States of
Consciousness
bitt tt’a tif) t’f t’t’ iiit,,
J1t)Lt’551ii trLeu’ to 1i
ur aS xn’xe, of ourselt e and our
‘ ri xc d n x arious states
ii
i he
b
cc
orrr xi onsuousness,
r t n1
sac
u
CI
Out also Deq and drruunicnz. n qnotn ‘tatc, diug
altered nates, and nearuieath e\pa’Iences.
\iost ut 0 e wnninoioqx in [Inc Jiapter i intro
Slet and )reams and on
on
s
du d i
s, \mon the issues diron
Dr
(c
and ream xx hether hr quo
r slet
cuss J a’ xx as
sj
uni Ut’ stare of conciousnesc, and possible
psvchoIm’b ci and cciai_LuItura1 roots of drug use.
clan
flint
/J
f/c’
l’ni,t
m’OPC 11: iulIiii;np no nit ;‘tatt. gOat.
Objective 1: DcPcus the hcPtorv of p’n aPology
tudx of rOnSCtousfle’, and contran consciou and
rirxconc ions information procesirg.
nascust aim
1. Ihestudvof
the earls x ears
ot: psx chologs and in recent
decades. hut for pulte ‘-ome time
it was
dDoiacod
2. Ads ance in neurosciene made it prnsihle to
Ft
;x
bu
1
1
qo
C
[it ix
5(
)
‘U
1
ant
Ix
sD
10
radi g and boldface
bin
ad [lie ecnon, rex ion ouch
0 till-in and eav-tx pe
nn u uiro th
I at
I
O
I
O
u
in
crdu”ta’d ajc
x
li,,r
to
i
Co iscio
“
reenter psi; chologs
Define conciousnex n a
sentence,
cc it son
re
0
[tic ttoouk hr t
id nforrration Processing
es
ci
idioms that arc un
du I vu do or I knon
ipx
Id I iI
h
tIn’ ro’tt \f n nhtch
r a a Pc’ us’ ‘‘icr to paOe Jiri for an
can
tun ppear n the
a’ 0 1 no a
in
p
lpp a
it’
cPu
In
P
ci
I
xc, pro eed cx aluate
[I ,xssesbegin
lx [I ncxt Se’
no
to
\l
t
a
tcno an
ii
,‘,
,
‘77
1P8
haptc
States of Constiousness
4
rcqnirc
dirot
SLeep and Dreams pp.
i k
ar
is
1’
w
I
liLT,
C
I
Aiaiat
5w
-
°
a
tord
‘(C
It
Iii
mot aeu rate. in contrast
C
it
.,
0111
No111
s the
iorn
dde adults tend to Wad
I
ever ir
tt
5. ike mat experience
It orn eircad tar’ rio thm u
H p
a
H’ :
r
CITI 1,1
i
the
at
H ‘pest an
is
is
cdi i
it
to unit ersttx students, w ho often are at their peak
I
‘H:
H r
‘usal,
h
sing of ins of th
xpr nsions n the
ttx
‘He t n a cr in the text refer
;des J
Nor ,.o uxplanation: ‘ONo( :1
°
T a’; a t;;3s P at ta; riot oocr ,oia ‘lii’:
Ott
4. lAf en people ire at tieir dir]
colic
inc
in c rrupted by travel acre s’ ti so
Ii
cadian rhythm aist mat I
Irva ‘p
P;;s neat
.11/
nterrupt
changes. ‘rich
t’ti dINT
that occurs in
0111;,
rtdd’e it /073’ tIc xt
ilii 1ol0Il\ 1
ii ii
I stIll 0
es (7
hr
10
thu one
the ‘oring in mans area’. and hs
xc ork
b. Resethng of a disrnpted b c logic i1 it k i Ii I
fated hs exposurt to
10,
which trigger’ proteins in
Objective 2: 0
rhs ft
a ft
;n”n hi’ir is pes itt biological
e n
:nple I each
sfto
id
1.
the
l7
aod t ‘no ea’
01
decrease its prodnction of
k dx c an rol sex eral
a
of the ox ox to signal the
brain’s
the cluster of cells called thc
control’. the Jradian lock.
