linear, quadratic, and radical equations. 11. Solve linear inequalities. There is one lecture each week and a minimum of three hours required in the Mathematics Assistance and Learning Lab (MALL) located in MAP241. Please see your specific class syllabus posted in MyLabsPlus for time and location. 3 Instructor Name, Contact Information, and Office Hours: Textbook and Other Required Materials: Calculator: Attendance/ Etiquette: Academic Honesty: This information is also posted in your specific class Syllabus and the Faculty Information section in MyLabsPlus. Required: Intermediate Algebra, by Carson with MyLabsPlus access code, TI-30XA calculator, 8.5‖X11‖ blue books for each test and the final exam, and iClicker Transmitter. You may use a Texas Instruments TI-30XA calculator on the tests. You may not use any other type or model calculator in this course. Cell phone calculators and sharing calculators of any type will not be permitted. Use of an unauthorized calculator will result in a grade of zero and possible disciplinary action. Please observe common rules of courtesy. Before entering the classroom you should turn off all cell-phones and laptops as they are not to be used during class. Past experience indicates that the students who succeed in the class are those who attend. You should plan on staying for the entire 50 minutes. Try to avoid leaving early or arriving late, as it is a distraction to your classmates and your instructor. Additionally, if you arrive late or leave early, you may lose some or all of your class activity points for that day. The work submitted in this class is expected to be your own. Forms of cheating/academic dishonesty include (but are not limited to): communicating with another student during a test (this includes giving information to another student as well as receiving that information), using an unauthorized calculator, bringing in and/or using unauthorized material of any sort during a test, submitting work that is not your own (both parties are subject to disciplinary actions), and communicating contents of a test to another student. UCF faculty members have a responsibility for your education and the value of a UCF degree, and so seek to prevent unethical behavior and when necessary respond to infringements of academic integrity. Penalties can include a failing grade in an assignment or in the course, suspension or expulsion from the university, and/or a "Z Designation" on a student's official transcript indicating academic dishonesty, where the final grade for this course will be preceded by the letter Z. For more information about the Z Designation, please see 4 http://www.z.ucf.edu/ In addition, further disciplinary action through the university may be taken. Please be aware that disciplinary action through the university could result in suspension or expulsion. For more information on academic honesty, please see the Golden Rule contents available at http://www.goldenrule.sdes.ucf.edu Online Homework Online Homework: There will be graded online homework and quizzes in MyLabsPlus, which utilize the MyMathLab and Quizzes: software packaged with your textbook. As these assignments must be completed online, students will be expected to have access to a computer. Students may use a computer in one of the computer labs on the main campus. All assignments will have posted due dates and these due dates will not be extended, so please plan accordingly. Personal computer issues, including login errors, will NOT warrant an extension. If you are experiencing computer issues, you are encouraged to contact the 24 hour a day technical support at 1-888-883-1299. The online homework questions are algorithmic iterations of the textbook exercises. Homework assignments can be repeated an infinite number of times within the time period specified. The last submitted answer is the one used for grading purposes. Your lowest homework grade will be dropped when calculating your course average. Online Quizzes: For each of the online homework assignments, there is an associated online quiz that needs to be completed. In order to begin the online quiz, you must score at least 70% on the associated online homework assignment. (If you do not score a 70% or higher on the homework by the due date, you will not be able to take the associated quiz which will result in you earning a 0% on that quiz.) Quizzes can be taken up to seven times and the highest score of all the attempts will be the recorded grade for that particular quiz. It is highly recommended that you take a quiz more than once. Your lowest quiz grade will be dropped when calculating your 5 course average. Cumulative/Comprehensive Assignments: There will be a comprehensive online homework and quiz due on December 4, 2011. Both the cumulative online homework and the cumulative online quiz will be due at 11:59pm on that day. iClicker Policy & Procedures: We will be using the iClicker feedback system in every lecture to provide an interactive classroom environment. Be prepared to ―click-in‖ your answers to the questions posed. Class activity grades will reflect iClicker responses. Purchase: Be sure to purchase the correct iClicker for our course as there several types of clickers available. If desired, it may be possible to find an iClicker secondhand, and/or to sell your used iClicker at the end of the semester. Registration: Register at www.iclicker.com/registration. Be sure to enter your NID in the Student ID field on the web site, including the two leading letters. Students are required to register their iClicker before the second class meeting. A student who fails to register their iClicker by the second class meeting will not receive class activity points until registered and any zeros earned will not be changed. Policy: The following policies will apply to the use of iClicker in the course: Each student is responsible for registering their own clicker ID under the correct student name. iClickers must be registered at the start of the semester even if registered during a previous semester. Should a student replace an iClicker during the semester, the student is responsible for registering the new iClicker and informing the instructor. Using two iClickers during class is PROHIBITED. If a student ―clicks in‖ for another student who is not in the classroom, both students will face disciplinary actions which will include receiving a ZF for the course grade. If a student fails to bring their iClicker to class, they will 6 not receive class activity points for that day. Students are expected to come to class prepared with fresh batteries for their iClicker. Dead batteries will not excuse missed iClicker responses. Students experiencing difficulties with their iClicker should notify a classroom assistant right away and plan on meeting with their instructor immediately after class. Your instructor will make any determination regarding credit for that day‘s class activities grade. Discussing iClicker questions in class is NOT cheating; it is part of the iClicker learning exercise. Class Activity: Course activities are 10% of your overall course grade. Your course activities in the course will be evaluated at the end of the semester as follows: 1) The average of your Class Activity grades (including iClicker grades) will be 5% of your total grade. 