1
Topic 1
Lösungen
Lösungen/Lösungsvorschläge
Topic 1 p. 6–13
1 Shades of meaning
a) Lösungsvorschlag
convention
conventionally
unconventionally
unconventional
obsessively
to be obsessed
quirk
to quirk
obsessive
quirkily
quirky
to obsess
obsession
to predict
queue
prediction
predictable
queuing
to queue
unpredictable
unpredictably
weird
wittiness
bizarreness
wit
eccentricity
bizarre
witty
extraordinary
wacky
extraordinarity
whim
extraordinariness
nuisance
whimsical
flamboyantly
lavishly
lavish
whimsy
flamboyance
flamboyant
to lavish
individualistic
individually
outrageousness
individuality
outrageous
outrage
rage
to rage
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individual
2
Topic 1
Lösungen
b) 1. peculiar; 2. bizarre; 3. wacky; 4. whimsical;
5. quirky; 6. witty; 7. obsessive
c) –
2 Paraphrasing
1. Some people just don’t have the vaguest idea of
what being eccentric means!
2. The Underground is often susceptible to unpredictable changes. Yet travellers may vent
their anger with a joke.
3. How can you stomach a second helping of that?
Whatever it is, it looks absolutely disgusting.
4. People shouldn’t condemn eccentricity,
especially if they don’t grasp its meaning.
5. Our events do not pose a threat to spectators
though we can’t guarantee you won’t die of
laughter!
6. You can have a great, wacky time here. Just
check our website for which rabbit holes to go
down.
3 Understanding the text
a)
name
country of origin/
ethnic background
place of residence
key points regarding their identity
Audrey Ferrand
Scottish; married
to a Frenchman
Stirling,
Scotland
– considers herself British first, then Scottish
– the Scottish side has a stronger feel to it
– proud of being Scottish
Colin Barlow
British
Kent
– fears loss of identity
– less pride in being British
– politeness is disappearing a bit and people
are getting a bit more aggressive
Helder Lopez
Portugal
Thetford, Norfolk
– considers himself British
– children are bilinguals
– He would be happy if his children took an
oath of allegiance to Britain.
David McQueen
Born in London;
British passport;
parents from the
Caribbean
London
– identifies his nationality as British
– loves British sports, countryside and culture
– proud of his British education
– keen to trade with but not to be dictated to
by the EU
– supports migration control
– does not support monarchy
Alan in Dyfed
Welsh
Wales
– wants to ascertain Welsh identity by abolishing English place names where they are
crude derivations of an original Welsh name
and objecting to regional status: Wales is a
nation
– ‘Cymru’ may be used to replace ‘Wales’.
– One should identify oneself as Welsh, rather
than British.
John
Anglo-Irish
England
– does not want Ireland to re-join the Commonwealth
– wants the UK to get out of it
– the common denominators between UK and
Ireland are the EU and the shared history
and geographic position  close relationship
between the two countries
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3
Topic 1
Lösungen
b) –
c) Lösungsvorschlag
I sympathise most with Helder Lopez because he
considers himself British due to the long period he
has been living in that country. However, he has not
forgotten his Portuguese origins as he is a member
of the Portuguese community in his city. I approve
of the fact that his children are bilingual which may
give them a great advantage in life and leave them
free to choose their own identity.
4 Creative writing
a) – e) Individuelle Lösung
5 Words in context
1. supporting; 2. devastating menace; 3. relieving;
4. erasing; 5. boasted about; 6. imperfection;
7. openly disregard
6 Text form and structure
a) Words and phrases indicating that the text was
intended as a lecture: I have chosen to speak to
you (line 1), Let me just touch (line 10), so let us talk
later (line 11), Question & Answer session
(lines 11 – 12), lecture (line 12), let me start (line 13).
Phrases which help to structure the text: On the
one hand (line 3), on the other hand (line 7), Let
me just touch (line 10), Let me start by (line 13), I
have two answers (line 30), first (line 30), second
(line 34), finally (line 38).
b) Defining some 21st century challenges (line 1 – 12);
Democracy: a key challenge and its negative and
positive aspects (line 13 – 29); Creed for facing
the key challenge (line 30 – 43); How the Commonwealth faces the key challenge (line 44-49);
The links between democracy and development
(line 49 – 54)
7 Style
a) 1.alliteration – repetition of a sound at the beginning of successive words: digital divide (line 9)
2.understatement – expresses less emphasis than
would be expected: I shall perhaps raise more
questions than I answer. (line 10– 11); Democracy
isn’t easy […] (line 30): You’d expect something
like “Democracy is extremely difficult to attain”.
3.metaphor – comparison of two words/ideas
without a word of comparison: Because it is food
on the table […] (line 52)
4.personification – technique of presenting animals, objects, abstract ideas, etc. as if they were
human: Africa owns it; cares for it; and wants it
to mature (lines 27– 28): Africa is personified
5.anaphora – one or more words are repeated at
the beginning of successive clauses or
sentences: We have to support the […].
We have to support […]. (lines 34– 35)
6.assonance – identical vowel sounds in two or
more words: read headlines (line 22);
investment, education, health (line 53)
b) The stylistic devices give strength to certain
words thus raising the audience’s attention. They
also show that certain aspects are related and
help with the listener’s orientation (alliteration,
assonance, anaphora). Metaphors and personifications are used to make abstract ideas clearer and
to support the audience’s understanding. Using
understatements makes the audience feel more
sympathy for the speaker.
8 Dealing with poems
a)religion: Great Pan, gods, sacred, sin, Sarasvati,
soul
learning: book (paper, pages), learn, language
part 1: l. 1 – 14, part 2: l. 15 – 25; The first part is
about respect for religion, nature and books; the
second part is about oppressed language and the
conqueror’s torturing the individual and also about
the present day situation.
b) Part 1: Everyone should respect people’s thoughts
and religion. – God and the people are only free in
India. – Animals and plants are sacred.
Part 2: Language is powerful. – It’s a threat to
people’s culture if they are forced to speak an
imposed language.
9 Words in context
1. nervous (line 7) ; 2. harshly (line 15);
3. loosened (line 10); 4. to castigate (line 16);
5. insolent (line 17); 6. forbidden (line 23);
7. ashamed (line 41); 8. monotonous (line 45);
9. implicated (line 64); 10. fluently (line 73)
10 Understanding the text
a) ‘My son the fanatic’ is told by a third-person narrator. In the excerpt a conversation between Bettina
and Parvez is presented. The focus shifts to Parvez
who reports the event from his point of view. The
reader gets an insight into Parvez’s feelings and
thus sympathises with the protagonist.
b) 1. nervous; 2. patient; 3. disgusted; 4. furious;
5. calm; 6. understand his son
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4
Topic 1/2
Lösungen
11 Creative writing
a) – c) Individuelle Lösung
12 Language in context
a) 1. Sit down, please.
2.I’m talking about
3.say sorry
4.Why?
5.has declined/got less
6.were not that enthusiastic
7. has another point of view
8.it is necessary to/I have to
b) The language becomes less formal from line 92
onwards because, introduced by the Queen’s
question whether Blair was a walker,
the conversation becomes more personal.
Informal words/phrases: I always think these
meetings stand a better chance of succeeding
(line 96 – 97); I’ve never been one for sitting around
endlessly (line 105-106); sorts everything out
(line 107); Wanted to get rid of me? (line 110 – 111);
I’ve never been hated like that before. … their
Queen. Not to make a fuss nor wear one’s heart
on one’s sleeve (line 115 – 124); You were so young
when you became Queen./I was. A girl. etc. (lines
127 – 129)
13 Analysing a film script
a) – c) Individuelle Lösung
d) In a film the action must be presented by audiovisual means. In contrast to a novel or short story
there is very often no narrator who describes,
comments, gives explanations or additional information. The background must be presented by the
props/outdoor settings and the action must be
presented by the characters through facial expression, gesture and speech. So a film script generally consists of stage directions and dialogue. In
addition music is often added to help set the scene
and mood/tone and it also highlights dramatic
moments or action.
b) Lösungsvorschlag
The photo tells a story and makes the reader
use his or her imagination. The outlines of the
buildings in the background are not so defined, as
if they run into each other, making the background
look dreamlike; the buildings seem to overlap.
The colours are very unusual and are contrasted
in blocks and the source of light is exaggerated,
casting an unrealistic light on the scene as well as
weird shadows. The perspective: If a person was
watching the scene and taking a photo, you’d think
the people wouldn’t carry on fighting in the open.
15 Working with pictures
a) – b)
Topic 2 p. 14–17
1 Synonyms
1. mist (line 1); 2. shoreline (line 5); 3. tongues (line 4);
4. merging (line 6); 5. portrayed (line 21); 6. glimpses
(line 76); 7. pelt (line 49); 8. infant (line 71); 9. gentle
(line 22); 10. untamed (line 22); 11. invaluable (line 30);
12. basking (line 48)
2 Phrasal verbs
a) 1. to move in; 2. to relate; 3. to gain; 4. to use;
5. to find by chance; 6. to continue life; 7. to raise;
8. to appear
b) Lösungsvorschlag
Two boys were rolling about fighting. The teacher
told the student off. He had easily taken in the
new grammar topic. Before we went on holiday,
we drew up a list of places to visit. They had
thought he was dead but then, luckily, he came to
in the ambulance. Unwilling to work, he was living
off his wife. The new law brought about a lot of
complaints. As a teenager he used to show off in
order to impress his girlfriend.
c) individuelle Lösung
14 Describing pictures
a) photo, people, foreground, at us, have an
argument/get into a fight/attack each other, black,
blue, orange, eye, a (bright source of) light,
water, scene, buildings/atmosphere, big town/city,
skyscraper, lit up, set, containers, right, cars/
vehicles, aggressive/threatening, the colours, a
stick, defenceless/without a weapon, catch you/
close in on the people/enclose the people/sandwich the people in
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5
Topic 2
Lösungen
3 Describing
a) Lösungsvorschlag
shape-shifter between
seal and human form
sad-eyed
physical
appearance
stunningly
beautiful
wistful
song
dance in the
moonlight
selkies
character and
behaviour
gentle but
untamed
b) Lösungsvorschlag
Selkies are figures whose existence is woven into
the folklore of the isles of Orkney, the Shetlands,
the Faeroes, Iceland and Ireland. They are described as shape-shifters between seal and human
form. They are said to be stunningly beautiful and
sad-eyed creatures. Selkie tales relate how these
beings emerge from the sea to shed their sealskin
on the rocks and take on human form. They dance
in the moonlight and sing a wistful song which
is carried upon the wind. They are described as
gentle but untamed creatures and it is said that
a selkie cannot be kept from the sea – neither by
chains nor by love – once reunited with her skin.
4 Understanding the text
a) 1.The text says that the Bohonagh is located in
West Cork. McCarthy’s map indicates that it is
somewhere just north of the Rosscarberry road,
within a few miles of the Collins’s house, so
McCarthy heads north. The elderly lady mentions
the Dunmanway road.
2.The text says that there are many ancient monuments, but that the majority are away out of
sight on some farmer’s land. Most of them are
not marked on maps. So it seems that in Ireland
you can easily get lost. The text conveys the impression that the Irish are very sociable people.
If you want to ask the way in Ireland, it is considered improper to just ask for the directions.
cannot be kept
from the sea when
reunited with her
skin
emerge from the sea
to shed their sealskins
on the rocks; take on
human form
Instead you start a conversation about any kind
of topic and find the right moment to ask your
question. Thus the Irish seem to be friendly and
communicative people who are interested in
people they meet. However, it also seems that
the Irish do not know their country very well
because in the text nobody is able to give the
proper descriptions, or maybe the places
McCarthy is looking for simply have no
importance to them.