rna, arc
The longer we remain awake, the more our brains
han max gh e rise to scm
vi
accninulate
lx
hich ft dx to
certai nc nr
2
-‘
‘t
I
1
us sleeps We can also reset our
r’’ e”oenah’ those ‘n tar ‘tort hem
n nut I’xperienee a depressed winter
1
c
01
‘
I
i
nd
ir
ke
hiol gical cl cks
L’s adjusting our
a
r
iso
Objective 4’ list the stage of t
‘xpla
tow they differ
pen nc
cc
ti’
7.
f
1
hr
e’
The sleep cx e
1 ronsnt— of
d:,tinct stagec
an in:
8. 1
unte
t;ei-”-
5. xc
‘if ‘it-c-p.
rhvtfm tsle
ics
r nsk ri toed t sat, at c
as
Ofl
o
adi
rcc
‘
the night, he
a,
s
tap
inn child inns ed rapidlc This ‘t;a 4 dr p. dii:’
Oh
e
1
crrvo :
at’
iv
°
P
cx Ic ti c’ti r rreacian
cc t Ivut t ha
ing which
9. 1 c relati
-
‘ar
-
5,10-
0
i-il1-,,x,,, 24 huiricn
iota’ ft c il’cd
I slow
am
relaxed sOrt an knt xvn
x
c
of
its
H
it
SlecpaidDrcams
10.
During Stage I
people often experience
%ensations similar to
.1 hese sensation, mai later
oratediio
hem
11
sleep.
I
tLSlec
I
trig
ii -.%Q
1’ it’btha
changes
that
accompans
RI M
13. Duritir REM sleep. the motor cofte is
(active reiaed;. while the
(actii e,
mu%Lie.. arc
.
relax d For th’s r ason, RI NI is ofte ire cITed c
€,.
r odeiemo cnent’ ererallv isna the
P1-I scans
ieit’’I lieightctied attn it) ifl the
and
R \4 sleep.
wing
e hrai
‘lit
it
it
miii tes. stlic r tprt
‘‘tage 3-Jeep ht’ci.rnec
bride-i and RE \l
re. rioJ- betonie
rider’ p o iii tel’s
(hr
h
1
s
r f r
NI.
,et-
h
.
lb. \ei bom ‘spend watli
a%lcLp w iii.’ a ull
ic’. ni. h. t lii.
ii i
17. c cep paft ms a
12. L .nge slow brain ‘.ai e’ are tailed
nave.. ir,t in Stage
1 l during
and 1 icreasin
sleq which are
their
c alice.
‘%le(p -‘ per’.on in the latter
%tage ni .leep generaIi will be
jeas :,jjfficult) to awaken.
It isd ing thi’. .tage that pcople maj et gage in
let
Dc nbc. t e bodil
sleep.
Objective 5: fplain in sitep pattern” and duration
person to per%on.
ar) from
ccurd
iccalka
179
need k
as indicattd t’v tile fad
that !.leep patteni’. among
(identical 11 ateit.iJi in Ii” are wri %unllar. ‘Jeep
cii
‘s a so in.t
1 i.
t’ in
eo 1€ sil
18. 4iovc k c Pu I ide at no
J.cep ‘4 hou a night ‘ ople isto sleep less than
icet br ‘.everal nights in a ron often shins sgfls
t
(It
Objective 6: Di cu’s se
sleep cprha
risb associated with
19. Ia iager ç ‘calls i*d
hours ot ‘.leep but non a t’rage ntarl
hours less sleep than
Si)
teenagers ot years ago. To p chologist
,thasiiditatestiat
William
udet’ac”dangeious)
thcircsiiant’
p-dco’ cd. One idicatiom o the hazards )f
t fis state is that the l.lte of
tend’ to mc: ease immcdiateli- after the spnng
time change in Canada and the tilted State..
Arother is t it sleep depth atio ia’.- supprc.s
tie. int’ounsot clx s’s
orw
aic.h
s’s t a da czm4
I x tioninc. a n ai s t at mnm
a..J a’e. Cflt.dih..i t
D
Ii
of
INC
(ranter
Objectis e
States of Consdousness
idendix four theories of whx we sleep.