2) The average of your MALL Activity grades (including MALL hour and practice test assignment scores) will be 5% of your total grade. Class Activity Grades: Students will earn a grade for their inclass activities. Points will be earned for attending class in a timely manner, being actively engaged during class time, answering questions in-class through the use of the iClicker, submitting assigned work, and working in groups when required. MALL Activities Grades: Each specified time period students are required to spend at least 3 hours in the Mathematics Assistance and Learning Lab (MALL), located in MAP 240, 241 and 242. When entering or exiting the MALL, students must present their UCF ID which will be swiped to record arrival and departure times. While in the MALL, students are expected to be actively working on Intermediate Algebra and nothing else. Acceptable activities include working on homework, 7 quizzes, practice tests, test scheduling, and watching course related multimedia content. Sleeping, accessing material from other courses, or accessing electronic devices such as cell phones, iPods, and/or any other portable media players for any reason while in the MALL is prohibited. Violating any of these rules can result in a zero for your MALL participation grade for the time period, even if all required hours have been completed. Chronic violators may face disciplinary actions. Additionally, all cell phones and any electronic device that beeps, rings, vibrates, or makes a sound of any sort must be turned off while in the MALL. No food or drinks are allowed in the MALL, with the exception of bottled water in a see-through container. Please note: You are responsible for tracking your own MALL hours. There will be no partial credit for earning less than the minimum required MALL hours in a time period. Hours earned in one time period over the minimum required hours do not ―roll over‖ to the next time period. Any time spent in the MALL less than 15 minutes will not accrue to your total MALL time. For example, if you spend 14 minutes and 59 seconds in the MALL, you will have 0 minutes added to your total MALL time. If you spend 15 minutes in the MALL, you will have 15 minutes added to your total MALL time. When a time period contains a holiday, the minimum number of required hours will still be required. Note that certain days and times are busier than others, so you may occasionally have to wait for an open computer. If your schedule permits, plan to use the MALL at one of the less busy time periods. Additionally, it is strongly recommended that you bring your math notebook with you to the MALL, do all of your work in it in an orderly manner, and refer back to this work whenever necessary. 8 Tests and Final Exam: There will be three tests throughout the semester and a comprehensive final exam. They will be administered in a dedicated testing lab and it will be your responsibility to register for them through a dedicated website; see the section on test scheduling. We will announce a time period in which you must schedule your test. All tests must be scheduled during the allotted time period for that particular test. Once the scheduling time period has ended, there will not be any changes or additions to the test schedules. Please make sure that you have scheduled your test prior to the schedule closing date as you will receive a grade of 0% if you do not schedule your test. This policy applies to the three semester tests. For the final exam, see the make-up policies. If you do not show up for your scheduled appointment, a grade of 0% will be given for the test. This includes showing up at a time other than the one your test is scheduled for. Students electing to take their tests with the Student Disability Services must schedule their tests with SDS during the usual scheduling period, follow all SDS requirements for test scheduling, and take their test in one of the testing days scheduled for their course section. It is your responsibility to make sure your registration was successful. You are not registered for an exam unless, when you log in into the scheduling website, you see your reservation listed under “Check reservation”. You should also receive a confirmation message on the computer screen upon successfully completing your exam registration, and/or a confirmation email within a few hours; however, the only actual indication that you are indeed scheduled for the exam is the reservation listed under “Check Reservation / Need Support?” link. 9 Students should attend each test with the following items: Valid UCF Student Identification Card Knowledge of your MyLabsPlus login and password Bluebook 8.5‖ x 11‖ Pen or pencil TI30-XA Calculator Should a student come to the MALL without his/her UCF ID and a Bluebook, he/she will not be admitted to the testing session until they are able to present both their UCF ID and Bluebook. Test Dates: A grade of zero on a test will be assigned in one of the following situations: the student fails to schedule his/her exam during the allotted scheduling period (including the case in which the student does not complete the exam scheduling process); the student misses his/her scheduled appointment to take the exam; the student violates the UCF Golden Rule during the exam or in any circumstance relating to the exam; any of the student‘s electronic devices, including cell phone, iPod, and/or portable media player, rings, vibrates, or is accessed for any reason while in the testing lab Test 1: Scheduling opens 9/12/11 at 10:00am and closes 9/19/11 at 1:00pm Test 1: September 20 – 23, 2011 Test 2: Scheduling opens 10/10/11 at 10:00am and closes 10/17/11 at 1:00pm Test 2: October 18 – 21, 2011 Test 3: Scheduling opens 11/7/11 at 10:00am and closes 11/14/11 at 1:00pm Test 3: November 15 – 18, 2011 10 Final Exam: Scheduling opens 10/31/11 at 10:00am and closes 12/4/11 at 1:00pm Final Exam: December 5 - 10, 2011 Make-up Policy: All tests are scheduled through the online scheduling system. Dates and times of tests will vary based on course enrollment. Personal travel plans, medical reasons, and personal or family emergencies will not be valid reasons for taking tests at a time different than scheduled. Test, homework, and quiz make-ups are not given. Option B will be used if a student misses a test. University related absences that require special scheduling must be arranged one week prior to the assessment date. THE FOLLOWING POLICY APPLIES TO THE FINAL EXAM ONLY. In the event you are not able to arrive during your appointment time for the final exam for any reason at all or you fail to schedule a final exam test appointment, you will be permitted to take your final exam at the following times with a 20 percentage point penalty: Tuesday, December 6, 2011 at 7:00pm Thursday, December 8, 2011 at 7:00pm Saturday, December 10, 2011 at 10:00am This policy is applicable for the FINAL EXAM ONLY!!! Grading Policy: The 20 percentage point penalty is not negotiable! Example: A student who uses this option and scores a 94% on the final exam would have a 74% recorded in the grade book. Your grade will be calculated based on the following options: Option A: Test 1 – 15% of total grade Test 2 – 15% of total grade Test 3 – 15% of total grade MyMathLab Online homework average – 7% of total grade MyMathLab Online quiz average – 8% of total grade Course Activities – 10% of total grade 11 Final exam score–30% of total grade Option B: Average of the highest two test scores – 30% of total grade MyMathLab Online homework average – 7% of total grade MyMathLab Online quiz average – 8% of total grade Course Activities – 10% of total grade Final exam score– 45% of total grade Option B will be used if a student misses a test. If all three tests are taken, the option resulting in the highest grade will be used. Email: Please note: The penalty for an academic integrity violation will range from a grade of zero on an exam to a grade of F for the course. If a grade of 0% is given on any test due to a Golden Rule violation, Option A will be used to calculate the course grade. A "Z Designation" on the student's official transcript indicating academic dishonesty may also be used for any integrity violation. You will receive several important messages from your instructor during the semester, all of which will be sent to your Knights email account. It is therefore your responsibility to check your account on a regular basis. Writing to Faculty: Although email is typically used as an informal method of communication, this is not the case when writing to a faculty member. In order therefore to ensure a response to your message, you should follow the template below: Include a subject to indicate the course you are taking, section number, time that the lectures meet, your first and last name, and a meaningful topic. Address your instructor respectfully. Write a short formal message that outlines your concern. Include your name at the conclusion of the message. 