3On that day the writer encounters two different
people – The Geordie and an elderly woman.
The first encounter takes place at the birthplace
of Michael Collins, a republican hero. McCarthy
merely wants to chat with the simple Irish
countryman next door, who then turns out to be
a Geordie. The Geordie tells McCarthy that he
has always felt more at home in Ireland than
on Tyneside where he grew up. The second
encounter takes place in the middle of a crossroads where a woman of about sixty has parked
her car. She comes over to McCarthy for a chat
and he wants to ask her the way.
The writer gives about 75 lines to these encounters, which is more than one third of the whole
text.
b) Individuelle Lösung
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6
Topic 2/3
Lösungen
5 Travel writing
a) Individuelle Lösung
b) Except for imagery all of the above elements are
employed in the text.
Examples:
Includes gossipy elements/trivia/personal info –
lines 19–22 and lines 75–77;
Personal reflections – lines 16–18;
Direct speech – lines 102–107;
People come to life – lines 87–93;
Uses historical/geographical facts as a backdrop –
lines 32–34 and 78–80;
Relates personal experience honestly – lines
108 – 110; Focuses on key aspect of event/travel –
lines 29–30 and 52–54;
Takes story seriously but tells it humorously – lines
25–27 and lines 97–101
6 Words in context
1. hailed (line 6) – The council greeted the recent
improvements in local facilities.
2. resounding (line 6) – The party leader got a totally
unmistakeable reaction to his speech.
3. endorsement (line 7) – The public’s approval is
essential if we are to make a headway.
4. urged (line 12) – Her publishers strongly encouraged her to write a sequel.
5. stream-lining (line 17) – Our new machines are
responsible for simplifying processes, thus saving
time.
7 A fact file
1972: The Act of Accession is signed in January, permitting Ireland (along with Denmark and the UK) to
join. In a referendum in May 83% of the voters are for
entering the EEC.
June 2004: A constitution for the European Union is
drawn up in Brussels, causing much dispute amongst
the member countries in the years to come.
June 2008: Ireland, the only country to hold a referendum on the Treaty, decides to reject it because the
public are concerned about losing control of important areas, e.g. taxation, military neutrality, abortion,
divorce, etc.
October 2009: In a second referendum they vote in
favour of it because of the bad economic situation there. Also, the EU assured the Irish they could make their
own decisions in the areas which concerned them
before the first referendum.
December 2009: The Lisbon Treaty comes into force
after the last two members of the EU – the Czech
Republic and Poland – ratify it.
Topic 3 p. 18–26
1 Word building
a) 1. to portray (line 3); 2. interpretation (line 5); 3.
settler (line 25); 4. depiction (line 15); 5. to achieve
(line 19); 6. gathering (line 21); 7. to circle (line 62);
8. inhabitant (line 33); 9. to associate (line 18); 10.
competition (line 45); 11. to herd (line 50); 12. to
combine (line 26); 13. to develop (line 46); 14. to
reduce (line 64); 15. to liberate (line 34); 16. to influence (line 27); 17. to confiscate (line 13); 18. attack
(line 10); 19. to alternate (line 61); 20. expression
(line 55)
b) interpretation – interpretative, interpretable;
settlement – settled; circle – circular; association –
associated, associative; to compete – competitive;
combination – combinative, combinable, combinatory; reduction – reductive, reducible; liberation –
liberal, liberated, liberationalist; influence – influential; confiscation – confiscable, confiscatable,
confiscatory; alternative – alternative; to express –
expressive, expressible
2 Definitions
a) Lösungsvorschlag (siehe Seite 7)
b) America is a nation where individualism and
freedom are among the highest values, and the
drive to push frontiers further is deeply rooted in
American mentality. The cowboy – especially the
one represented in Western movies – embodies
those American ideals. As a lone rider he represents an individualistic way of life. Exploring new
territory during the cattle drives, he lives the frontier experience and embodies the American spirit
to discover new areas. The cowboy working on the
ranch, close to nature, far away from civilization,
stands as a symbol for individual freedom.
An icon is a person, a picture or a symbol that
is universally admired and recognized as representing something.
3 Words in context
1. kindergartner (line 11); 2. grade (line 3); 3. bodega
(line 12); 4. plaza (line 20); 5. pueblo (line 18); 6. apartment (line 22); 7. sidewalk (line 36); 8. trash (line 38);
9. janitor (line 39); 10. math (line 3)
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7
Topic 3
Lösungen
Lösungsvorschlag zu 2 Definitions a)
larger-than-life
Western heroes
vast and dusty
range
listen to Country
cowboy
image
lone rider
‘dime store’
cowboys and
cowgirls
life on the
frontier
have never saddled
up or seen a real
live cow up close
wear the all
right gear
Cowboys and Cowgirls
old Spanish cattleranging techniques
go on cattle drives
to railheads
origins
badly paid
Arabic and ancient
Persian equestrian
culture
job
today
mixed ethnicity:
whites, Mexican and
so-called ‘Indian’
inhabitants, former
slaves
semi-nomadic
life
sing to settle
animals
work on ranches
4 Understanding the text
a)
Contrasts
Comparisons
The older you are, the
His English was worse
younger you get when you than a kindergartner’s.
move to the United States.
He got younger. I got
older.
So he wandered around
the apartment all day,
in and out of rooms,
talking to himself, just
like a kid in diapers.
Tio Juan was the oldest
man in his pueblo. But
here he became a little
baby.
I led him home, holding
his hand, the way you
would with a threeyear-old.
He’d been a farmer, but
here he couldn’t work.
He seemed to recognize
them, like old friends.
He’d changed from a baby
back into a man.
use pick-up trucks,
four-wheelers and
motorbikes, but
also horses
display and test
their skills in shows
and competitions
b) I think the purpose is to give the reader a better
understanding of the problems older immigrants
to the United States face. The behaviour and
feelings of the characters are compared to and
contrasted with concepts the reader is familiar
with. The references to babies and children
emphasize the helplessness older immigrants have
to cope with due to their language difficulties.
c) “He would only buy food at the bodega down the
block.” (line 11 – 12)  It seems to be an urban area
and there are shopping facilities nearby. Probably,
a lot of Spanish-speaking immigrants live there.
“[…] there aren’t any plazas here, and if you sit out
in the public some gang driving by might use you
for target practice.” (line 20 –21)  The area seems
to be covered with buildings as there are
no squares. I have the impression that it is a
dangerous area with a high crime rate. “I finally
found him standing in front of the beauty parlor
[…]” (line 25 –26)  Again we get the impression
of an urban area.
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8
Topic 3
Lösungen
“I checked the halls on all five floors of the apartment house.” (line 31 –32)  The protagonist lives
in a big apartment house.
“He wasn’t in the bodega or the pawnshop.” (line
32)  The fact that there is a pawnshop indicates
that it is a relatively poor area, maybe with a high
unemployment rate.
“Two blocks down I spotted it.” (line 35) 
Again we get the impression that the area is
covered with buildings, probably similar to the
protagonist’s apartment house.
“[…] standing in front of a vacant lot” (line 36) 
There is a vacant lot, so maybe the area is not very
popular to live in or still under construction.
“[…] he pulled me through the trash and into the
lot.” (line 38)  The mentioning of trash conveys
the impression that it is a dirty area.
5 A change of perspective
Lösungsvorschlag
a) Ever since I had to leave my pueblo in Guatemala,
I have been feeling very lonely. In this place
everything seems strange to me. It is so different
from my pueblo! My home was a rural place where
agriculture was very important. Here there are so
many houses and people sometimes do strange
things – just like that woman I saw in that shop
window the other day wearing some strange sort
of hat. It’s all so confusing! I cannot sit outside in
the sunshine as I used to because it is too
dangerous, so I am trapped in this apartment. I
cannot speak the language and that’s why I feel
very isolated. I feel too old to make the effort to
learn it and even if I wanted to, nobody would
have the time to teach me. My nephew hangs
around in front of the TV all the time. In my pueblo
the kids don’t have a TV and they do not need
one. They spent their free time playing outside.
However, Gonzalo can speak English well, at least
that’s what my daughter says, and maybe television helped him learn the language. The worst
thing for me, however, is that I feel useless here.
In my pueblo I was a good farmer with lots of
experience. As I was the oldest man in the village,
everybody respected me and asked me for advice.
Here I feel like a burden to my family. On the one
hand I would like to go back to Guatemala, but on
the other hand I want to be with my family. I am
very old now and want to spend the rest of my life
near them. They have better job opportunities here
than they would have in Guatemala and especially
Gonzalo, who speaks English well, will have far
better chances here. I hope that he will make this
country his home and find a good job, but that he
will never forget his roots.
b) –
6 Text analysis
a) exposition: lines 1 – 5; development of action/
conflict: lines 6 – 45; climax: lines 46 – 53; ending:
lines 54 – 61
b) –
c) short stories: limited number of characters; short
time span; one main action; limited places of
action; characters are not fully developed; often
open-ended; mostly no exposition: text starts with
the action itself; special event in the life of the
characters
novels: long, fictional prose narrative; plot and
subplot(s); fully developed characters; descriptive
parts; often several places of action; often longer
time span
Features found in ‘Gonzalo’
– limited number of characters: Gonzalo, his mother,
his father, (his younger brothers, woman at the
beauty parlor, janitor), Tio Juan
– one main action: Tio Juan’s change in behaviour/
way of life
– limited places of action: Gonzalo’s neighbourhood
– characters are not fully developed: We don’t know
much about their character traits, feelings, past, etc.
– open ended: We do not know how their life in the
US will go on. Tio Juan’s problem is only temporarily resolved.
7 Creative Writing
a) Individuelle Lösung
b) –
8 Paraphrasing
1. strangely present; 2. in each case; 3. frighten the hell
out of young people; 4. make sure they stay humble;
5. which came to; 6. stand out in any way; 7. finally find
themselves; 8. dangling from a tree; 9. the idea I got of
her was of a person; 10. being cheated and mistreated;
11. way out of danger; 12. and it doesn’t matter how
9 Text analysis
a) Roughly, one half of the text is narrative, the other
half is direct speech. The narrative part gives
background information, whereas the part in
direct speech describes an individual’s personal
reaction to a life performance of Billie Holiday’s
song ‘Strange Fruit’. The reader gets more affected
and feels more personally involved when he or she
is faced with first-hand personal experience than
with mere ‘facts and figures’.
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9
Topic 3
Lösungen
b) non-fictional book
c) –
10 Text and photo
a) Individuelle Lösung
b) –
11 Opposites
1. affirmation (line 7); 2. courageous (line 11);
3. concrete (line 25); 4. differences (line 33);
5. adversary (line 48); 6. refuses (line 62)
12 Text analysis
a)
understatement … less strongly than would be
expected
repetition
use of a word or a phrase more
than once in a sentence or text
anaphora
one or more words are repeated
at the beginning of successive
clauses or sentences
parallelism
similarity of structure in a pair or
series of related words, phrases or
clauses
enumeration
a list of things
metaphor
comparison of two words/ideas
without a word of comparison
allusion
indirect reference to a person,
event or story
b)
colour stylistic device
function
pink
convey a sense of unity
among Americans and
all nations
blue
repetition
understatement
express modesty
purple allusion
refer to something every
American believes in and
thus gain support
grey
metaphor
create strong emotions
red
paralellism
come to a conclusion
green
anaphora
emphasis
yellow enumeration
c)Not only does Obama use ‚’we’ and ‘(And) that’s
why’ a lot at the beginning of his sentences, he
also often goes on to use an auxiliary verb: we
can’t, we must, we have to. In combination with
other words that are repeated over and over again
(e.g. all nations, America) this leads to the speech
sounding like a sort of chant, the stress on the first
word/words of each sentence for emphasis and
rhythm. The last paragraph is a more concise example of longer passages that have this effect. Here
it sounds almost like Obama is reciting a creed.