20. 1 r (
ible ix rson for sleep are to
is arid to help restore body
I
lb
if he
& nmais is ith high waking
produce an abundance of
j
nrc te\ir te
C
i tate-
xdcr
i
*
Sleep also
ot the das
cnt
es and stjmuiates
0 Lii
I
sic
a rc s th h ismone is released bx the
land Adults spend
1 less) time in deep
(more
chiidt cr1 and so release
more less) growth b rrmone,
problems that
(run do not
run) in families. [hece sleep episodes are most
likely
to
be experienced by
(x onng children adc lescents il
idults
r
is hom this stage te ids tc hc the
and
Objectix e 9: Describe the most connnon content or
d ream—.
26. Dreams experienced during
sleep are s is id, emotional, and hi aue. tOuring
dreams, thi d ca ncr ma bc
sufficiently ass arc to is ondcr whethc r hc or she
is in fact dreaming.
27. For both men and
S in 10 dreams ate
is omen,
marked by
tpositive. nega
tine) emodons, such as fears of being
Obieti’m S: identtlv the major sleep disorders.
2. a p
t is t difticulty in tailing or staying asleep
is it of
Sleeping
al hol max make the problem wotse
stncr
tend to
(increase/
RL\i
sleep.
cd ccc.
23. 1 he —leep oisordet in which a person experiences
unnintrniiahle sleep attacks is
I erg
it is
air thi— disorder mar collapse directly
wIn
sleep and experience a
h
II
a
psi pP isith this disorder lack a
t a’ in die
is ni
d’m’
-
‘‘r
step breathing
a dc
II
r
dr’r
is
is m’s,
bile
Objective 10: Compare the major perspectives on
why we dream.
29. Freud referred to the actual content of a dream a
its
content. Freud behesed
that this is a censored symbolie s ersic of the
true meaning, or
of the drean
w t lied hr extremt
oe et eoisr rcles nf
the dreams of ad al.—
is (shes and rre the ken
31. 1 reud’s thcnrs ha
‘s en xx ax
U
i’
them x th
i
drc airs sers e a
rose’
function. Support t )r thi thc ory s pr r I d b
th f set that RIM sleca faciht tcs
Lnlik
tire—c ei’ be— usually happen earls
riatit, d orlna’ Sta(e
or
to understandine inner
Fspeciaiix pres aicnt
pid F ‘art e it and breathing P saIled
‘is sanre is ft
cultures worldis ide.
retlect
xi
*
C
this gendcr dii
(ts s not) found in
30. Aceordina to Freud mo—t
24 inii-,iii—serferingfron
iI
more about
fercnce
that pro
neon rtranintter
me a tb
5 d
28. Although fema its tend to dream equalls otter
about males and females, males tend to dn am
32. Other theories propose
—nine
rl,t
drennrin;a —crs es
tons tine,
that RP\l sitt pt*er 5
d
’
- the htah
anch an e 5,
S
xi
a example
th
neeIle’i
natIon
is
Hypnosis
who claimed to
attributed to
hax e discovered an
suppc rted bi the fact that
dults) 5
pend the most time in REM
(intants
181
sleep.
33. Still other theories propose that dreams are elicit
actix
ed by random bursts of
its origmatmg rn loxx er regionc ot the bruin, suih
\cording to the
as the
theory,
sense
ot
to
make
brain’s
attempt
drcams x e the
thls actn ‘ty. The bursts a e behexed to be gnen
their t m )tiOnal tone by the brain’s
svstcm PT T scans of s ceping people rex cal
increase I attivit\ in the brain’s
Other
si stem, espcciads the
theorists see dreams as a natural part of brain
-
-
and
dcx eiopment.
34. Resean..hers agree that xx e
(need. do riot need) REM sleep. After being
deprix ed of REM sleep. a person spends more
time iii RFM sleep; this is the
effect.
(does/does not)
35. RI M sleep
occur in other mammals, Animals snch as fish,
whose behavior is Ic ss influenced by learning,
(do, do not) dream. 1 his finding ‘up orts the
theors oT dreaming.
Hypnosis pp. 290—29n)
tf r ou do not knoxx the meaning of any ot the
foiioxx ing words, phrase’.. or expressions in the
context in which thex appear in the text, refer
to pag 202 tor an explanation: a; ;;w;;icrirn as
/n /1; scram
d aas z i i/lcd sud / g
/ c zeus,
;
li’mJ’
r d
lg
Objective IT: Dchne a:/pac z nd n tc come similari
ties helmet r the hohax ior of hvpnotiiod people and
that of moti, ated unin pnotized people.