12 Grading Scale: The +/- system will not be used in this class. Letter grades will be awarded according to the following grading scale: Average 90 – 100% 80 – 89% 70-79% 60-69% 0-59% Disability Related Accommodations: Grade A B C D F The Z Designation will be used in cases of academic dishonesty. For more information about the Z Designation, please see the academic honesty section of the syllabus and http://www.z.ucf.edu/ The University of Central Florida is committed to providing reasonable accommodations for all persons with disabilities. This syllabus is available in alternate formats upon request. Students who need accommodations must be registered with Student Disability Services, Student Resource Center Room 132, phone (407) 823-2371, TTY/TDD only phone (407) 8232116, before requesting accommodations from the professor. No accommodations will be provided until the Student Disability Services office has notified the professor concerning appropriate accommodations. 13 Mathematics Assistance and Learning Lab (MALL) Policies and Procedures The following describes the policies and operating procedures for the Mathematics Assistance and Learning Lab (MALL) located in MAP 240, 241, and 242. It is intended to provide important information and instructions for all users of the lab. Students should review the following information and procedures. 1. Reporting problems. If you encounter difficulty with any equipment or software in the MALL, you must report the problem to a proctor or staff member for assistance before proceeding/attempting to fix the problem on your own. Report as much information about the problem and your location as you can. Because many exams are timed, reporting a technical problem as quickly as possible will minimize the time required to get back online and complete the exam. If you have a concern about an exam question, you may complete a Test Question Form to report the concern to your instructor. 2. Electronic Monitoring. The MALL environment and its computers are electronically monitored/recorded to include real-time video. Any and all perceived incidents of student misconduct will be reported to the Student Conduct Board for appropriate action. 3. Acceptable use. Students in the MALL are expected to use the resources responsibly and in accordance with the Campus Use of Information Technology and Resources Policy, which may be found at http://www.ucf.edu/rule/rule2.html. Computer workstations must not be logged off, turned off, moved, or unplugged. When departing the testing area, each student should return his or her keyboard, mouse, and chair to their normal positions, and remove all trash from the area. 4. No unauthorized materials. It is preferred that NO cell phones, iPods, PDAs, or books and notebooks for other classes be brought to the MALL. However, if a student must bring one or more of the aforementioned items, they will be stored in a backpack out of sight at the student‘s feet under the desk. If skateboards are brought to the lab, they must be left in a designated skateboard bin. Should the skateboard bin fill up, skateboards will be left outside the MALL in the hallway. The MALL is not responsible for lost, damaged, or stolen items. Cell phones are to be turned off, not set on vibrate or to an audible ringer, and at no time is a student to access an electronic device, including a cell phone, while in the MALL. A 14 student caught using a cell phones PDAs, ipods, etc., will receive a 0% for that MALL period. 5. Unauthorized Individuals. No unauthorized individuals are permitted in the MALL. 6. Entry to the MALL. A student must have their UCF ID to gain entry to the MALL. Other forms of identification will not be accepted. 7. Food and Drink. No food or drinks may be brought into the MALL with the exception of bottled water. Bottled water must be in a see-through container. In addition to the above policies, the following policies are specific to testing. 8. Scheduling a Test. There will be an announced time period for which the test will open and close for scheduling. Students will schedule their tests by clicking on the ―Schedule a Test‖ menu button in MyMathLab. Once the scheduling time period has ended, there will not be any changes or additions to the test schedules. Please make sure that you have scheduled your test prior to the schedule closing date as you will receive a grade of 0% if you do not schedule your test. Please note: upon completion of a test scheduling process, a confirmation message containing the test date and time will appear on the screen, and a confirmation email will be sent to the email account you have indicated. You should confirm that the reservation is complete by clicking on the “Check Reservation / Need Support?” link in the system. You have not scheduled a test until you see this confirmation message! 9. Items needed for an exam. Items required for entry into the testing lab are a test reservation appointment, your UCF ID, and an 8.5‖ x 11‖ bluebook. You may also bring a pen or pencil and a TI-30XA calculator. Please do not bring backpacks , skateboards, or any other personal items into the testing lab. 10. Check-in and out for an exam. Please arrive at the MALL 15 minutes before your scheduled testing appointment. A valid UCF Student ID Card and a full sized (8.5‖x11‖) Bluebook are required to gain entrance to the lab. Your UCF ID will be electronically scanned to authenticate your access to the exam by the lab manager, other lab staff, or one of the proctors. You will be assigned to sit at a particular computer workstation. 15 11. No unauthorized materials. If a student is caught using any unauthorized materials in the testing lab (see policy #4 above) such as a cell phone or other electronic device, or if that device rings or vibrates while in the testing lab, that student will receive a grade of 0% on the test and possible disciplinary actions. 12. Leaving the testing area. Once a student is seated for an exam, he or she is not permitted to move from that location for the duration of the exam. The exam must be submitted prior to leaving the MALL. 13. Policy for General Power Failures. In extreme situations, such as a general power failure, a server failure, forced evacuation of the building, etc. should a testing session be interrupted student test work will automatically be saved, so that when power or connection is re-established the student may again log into their test and resume work for the remainder of their time. If a testing session is interrupted for some other reason, it is likely that the student will be advised by a test proctor to X out of their test (by clicking on the upper right corner X of their browser); the student in this case should not click the Submit button for their test because then the student will not be permitted to re-start and finish their test. For whatever reason the testing session is interrupted, the test may resume soon thereafter or at a later time. Students will be advised by the test proctor whether they should wait in their seats until the test can be re-started, or whether they should submit their names and then leave the MALL to return at a later time. If the latter is the case, the return time will typically be within 24 hours. 16 Semester schedule Please Note: The following schedule may be modified at the discretion of the instructor. Any change notification will be made via email or the announcement page of MyLabsPlus. Section Week of 08/22/11-08/28/11 Week 1 Assignments --------- Syllabus, Intermediate Algebra Handbook, MLP MALL 1 (Orientation) 2.1 Linear Equations and Formulas HW 1, QZ 1 2.2 Solving Problems Class Activity 1 2.3 Solving Linear Inequalities Section Week of 08/29/11-09/04/11 Week 2 Assignments 2.4 Compound Inequalities MALL 2 2.5 Equations involving Absolute Value HW 2, Quiz 2 2.6 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value Class Activity 2 Section Week of 09/05/11-09/11/11 Week 3 Assignments 3.1 Graphing Linear Equations MALL 3 3.2 The Slope of a Line HW 3, Quiz 3 3.3 The Equation of a Line Class Activity 3 Holiday: 09/05/2011 Campus closed for Labor day Practice Test 1: Parts 1 and 2 Section Week of 09/12/11-09/18/11 Week 4 Due Dates 3.4 Graphing Linear Inequalities MALL 4 3.5 Introduction to Functions and Function notation HW 4, Quiz 4 5.1 Exponents and Scientific Notation Class Activity 4 Schedule Test 1 Practice Test 1: All Parts Section Week of 09/19/11-09/25/11 Week 5 5.2 Polynomials and Polynomial Functions MALL 4 (cont’d) 5.3 Multiplying Polynomials HW 5, Quiz 5 6.1 Greatest Common Factor and Factor by Grouping Class Activity 5 Test 1: 2.1 – 2.6, 3.1 – 3.5, 5.1 Section Week of 09/26/11-10/02/11 Week 6 6.2 Factoring Trinomials MALL 5 6.3 Factoring Special Products and Factoring Strategies HW 6, Quiz 6 Class Activity 6 17 Section Week of 10/03/11-10/09/11 Week 7 6.4 Solving Equations by Factoring MALL 6 HW 7, Quiz 7 Class Activity 7 Practice Test 2: Parts 1 and 2 Section Week of 10/10/11-10/16/11 Week 8 7.1 Simplifying, Multiplying, and Dividing Rational Equations MALL 7 7.