U.S. History II Chapter 19 Section 3 Americans on the European Front (p. 657­663) Preparing For War 1. Congress sent the Allies naval support, supplies, and ____________________ in loans. 2. The U.S. sent _______________ troops led by General ______________________________ to Europe. 3. After landing in France, Pershing recommended that the army number _______________________ men by 1918 and _______________________ by 1919. 4. Draftees and Volunteers • Congress passed a ___________________________________ in May 1917, authorizing a draft of young men for military service. • By November 1918, more than ____________________ men had registered for the draft. A ______________________ picked 3 million to serve in the army. • U.S. troops became known as the ________________________________________________. • _________________ women volunteered to serve as nurses, drivers, and clerks. 5. Training For War • Draftees arrived at training camps around the country to learn how to use a bayonet and a ______________, dig a trench, put on a ___________________, and throw a ______________________. • Soldiers were supposed to get several __________________ of training, but this time was often cut short. 6. The Convoy System • In April of 1917, U‐boats had sunk more than ____________ Allied and neutral ships. • Starting in May 1917, all merchant ships and troop ships travelled in a _________________ consisting of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of _______________________, torpedoes, and ships equipped with ______________________. • The convoy was successful in carrying U.S. troops to Europe as no U.S. ships were sunk. 7. American Soldiers in Europe • Pershing kept the U.S. troops independent of the Allies. • Members of the AEF were called ____________________________. • The _____________________ African Americans that volunteered or were drafted served in ______________________ units. • Most never saw action or were given menial tasks. • The 369th Infantry (Harlem Hell Fighters) were loaned to the _________________ army. Turning the Tide 1. In November 1917, _________________________ led by ___________________________ overthrew Russia’s republican government. 2. Lenin had been living in ________________________ and had promised to make peace with Germany if he gained control. 3. He signed a truce with Germany in _________________________ and a peace treaty on March 3, 1918. 4. Germany gained land in western ___________________, including the country’s industry and richest __________________. 5. Germany was now able to send hundreds of thousands of troops to the ____________ before the U.S. arrived. 6. Germany attacked British forces on ________________________, breaking through the trenches and advancing deep into Allied territory. 7. Germany pounded the French and British lines until it had advanced to within _______ miles of Paris. 8. Americans Save Paris • General Pershing sent American troops to turn back the Germans. • They captured __________________ on May 28 and stopped German attacks at Belleau Woods and __________________________. • In mid‐July, the Germans launched a massive attack on French positions on the _________________________. • The French, joined by _____________________ Americans, forced the Germans across the river and into retreat. 9. Allied Counterattack • Using a new weapon, __________________, the Allies began to break the German lines. • On August 8, the Allies stopped the German advance at the battle of __________________. • In September, _____________________ Americans and ___________________ French began to hit the final German strongholds. • The Americans deflated the Germans at the battle of ___________________. • The final Allied assault, the _______________________, began on September 26, 1918, forcing the Germans to retreat. 10. War in the Air • World War I planes were built from ___________________ frames covered with __________________. • The pilot and co‐pilot sat in an _________________ cockpit. • Aircraft were first used to ________________ enemy positions, but later were involved in dogfights with ________________ and _________________________. • The American ace was _____________________________, who downed 26 enemy fighters. • Pilots also shot down ______________________________ used for observation. • German _________________________ and bombers launched more than 100 raids on London, killing _________________ civilians. Ending the War 1. Bulgaria and the ___________________________ made a separate peace with the Allies in autumn. 2. ______________________ splintered in October as Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks, declared independence. 3. In October, the German navy ordered the German fleet to leave port and confront the British. 4. On October 29, the German sailors at _____________ mutinied. 5. The mutiny spread to other ports as well as factories and cities, forcing the generals to bring the war to an end. 6. By November 10, the Kaiser had fled ______________________. 7. A civilian representative of the new German republic signed an armistice in a French railroad car at 5:00 a.m. on ________________________. 8. The Influenza Epidemic • Americans going to battle brought with them a new ____________________________. • The virus swept across the western front in June, disabling ________________ German troops. • It’s second and third waves were even deadlier. • The virus spread quickly in unsanitary placed like military camps and _________________. • In under a year, more American soldiers died from influenza than battle. • Over a _______________________ Americans and _____________________ people worldwide died from the disease. 9. Results of the War • About _______________________ Americans died in battle. • The total death toll was __________ million soldiers and sailors, an average of ___________________ soldiers a day for each day of the war. • Battles were also fought in the Middle East and _________________. • In every country, the sick and wounded outnumbered the dead. • Doctors amputated feet infected with _____________________; many were permanently blinded or had lasting lung disease from ______________________. • Millions of civilians also died from the war. • Hundreds of thousands of _____________________ civilians were deported or killed by the Ottomans. Vocabulary Convoy Zeppelin Armistice Genocide Review Questions Answer the review questions on p. 663 #1‐5.