1. FIx i1Osis is a
inn Inch a hxpnntist sug
gests that a uhied xx ill t’xpcdence certain tee)
ng or thauchts, ,r cxamnit. Os discox crx is
2. The weight ot research cx idence suggests that
lwpnosi
(does does not)
allow a pcrson to perform teats that are impossi
ble in the normal xx aking state. The strength. sta
mina, learning, and perceptual abilities of hs pno
(are are not) like
tized pc ople
tlmse of motix ated unhy pnotiied people.
Objective 12: Discuss the chara tcristics of people
who are snscc ptible to h pnosis and cx aluate claims
that hypnosis an influence people s memorx, ix ill,
health, and perception of pain.
(some
3. Most people are
xx hat: not at all) hypnotically suggestible.
Describe people xvho are the most susceptible to hvp
11 Osis.
4. if people are led to expect that they are hr pnotiz
able, their responsix eness under hy pnosis
(xx ill/xx ill not) increase.
5. The hr pnotic demonstration in xxhich a subject
supposedly relix es earlier experiences is referred
toas
Research studies show that the subjects in such
demonstrations hax e memories that are
(more no more) accurate
then the CnO! ies at tuih conscious persons.
6. An
hyo o med o
acts
i
pers in egtimate
can in i c people
ot t i pc fc rr some on kelv
7. Hr pnothc rapists nax e helped somc pe pie aHex i
ate headaches asthma, and shess related skin
disorders through the use 01
suggestions.
8. Eor
irug ae, x —ubjcict
—
such as smoking and
hx notic respon-ivenes
182
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
(does does not) make a diP
ft rence in the effectix eness of hypnosis.
Discuss the current view of hvpn wis
as a
hlend of the
two views.
9. One statistical digest showed that l pnosis
not) especialli helpful
tor the treatment ot obesity.
(is
i
10. tlxpnosis
(can cannot)
relies e pain. One theory of hypnotic pain relief
that hr liO5is separates. or
is
Drugs and Consciousness (pp duo 04)
the sensors and emotional aspects of pain.
Another is that hypnotic pain relief is dne to
seiectix e
,that is. to the per
If r on do not know the muantng or an’. of the
followhrg is ords, phrases. or espressions in the
context in ss hid’ thes appear in the te\t, refer
to page- 202—2t(3 tor an evplanaton: tipsa an
rile rai i Lec;
‘1 tIc !ciht. [jest’ rcLt,t rant
jritratts lean cv’ra igai r’pua stiiqC’rnil ,‘i’ah
lain; quit kar pick ‘r uepc, one ;un
1 a lmte ‘n
price
‘a
ntathe;
gn ran p c a
[ft o oak;
g
acid ti ip nii i it ii,i i
dl relief
son’s focusing on stimuli other than pain.
11. FF1 cans shon that hypnosis reduces brain
activits in a region involved in
to painful stimuli, but not in
the
cortex that receives the
ran
input.
Objective 13: Dive arguments tor and aaainst
hvpno
0
sis as an altered state of consciousness
12. Skephcs believe that hypnosis may reflect the
vi orkings of
These findings provide sup
port for the
theory of hr pnosis.
Summarire the argument that hypnosis is not an
altered state of consciousness.
Objective 14: Dehne psgc tac a 1
ie
1. Drugs that after moods and pricepuons arc called
drugs
Objective 15: Discuss the naturc of 1 up dependence,
and identify three common misconccphons about
addiction
2. Drug users who reqoirt mcreasing doses to expe
rience a drug’s effe ts has e des e(cped
for the drug. 1 he aner’s brain
counteracts the disruption to its nrna ( function
ing; thus, the user experlenLes
-
3.
Atter ceasing to ue a
drug,
sx mptt en’-
ence
13. liilgard has ads anced the idea that during hvp
nosis there ft a
or split
hitsvaen ditterent levels of consciou’-ness.
14. 1 he \1$enre ot a separate consciouness, which
n an are ot what takes place during hr pnosis, is
espressed :n the concept ot the
oped a phi sical
of a drug to relies c
stress
i’-
an
who experi
has des el
Repulat nan
xanrp(e at a
dependence A p’-n 5( ;n is
has a nimpuis” e r15 :ng for a anbrancc despite
ads er’-e conseouen
that substance
Briefli
state
addiction.