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions HW 8, Quiz 8 Schedule Test 2 Class Activity 8 Practice Test 2: All Parts Section Week of 10/17/11-10/23/11 Week 9 7.3 Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions MALL 7 (cont’d) 7.4 Solving Equations Containing Rational Expressions HW 9, Quiz 9 Test 2: 5.2 – 5.3, 6.1 – 6.4, 7.1 – 7.2 Class Activity 9 Section Week of 10/24/11-10/30/11 Week 10 8.1 Radical Expressions and Functions MALL 8 8.2 Rational Exponents HW 10, Quiz 10 8.3 Multiplying, Dividing, and Simplifying Radicals Class Activity 10 Withdrawal Deadline: Thursday, October 27, 2011 Section Week of 10/31/11-11/06/11 Week 11 8.4 Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Radicals MALL 9 8.5 Rational Numerators and Denominators of Radical Expressions Football: 11/03/2011 Campus closed at 12:30pm HW 11, Quiz 11 Schedule Final Exam Practice Test 3: Parts 1 and 2 Section Week of 11/07/11-11/13/11 Week 12 8.6 Radical Equations and Problem Solving MALL 10 8.7 Complex Numbers HW 12, Quiz 12 Holiday: 11/11/2011 Campus closed for Veterans day Class Activity 12 Schedule Test 3 Practice Test 3: All Parts Section Week of 11/14/11-11/20/11 Week 13 9.1 The Square Root Principle and Completing the Square MALL 10 (cont’d) 9.2 Solving Quadric Equations Using the Quadric Formula HW 13, Quiz 13 9.3 Solving Equations that are Quadric in Form Class Activity 13 Test 3: 7.3 – 7.4, 8.1 – 8.7 18 Class Activity 11 Section Week of 11/21/11-11/27/11 Week 14 4.1 Solving Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables MALL 11 4.6 Solving Systems of Linear Inequalities HW 14, Quiz 14 11/23/11: MALL Closes at 7:30pm Cumulative HW and QZ Holiday: 11/24-25/11 Campus closed for Thanksgiving Class Activity 14 Section Week of 11/28/11-12/04/11 Week 15 Ch 2 - 9 Review for Final MALL 11 (cont’d) HW 15, Quiz 15 Cumulative HW and QZ (cont’d) Class Activity 15 Section Week of 12/05/11-12/10/11 Week 16 Final Exam Week! 19 Online Log-In Directions for MyLabsPlus Your username for MyLabsPlus is your NID. Find your NID at my.ucf.edu by clicking ―What are my PID and NID?‖ Your initial password should have been mailed to your Knights email account. If one is not in your Inbox, there are typically three explanations. It is in your Junk folder. You were a late registration for the course You do not have your Knights email account on file with myUCF. In the latter two cases, you should make sure your myUCF profile is current and send an email to your instructor explaining the situation To change your password in MyLabsPlus It is highly recommended that you change your password to something more easily remembered the first time you log in. Upon submitting your username and password, you will be taken to a screen with a ―My Profile‖ link in the top right corner. Click this link and you will be prompted to enter your current password and new password (twice). Please keep in mind that you will need to have your password memorized when you attend each testing session throughout the semester. Technical Support While computers are provided in the MALL for working on assignments, we understand many students desire to work on their own personal computers as well. Should this be the case for you, please understand your instructor is not, and cannot be, your personal technical support line. Should you encounter problems accessing anything in MyLabsPlus, please feel free to contact Pearson Technical Support at 1-888-883-1299. Please be aware that personal computer issues will not be considered for an extension. 20 Access Codes While you will from the beginning be able to access the MyLabsPlus portion of our course website (including the syllabus, discussion board, and faculty information), the MyMathLab portion of the website (which contains all homework, quizzes, and tests) will be inaccessible until you enter an access code. An access code can be acquired in a variety of ways: Included with the purchase of a new textbook package available at the oncampus bookstore as well as many local off-campus bookstores Purchased online directly from Pearson while logging into the system Purchasing the textbook and access code online via other websites is discouraged since many students accidentally purchase the incorrect items and then have difficulty obtaining a refund. Temporary Access Code Please note that in an effort to get students started on their homework and quizzes as early as possible, a temporary access code is also available. This code is free but lasts only the first 21 days of the course. If a temporary access code is requested, A NEW TEXTBOOK PACKAGE MUST BE PURCHASED TO MAINTAIN ACCESS FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE SEMESTER. Test Scheduling In order to take a test, you must schedule a reservation time. Without a reservation, you will not be admitted to the testing room or allowed to take a make-up exam. Please recognize that unless you can log into the test scheduling software and see a test registration under the ―Check Reservation/Need Support?‖ link , you are not registered for your test! Registration closes at the designated time prior to testing. IF YOU FAIL TO SCHEDULE A TEST BY THE DEADLINE, YOU WILL RECEIVE A ZERO FOR THAT EXAM. The final exam is the only exception. To make a reservation for a testing session: Log in to MyLabsPlus through the website www.ucf.mylabsplus.com Click on your course. Click the ―Test Scheduling‖ link on the left-hand menu bar. 21 Enter your NID and last name (first letter capitalized). Once you‘ve successfully logged into the reservation system, click on a date on the calendar to the right to create a reservation. Please make sure to click on an actual test date on the calendar to see the available reservations for that day. The testing dates for each test are listed in the syllabus. After deciding on the best available date and time, confirm your email address and complete your reservation. A courtesy email with your test reservation time will have been sent to your email address. However, to confirm your reservation you will need to click on the ―Check Reservation/Need Support?‖ tab under ―Test Scheduling‖. You may reenter ―Test Scheduling‖ at any point to check, confirm, and change your reservation. To check your reservation time, reenter ―Test Scheduling‖ and click on the ―Check Reservation / Need Support?‖ link. Please be aware that there are select dates when the test scheduling will be open to students. These dates will be announced in class and are posted on the test scheduling website. Test Taking To be admitted to the testing session, you must have three things: A testing reservation Your UCF ID (no other ID will be accepted) A new 8.5"x11" Bluebook (smaller Bluebooks are unacceptable) It is also highly recommended that you bring the following as well Pen or pencil TI-30XA calculator (no other calculator is permitted) Knowledge of your MyLabsPlus login and password If it is necessary to retrieve login credentials subsequent to the student‘s admittance to the testing room, the test will begin first, and that student will lose some testing time. 22 Homework Assignments Online HW assignments Due Dates HW 1: 2.1 – 2.3 8/30/2011 at 11:59pm HW 2: 2.4 – 2.6 9/6/2011 at 11:59pm HW 3: 3.1 – 3.3 9/13/2011 at 11:59pm HW 4: 3.4 – 3.5, 5.1 9/20/2011 at 11:59pm HW 5: 5.2 – 5.3, 6.1 9/27/2011 at 11:59pm HW 6: 6.2 – 6.3 10/4/2011 at 11:59pm HW 7: 6.4 10/11/2011 at 11:59pm HW 8: 7.1 – 7.2 10/18/2011 at 11:59pm HW 9: 7.3 – 7.4 10/25/2011 at 11:59pm HW 10: 8.1 – 8.3 11/1/2011 at 11:59pm HW 11: 8.4 – 8.5 11/8/2011 at 11:59pm HW 12: 8.6 – 8.7 11/15/2011 at 11:59pm HW 13: 9.1 – 9.3 11/22/2011 at 11:59pm HW 14: 4.1, 4.6 11/29/2011 at 11:59pm HW 15: Past Exams 12/4/2011 at 11:59pm* Cumulative HW** 12/4/2011 at 11:59pm* My Score My HW Average * designates a different due date than normal **designates an assignment that is mandatory for all students and can‘t be dropped 23 Quiz Assignments Online QZ assignments Due Dates QZ 1: 2.1 – 2.3 8/31/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 