13 Working with pictures
Lösungsvorschlag
a) desperate, devastation, disastrous, destruction,
destroyed, explosion, helplessness, debris, sticky
air, poisonous air, dust, hard to breathe
When looking at the picture I immediately feel the
people’s shock and helplessness.
b) –
c) The photo shows the devastation the attacks on
the World Trade Center caused. When looking at
the picture, I immediately feel the people’s shock
and helplessness.
In the foreground you can see two firefighters in
protective clothing and with helmets on, walking
through the dusty debris of the two skyscrapers
that were destroyed. They are carrying flashlights
and their facial expression shows that they are sad,
shocked and exhausted. In the background you can
detect more firefighters with masks and also several fire trucks. Behind this you can see the New
York skyline, against a blue sky. The horizon is hazy
from all the dust caused by the attack. The contrast
between the intact skyline and the devastation in
the foreground makes the scene dramatic and also
bizarre.
d) The mood of the photo can be described as bizarre,
evoking in the viewer a sense of shock, due to the
wide open space where once buildings stood, and
all the haze, dust and debris. You simply cannot
imagine such a devastated and dusty spot in the
heart of a city. And this feeling is heightened by
the contrast between foreground and background.
pay respect to other
people fighting for peace
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10
Topic 4
Lösungen
Topic 4 p. 27–33
1 Word webs
a) Lösungsvorschlag
prayer
to pray
torah
Jews
synagogue
devotion
Judaism
faith
Holy Ghost
bible
Muslims
mosque
church
God
Christianity
Islam
Koran
holy
religion
Christian
Mohammed
meditation
Hinduism
Buddhism
Buddhist
Hindu
karma
temple
nirvana
gods
reincarnation
village
dwellers
highly
mechanised
villagers
community
poor
isolated
people
situation
cut off
inhabitants
traditional
villages
backward
faith
conscious
caste
conscious
attitude
conservative
types
liberal
open to
change
group of
mud huts
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compound
small
town
11
Topic 4
Lösungen
b) Lösungsvorschlag
Muslims pray in a mosque and Christians pray in a
church. The bible is the most important book for Christians. Isolated villages are often quite traditional. Some
villages are just like small towns, others are merely a
group of huts. There are many poor villages in India.
2 Verbs in context
1. take; 2. weigh up; 3. get on with;
4. opened the doors to; 5. come from; 6. embrace;
7. aren’t allowed to; 8. set off for;
9. is out of the question; 10. be thankful to
3 Expressing size or extent
a) 1. poor; 2. town; 3. caste conscious;
4. carpet-weavers; 5. mechanised; 6. liberal;
7. respect; 8. corruption; 9. traditional; 10. isolated
b)
1. categorically, blatantly poor
2. tiny, little town
3. rigidly, caste conscious
4. mainly, predominantly carpet weavers
5. very, extremely mechanised
6. quite, reasonably liberal
7. a great amount of respect
8. total, complete corruption
9. openly traditional
10. pretty isolated
c) Lösungsvorschlag
incredibly stupid, somewhat interesting, obviously
pretty, distinctly beautiful, rather nice, exceptionally smart, …
4 Understanding the text
a) 1. a powerful and wealthy nation; 2. a desire for
economic power; 3. lost its colonies in America;
4. strategic bases; 5. East India Company;
6. British Raj; 7. improved transport system;
8. prejudice; loss of land and culture;
9. the two World Wars; 10. 1947;
11. Commonwealth of Nations; 12. 4%
b) –
5 Word lists
a)
rich
spiritually rich, wholesaler,
well off, wealth, mammon,
to spend money, Rolls
Royce, rich businessman,
high rise buildings, most
expensive property (in the
world), high rise properties,
bribing, booming economy
poor
scarcity, materially
poor, foreign exchange
shortage, poverty, lack
of new cars, cost, hand
carts, poor shanties,
road side stalls, dingy
shack, overcrowded,
small room
b) spiritually rich – spiritually poor; wholesaler –
corner shop; well off – poor; wealth – hardship,
poverty; to spend money – to save money; high rise
buildings – small huts; expensive property – poor
shanty; high rise properties – small huts; booming
economy – ailing economy
scarcity – abundance; materially poor – materially
rich; foreign exchange shortage – foreign exchange
surplus; poverty – wealth; lack of new cars – abundance of new cars; poor shanty, dingy shack –
expensive property; overcrowded – empty; small
room – big room
6 Deducing meaning
a) 2.tourist guide: a book that tells tourists where
to go; ‘-ance’ like tolerate/tolerance; guidance:
Führung
3.dwarf = a very short person; dwarfing: present
participle ‘making sb./sth. small’; in this context
it must have a figurative meaning; making sb.
seem or feel small
b) Individuelle Lösung
c) –
7 Creative Writing
a) Individuelle Lösung
b) –
8 Definitions
a) An Anglophile is a person who appreciates and is
positively-inclined to English – to the language,
people and culture.
b) a) Papachi; b) pendant; c) dowry; d) ancestors;
e) abandoned; f) litigation; g) billowing; h) sibilant;
i) awe-inspiring
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12
Topic 4
Lösungen
9 Understanding the text
References to the use of a dictionary and to words and
their meanings: lines 8 – 12; lines 18 – 25; lines 57 – 60
1. Chacko uses a dictionary in order to teach the
twins the meanings of certain words and show
that, according to the context, words can have
different meanings.
2. Chacko seems to have a good command of English
knowing different shades of meaning.
3. As he describes himself as Anglophile, he probably
wants his niece and nephew to speak English well,
too. Maybe he also wants to show off a bit.
4. They have developed affection for it.
5. Probably, they speak Malayalam, Standard Hindi
and English.
10 Text analysis
a) ‘The History House’ – lines 26 – 53; ‘War of Dreams’
– lines 53 – 65; ‘Earth Woman’ – lines 66 – 87
b) ‘The History House’: history is like an old house at
night; all lamps lit; ancestors whispering inside;
to understand history you must go inside, listen to
them, look at the pictures and smell the smells; we
cannot go in because we have been locked out;
we look in through the windows; we see only
shadows and hear a whispering; we cannot
understand the whispering because our minds
have been invaded by a war.
‘War of Dreams’: won and lost; very worst sort of
war; captures dreams and re-dreams them;
has made us adore our conquerors and despise
ourselves; prisoners of war; doctored dreams;
we belong nowhere; sail unanchored in troubled
seas; may never be allowed ashore; sorrows never
sad enough, joys never happy enough, dreams
never big enough, lives never important enough to
Lösungsvorschlag zu 11 Understanding the text b)
matter.
‘Earth Woman’: image of the Earth as forty-six year
old woman; it had taken all her life for the earth to
become what it was; first single-celled organisms
appeared at the age of eleven; first animals only
appeared when she was forty; when she was over
45, dinosaurs lived on earth; human civilization
began only two hours ago.
The purpose of using the images is making abstract concepts easier to grasp. He makes past
history vivid and shows that their memories have
been affected by the colonialists. He puts things
into perspective of how short human history is.
c) “Lines 56, 66 – 68, 88 – 91: By using this kind of
imagery the author wants to hint at Chacko’s
character traits and state of mind. Chacko likes
lecturing and using similes and metaphors and it
does not matter to him in the first place whether
he is listened to or understood.
11 Understanding the text
a) 1. negative; 2. positive; 3. negative; 4. both;
5. positive; 6. both; 7. positive
b) Lösungsvorschlag
“The caste system has been tried and tested from
time immemorial. It’s nothing to be ashamed of.
We’re not ashamed of our ethnic background, are
we?”
c) Lösungsvorschlag
Dear Sir or Madam,
Thank you very much for attentively reading my article
and for your critical comment to which I would like to
respond now. You said that the caste system had been
“tried and tested” for a very long time throughout or
history. This is true, but just the fact that it had already
existed for a long time does not necessarily make it a
It has advantages
only for the upper castes.
In former times the
castes were defined
differently from today.
Movement from
one caste to another
was possible.
against
caste
A long existence of something
does not necessarily mean that
it is good.
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Times are changing,
so India must
modernise.
Everybody must have
the same rights and
opportunities.
13
Topic 4/5
Lösungen
good system. Furthermore, it should not be forgotten
that the caste system based on ancient religious texts
was different from the system it developed into. In
former times it was not impossible to move from one
caste to another. When you say that it has been “tried
and tested” I understand that you think it works out
well. Of course the caste system has its advantages –
but only for the upper castes, which you probably
are a member of. Those classes of course strengthen
their position as they deny the lower ones any power.
However, this is not to be accepted as all humans
must be guaranteed equal rights and opportunities.
Everybody must have the right to improve their situation and it is not fair that lower castes are oppressed.
India has changed a lot over the years and we must
continue to modernise. We cannot keep up an unfair
system just because it has always been there.
Yours sincerely, A.J. Philip
12 Mahatma Gandhi’s timeline
a), b)
Porbandar: Gujarat, coast
caste tradition: Traditionally, Indian society is divided
into groups of people with different function and
status.
Natal: Natal is a South African province.
apartheid: discrimination of blacks to the extent of
blacks and whites being clearly separated in society
and everyday life.
‘swaraj’: This word means self-governance and refers
to Gandhi’s concept for India’s independence from
foreign domination.
‘satyagraha’: ‘Satyagraha’ is a strategy developed by
Gandhi. It appeals to the opponent’s reason and
conscience through non-violence and soul force
(willingness to bear pain and suffering), thus trying
to gain the opponent’s support.
‘Salt March’: March led by Gandhi in order to protest
against the British salt monopoly and salt tax.
Indian National Congress: A major political party,
largest and one of the oldest democratic parties in the
world.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru: He was the first Indian
prime minister and one of the leading figures of the
Indian independence movement.
First Kashmir War: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 over the
region of Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of
four wars fought between the two newly independent
nations.
partition: This refers to British India being split up into
two on the basis of religious demographics that led
to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan
and People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the secular
Union of India (later Republic of India).
Topic 5 p. 34–39
1 Adverbs to replace phrases
a) 1. rapidly; 2. globally; 3. chiefly; 4. extremely; 5. far;
6. substantially; 7. increasingly; 8. greatly
b) 1. far; 2. greatly; 3. globally; 4. chiefly;
5. substantially; 6. increasingly
2 Synonyms and opposites
a)1. associated; 2. myriad; 3. enables; 4. deal;
5. eradication; 6. exceed
b)1. past; 2. rapidly; 3. evident; 4. similar; 5. voluntary;
6. widest
3 Dealing with songs
1. allusion – a reference to someone or something
2. arguments – points/reasons for supporting or
being against a proposed idea
3. contrasted – compared with an opposite
4. describe – explain in detail
5. emphasis – stress
6. free verse – a poem which follows the normal
pattern of spoken language
7. juxtaposition – placing two opposites next to each
other
8. language – the words and phrases used in a text or
poem
9. line – all the words of a text printed side by side
across a page
10. parody – a text which copies the style of another
text in a humorous way
11. poet – the writer of a poem
12. poetic licence – departure from conventional rules,
used in poetry
13. point of view – position, opinion
14. repetition – saying the same word or phrase more
than once
15. rhetorical question – question to which the author
expects no answer
16. satire – a text that ridicules someone or something
17. terms – names, expressions or words used in a
special field of knowledge
18. message – what the writer wants to say to the
reader or listener
19. title – the heading of a text (book, story, etc.),
article or poem
4 Internet research
a) – d) Individuelle Lösung
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14
Topic 5
Lösungen
5 Your own poem
Individuelle Lösung
6 Understanding the text
a) 1.The world seems to be overpopulated and
ecology destroyed. There is hardly anything left
to eat.