\ though this theorx has pror oked controversy,
t cr
little doubt that
influ
lo plar an important rc lc in hvpn )5i5
a person
i
to
three common nw—k iw eptien— abc ut
183
Drugs ar d (onsciousnes
Oh’ ct’veJ6:\an
tocciags ,.ndlis
n to Pci nlth neurotr
ategor c s of ps choaw
a
r a s thc so sv bstances can
itt cbrau.
51
r ee ht oad att
4. 1 he 1
t he
t
fdu sc’scussedin
‘
it
\r 1
fl moe
o afco ml
9. Opia n,
i
hich tend
body trInronN;
ht —ptec’ hod’. tenchuns: mct
h
o5
to a
8. Iranqulli crs wlich me a so known as
hat e effects -imik r to tho’e
tine and heroin all
1
çe\cite depress’ nenra
functionin I ogether. these drugs are called the
t’
t\ iaen met are present, the
Iter perception.
bra to
ci
lng
5
entualh stops nrodu
king, sttmulartng,
5
ihee atom aLl. oUch h ntin:i
or a th:h.ttne Lee actr itt or the cram’s
Objective 18: td ‘ntitv the niajor stimulants. and
eoplam hoxr thor attect neural actn ti an.d hehax br.
Psvcltobgialiv, our
also nov a nIe,
Objectire 1: no plain hon detaressants affect nervous
svston act\ hr and behavior and —nmmarize the
tindinas .n alcohol use ano ahnc,
5. Dept cssaoL
nervous
s
ci
1
6
bolma
S
ft
orvho
0
th
nc
or
itt
\s
r,
r
iaclccnts
i
s
wear otf I hey do this F y blocking tIe
of tho reorotrans n’tters,
alt
the I
‘no”
12. (ocaine s px chological of fec ts depend not on
0
redree
ffec t cognition
r especially in
.C’ nt. Alec ‘hal also
,
a.
ic’cn—e—
Ones
13. The dreg
.
the
h
h’
ira’
ri’ 0 n
whet— of
—
c” oe’h itt in— coO
alcob’ a
nmk once
of
thc non 0,0 ran
and
atitter—
‘
or \ID\l\.
Is b
th a
0
I hi- druc trgger the rcloa-e
c, i no
y
and t to
7. F ores—h e ate of alcohol c
Di
I ects
on dosage and fonn but also on
ot
hr
and result ir depression as th’ drugs
w r cn row am in the non e cells’
v
tter docking rt
i toUr utransinit’ors
and
acing \l ohc 1 affects
hthe ri cssoftrans
I’ c”n’
ingiopet
ii. Cocainc and crack deplete the brain’s supply of
me
c
tare are not)
addictn e
Dt(flL.
r crc
c
and
Stimulants
and
itt
‘1
tue
stem
body toni tion.
I on dose’, of alci ol if tel s clasihed as a
slot’ he actn Iv ot the
aeth
10. The most n idelv used stimulants are
at d block— dte :‘eahsorptio”
ot
,
Anoon. the ad’ me
effects of this drng. are di—rupttc ‘ii or the bodi P
clock. —uppresson of the
and
impaired
and ttl or
toni hoot
184
C :ttoeet
%tate’. at C an’cioU9fles’.
nbc tha phi %ümlocical and p’vcho
.i1u ‘.k.t,Ci’% .“tid %u’nnlan,e the
)ni na
Objetn t 19 Dc
a •. I•
..;‘
ic tsc
d
o’nn
ire
i
‘yr flit tic ha
aid
heirci”t. 4rnilar ti’ a sul’tipc of
k..t.lrsniPeT
I ‘W)
‘2
ti’,
‘
‘
.
identift ome of the psvchologic al and social-cultuiai
roots of drug use.
the action. ±
fl(_
ru’..’ui’%’r.
5. il
icd
rhc
c.pnrli
Iic’ ::
v
wijuan isab,resiat d
‘v j an
Len;used
whc fcrt om
is ci er, ti e e medical
‘ted i’i ma’ nuana to’eJcjti.
a
a
:1.