2: 2.4 – 2.6 9/7/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 3: 3.1 – 3.3 9/14/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 4: 3.4 – 3.5, 5.1 9/21/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 5: 5.2 – 5.3, 6.1 9/28/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 6: 6.2 – 6.3 10/5/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 7: 6.4 10/12/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 8: 7.1 – 7.2 10/19/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 9: 7.3 – 7.4 10/26/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 10: 8.1 – 8.3 11/2/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 11: 8.4 – 8.5 11/9/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 12: 8.6 – 8.7 11/16/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 13: 9.1 – 9.3 11/23/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 14: 4.1, 4.6 11/30/2011 at 11:59pm QZ 15: Past Exams 12/4/2011 at 11:59pm* Cumulative QZ** 12/4/2011 at 11:59pm* My Score My Quiz Average * designates a different due date than normal **designates an assignment that is mandatory for all students and can‘t be dropped 24 Class Activity Assignments Class Activity Day Type Class Activity 1 8/24/2011 In-class Class Activity 2 8/31/2011 In-class Class Activity 3 9/7/2011 In-class Class Activity 4 9/14/2011 In-class Class Activity 5 9/21/2011 In-class Class Activity 6 9/28/2011 In-class Class Activity 7 10/5/2011 In-class Class Activity 8 10/12/2011 In-class Class Activity 9 10/19/2011 In-class Class Activity 10 10/26/2011 In-class Class Activity 11 11/2/2011 In-class Class Activity 12 11/9/2011 In-class Class Activity 13 11/16/2011 In-class Class Activity 14 11/23/2011 In-class Class Activity 15 11/30/2011 In-class My Class Activity Average 25 My Score MALL Assignments Students are generally required to spend at least 3 hours twice a week in the designated Mathematics Assistance and Learning Lab located in MAP 240, 241, and MAP 242. PRACTICE TEST NOTE: Practice test grades will be computed by averaging the different parts of the practice test. For example, if a student scores 97, 75, 84, and 0 on the four parts of a practice test, then the student‘s practice test grade will be 64. If the student completes a specific part of the practice test more than once, the highest score for that part will be used in the average. This score in turn will be averaged with the student‘s semester MALL grades. MALL Assignments Date Range MALL Hour 1 (orientation) Mon 8/22/11 – Tues 8/30/11* MALL Hour 2 Wed 8/31/11 – Tues 9/06/11 MALL Hour 3 Wed 9/7/11 – Tues 9/13/11 Practice Test 1 Due: Mon 9/19/11 at 11:59pm MALL Hour 4 Wed 9/14/11 – Tues 9/27/11 MALL Hour 5 Wed 9/28/11 – Tues 10/4/11 MALL Hour 6 Wed 10/5/11 – Tues 10/11/11 Practice Test 2 Due: Mon 10/17/11 at 11:59pm MALL Hour 7 Wed 10/12/11 – Tues 10/25/11 MALL Hour 8 Wed 10/26/11 – Tues 11/1/11 MALL Hour 9 Wed 11/2/11 – Tues 11/8/11 Practice Test 3 Due: Mon 11/14/11 at 11:59pm MALL Hour 10 Wed 11/9/11 – Tues 11/22/11 MALL Hour 11 Wed 11/23/11 – Sun 12/4/11* My MALL Participation Average * designates a different due date than normal 26 My Score MyLabsPlus Help Documents Managing pop-up blockers: Pop-up blockers or ad-blockers may prevent you from installing components and from using your course. 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From the Safari menu, choose Safari > Preferences. 2. At the top of the window, click the Security lock icon. 3. Under Accept Cookies, make sure Always is selected. 4. Close the Preferences window. If you have set additional security options (site filters, script controls, and the like) and encounter problems using MyMathLab, please contact Product Support to get additional help. 31 32 33 Key Concepts Sets and the Structure of Algebra Operations with Real Numbers; Properties of Real Numbers Carson, 1.1 Carson, 1.2 Definitions Properties of Addition Inequality: Two expressions separated by , , , <, > Set: A collection of objects Subset: If every element of a set B is an element of a set A, then B is a subset of A. Rational Number: Any real number that can be expressed in a the form , where a and b are integers b and b 0 . Irrational Number: Any real number that is not rational Prime Number: A natural number with exactly two different factors, 1 and the number itself. The set of natural numbers: {1, 2, 3,…} The set of whole numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3…} The set of integers: {…, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…} Absolute Value: A number‘s distance from zero on a number line. Identity of Addition: a 0 a Commutative Property of Addition: a b b a Associative Property of Addition: a (b c) (a b) c Properties of Multiplication Multiplicative Property of 0: a 0 0 Identity Property: a 1 a Commutative Property of Multiplication: ab bc Associative Property of Multiplication: a(bc) (ab)c Distributive Prop of Mult. over Add.: a(b c) ab ac Exponents, Roots, and Order of Operations Carson, 1.3 Exponential form is used to represent repeated multiplication. nth power of b: b n b b b ... b (b is used as a factor n times) Inequality Symbols and Their Translations Symbolic Form Translation Eight is not equal to three 83 5<7 Five is less than seven 7>5 Seven is greater than five x is less than or equal to three x3 y2 y is greater than or equal to two b = base n = exponent 34 Square Root: one of two equal factors Order of Operations Agreement Perform operation in the following order: 1. Within Grouping symbols. (Work from the inside out.) Examples: parentheses (), brackets [], braces {}, absolute value | |, above and/or below fraction bars, and radicals √ 2. Exponents/Roots (from left to right) 3. Multiplication/Division (from left to right) 4. Addition/Subtraction (from left to right) General Rules of Square Roots: 1. Every positive number has two sq. roots. (+, ) 2. The radical denotes the positive (principal) root. 3. The sq. root of a negative number is not a real number. Cube Root: one of three equal factors In general, n a = nth root of a Use your favorite acronym: Please, Excuse, My Dear Aunt Sally (PEMDAS) OR Golly! Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (GEMDAS) called the radical a n called the radicand called the index Evaluating and Rewriting Expressions Division and Square Roots: a a , where a 0 and b 0 . b b 35 Addition the sum of x and three h plus k t added to seven three more than a number y increased by two Translation x+3 h+k 7+t n+3 y+2 Subtraction the difference of three and x h minus k seven subtracted from t three less than a number two decreased by y Translation 3−x h–k t −7 n–3 2−y Carson, 1.4 Multiplication the product of x and three h times k twice a number triple the number two-thirds of a number Translation 3x hk 2n 3n 2 n 3 Division the quotient of x and three Translation x x 3 or 3 h h k or k k k h or h a a b or b h divided by k h divided into k the ratio of a and b Exponents c squared or the square of c k cubed or the cube of k n to the fourth power y raised to the fifth power Translation c2 k3 n4 y3 Roots the square root of x Translation x the cube root of y the fifth root of n Combining Like Terms: To combine like terms, add or subtract the coefficients and keep the variables and their exponents the same. To evaluate an algebraic expression: 1. Replace each variable with its corresponding given value 2. Simplify the resulting numerical expression Linear Equations and Formulas Carson, 2.1 Solution: A number that makes an equation true when it replaces the variable in the equation. Solution Set: A set containing all of the solutions for a given equation. Linear Equation in one Variable: An equation that can be written in the form ax + b = c, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. 3 y To solve: 1. Simplify each side. (collect like terms, distribute, etc.) 2. Use adding or subtracting (while maintaining the equation‘s balance) to collect all variable terms on one side and all constants on the other. 3. Multiply or divide on both sides to clear any remaining coefficient. 5 n Goal = Isolate the variable. 36 Addition Principle of Equality: If a = b, then a + c = b + c is true for all real numbers a, b, and c. Solving Linear Inequalities Linear Inequality in one variable: An inequality that can be written in the form ax + b > c (OR <, >, < ), where a ≠ 0. Multiplication Principle of Equality: If a = b, then ac = bc is true for all real numbers a, b, and c, where c ≠ 0. To solve an inequality: 1. Solve just like an equation. 