2.He calls himself a criminal because he has
contributed to the situation by wasting natural
resources.
3.Accumulating things seems to be an even worse
crime to him.
4.He seems to have a very busy and hectic
lifestyle.
5.He is talking to the readers and keeps their
attention by addressing them directly and
comparing their lifestyle to his own.
6.He sold his superfluous belongings and became
a friend of the earth.
7.He implies that people are hostile to the earth.
b) 1.The world is overpopulated, but the number will
be ‘corrected’, as there isn’t enough food and
people are going to die.
2.Trash is like a permanent filling because some of
it cannot be recycled and remains permanently
on the earth. The rotten tooth stands for the
earth which is damaged to a large extent.
3.The things that he has accumulated stick to
him like filings to a magnet so they, figuratively
spoken, cover him like fur.
4.In a napkin dispenser in a restaurant there are
lots of napkins. Just like a napkin dispenser is
full of napkins, his glove box is full of tickets for
driving too fast.
5.The planet is personified. ‘Tattered’ and ‘bleeding’ means that it is injured, i.e. very damaged.
6.He compares his life to a ‘slow-rolling glacier
leaving’ behind ‘detritus’, i.e. things he accumulated in the course of his life but does not actually
need anymore.
7.Voluntarily, he puts himself in a situation
without all his possessions and nothing to cling
to – even though it is hopeless.
9 Words in context
1. a chance for future success; 2. a field of activity;
3. something that improves or promotes; 4. a way of
tackling a problem; 5. an instrument or device;
6. the remainder
10 Understanding the text
1. Kofi Annan describes the world’s future in negative
tones because we don’t know the duration and
depths of the financial crisis.
2. But he says that if we are brave enough, we will
be able to start anew and make the world a better
place to live in.
3. Mistakes were made in the past by people who
didn’t control financial institutions or recognise
the risks involved in globalisation.
4. The two things we have learnt from the crisis are
that no one country can control world finance and
that only through risk control we can make sure
that all profit from this globalisation.
5. He feels that the G20 still needs to let poorer
countries, who will be affected by their decisions,
play a role in their discussions.
6. He goes on to explain that power can no longer lie
in the hands of rich, developed countries.
7. He feels that the only way to deal with the
challenges we face is to deal with the vast gap between the haves and the have-nots in this
world.
8. He also says that we have to turn our attention to
the present situation in the daily lives of people in
the poorest countries.
9. The danger must be averted from poorer countries
by governments in developed countries continuing
their support through aid programmes.
10. At Copenhagen this year they must agree to
punish those countries who add to pollution and
climate change.
11. It is the duty of the richer countries to reduce their
own emissions and to help developing countries to
reduce theirs.
7 Your own symbol
a) – b) Individuelle Lösung
8 Working with statistics
a) 1. bar chart; 2. pie chart; 3. line chart; 4. pyramid
b) the total health expenditure; percentage; EU; 14;
8.1 per cent; Germany; 10.7; Luxemburg; 5.6; 2000
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15
Topic 6
Lösungen
Topic 6 p. 40–45
1 Travel words
a)
MMW
machine
check-in
hi-tech security
manager = full
body scanner
backscatter
booth
screening
airport
travel
airport security
full-body
pat down
2 Verbs in use
1. subjected; 2. surrender; 3. heightened; 4. entails;
5. emitted; 6. absorb; 7. detect; 8. store; 9. blurred;
10. bounced
3 Describing
a)
millimetre-wave system backscatter
– produces threedimensional image
on a computer
– gives off radio waves
– waves go through
cloth but bounce off
human skin
– made of two scanners
between which the
passenger stands
sideways
– two low-level X-rays
emitted to get a twodimensional image
– different materials
either absorb or reflect
them
– create a two-dimensional image
– can detect organic
material and pick up
the scatter images of
drugs or explosives
b) Lösungsvorschlag
The two scanners produce different kinds of
images. Whereas the MMW produces a threedimensional image, the one produced by the
backscatter is only two-dimensional. The MMW
uses radio waves which can pass through cloth
travellers
people
security
officer
passengers
vigilance
b) Individuelle Lösung
air carrier
but are reflected by human skin. The backscatter
uses low-level X-rays instead. They are either
absorbed or reflected, depending on the material.
Thus they are able to recognise organic material
and make hidden drugs or explosives visible.
4 Understanding the text
a) 1.The problem is that the operation is illegal and
getting caught would mean life in jail!
2.But then he realizes that Charlie is a full-grown
man who had undergone PP.
3.The story is set in a world in which there are
very few children.
4.So Tarrin is not at all sure if he should undergo
PP though Deek seems keen.
5.This operation is called PP after a fictional
character, a boy who never grows up.
6.Tarrin is a boy who works for Deek, acting as a
child to a customer for a fee.
7.When they meet a boy called Charlie, Tarrin is
excited at having someone to play with.
8.This imbalance is caused by medicine allowing
people to stay young all their lives.
9.But Deek says Tarrin shouldn’t worry as he can
have an operation to keep him young.
10.Tarrin is worried about what will happen when
he grows old.
11.Finally, Charlie warns Terrin never to have PP
done to him.
12.The other problem is very few children are
being born.
b) The story is set in a world in which there are very
few children. The other problem is very few children are being born. This imbalance is caused by
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16
Topic 6
Lösungen
medicine allowing people to stay young all their
lives. Tarrin is a boy who works for Deek, acting
as a child to a customer for a fee. Tarrin is worried
about what will happen when he grows old. But
Deek says Tarrin shouldn’t worry as he can have
an operation to keep him young. This operation
is called PP after a fictional character, a boy who
never grows up. The problem is that the operation
is illegal and getting caught would mean life in jail!
So Tarrin is not at all sure if he should undergo PP
though Deek seems keen. When they meet a boy
called Charlie, Tarrin is excited at having someone
to play with. But then he realizes that Charlie is
a full-grown man who had undergone PP. Finally,
Charlie warns Terrin never to have PP done to him.
5 Paraphrasing
a) 1.They do not want to let go and desperately try
to stay alive with every possible means.
2.Something that is not the real thing, just
a poor copy to create the effect.
3.to do something as long as there is an
opportunity
4.They had integrated into society by wearing
smart clothes.
5.just right, perfect
6.from a fairy tale: the owner kills off his goose to
get all the eggs at once; the goose is then dead
and can no longer lay any eggs
7.If you live off somebody, you should treat him
well.
8.You’d be the most interesting and popular
person in town.
b) –
6 Text analysis
a) A: lines 1 – 70; B: lines 71 – 127
In part A we get an insight into Tarrin’s thoughts
and feelings as the focus lies on him. Part B mainly
consists of a quick dialogue between Deek and the
old man.
b) Tarrin is a boy who belongs to Deek and works
for him. Before that he belonged to a rich man
but Deek won him in a card game. Tarrin has no
parents, or at least he does not know who they
are. As there are not many children around now,
he doesn’t often meet a playmate. He is worried
about his future and does not know what will happen when he grows up. He is afraid that even Deek
will get tired of him. Although PP is tempting to
him, he is not sure whether he wants to undergo
the operation.
c) People do not seem to interact in a very polite way.
The conversation is rather monotonous and not
vivid and emotional. Thus the author shows the
desperate situation and boredom among people. The consequence of staying forever young is
boredom and the inability to feel joy for a single
moment in time.
d) Charlie’s background: one of the few people who
were born; was kidnapped at the age of ten and
sold to a rich man, the rich man owned another
child, which was Charlie’s partner; they decided to
run away together; met an unscrupulous doctor
who suggested that one of them should undergo
PP and offered them to pay by instalments. Charlie
underwent PP so that they could be partners and
earn their living together.
Lösungsvorschlag
Charlie: Why did you have to tell him how old I am?
I feel so lonely. I never have someone to play with.
Old man: Don’t be silly. You’re forty-eight.
Charlie: But I don’t feel like forty-eight and I don’t feel
like a child either. You have no idea how hard my life is
… trapped in the body of a kid!
Old man: Do you really think you have a hard life?
Just think about it, you’ll never die and even better –
you will stay forever young! You’ll never have to watch
your body grow weaker and weaker just like I do.
Charlie: Oh, I wish I could die someday!
Old man: How can you say something like that after
all I’ve done for you? I could have had the PP myself
but I sacrificed my chance of immortality for your sake.
One of us had to grow up and take care of
everything and it was me who shouldered this
burden.
Charlie: For my sake? After all, it’s me who earns our
money acting as a child for some lonely person day
after day. Oh, how happily I would swap places with
you. Do you have any idea how humiliating it is never
being taken seriously and always being treated as a
silly child? And there’s no end in sight. This will just go
on and on forever. And what will happen to me when
you die? I will be all alone then, unable to trust
anybody because if somebody finds out that I had
the PP I will spend the rest of my life in prison, which
will be a very long time as you know.
Old man: Well, I didn’t force you to have the operation
done. It was your choice alone. Remember how excited
you were about the prospect of staying young forever?
Charlie: You’re right, and that’s why I warned that little
boy we’ve just met. It’s too late for me now but I hope
that he’ll take the right decision and never have the
PP.
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17
Topic 6
Lösungen
7 Definitions
1. be one of a kind, stand alone; 2. multifunctionality, adaptability; 3. escaped, evaded; 4. in the end,
eventually; 5. gathered, taken; 6. raising, increasing;
7. refused, turned down; 8. discovering, deciphering;
9. think up, invent; 10. persuade, encourage; 11. real,
authentic
8 Odd one out
a) 1. genetics; 2. stem cells; 3. patient; 4. therapy;
5. findings; 6. diabetes; 7. Nature today
b) 1.Tissue, skin and nerve belong to the body whereas genetics is a field of scientific research.
2.Stem cells are cells that can develop into any
other kind of cells, such as brain cells, skin cells
and liver cells.
3.A patient is a sick person, whereas a professor, a
researcher and a scientist are people who study
and investigate.
4.A therapy can help to cure an injury, a disease or
damaged organs.
5.Diabetes is an illness whereas the other terms
are connected with genetics.
6.‘Nature today’ is the name of a journal whereas
the other terms are connected with the name of
the gene.
9 Understanding the text
1. They have discovered which ingredient makes it
possible for stem cells to develop into any kind of
tissue in the human body.
2. The author considers this a major breakthrough
in medicine because any cell of the human body
could be converted into a stem cell and then
grown into any tissue or organ needed to replace
damaged ones.
3. They observed that sometimes the brain cell
turned into a stem cell.
4. They boosted levels of a gene inside the stem cells
and repeated the experiment.
5. The results showed that all cells fused with a stem
cell boosted with this gene turned back into stem
cells.
6. Nanog is a gene that sets off a cascade of complex
biological machinery which makes the cell convert
into a stem cell. It begins to influence human
development on the third day of life.
7. They hope to be able to take skin cells from ill
people, expose them to Nanog and thus convert
them into stem cells. Then they could grow them
into the required replacement cells and transplant
them.