•,
“
1
r
1
c
tttet’ C
alcoholism if they had a(n)
(ati.’pUvt’ biological) patent with hi&tors of
akohohsni. Bois isho at age 6 are
itt
c
1
Icss)txcitablearcmorel
i te 1
noke drink aiduse Liar i gs .tne. F’t
m )r common aiim ig people prc ‘ posed tc
akohoh.m inas cau’e deficiencit’. in the brain s
s %tCfll.
20. Among teenagers. drug use
(i aries, is
the pI saaI and psychological
about the same) acro’
and
groups.
‘clild.
21. frican- \merkan high school s n o repoit b.c
(hi,hest lois a t) ratc I
drug use A major sot al intlumcc n drug u c
the
culturc.
22. State three possible chamwls ot influence for drug
prec ention and treatment prograrn.
16.
’e
1
‘
a.
at ‘c nfteicret. of drug use mai he
r
pal t t
p’indplc that emotions
t
ft
C.
bjectt
‘intl
n
Jr..
h’—.
gical si hological
.ft ‘onthtu bO drug use.
iuss
ura. L do
.
•
1
!a;
\. ti
.;,.,.
-i r
‘rncra, an vo,.
th
4
:;ft ‘t3c I dccl
.,flfl
.
1
h
hat
I
t
L
1
r t
,
a”...
.,
itim.c
ha t
‘more tess
S
19.
diic
•
Near-Death ExperIences (pp. 30°
0)
It iou do not kncn’ the rne3ning or am of tb.’
follmving n.ord.. ‘n the oritnt .n which the’
appear in the text. refer h; page 2(’3 (ci an
tnptanation. t.’i:, 0
•• .
w z.:: :1
9111’
1iith
diet
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1
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ti1t c. r
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it)
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b.
tc sard al
iot ch’ingec
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t’S 1 Iz’.aki.fl,.
..:..zk.
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‘
Objective 21: Desci
flit rear t
c
the contro4ers via sh her it proud
a mind—both dualism.
pcner
esidei
A
1. 11w reporl’. of people ss1w’ has el—ad n
.’.n .leail’
1
c’ are icrv ..imilar to H.
eporttd hi inag u.er-. P’rc
185
I ogress lest 1
ex eriences i sax hr he r wuit of a deficient sup
1
or t ther ir suits to the
Ix’ of
7.
8.
boOs a:e one
svh\ it is nrornx t and then consult the appropriate
pages ot the text (in parentheses following the correct
ansis er).
2.
tc c br n ells that tontrol tin circadian
r
nist
amx gdaia
b suprachiasmatrc ruciens
c. adenosine.
ci pineal.
*
i disrupted, we experience jet
3. When our
lag.
age i sleep
a. t5
b. RiCh sleep
c. c’rcadan rhrthn
ci. Stage 4 sieep
4. Sleep sr :ndie precioniinate daring n itih stage
5.
a.
ran 2
5
b.
‘-race
iri’.
sic ics
aeon
6. 1 hc
a.
dc’es the f’ods expt
heart rate, rapid hreathin.g, and
—t.’gt’ S —lee
C.
rnage4
10, U hich
to:
is app 0 umatc x
do
ot
ti
e
fohoss hsg C
lassified as a depres
sant.
a.
c.
nscth nwhctans s
s hxpnosis is
hr mode
discovcrx
attributc ci U.
a I cci
b. Mcsrer.
12. Wine
marijuana
ci, alcohol
in
b.
c.
c iianos,
ci.
iiyaid
enerahs
ta ernents conccrning
the tolh x
hypnosis is true
Peoplc xi ill do anvtf it under hr pnosis.
si is the san e as sleeping.
p
t.
lfypr Os’s ‘S in part an extension of the dixi
s 01 etxsec s conscious as’. areness and auto
nsatie bchaxi sr
ci. ifs puosis impros es mensors recall.
a.
b. 11
13. People ‘one nerd uTea-un uhrasn. prior te Prep
ss e as’. anened ouch time rIse’ hogan Itbisi sleep.
The tact that tnt”. n’menshered ic’ss rho next
marulost
theorx
ontt ‘st
b. phx siologir al
-e’-’-int’
5
inh’rmattin pro
tix
cs-sr
nth.esis
at
t
h
0
ci.
c.
minutes.