2. When multiplying or dividing by a negative number, reverse the inequality. 3. Solution is a set of numbers: all the possible values of x making the inequality true. Three Types of Equations: Conditional: A specific solution. Identity: Solution is every real number. Contradiction: No solution. Solving Problems Carson, 2.3 Carson, 2.2 Graphing Inequalities To graph an inequality in one variable of the form x a , x a , x a , or x a on a number line, 1. If the symbol is or , draw a bracket (or solid circle) on the number line. If the symbol is < or >, draw a parenthesis (or open circle) on the number line 2. If the variable is greater than the indicated number, shade to the right. If the variable is less than the indicated number, shade to the left. Problem Solving by Polya Understand, Plan, Execute, Answer, Check Word Problems: 1. Represent one unknown with a variable. 2. Represent other unknowns using a relationship in problem. 3. Write an equation. 4. Solve the equation. 5. Check. words that means at least minimum of no less than 37 words that mean > is greater than more than words that mean at most maximum of no more than words that mean < is less than smaller than Compound Inequalities Carson, 2.4 Equations Involving Absolute Value Compound inequalities: In a compound inequality the symbols will point in the same direction. Two inequalities joined by either and or or. Carson, 2.5 Absolute Value Property: If |x| = a, where x is a variable or an expression and a > 0, then x = a or x = −a. Absolute Value: A number‘s distance from zero on a number line. (Always equal to a positive number; represents distance.) Option 1: Approach as intersection/overlap of 2 separate inequalities: Option 2: Approach as a ―3-sided equation‖ performing operations on all 3 sides. To solve an equation containing a single absolute value: 1. Isolate the absolute value so it is in the form ax b c 2. Separate into 2 cases: ax b c and ax b c 3. Solve both equations. Intersection: For two sets A and B, the intersection of A and B, symbolized by A B , is a set containing only elements that are in both A and B. To solve an equation in the form ax b cx d : To solve a compound inequality involving and: 1. Solve each inequality in the compound inequality. 2. The solution set will be the intersection of the individual solution sets. 1. Separate into 2 cases: ax b cx d and ax b (cx d ) 2. Solve both equations Union: For two sets A and B, the union of A and B, symbolized by A B , is a set containing every element in A or in B To solve a compound inequality involving or: 1. Solve each inequality in the compound inequality 2. The solution set will be the union of the individual solution sets. 38 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value Carson, 2.6 Graphing Linear Equations x a means x a and x a (or more compactly as –a < x < a) Cartesian OR rectangular coordinate system Ordered Pair: (x, y), which translates to (horizontal coordinate, vertical coordinate), where the coordinates represent distances from the origin (+ means right or up, – means left or down) Origin: Set-builder notation: x a x a Interval notation: (a, a) x x a, or, x a Interval notation: (,a) (a, ) (0, 0) Quadrants: I, II, III, IV start in upper-right corner; count counterclockwise x a means x a or x a Set-builder notation: Carson, 3.1 x-intercept: A point where the graph intersects the x-axis. To find (x, 0): Replace y with zero in the given equation. Solve for x. To solve an inequality of the form x a , where a > 0: 1. Rewrite the inequality as a compound inequality involving and: x > −a and x < a (or use –a < x < a) 2. Solve the compound inequality y-intercept: A point where the graph intersects the y-axis. To find (0, y): Replace x with zero in the given equation. Solve for y. To solve an inequality of the form x a , where a > 0: 1. Rewrite the inequality as a compound inequality involving and: x < −a and x > a 2. Solve the compound inequality To graph a linear equation: 1. Find at least two solutions to the equation 2. Plot the solutions 3. Draw a line through the points 39 The y-intercept of y mx b : Given an equation in the form y mx b , the coordinates of the y-intercept are (0, b) Positive Slope (m > 0): Negative Slope (m < 0): Undefined Slope (m = undef): Slope is 0 (m = 0): Horizontal Lines The graph of y = c, is a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis with a y-intercept at (0, c). Vertical Lines The graph of x = c, is a vertical line parallel to the y-axis with an x-intercept at (c, 0) The Slope of a Line The Equation of a Line Carson, 3.2 Point-Slope Form: Given the slope, m, and any point (x1, y1) on the line, write the equation of the line using point-slope form: y − y1 = m (x − x1) Slope-Intercept Form: A linear equation in the form y = mx + b. The coordinates of the y-intercept are (0, b). The coefficient m affects the incline of the line. (pg. 126) (pg. 135) Parallel Lines: Non-vertical parallel lines have equal slopes and different y-intercepts. Vertical lines are parallel. Slope : steepness or slant of a line Point #1 on the line: ( x1, y1 ) Point #2 on the line: ( x2, y2 ) m = slope = Carson, 3.3 Perpendicular Lines: The slope of a line perpendicular to a a b line with a slope of is . Horizontal and vertical lines are b a perpendicular. y2 y1 rise y x2 x1 run x 40 Standard Form: The equation of a line in standard form is Ax By C , where A, B, and C are integers and A > 0. Introduction to Functions and Function Notation Relation: Graphing Linear Inequalities A set of ordered pairs. Carson, 3.4 Domain: A set containing initial values of a relation; its input values; the first coordinates in ordered pairs. Range: A set containing all values that are paired to domain values in a relation; its output values; the second coordinates in ordered pairs. Function: A relation in which each value in the domain is assigned to exactly one value in the range. Linear Inequality in 2 Variables: An inequality that can be written in the form Ax + By > C (or <, <, >) where A, B, C are real numbers and A, B are not both zero. Solution set: A set of points described by a shaded region in the xy-plane. Solutions to the corresponding equation for the boundary line for this shaded region. This boundary line may or may not be included. To graph a linear inequality in two variables: 1. → → 2. → → Carson, 3.5 Input, x Domain Independent variable Graph the related equation (boundary line). If the inequality symbol is < or >, then use a solid line. If the inequality symbol is < or >, then use a dotted line. function Output, y Range dependent variable Representing a Function using a Formula: Name of function = f Input = x Output = f (x) or y f (x) represents output received when function f is applied to x. Choose a test point NOT on the boundary line. If this point satisfies the inequality, then shade the region that contains it. If this point does not satisfy the inequality, then shade the region on the other side of the boundary line. 41 Finding the Value of a Function: Given a function f (x), to find f(a), where a is a real number in the domain of f, replace x in the function with a and then evaluate or simplify. 