8. It is particularly advantageous because they will
not be rejected by the patient’s organism as they
are identical to his or her own cells.
9. Critics protest about the human embryos destroyed in the process.
10. The author suggests a therapy that only uses
adult cells because it would be ethically more
acceptable.
10 Words in context
Review a: combined – crossed; fun fair – amusement
park; basic – primal
Review b: clear – distinct; urgent – pressing;
film – flick; cloudy confusion – obfuscation
Review c: powerful – potent; topicality – currency;
dispensable – disposable; hide – obscure
Review d: considered – mused; disquieting –
disturbing
Review e: sign – indication; individualised – personalised; upper crust – privileged
Review f: instead – rather; picked – harvested
Review g: residents – inhabitants; extract – glean;
population – populace
11 Understanding the text
a) Lösungsvorschlag
positive
negative
plenty of thrills
non-interactive video
game demo crossed with
an amusement ride park
looks and sounds good
nothing else
intellectual thriller
satisfies only the most
primal level
remarkable amount of
respect for the dignity
of human life
potent message
undeniably fun
quite disturbing
makes you think about it
series of discoveries
b) plenty of thrills, intellectual thriller, potent
message, quite disturbing, series of discoveries
c) – d) Individuelle Lösung
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18
Topic 6
Lösungen
12 Creative writing
a)) Lösungsvorschlag
hideous
disgusting
tremendous
nauseous
awful
terrible
shocking
repugnant
appalling
abhorrent
dreadful
ghastly
horrible
fabulous
terrific
excellent
amazing
outstanding
awesome
great
superb
incredible
unbelievable
fantastic
super
brilliant
marvellous
b) Lösungsvorschlag
Last year I went to London and I thought that it was
an awesome city. The view from London Eye was
fantastic and we had a guided tour through the Tower
with a brilliant guide. Unfortunately, it rained a lot,
which was dreadful. The food at our hostel was
disgusting. Nevertheless I had an amazing time in London and want to return there as soon as possible.
13 Atmosphere
a)1. l. 6 gritty dust; 2. l. 47 whirling dust; 3. l. 90 grimy
landscape; 4. l. 32 dulled mirror; 5. l. 47 torn paper;
6. l. 96 rotting; 7. l. 98 patched; 8. l. 100 walls
sagging
b) Orwell contrasts the dirt and decay with the
building of the Ministry of Truth, which is “startlingly different from any other object in sight” (l.11).
In contrast to the colourless, run-down buildings
of London it is made of “glittering white concrete”
(l.13).
c) Winston does not feel comfortable being observed
all the time and tries to avoid the telescreen.
“Winston kept his back to the telescreen. It was
safer, though, as he well knew, even a back was
revealing” (l. 86 – 88). He is unhappy about living in
this dirty and run-down city and tries to remember if it has always been like that, but he can’t.
“He tried to squeeze out some childhood memory
that should tell him whether London had always
been like this. […] But it was no use, he could not
remember: nothing remained of his childhood except a series of bright-lit tableaux […]” (l. 93 – 108).
The weather is cold and windy, so that the dust
and the rubbish get agitated. “Outside […] the
world looked cold. Down the street little eddies
of wind were whirling dust and torn paper into
spirals […]” (l. 46 – 48). This adds to the image of
decay and dirt and the overall grim atmosphere
of the scene.
d) He smells boiled cabbage, old rag mats (l. 7 – 8).
He hears a fruity voice from the telescreen (l. 29),
a helicopter ... like a bluebottle (l. 60 – 62).
e) Lösungsvorschlag
Orwell’s London seems to be a very gloomy and
degenerated city, where there isn’t enough electricity available and everything is grey except for
propaganda posters. This makes me feel uncomfortable and I would not like to live in such a city.
I find it very frightening that people can be observed all the time and that Winston cannot remember his childhood. The description of Winston’s
living conditions has a disturbing effect on me and
I feel pity for him for having to live this way.
14 Creative Writing
a) – Winsto walking in the hallway with a disgusted
facial expression, he is limping, slightly dragging
behind his right foot
– Winston slowly climbing the stairs, tense look on
his face demonstrating the pain in his foot. Looks
at the poster and shows signs of intimidation
and fear
– Winston entering the room walking directly
towards the screen turning it down then turning
to the window
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19
Topic 6/7
Lösungen
– View from the poster opposite the window:
Winston with a disgusted look in his face looking
at the helicopter then just gazing aimlessly into
the sky
b) The reader has access to Winston’s thoughts which
could not be revealed by pure observation.
c) Lösungsvorschlag
Winston is a 39-year old man living in Victory
Mansions in London, Airstrip one, Oceania. He is a
member of the party. He has got a varicose ulcer
above his right ankle, so that he walks slowly and
the stairs cause him difficulties. We have noted
that Winston’s behaviour is quite suspicious as he
does not seem to be content with his life in spite
of all the things the party has done for him. His
facial expression often shows discontent which
cannot only be caused by the pain in his leg. It is
obvious that he tries to avoid the telescreen
unaware of the observation devices installed in all
the posters. We suggest intense further observation of this individual and if the suspicion gets
stronger, we consider it necessary to summon
him for questioning.
Topic 7 p. 46–52
1 Opposites
1. to end (l. 7); 2. superficial (l. 9); 3. illegally (l. 12);
4. a lack of (l. 13); 5. recent (l. 31); 6. to raise (l. 33);
7. a fiction (l. 36); 8. impenetrable (l. 43);
9. metaphorically (l. 51); 10. to be lacking (l. 53 – 54);
11. alive (l. 57); 12. protagonists (l. 60)
2 Verb phrases
1. coined; 2. given rise to; 3. depicted as;
4. cheap labour; 5. exploitation; 6. emerges
3 Expressions
1. Awful things happen to them.
2. a political work in favour of communism
3. People want to argue.
4. the ideal of friendship, helpfulness and
cooperation among neighbours
5. (humorously) ironic commentaries
4 Understanding the text
Lines 1 – 23
1. ‘we’: the married couple Katie and David; ‘I’: Katie,
a compassionate doctor and a loving mother; ‘he’:
David, a cynical man who writes sarcastic comments for a newspaper
2. They are on their way home from the theatre.
3. David is in a good mood, because “he smiles
pleasantly […]” (l. 16).
Katie is very tired and wants to go home as soon
as possible. “[…] I suddenly feel the need to see a
yellow taxi light rise this second because I’m tired,
and disoriented […]” (l. 19 – 22).
Lines 24 – 50
1. He wants to give money to a homeless kid, but has
forgotten his wallet. So he asks his wife for her
purse and gives the kid all the money that is inside,
which is more than 80 pounds.
2. She calls it ‘odd’ because it seems inappropriate to
her to give a homeless person so much money and
it is actually very unlike David.
3. The excerpt is written in the present tense. This
gives us readers the feeling of immediacy as if
the action was just happening at the moment we
are reading the story. The vast use of direct speech without narrating verbs gives the reader the
impression of being present during the characters’
interaction.
LInes 51 – 72
1. Katie is angry because David has given the kid all
their money except for five pounds so that they
have to take the tube to get home instead of a taxi.
2. Katie wants to take a taxi.
David sarcastically says the kid would like to take a
taxi.
Katie says he does not need a taxi as he is living in
the streets and that David has given the kid everything they own.
David makes it clear that he has not given the kid
everything they own, but only about 80 pounds
which won’t make any difference to them the next
day.
Lines 73 – 91
1. He wanted to perform a generous act once
because he wanted to see how it felt.
2. She suggests that in order to feel good he should
rather get drunk, get stoned or have sex instead of
giving their money to other people.
Lines 92 – 106
1. She wants to know where David went and what
happened to him when he went away.
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20
Topic 7
Lösungen
2. She is not happier at the end of the extract
because the ticket machine does not accept their
five pound note and so they have to queue behind
a lot of tourists and drunks in order to get a ticket
while she would very much prefer a taxi.
5 Creative writing
a) – b) Individuelle Lösung
6 Words in context
a) 1.unit of people living together in the same
house/flat in Britain
2.unmarried couple living together
3.children under the age of 15 and full-time students under the age of 24
4.children over the age of 15 who are not full-time
students
5.a father or mother who raises his or her child
alone
7 Working with statistics
a) pie diagrams; six; households; 1979; year 2002;
34%; married or cohabiting couples with no
children or non-dependent children; lone parent
with dependent children; lone parent with
non-dependent children; married or cohabiting
couples with dependent children; 23%
b) Lösungsvorschlag
The pie diagram on the right represents the pattern of British households in the year 2002. As in
1979 the largest sector of 34% consists of married
or cohabiting couples with no children or non-dependent children. In contrast to 1979 the number
of one-person-only households has increased so
that it is now the second largest group at 31%. The
percentage of married or cohabiting couples with
dependent children is only 21%. 8% of the British
households in 2002 are lone parents with dependent children, and only 2% are lone parents with
non-dependent children. ‘Other’ types of British
households make up 4% of the pie.
8 Before you read
a) Lösungsvorschlag
In the picture you can see a number of people, probably on their way to or home from work. Furthermore, you can see four clocks each indicating the
same time. On each of the clock faces there is only
one number and this number is different for each
clock. As the title of the text is “Wave goodbye to
the nine to five”, the number on the clocks could
indicate the different times when all these people
start or stop working. It is no longer the traditional
nine to five period but different for every single
individual.
b) working from nine to five; working in an office;
working five days a week; working for one
company only; holding a specific position in
your company; having a fixed salary; having
your colleagues in physical reach
9 Understanding the text
1. hard work
2. more people will need to be carers
3. globally active companies
4. offer employees what they need
5. have to be given up
6. in different places
7. have different cultural backgrounds
8. abolished
9. be used as spies
10. give some power to them
10 Writing
a) ‘Cyber attack’ is virtual warfare using computers
and the Internet.
b) Lösungsvorschlag (s. Seite 21)
c) – d) Individuelle Lösung
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21
Topic 7/8
Lösungen
Lösungsvorschlag zu 10 Writing b)
antivirus
protection
computer
virus
safe
passwords
network
security
firewall
malicious
software
cyber war
cyber attack
hijack a
website
inaccessibility
denial of service
attacks
computer
crash
Topic 8 computer
worms
error
messages
download
spyware
compound
p. 53–59
1 A crossword puzzle
Across: 3. old-hat; 5. grime; 7. tragic; 9. ruthless;
11. poet; 12. wit; 13. memorable; 16. total; 20. relevant;
21. plot; 22. fate; 24. stage; 25. confronted
Down: 1. fictional; 2. zeal; 4. dramas; 6. passions;
7. temporarily; 8. calamity; 10. dramatist; 14. linger;
15. jesting; 17. nature; 18. version; 19. bard; 22. flock;
23. set
hacker
steal data
group of
mud huts
d) Individuelle Lösung
4 Words and meaning
1. l. 11: a winged messenger of heaven;
2. l. 19: ‘Tis but thy name; 3. l. 16: be but sworn my love;
4. l. 28: doff; 5. l. 14: wherefore art thou;
6. l. 2: But, soft; 7. l. 12 – 13: the white-upturned
wondering eyes/Of mortals; 8. l. 2: through yonder
window breaks; 9. l. 24: What’s in a name
5 Working with pictures
a) – c) Individuelle Lösung
Solution: MACBETH
2 Shakespearean language
1e, 2k, 3f, 4g, 5a, 6c, 7h, 8l, 9d, 10j, 11b, 12i
3 Understanding the text
a) – b) Individuelle Lösung
c) Lösungsvorschlag
She shows up shining brighter than all the torches!