5 a, ishm,
i’ioti
a. a ‘-s :sholk fririllnxent
ando:n
neu nil tO hi its in tin’
S. the rt ‘u t at r
U
bh
pills is
13. Arco”din,i,, to Prcud, eln’a
ci, Mini -leep
‘n le
Cue etrect ii s or wig
a.
aroaai:
a. ‘Cage 1
S. Stage 3
norrnonal funeth in
des ‘-up on toi’ tin
inoronc ur’ 1
c Stare 4
ci. ixtAiPeep
ne”o e u 1cist’O
.
ude.
phins.
11.
isp sos’s
ci. all ot the abox e
c
I
t
d mctaoo c a d
‘rec
creat’ t
p
citheab xc.
te
i
i c
c t Sri inc system.
rOil
ci. stinrularhig the bra,n’s prod udion of eiidon
n text consuousness mcludes
,
1
s nicls 01 the lohovsui
a t scrr-ed att ‘n ‘or
leeping
ti
S. depressing neural actis its in the bra in.
CirLie sour aiwx ers to the toilon ing questions and
check tlserit u ith the ansis ers beginning on page f 04,
it S our unsiver is mrorrect, read the explanation for
b
ci tonic -he deprii ation
c. hIockng the reuptake of Jepalnilie iii htain
vlt1lttJ?iL”LlIOiCC Qtwstions
1
.
t
0
ess Os m
9. Com inc and crack produce a eupliorir ruin ha:
a. hIm king the actions or serotonin,
i
\s defined by
up
a. demeas Rh\i siren.
in inrreawRh\isieeo.
c. dee tease Stage 2 sleep.
ci. inn ease Stage 2 -Jeep.
beliexe thi the mind and
PROGRESS TEST
c eeC
b.
c,
ci,
brain
2. rhat the mind and both are distinct entities is the
position of the theori%ts hoc sin as
in contrast, the
usc
a
c.
d
hia s t a
ti
r
s,sm toi seiPat’ iriulatiou
sioi N of
I n icr t onfi
86
is.
(.hapt r
S at°s of Consciow.ness
r.- .n’aLtnt
drugs affect behavior and percep
rhutugh:
a. the prni er of %uggestion.
t;o’i
1’.
t’e
placebo effect.
ab iatior’ oi neural acthitv in the brain.
d. p-n hiogkal riot ph siological influence’.
t.
th t
1
l
n’ u I
ill ns i’ g are common misconteption’
ttptthestatcmentthat
‘ze at iddctwn a persa i
m “
1
a
it d professic ul therapy.
n md medidnal drugs en quick
b. ‘s
is Ic t addiction.
c t iologi 1 f ttors place some individuak at
• re ised risk for addiction.
d. rn.n-.v other repetitive. pleasure-seeking
L’ehen kr’ fit the drug-addiction-as-dicease
‘s&ding—treatment model.
18. Which of the following is tiot a theory of dream
ing mentioned in the tint?
a. L)reams facilitate information proce-.sing.
b. Dreaming stimulates the des eloping brain.
c. Dreams result from random neural attn it’
originating in the brainstem.
d. l)reaming is a tempt to escapc ron social
stimulatic r
ti)fl
i A’- .N beginning. psvchologi tocused on the
-tuJ’ o’-.
a. obsers able bchavioi
b. )fl%(i)U (½
lix. ailci
C. abn
all
b c
19 Ih leepnakinc tick of stung oeopk
sta) upto)lIt’tflht. 11
e
hni.r
duration.
a.23
c.23
b.24
d.26
i
ith
it’
appropriate definition or
•ie%.t1 iv.
Oetj,z,’ics,i’
or Desci iptions
Terms
1. nirrace meaning of dreams
2. deepc.i meaning of dreams
3. -td).e;-.) .1 ‘deep associated usith delta
marijuana
alcohol
Stage I sleep
night teirors
manife-t content
cocaine
narcc lepsv
sbcp apnc i
Sb’ s r 14 CL)
j. RI Msleep
k at nt ‘onten
4.
t
j
r
4 ‘deep associated is ith inu%cu
i n
r in u 1 h bit ithan stops
ci
c rrrgiiStagc4sltcp
C.
9.
10 ts
stage ot slap associated usith
u.r. re-d. rvbl;ng hallucination-.
-tnkr in uhich ‘deep attack’ orc.ur
ri’
11.
ii
20. The lou est rate-. ot drug use among high -school
seniors is reported bi:
a. white males.
b. white lemales.
c. black males.
d. I.atinos.
tchn,ç it
1al I’ e’ h tir
11
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
&
K
I.