4c) n 5) 6) 7) Vertical Line Test: If each vertical line intersects the graph at only one point, the relation is a function. If any vertical line intersects the graph more than once, the relation is not a function. Exponents and Scientific Notation Negative Exponent Rule (Part 3 – applied to a quotient: n a b b a Power-raised to a-Power Rule: (a m ) n a mn Product-raised to a-Power Rule: (ab) n a n b n n Quotient-raised to a-Power Rule: an a n b b Scientific Notation: is used to write very large or very small numbers. a number in the form a 10n where a is a decimal number with 1 a 10 Carson, 5.1 Exponential form is used to represent repeated multiplication. nth power of b: (n times) b n b b b ... b b = base n = exponent and n is an integer n > 1: pos exponent on 10. n <1: neg exponent on 10 Properties of Exponents: 1) 2) 3) 4a) 4b) Polynomials and Polynomial Functions Product Rule: a m a n a m n Zero Exponent Rule: a 0 1 am Quotient Rule: n a m n , (a 0) a Negative Exponent Rule (Part 1 – the definition): 1 a n n a Negative Exponent Rule (Part 2 – in the denominator): 1 an n a Carson, 5.2 Term: A number or the product of a number and one or more variables raised to powers. Polynomial: A term or a finite sum of terms where each coefficient is a real number and variables are raised to only whole number powers. Monomial: Polynomial with one term. (see above) Binomial: Polynomial with two terms. (x3 + 4) Trinomial: Polynomial with three terms. (r4 – 3r2 + 8r) 42 Coefficient: The numerical factor in a monomial. Degree of a Monomial: variables in the monomial. The sum of the exponents of all Degree of a Polynomial: terms in the polynomial. The greatest degree of any of the Special Products: (a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2 (a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2 (a b)(a b) a 2 b 2 Conjugates: Binomials that are the sum and difference of the same two terms. Like Terms: Variable terms that have the same variable(s) raised to the same exponents, or constant terms. To Add Polynomials: Combine like terms. Greatest Common Factor and Factor by Grouping To Subtract Polynomials: Use the additive inverse. Distribute the negative to each term of the second polynomial. Factored Form: A number or expression written as a product of factors. Multiplying Polynomials Greatest Common Factor (GCF): A monomial with the greatest coefficient and degree that evenly divides all of the given terms. Carson, 5.3 Multiplying by a Monomial: use distributive property use exponent property – product rule Carson, 6.1 Factoring using the GCF: Find the GCF of the terms of the polynomial. Rewrite the polynomial as a product of the GCF and the quotient of the polynomial and the GCF. Multiplying Polynomials: Multiply each term in the second polynomial by each term in the first polynomial. Combine like terms. make use of the distributive property polynomial Factored Form = GCF GCF NOTE: For 2 binomials, use FOIL(First, Outside, Inside, Last) 43 Factoring by Grouping: ( Try when there are 4 terms. ) Factor any GCF that is common to all 4 terms. Group 4 terms into pairs. Factor out the GCF in each pair. Factor out a common binomial factor (the parentheses). NOTE: Rearranging the terms may be necessary. Trinomial: Factoring by Trial-and-Error: ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 1 Factor any GCF that is common to all terms. Write in a pair of first terms whose product is ax2. Write in a pair of last terms whose product is c. Verify that the sum of the inner and outer products is bx. Zero-Factor Theorem: If a and b are real numbers and ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. Factoring Trinomials Trinomial: Understanding the process: Factoring by Grouping: ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 1 Factor any GCF that is common to all terms. Find two factors of the product ac whose sum is b. Rewrite the polynomial by splitting the middle term. Factor by grouping. Carson, 6.2 A polynomial with 3 terms. A polynomial with 3 terms. (pg. 281) (pg. 281) (Trial and Error) reversing FOIL (x + ___ )(x + ____ ) Factoring by Substitution: Make a substitution so that an equation may be written in the format: ax2 + bx + c. Factoring Special Products and Factoring Strategies Procedure: To factor x2 + bx + c: Find two numbers: multiplying to equal c adding to equal b The factored trinomial will have the form: (x + #)(x + #) Carson, 6.3 Perfect Square Trinomials: (special patterns) 2 2 a 2ab b (a b)(a b) (a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2 (a b)(a b) (a b) 2 NOTE about SIGNS: If the last term of the trinomial is positive, then both factors will have the same sign (as the middle term). If the last term of the trinomial is negative, then the factors will have opposite signs. Factoring a Difference of Squares: a 2 b 2 (a b)(a b) 44 (use the conjugate) Factoring Perfect Cubes: Difference of Cubes: a b (a b)(a ab b ) Sum of Cubes: a 3 b3 (a b)(a 2 ab b 2 ) Memory Aid: S-O-A-P S-same O-opposite A-always P-positive refers to the signs Solving Equations by Factoring 3 3 2 Polynomial Equation in Standard Form: P = 0, where P is a polynomial in terms of one variable written in descending order of degree. Quadratic Equation: Written in the form: ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. Cubic Equation: Written in the form: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, where a, b, c, d are real numbers and a ≠ 0. Note: A sum of squares, a 2 b 2 , is prime Zero-Factor Theorem: If a and b are real numbers and ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. Factoring Tips: (listed in detail on page 353) Factor any GCF that is common to all terms first. Consider the number of terms involved and choose a factoring strategy. o Four Terms: Factor by grouping. o Three Terms: Factor the trinomial using Trial and Error / Reversing FOIL Split the middle term / Use grouping Use substitution Carson, 6.4 2 Recall from section 3.1… x-intercept: A point where the graph intersects the x-axis. To find (x, 0): Replace y with zero in the given equation. Solve for x. NOTE: Quadratic Functions (whose graph is a parabola) may have at most 2 x-intercepts. Cubic Functions (whose graph is an S-shape) may have at most 3 x-intercepts. If the trinomial factors into 2 equal factor, write your answer as a perfect square. o Two Terms: Factor the binomial using Difference of Two Squares Difference of Two Cubes Sum of Two Cubes Always factor completely. Read the detailed description on pages 364-365. Pythagorean Theorem: Given a right triangle where a and b represent the lengths of the legs and c represents the length of the hypotenuse, a 2 b 2 c 2 . 45 Simplifying, Multiplying, and Dividing Rational Expressions Rational Function: expressions. Carson, 7.1 Rational Expression: A fraction dividing 2 polynomials. An expression that can be written in the form Domain of a Rational Function: (before simplifying) Recall: In a rational expression, the denominator ≠ 0. Write an equation that sets the denominator equal to 0. Solve the equation. Exclude the value(s) found from the function‘s domain. P , where Q P and Q are polynomials and Q ≠ 0. To Simplify a Rational Expression: Factor the numerator and denominator completely. Divide out all common factors. Multiply the remaining factors in both the numerator and denominator. Sign Placement Rule: P P P Q Q Q A function described in terms of rational Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions Carson, 7.2 To Add & Subtract with the Same Denominator: Add or subtract numerators. Keep denominator the same. Simplify the fraction. (pg. 387) Least-Common-Denominator: The smallest number divisible by all of the denominators. The polynomial of least degree that has all of the denominators as factors. To Multiplying a Rational Expression: Factor each numerator and denominator. Divide out factors common to both numerator and denominator. Multiply numerator by numerator and denominator by denominator. Simplify. Finding the LCD: Find the prime factorization of each denominator. Write a product that contains each unique prime factor the greatest number of times that factor occurs in any factorization. Simplify. To Divide a Rational Expression: Write an equivalent multiplication statement using P R P S where Q, R, S ≠ 0. Q S Q R 46 To Add & Subtract with Different Denominators: Find the LCD. Rewrite each fraction with the LCD. Add or subtract numerators. Keep denominator the same. Simplify. Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions Solving Equations Containing Rational Expressions To solve a rational equation: 1. Factor the denominator. Multiply both sides by the LCD of all the rational expressions in the equation. 2. Solve the resulting equation. 3. Check your solution in the original equation. Results may be extraneous solutions. Carson, 7.3 Restrictions: Solutions cannot make the denominator zero. Complex Rational Expression: A rational expression that contains rational expressions in the numerator and/or denominator. To simplify a complex fraction: Carson, 7.4 a c b d Cross multiplication can be used ONLY when an equation fits the format of a proportion. Proportion: (2 methods) Method #1: 1. If necessary, rewrite the numerator and/or denominator as a single rational expression. 