She sparkles in the night like an expensive jewel
on a Black man’s ear. She possesses a beauty
which is too great for this world and too precious
to die and be buried. Like a white dove stands out
among crows, this young lady outshines the other
girls. When the dance is over, I will see where she
stands, touch her beautiful hand and make my
unworthy hand fortunate by doing so. Have I ever
loved before? No, swear you have not, my eyes!
Because I have never seen true beauty before
tonight.
6 Words in context
1. dissatisfaction; 2. hung sullenly;
3. foreheads encircled; 4. trophies; 5. call to fight;
6. dances; 7. faced; 8. enemies; 9. leaps about merrily;
10. lustful; 11. lack; 12. less, shorter than; 13. comment on
7 Understanding the text
a) part 1: Richard’s happiness about the victory of the
House of York and the end of war; part 2: Richard’s
complaints about his ugliness and rude nature; part
3: Richard’s decision to become a villain
b) They give a structure to the monologue by introducing and repeating the topics of the sentences and
make clear Richard’s train of thoughts. Moreover,
they show the monologue’s function as exposition/
introduction to the play: We learn about the situation at the beginning of the play (‘now’), the main
character (‘I’) and his plan (‘therefore’).
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22
Topic 8/9
Lösungen
c) winter of our discontent – glorious summer; loured
upon our house – buried in the deep bosom of the
ocean; bruised arms − monuments; stern alarums
− merry meetings; dreadful marches − delightful
measures; grim-visaged − smoothed (…) front;
mount barbed steeds − caper nimbly in a lady’s
chamber
d) not shaped for sportive tricks; not made to court
an amorous looking-glass; rudely stamped; (lacks)
love’s majesty; curtailed of this fair proportion;
cheated of feature by dissembling Nature;
deformed; unfinished; sent before my time into
this breathing world; scarce half made up; so
lamely and unfashionable that dogs bark at me as
I halt at them; have no delight to pass away the
time; descant on my own deformity
e) So because I am not able to become a lover and
enjoy these apparently nice days, I have decided to
turn into a criminal and hate all the amusements
of the present time.
f) Now that the House of York has won the war, the
grim life with all its sorrows is over and court life
has been resumed. Richard, however, cannot enjoy
the pleasures of the peaceful court life because of
his ugly and distorted appearance. And because
his ugliness makes him feel like an outsider, he
decides to become a villain.
8 Understanding the text
a)/b) 11 (l. 1); 5 (l. 5 – 10); 14 (l. 6 – 10, 16); 7 (l. 10);
9 (l. 11 + 13); 2 (l. 12 + 14); 12 (l. 17 – 18); 15 (l. 19, 22 – 24);
3 (l. 26 + 28); 6 (l. 35 – 36); 8 (l. 42 – 43); 16 (l. 44);
1 (l. 45 – 49); 10 (l. 50 – 52); 4 (l. 56 – 58); 13 (l. 61 – 62)
c) Individuelle Lösung
9 Shakespeare in modern English
1. which you can bury in my heart if you want/wish to,
and let the soul, which adores you, be free;
2. but it was your beauty that made me do it;
3. No, go ahead/Come on, do it, it was me who;
4. Get up, liar,…; 5. I wish I knew what’s in your heart/
what you really feel; 6. I’ve told you (what was in my
heart); 7. please wear this ring; 8. courted in this state
of mind; 9. win her over when her hatred for me was
strongest; 10. the bloody body, proof of why she should
hate me, right in front of her; 11. buy myself a mirror
Topic 9 p. 60–65
1 Media phrases
2. two weeks after the event
3. the latest up-to-date reports
4. total access to world events
2 Synonyms
a) débâcle, tragedy, destruction, catastrophe,
devastation
b) 1. shameful; 2. hopes; 3. happily; 4. desolate;
5. very angry; 6. everywhere at the same time;
7. crouching; 8. closeness
3 Understanding the text
1. News about an increase in numbers of diagnosed
swine flu cases encouraged Americans to search
the Internet for more information especially on
symptoms.
2. Experts on the use of the Internet discovered that
millions of Internet users searched for the phrase
‘swine flu’ online last week.
3. Heather Hopkins uses hives and bees to describe
the store of information and the way in which
some Internet users feed from it.
4. One blog publisher says panicking the public is
dangerous because often nothing happens and
the public won’t respond properly if they are really
in danger the next time.
5. A university professor feels that there is a
difference between covering an important
story and sensationalizing a story.
4 Analysing the cartoon
deals; Terry ‘Wooket’ Willis; 2009; the inside of a bus or
underground train; In the back; holding up its forearms, showing its open hands to a crowd of animals
at the other side of the carriage; “What?”; it was just
clearing his throat; the other animals’ reaction; the
latest news yet; a bull, two cows and two birds are
herded together on the left side of the picture; in a
fearful and panic-stricken way at the pig; very afraid
of the pig that has cleared its throat; swine flu has
broken out; all the animals that were affected in the
past by similar diseases like the mad cow disease and
the bird flu are shown. Now these animals are afraid
of the next epidemic being talked about in the news;
that people can be influenced so easily by the media
and that they react hysterically without checking the
source of the information given.
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23
Topic 9/10
Lösungen
5 Before you read
Individuelle Lösung
6 A progress chart
Iraq  deaths  people coping  every angle 
Obama chosen as candidate for Presidency  the
economy  US banking problem  US-influenced
problem  bailout of Northern Rock  UK problem 
Global Credit Crunch  first Afro-American president
 layoffs  measures against them  unemployment
difficulties  stories about reforms  steps to help 
guilty brought to account  people tired of listening
 media stop economic stories on front page  change stories  win back public  news of downturn
stops  recession ends  people feel back on track
 our boredom changes media  media changes
messages  changes messages in our heads  end of
recession
7 Understanding the text
1. Wrong: ’House Arrest’ is a TV show in which a murder takes place one day.
2. Right
3. Right
4. Wrong: Geraldine wants to swear at the poet but
she restrains herself.
5. Wrong: Geraldine argues that the public should be
allowed to feel they are involved in what happens
in the show.
6. Right
8 Allusions
1. to applaud the victor
2. the baying crowd
3. crosses the Rubicon
4. the plebeians of old Rome
5. the gladiatorial arenas
6. a colossus
9 Text analysis
Individuelle Lösung
10 Analysing advertisements
a) 1.a shark protection group.
2.people who kill sharks because they think they
are dangerous or because they want to eat shark
fin soup.
3.humans present more of a danger to sharks
than sharks do to humans.
4.it catches our eye first of all and shocks and
horrifies us before we read the smaller print
of the text.
5.in the top left-hand corner and is short and
factual.
6.connect the facts with the picture and draw our
own conclusions.
7.honest because it states one fact and gives a
website address where people can find out
more.
8.eight, because I think it is shocking and horrifying as well as being informative.
b) Individuelle Lösung
11 Thinking about products
a), b) Individuelle Lösung
Topic 10 p. 66–70
1 Meanings
1. learn a little bit about
2. was trying to say
3. should be used for
4. don’t misunderstand me
5. was translated wrongly
6. bad consequences resulting from
7. in my opinion
8. I do not plan to
9. have to deal with
10. an undertaking to improve
11. did the same thing
12. it responds to the requirements of
2 Examples of irony
1. The original speaks of a little ‘learning’. The misquote reveals that the writer is adopting a rather
humorous approach.
2. The writer is poking fun at the reader, who could
never guess what the sign means. He can’t be
anything other than ‘honest’.
3. Not an easy task for anyone and the writer knows
this. Again he catches the reader’s unawareness.
4. The writer forces the reader to imagine the
consequences of following the instructions on the
sign. He knows that no one would do this. Just
the thought of it would probably make the reader
giggle.
3 Before you listen
Individuelle Lösung
4 Listening
1. English has spread because more and more people
are on the move.
2. Much of the English spoken is between non-native
speakers.
3. The conclusion Mr Seaford draws from this is that
the use of English as a lingua franca is growing.
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24
Topic 10
Lösungen
4. 500 years ago there were around 15,000 languages,
but today there are fewer than 7,000.
5. You can’t blame this decrease on English because
English wasn’t important when the decrease
started.
6. Languages like Mandarin, Spanish, Hindi and
Russian are threatening to overtake English.
5 Working with statistics
1. The graph shows a continuing decline in the
number of languages in the world.
2. By the middle of the twenty-second century this
number will have fallen to around one thousand.
3. According to the pie chart English is used more
frequently between non-English/native speakers
than between all other groups of tourists using the
language.
4. Only four per cent of the English spoken by
tourists is between native English speakers.
5. The bar chart shows that there are one thousand
and fifty-two million speakers of Mandarin.
6. Eighth on the list of ‘top’ languages is German
with one hundred and twenty-eight million.
6 Before you read
Individuelle Lösung
7 Understanding the text
a)
Size of
school
900 (three quarters non-native
speakers)
b) Individuelle Lösung
8 A letter to the editor
a)formal, short and to the point; intended to be printed; refers to an article, TV or radio programme;
ends with name and where you live; Dear Editor
b) Dear Sir or Madam, Yours faithfully: formal letter
many adjectives, detailed information, meant to
entertain, climax: e.g. novel, short story
spoken language: e.g. play
anonymous e.g. novel
falling action: play
gives opinion on a film: film review
offers advice: magazine article
9 Understanding the text
a), b) Lösung s. Seite 25
10 Expressions
1. proved that there was reason to think so
2. a great number of those who took part
3. it is easy to get along with English in other
countries
4. language learning has no tradition
5. for assistance in encouraging people to learn
German again
6. as well as those who decide on how the money
is to be spent
Fluctuation children leave and arrive every week
60% move on between 7 and 11
Languages
teacher uses gestures and pictures to
teach assistants
56 different languages
basic English vocabulary learnt quickly
English-speaking older pupils as
‘buddies’ for first few days
Catchment
area
high deprivation
variety of cultural minority backgrounds
parents have even less English
Standards
poor league table results
academic language is a problem
less help for obscure language speakers
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25
Topic 10/Grammar
Lösungen
Lösungsvorschlag zu 9 Understanding the text a), b)
Name
Agree
BBC News Online
Britons are failing to learn the
lingo
Mike Tomlinson
barbarians when it comes to
learning languages
Office Angels
less than 5% can count up to 20
in 2nd. language
80%: everyone speaks English
EC survey
65.9% speak only English –
highest in EU
Linda Parker
island mentality: no borders
where other languages are
spoken
don’t need other languages
abroad
Disagree
no better or worse than
other English-speaking
countries
Karl Pfeiffer
helping schools and
universities to promote
German
DfES spokesman
Grammar Not clear
p. 71–80
1 If-clauses (type I)
1. travel; will get; won’t enjoy
2. will suffer; don’t do
3. goes up; becomes; will be
4. will save; move; won’t need
5. develop; will sell; invest
6. predict; won’t exist; doesn’t stop
7. prove; will result
2 If-clauses (type II)
a) 1. j); 2. e); 3. h); 4. i); 5. k); 6. g); 7. c); 8. f); 9. a); 10. l);
11. b); 12. d)
b) Individuelle Lösung
3 If-clauses (type III)
If you hadn’t driven so fast, you wouldn’t have had the
accident.
If I hadn’t missed my bus, I wouldn’t have been late/
kept you waiting.
If the weather had been nice, we would have gone to
the beach.
languages are important:
employment, knowledge
of world, global citizenship,
break down barriers
If she had looked out of the window, she’d have seen
her dog biting/attacking the postman.