2. Rewrite as a horizontal division problem and simplify. If Method #2: 1. Multiply the numerator and denominator of the complex rational expression by the LCD of all the fractions in both the numerator and denominator. 2. Simplify. An equation of the form a c , where b 0 and d 0 , then ad bc . b d Radical Expressions and Functions Carson, 8.1 General Rules of for Even Roots: 1. Every positive number has two even roots. (+, ) 2. The radical denotes the positive (principal) root. 3. The even root of a negative number is not a real number. Complex Fractions with Negative Exponents: Rewrite with positive exponents Simplify Radical Function: A function containing a radical expression whose radicand includes a variable. 47 To find the Domain of a Radical Function: If the index is odd, Domain = (−∞, ∞) If the index is even, the radicand must be nonnegative. Find the domain by solving the inequality: ―radicand > 0‖ Rational Exponents Multiplying, Dividing, and Simplifying Radicals Product Rule for Radicals: If both n a and n b are real numbers, then n An exponent that is a rational number. Quotient Rule for Radicals: n If both 1 Rule #1: a n n a A rational exponent with numerator 1 represents an nth root. Rule #2: a An exponent of m Rule #3: a n m n m n n am applies both: a m a and n b are real numbers, then m For any nonnegative real number a, nth root & mth power. n a n a , b ≠ 0. b b a a . n n Simplifying nth Roots: 1. Write the radicand as a product of the greatest perfect nth power and an expression that has no perfect nth power factors. 2. Use the product rule to apply the root to each factor. 3. Find the nth root of the perfect nth power radicand. 1 n Raising an nth Root to the nth Power: a n a n b n ab . NOTE: Radicals must have the same index in order to apply this property. Carson, 8.2 Rational Exponent: Carson, 8.3 n Multiplying and Dividing Radicals: 1. Change from radical to exponential form 2. Multiply or divide using the appropriate rule(s) of exponents 3. Write the result from Step 2 in radical form A radical in simplest form has: All possible factors removed from the radical. No fractions under the radical. No radicals in the denominator. All sums, differences, products, and quotients have been found. 48 Adding, Subtracting, and Multiplying Radical Expressions Rationalize the Denominator: (pg. 487) Goal: Rewrite the fraction without a radical in the denominator. Multiply the fraction by a ‗well chosen 1‘. Find a factor that multiplies the nth root in the denominator so that its radicand is a perfect nth power. Carson, 8.4 Add or Subtract ―LIKE‖ Radicals. Like Radicals: Radical expression with identical radicands and identical indices. Same root type Same expression under the radical Square Root Denominators: Multiply by a square root factor that will create a perfect square in the denominator. Add or Subtract the coefficients leaving radical parts the same. Radical Equations and Problem Solving Conjugate Relationships: Radical expressions can be conjugates. Radical Equation: An equation containing at least one radical expression whose radicand has a variable. Conjugates differ only in the sign (+ or ) separating the terms. Product of two conjugates gives a rational number. a b is the conjugate of a b Rationalizing Numerators and Denominators of Radical Expressions Carson, 8.6 Power Rule for Solving a = b: Raise both sides of the equation to the same integer exponent, say n. Solution set of an = bn will contain the solutions of a = b. Solution set of an = bn may contain solutions that DO NOT solve the original equation. Check your answers: Extraneous solutions may appear! Carson, 8.5 A radical in simplest form has: (pg. 486) All possible factors removed from the radical. No fractions under the radical. No radicals in the denominator. All sums, differences, products, and quotients have been found. 49 To Solve a Radical Equation: 1. Isolate a radical in the equation. 2. Apply the power rule. 3. Repeat steps 1 & 2 if necessary. 4. Check each solution. Complex Numbers Imaginary Unit: Standard form: a + bi a: real part b: imaginary part Two complex numbers are equal when BOTH real and imaginary parts are equal. Carson, 8.7 Adding and Subtracting: operate as though i were a variable combine ‗like‘ terms The number represented by i, where i 1 and i 2 1 . Multiplying: operate as though i were a variable use FOIL when needed remember: i 2 1 Imaginary Number: A number that can be expressed in the form bi, where b is a real number and i is the imaginary unit. Square root of a negative: n 1. Separate the radical into two factors: 2. Replace 1 with i. 3. Simplify n Conjugate Relationships: Complex numbers can be complex conjugates. 1 n Conjugates differ only in the sign (+ or ) separating the terms. Product of two conjugates gives a real number. Complex Number: A number that can be expressed in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit. a + bi is the conjugate of a – bi. Dividing: multiply by a ‗well chosen 1‘ multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator The set of complex numbers contains BOTH real and imaginary numbers. 50 Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula Solve using a radical: 1. Isolate the base and exponent. 2. Take a root of both sides. 3. Solve remaining equation. Carson, 9.2 Quadratic Equation → standard form: ax2 + bx + c = 0 a,b, c real numbers (a ≠ 0) → the highest degree term is 2 (x2) Square Root Principle, Completing the Square\Carson, 9.1 Ways to solve: Square Root Principle—solving equations of the forms: x2 a ax 2 b c (ax b) 2 c Quadratic Formula: Completing the Square—solving equations of the forms x 2 bx c 0 ax 2 bx c 0 , a 1 Create a perfect square on one side of equation; then solve using the Square Root Principle. 1) 2) 3) 4) Factoring Square Root Method Completing the Square Quadratic Formula b b 2 4ac x 2a Using the Discriminant: b 2 4ac To determine the number and type of solutions, evaluate the discriminant. b 2 4ac > 0, two real-number solutions. - Rational if b 2 4ac is a perfect square - Irrational otherwise. b 2 4ac = 0 one rational solution b 2 4ac < 0 two nonreal complex solutions To Solve by Completing the Square: ax 2 bx c 0 1. Divide each term by a if a 1 . 2. Move the constant term to the right-hand side. 2 b 3. Find . Add this to both sides. 2 4. Factor the left hand side. 5. Use the square root principle to find the solution(s). 51 Solving Equations That Are Quadratic in Form Using the graphing method to solve: Three solution possibilities: One solution - two distinct lines intersecting at exactly one point. Infinitely many solutions - two lines overlap as the same line. No solutions - two parallel lines. These three solution possibilities exist no matter how the linear system of equations is solved. Carson, 9.3 Equations quadratic in form: An equation is quadratic in form if it can be rewritten as a quadratic equation au 2 bu c 0 , where a 0 and u is a variable or an expression. To solve equations that are quadratic in form using substitution: 1. Rewrite the equation so that it is in the form au 2 bu c 0 . 2. Solve the quadratic equation for u. 3. Substitute for u and solve. 4. Check the solution Solving Systems of Linear Equations Substitution Method: → Isolate 1 variable in 1 equation. → Substitute into 2nd equation. Elimination Method: → the coefficients of the eliminated variable in two equations must be additive inverses → multiply one or both equations by a number if needed → add equations to eliminate one variable Carson, 4.1 To verify or check a solution to a system of equations: 1. Replace each variable in each equation with its corresponding value. 2. Verify that each equation is true. Solving Systems of Linear Inequalities Carson, 4.6 A system of inequalities is a group of two or more inequalities. A system of two linear equations in two unknowns is called either consistent - independent equations (one solution) consistent - dependent equations (infinitely many solutions), or inconsistent (no solutions). Solution or solution set of a system of inequalities Set of all ordered pairs in the region where the individual inequalities‘ solution sets overlap Includes ordered pairs on the portion of any solid line that touches the region of overlap. To graph a system of inequalities: 1. Graph each inequality, shading the appropriate region. 2. 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