If they had bought a map, they wouldn’t have got lost/
had to ask the way.
If they had run faster, they would have won the cup.
4 If-clauses (all types)
a) We are society so we only have ourselves to blame:
If we had weighed up the pros and cons and protested, perhaps we would have stopped this crazy
spiral of ever more surveillance before it got out of
hand.
Now, if you took the trouble to look around you
properly, you’d be surprised how many CCTV cameras there are in operation in Britain’s cities these
days. Never bothered? Well, give it a try. If you
just stand on a street corner, say in the heart of
London, and start walking down the road, you will
spot them everywhere as you go along. After that
try going into a shop!
Imagine: If you were one of the thousands of shoppers in supermarkets across the country at this
very moment, you would be proud to know that
your shopping patterns and habits were perhaps
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26
Grammar
Lösungen
being recorded. However, I must admit, if I had had
money withdrawn from my bank account unknown
to me, as has happened to some, I would have
had less objection to cameras operating at cashpoints. But if I was hugging a friend in the street
whatever kind of friend he or she was, I certainly
wouldn’t want that on video!
The truth of the matter is if we don’t object to
surveillance, the situation will not change and we
needn’t be surprised that the British are the most
surveilled population in the entire industrial world.
b) Lösungsvorschlag
1.If I won a trip to anywhere in the world, I’d travel
to India.
2.I’d be very upset if I found out I was someone’s
clone.
3.If we get a lot of snow this winter, I’ll book a
holiday to go skiing.
4.If Obama had lost the elections, he would never
have become so famous.
5.You will learn to become more critical if you read
the papers every day.
6.If we citizens don’t show active interest in what
is going on around us, then we’ll only have ourselves to blame for our standard of living.
7.I wouldn’t have been late for my interview if
there hadn’t been railway strike that week.
8.If I get good results in my school-leaving exams,
I’ll be able to travel for a year before deciding on
a career.
5 The present passive
1. Thousands of teenagers are reported missing
(by the authorities) every year.
2. Many of them are found by the police within a
short time and are brought home.
3. But the whereabouts of a lot of them is never
discovered.
4. These children are missed terribly by their families.
5. The parents are always asked by the police why
their child might have run away.
6. But they hardly ever establish the real reason for
the teenager’s disappearance.
7. If a murder is reported in the newspaper, this is
particularly gruesome for parents of a missing
teenager.
8. The corpse has to be identified, and till then the
parents of a missing child must wait in fear and
dread.
9. Then if their child is not involved in the murder
case, the endless waiting and hoping starts afresh.
10. The media is sometimes used by parents, for
example TV talk shows on which they appeal to
their child to come home.
6 The past passive
A young man was arrested by the police for vandalising a CCTV camera in a supermarket car park. The
equipment was damaged (by him, not nexessary) just
after 10 p.m., the time when the last shot was taken
(by the camera). The suspect was found easily (by the
police, not necessary) because he himself was visible
on film just before the camera was smashed (by him,
not necessary). Despite video evidence a witness
who had observed the incident from his car, was
questioned by the police. A rough estimate of the
damage (judging it to be, not necessary) of around
£ 450 was given by a spokesman for the video surveillance company.
Later reporters were told that the young man’s “act
of vandalism” was in protest against the ‘Big Brother’
mentality behind public surveillance. “That particular
camera wasn’t targeted (by me, not necessary)
because of a grudge with the supermarket,” he
insisted, “but because it was near at hand.” He firmly
believed that CCTV wasn’t seen as a protective
measure by most people but rather as intrusive and
controlling in a dangerous way. His main argument
against the use of cameras was that they weren’t needed to that extent by other countries. Fright tactics
were employed by the authorities, he claimed, in order
to convince the public of the need for tighter video
surveillance when, in actual fact, perfect, total control
of all citizens was really desired.
When it was suggested (by a reporter, not necessary)
that it was because of acts of vandalism like his that
the camera was installed there in the first place (by
the police/supermarket, not necessary), the young
man simply smiled and retorted: “But look at it like
this: If the camera hadn’t been there, then I wouldn’t
have smashed it, would I?”
7 Reporting in the past passive
Individuelle Lösung
8 The passive and auxiliary verbs
1. Sadly those days are gone when India could safely
be reached by road from Western Europe.
2. In the 1970s this route was used by many visitors
but, of course, arrangements had to be made well
in advance.
3. The trip had to be organised from the start
because many of the countries in between
couldn’t be crossed without valid visas or special
permission.
4. In addition visitors were advised to acquaint
themselves with the laws of the different
countries, for example, to find out if travellers
were allowed to carry any alcohol with them.
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27
Grammar
Lösungen
5. Wasn’t that more sensible than realising too late
that a lawyer should have been consulted before
they undertook the journey?
6. Also, road conditions often being poor in areas cut
off from civilisation, their lives could possibly be
saved by taking along spare car parts.
7. That is, assuming they knew something about
repairing cars! Otherwise, a mechanic might have
been included in the travel party.
8. Medical care was another big problem. As this
couldn’t be guaranteed everywhere en route,
medical supplies had to be taken along, too.
9. And ideally, one of the travellers was a doctor so
that medical problems could be dealt with on the
spot.
10. So the ideal travel party would have been made up
of a lawyer, a doctor and a mechanic.
11. But how could they have forgotten food on the
journey? To my mind, a five-star cook should have
been thrown in for luck.
9 The passive in headlines (mixed tenses)
a) 1.Investor to demolish high rise (soon) – An
investor is soon to demolish a block of high-rise
flats.
2.Plumber wins jackpot (yesterday) – A plumber
won yesterday’s jackpot/the jackpot yesterday.
3.Top secret leak (this morning/army officer) –
This morning an army officer leaked top secret
information.
4.A new Jeff’s Store to open (in Dee Street) – A
new Jeff’s Store is to open in Dee Street.
5.Night club raid (last night) – The police raided a
night club last night.
6.Council discuss centre’s future (currently) –
Council is currently discussing the centre’s
future.
7.School raises $2000 (last weekend’s charity
swim) – A school raised $2000 through their
charity swim last weekend.
b) 1.A high rise block is soon to be demolished by
its investor.
2.Yesterday’s jackpot was won by a plumber.
3.A top secret was leaked this morning by an
army officer.
4.A new Jeff’s Store is to be opened in Dee
Street.
5.Last night a night club was raided by the
police.
6.The centre’s future is currently being discussed by the council.
7.$2000 were raised through a school charity
swim/by a school through a charity swim last
weekend.
10 Relative clauses
a) Lösungsvorschlag
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or ‘Mahatma
Gandhi’, who was born on October 2nd, 1869, in
a small town on the western coast of India is
often referred to as the Father of the Nation. He
was a great figure in Indian history whose role
in India’s struggle for independence from Britain
was significant. He was an intellectual yet in touch
with the people whose wide appeal enabled him
to mobilise the masses. Ghandi, who was utterly
against violent protest, insisted that non-violent
civil disobedience was the only way forward. His
followers who were not violent themselves, often
faced imprisonment or even were killed.
Ghandi about whom Albert Einstein said "Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a man
as this walked the earth in flesh and blood" faced
death.
Gandhi, who was highly concerned about the
needs of the nation and whose ideology embraced
different religions, saw Hindu-Muslim unity as one
of his greatest aims, as was doing away with the
caste system practice of untouchability. He also
promoted the equality of women, hand-spinning as
a home industry and the reconstruction of village
economy. Mahatma’s striving for Muslim-Hindu
unity which angered many Hindu fundamentalists
was the reason Gandhi was shot dead by one such
fundamentalist, Nathu Godse 30th January, 1948.
b) Individuelle Lösung
11 Relative clauses
1. The candidate who they finally picked wouldn’t
have been my choice!
2. The alarm that/which has been set to go off in an
emergency mustn’t be tampered with.
3. The model who was wearing the midnight blue
taffeta gown got the best reviews.
4. Florida, that/which borders on Georgia and Alabama, is well known for its marshy Everglades.
5. Enrico, who/whom the book is dedicated to, suffered the same fate as the protagonist.
6. According to statistics, drinking and driving is a
problem that/which is on the rise.
7. Barack Obama, who became US president in 2008,
is for a national health system for all citizens.
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Grammar
Lösungen
12 Modal auxiliaries
a) 1.Could you please help me lift my bag up onto
the rack?
2.If you can speak English, you won’t have much
difficulty at international airports.
3.When travelling abroad, you should check
which vaccinations are necessary beforehand.
4.You needn’t travel without your nail scissors or
shampoo but they belong in your suitcase.
5.This is because passengers mustn’t/aren’t
allowed to carry sharp items or liquids in their
hand
baggage.
6.But, hopefully, soon passengers may/will be allowed to carry liquids again without restriction.
7.Passengers may only/will only be allowed to
use the toilets once the seatbelt sign is
switched off.
8.You needn’t get pounds from the bank before
you travel because UK airports all have cashpoints.
9.You mustn’t smoke in the airport building.
10.You should book your flight well in advance. –
OK, but may we/ are we allowed to rebook in
an emergency?
11.If you arrange it with the airline, you may (be
allowed to) take oversized luggage with you on
your flight.
12.All non-EU members must fill in landing cards
upon arrival in the UK.
13.You mustn’t leave luggage unattended at any
time. If you do, you will have to pay a huge fine.
14.Once customers have booked a last-minute holiday, they won’t be able to change their dates.
b) Individuelle Lösung
14 The gerund
1. I forgot to water your plants but I remembered to
mow the lawn.
2. Hey, thanks. I don’t remember asking you to do
that!
3. Have you ever stopped to think how life would be
without computers?
4. No, but it’s no use contemplating things that are
unchangeable.
5. I had a great conversation with someone on the
train – we went on chatting for hours.
6. Your artwork is really amazing. I’m sure you’ll go on
to become famous one day.
7. Do you mean to say you don’t have time to help
me as you promised?
8. That means doing all the chores on my own, which
isn’t exactly fair!
9. If I were you, I’d try reversing (to reverse) into the
parking space.
13 The present participle
a) 1.Have you ever heard of scientists making a
discovery by chance?
2.While researching silicon chips, Jamie Link discovered ‘smart dust’ by accident.
3.After ruining one of the chips she was working
on, she noticed something strange.
4.She found that the broken bits lying on the lab
table still functioned as sensors.
5.Despite them being extremely tiny, the pieces of
chip could be used in many scientific areas.
6.While testing the application of ‘smart dust’,
scientists realised it could monitor water purity.
7.Before publishing their results, they also found
the dust could detect dangerous chemicals in
the air.
8.Did you know smart dust can even locate
tumour cells growing in the human body?
9.After winning a prize for her discovery, Link
advised students to get hands-on lab
experience.
b) 1.Leaving the building by the back door, she
groped her way through the bushes to the
secret shed.
2.While hiding in the shed, she lost all track of
time.
3.After finally falling asleep, she began to dream.
4.In her dream she saw her pursuers, getting
closer and closer till they burst in.
5.Before getting caught, she managed to hide her
scientific papers.
6.Waking up with a start, she began to look for a
safe hiding place.
1.Nachdem sie das Gebäude durch die Hintertür
verlassen hatte, bahnte sie sich ihren Weg durch
das Gebüsch zu der geheimen Hütte.
2.Während sie sich in der Hütte versteckte, verlor
sie jegliches Zeitgefühl.
3.Nachdem sie endlich eingeschlafen war, begann
sie zu träumen.
4.In ihrem Traum sah sie wie ihre Verfolger immer
näher kamen bis sie hereinstürzten.
5.Sie schaffte es noch, ihre geheimen Papiere
zu verstecken, bevor sie gefangen genommen
wurde.
6.Als sie aus dem Schlaf hoch schreckte, begann
sie sofort nach einem sicheren Versteck zu
suchen.
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Grammar
Lösungen
10. Thanks for trying to help but I’d rather you
wouldn’t interfere while I’m driving.
17 Reported speech (mixed)
a), b)
15 Gerund and present participle forms
a) Using the Internet for communicating with people
is just great. I love chatting with friends and even
family. I have cousins living on the other side of
the globe and talking to them online is not only
fun – it’s also free!
I also spend time on the computer surfing around
for good bargains. But before bidding, I always
check the product description and delivery
charges. But of course there’s always a risk so
I don’t go buying expensive things online! The Internet is also excellent for getting information fast:
finding a local doctor, checking bus or train timetables, looking up flight delays or working out the
best route to take. But while researching stuff on
the Net, I often get distracted and there’s a danger
of spending far too much time at the computer.
After realising I’ve spent the evening chatting
online with my friends, I sometimes think that it
would have been more fun if we’d actually met
up. While being together, we can spontaneously
decide what we’d like to do – watch a DVD, go
into town or down to the gym. And it’s much nicer
having the person there in front of you!
Arians
are waiting: present progressive;
will be rewarded: future perfect
Your last week’s horoscope said that you were waiting
for the right person to come, and that your patience
would be rewarded with a rendezvous that week.
b) gerund
present participle
16 Reported speech (present/past)
a) 1.Anne says she’s sorry but she’ll be about 15 minutes late.
2.Leo says he promises to come to the party, too.
3.Bella says she hasn’t found her keys yet.
4.The reporter says she’s/he’s standing outside the
White House.
5.The tourists ask how big Central Park is.
6.The lifeguard wants to know if those kids can
swim.
7.The customer asks what’s on the menu.
b) 1.Anne said she was sorry but she would be about
15 minutes late.
2.Leo said he promised to come to the party, too.
3.Bella said she hadn’t found her keys yet.
4.The reporter said she/he was standing outside
the White House.
5.They asked how big Central Park was.
6.The lifeguard wanted to know if those kids could
swim.
7.The customer asked what was on the menu that
day.
Taureans
made, was: simple past
apologise, it is, can harm: simple present
Your last week’s horoscope said that a comment you
made had been thoughtless and unkind. It advised you
to apologise before it was too late. It warned you that
gossip could harm you, too.
Geminis
have had: present perfect
it is: simple present
are heading: present progressive
Your last week’s horoscope said that you had had a
busy week, so it was time to stop and remember your
friends. It said that you were heading for a surprise
the coming weekend.
Cancerians
pull, get, don’t: simple present
it’ll mean: will future
Your last week’s horoscope said that you should pull
yourself together and get that job done. It said if you
didn’t, it would mean trouble with a big T!
Leos
is: simple present
met: simple past
will be waiting: future progressive
Your last week’s horoscope said that travel was on the
agenda. And that someone you had met years ago
would be waiting there around the corner …
Bon voyage!
Virgos
is, need: simple present
will pass, will come: will future
be ready: simple present
Your last week’s horoscope said that hope was what
you needed at that time. It promised that the dark
clouds would pass and the sun would come out soon,
it told you to be ready to make that hay.
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Grammar/Spot on jobs
Lösungen
Librans
have been thinking: present perfect progressive
stop, get: simple present
will thank, will feel: will future
Your last week’s horoscope said you’d been thinking
about exercising. It advised you to stop thinking and
get active! It promised you that your body would
thank you and you would feel better for it, too.
Scorpios
don’t, be, treat: simple present
will be: will future
have thought: present perfect
Your last week’s horoscope told you not to worry, but
to be happy. It advised you to treat yourself well, and
promised that life would be kind to you, too. It raised
the question whether you had thought about changing your job.
Sagittarians
are: simple present
will be, will guide: will future
Your last week’s horoscope said that chances were
good that it’d be love at first sight. It said that your
instinct would guide you, but only if you were open to
new encounters.
Capricorns
are, be, can ruin, comes: simple present
Your last week’s horoscope said that you were too
proud to come down off your high horse. It told you to
be sensible: It warned you that arrogance could ruin a
friendship and said that pride came before a fall!
Aquarians
will tell, will be: will future
are, be, not to let: simple present
Your last week’s horoscope said that a friend would
tell you a big secret. It’d be a test to see how reliable
you were. It told you to be careful not to let the cat out
of the bag!
Spot on jobs p. 81–87
Small talk situations (Topic 1, 2)
a), b)
1. A: Hello. Nice to meet you. My name is John Smith,
I’m Mr/Mrs …’s personal assistant.
How was your flight?
B: Hello, Mr. Smith. My name is Jin Wang. Nice
to meet you, too. Thank you, the flight was fine,
but the plane had a delay of/was delayed by more
than an hour. Sorry that you had to wait.
A: Oh, don’t worry, that’s OK.
2.B: Unfortunately my suitcase is missing. Could
you please give me the address of the hotel I am
staying in? I need it to fill in the form and hand it
over at the counter.
A: I can take care of that if it’s OK with you.
Why don’t you have a cup of coffee in the
airport café?
B: Oh, that’s a wonderful idea/that’s very
kind of you! Thank you.
3.A: It is pouring outside. And I hope we don’t arrive
late because of the traffic jam.
B: Yes, I hope not. I would really like to go to
the hotel and freshen up before the meeting.
Would that be possible?
A: Yes, of course/certainly. I’ll just call the
company and let them know. And they will reschedule the meeting.
4. B: I’m afraid the adaptor plug for my notebook
recharger is in the suitcase that has gone missing.
Could you please help me out with
an alternative plug?
A: Sure. I’ll buy you a universal adaptor plug right
away.
Pisceans
has been bothering: present perfect progressive
feel, deal: simple present
Your last week’s horoscope said that something had
been bothering you for ages and said you felt like a
fish out of water. It told you to deal with the problem
at that time!
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Spot on jobs
Lösungen
Making arrangements on the phone (Topic 3, 4)
a)
Company office
External caller
(Company:) WarenSoft International, guten
Tag.
Oh, hello. I’m sorry, I don’t speak German. This is: Jay
Venkataramana. (Ven-ka.ta.ra.ma.na), from BYN Tech Ltd.
in Bangalore.
Sorry, I didn’t quite catch that. Can you say
that again, please?
Yes, of course, I’m Jay, Jay Ven-ka-ta-ra-ma-na. I’d like to
speak to Anja Müller, please.
I’m sorry Mr Venkataramana, Frau Müller is in
a meeting. Can I take a message?
Thank you, but I need to talk to her in person. Can you
pass that on to her?
Of course. Can you spell your name for me,
please?
Venkataramana: V for Victor, E for Edward, N for Nelly,
K for King, A for Andrew, T for Tommy, A for Andrew,
R for Robert, A for Andrew, M for Mary, A for Andrew,
N for Nelly, A for Andrew.
Jay Venkataramana.
Does Frau Müller have a number to contact
you on?
I don’t think so. Let me give it to you: That’s 80 0076 4567,
and it’s 091 for India, of course.
Sorry. I didn’t manage to write it down. Can
you repeat that for me, please?
No problem: It’s 091 (for India), then 80 (for Bangalore),
then double ‘0’ 76, 4567.
Thanks. I’ll forward this/pass your message on Thank you very much. Goodbye.
to Frau Müller.
b) Individuelle Lösung
Organising a conference (Topic 5, 6)
a) Individuelle Lösung
b) Lösungsvorschlag
Subject: Confirmation of attendance/your flight
Hello Mr Clay,
Please confirm your attendance at the conference
on Friday 19th and Saturday 20th October 2012.
If you do not plan to arrive by 8 p.m. Thursday but
at some other time, please let me know so I can
arrange this with the hotel.
Sincerely,
Ulrike Kaiser
0123/456789
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Spot on jobs
Lösungen
c) Lösungsvorschlag
WarenSoft International Ltd.
Mr. Clan
11270 White Blvd.
Los Angeles CA 91430
USA
Ulrike Kaiser
0123/456789
Ulrike.Kaiser@WarenSoft.de
Personal assistant
September 2nd, 2012
Dear Mr Clan,
Enclosed you will find our pre-conference pack with practical information and details.
For your convenience we will shortly also be sending you an electronic version of the
pack. We would kindly request you to inform us of any special needs you may have,
dietary or otherwise, and let us know your exact arrival details as soon as
possible.
Should you have any queries, please do not hesitate to contact me right away.
Looking forward to welcoming you at our conference.
Sincerely,
Ulrike Kaiser
Enclosures: objectives, programme, name and contact
details of conference assistant, arrival and registration
instructions, hotel details, map, and transport
Tips for young job seekers: Aptitude tests (Topic 7, 9)
a) Test A:
1. can’t say, 2. false, 3. false, 4. true, 5. can’t say
Test B:
11, 12, 13, 14, 15
7, 14, 21, 28, 35
Test C:
1. £ 19.95
2. 44
Test D:
1. A personnel manager deals with staff issues.
2. I’ve sent off my curriculum vitae.
3. That’s my principle aim.
4. It’s a very interesting job.
5. ‘Split’ means break.
6. ‘Assist’ means aid.
7. ‘Method’ means manner.
8. ‘Being there’ means presence.
Test E:
1. The outside.
2. Because he is still alive.
3. Monday is the name of his horse.
b) Test A: Verbal comprehension
Test B: Numerical reasoning
Test C: Maths
Test D: Spelling & homonyms
Test E: Lateral thinking
The language of job ads (Topic 10)
a) Admin = Administration = Verwaltung
EXP = Experience = Erfahrung
on the job = bei der Arbeit
Ft = full-time = VollzeitGross = brutto
pa = per annum = jährlich
asap = as soon as possible = so schnell wie möglich
Quote ref. = Quote reference = Aktenzeichen angeben
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Lösungen
appt = appointment = Termin
negotiable = aushandelbar
max. = maximal
in-hand = bar
FOC = free of charge = kostenlos
BHS = British Horse Society
UKCC = United Kingdom Central Council
poss. = possible = möglich
k = thousand = tausend
min. = minimal
wpm = words per minute = Wörter pro Minute
essent. = essential = notwendig
incl. = inclusive = inklusive
pension scheme = Rentenversicherung
annual leave = Jahresurlaub
perm. = permanent = fest
A levels = Abitur
equiv. = equivalent = gleichwertig
IT = Information Technology = EDV
CV = Curriculum Vitae = Lebenslauf
HR = Human Resources = Personalabteilung
NGO = Non Governmental Organization = NichtRegierungs-Organisation
Refs. nec. = References necessary = Zeugnisse
erforderlich
OL = online
FAQs = Frequently Asked Questions = häufig gestellte Fragen
b)
Riding counsellor: be patient with children, be
aware of safety issues, be able to work hard,
passion for horse-riding, riding experience for
a number of years, experience of working with
children; Pony Club Awards (B or C), BHS (or UKCC
equiv.) e.g. Groom’s Certificate in Horse Knowledge
and Care.
Receptionist: a pleasant personality, a good
standard of spoken and written English, min.
typing speed of 40 wpm, A levels or equiv. and
good IT skills.
Volunteer in Ghana:System Admin/Web design: no experience necessary,
be adaptable and able to pick up new techniques,
be able to work to tight deadlines, have a keen
imagination and good interpersonal and communication skills.
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