Progress Test 2
PROGRESS TEST 2
Progress Test 2 should be completed during a final
chapter review. Answer the following questions after
you thoroughly understand the correct answers for
the section reviews and Progress Test t.
Multiple-Chofee Questions
1, Which of the following statements regarding
REM sleep is true?
a. Adults spend more time than infants in REM
sleep.
b. REM sleep deprivahon results in a REM
rebound,
c. People deprived of REM sleep adapt easily.
d. Sleeping medications tend to increase REM
sleep.
2. Which theorists believe that the mind and the
body are separate entihes?
a. the behaviorists
c. the duahsts
b. the monists
d. the Ereudians
3. Alcohol has the most profound effect on:
a. the transfer of experiences to long-term
memory.
b. immediate memory.
c. previously established long-term memories.
d. all of the above.
4. A person whose EEC shows a high proporhon of
alpha waves is most likely:
a. dreaming.
c. in Stage 3 or 4 sleep.
b. in Stage 2 sleep.
d. awake and relaxed.
5. Circadian rhythms are the:
a. brain waves that occur during Stage 4 sleep.
b. muscular tremors that occur during opiate
withdrawal.
c. regular body cycles that occur on a 24-hour
schedule.
d. brain waves that are indicative of Stage 2
sleep.
6. A person who requires increasing amounts of a
drug in order to feel its effect is said to have
developed:
a. tolerance.
b. physical dependency.
c. psychological dependency.
d. resistance.
7. Which of the following is not an example of a bio
logical rhythm?
a. feeling depressed during the winter months
187
b. the female menstrual cycle
c. the hve sleep stages
ci. sudden sleep attacks during the day
8. Which of the following is characteristic of REM
sleep?
a. genital arousal
b. increased muscular tension
c. night terrors
d. alpha waves
9. Which of the following is not a stimulant?
a. amphetamines
c. nicohne
b. caffeine
d. alcohol
10. Hypnotic responsiveness is:
a. the same in all people.
b. generally greater in women than men.
c. generally greater in men than women.
d. greater when people are led to expect it.
11. According to Hilgard, hypnosis is:
a. no different from a state of heightened moti
vation.
b. the same as dreaming.
c. a dissociahon between different levels of con
sciousness.
d. a type of “animal magnetism.”
12. Which of the following was not cited in the text as
evidence that heredity influences alcohol use?
a. Children whose parents abuse alcohol have a
lower tolerance for multiple alcoholic drinks
taken over a short period of time.
Boys
who are impulsive and fearless at age 6
b.
are more likely to drink as teenagers.
c. Laboratory mice have been selectively bred to
prefer alcohol to water.
d. Adopted children are more suscephble if one
or both of their biological parents has a histo
ry of alcoholism.
13. As a form of therapy for relieving problems such
as warts, hypnosis is:
a. ineffective.
b. no more effective than positive suggestions
given without hypnosis.
c. highly effechve.
d. more effective with adults than children.
14. Which of the following is usually the most pow
erful determinant of whether teenagers begin
using drugs?
a. family strength
c. school adjustment
b. religiosity
d. peer influence
188
15
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
Fl is the major actix e ingredient in:
c. marijuana.
a. nicotinc,
d. cocaine.
b NIDMA
16 1 h se rho belier e that hypnosis is a social phm
no icnor argue that hxpnotized indixiduals
a to isciously taking their behax ior
b merel acting out a role.
iJ rah cx (is storing to please the hxpnm
tist
d
17
I of the abox e
u
iris is
defmed in the text as
a me ital life
b selc tix e attention to ongoing perceptions,
thoughts and feelings
c
inforruauou processmg
d our air areness of ourselx es and our environ
nic nt
thcs s theor
)
19. Aca iding D thc
dreaming rcpresei ts
i c’ ratc un dat d bursts
a. thc brain’s ctlo ts tc
ot actixitx m xisuil b i a cis v th thc emm
tional tom piox ided by r if
xstem acti itt.
b a inecha nsin or cOpi i, i ft I c str wses of
dailx’ life
in s n ulfilled
c. x sy mboiic def ict or )l a 0
xx ishes
c ss r e r han sm for
d. an informati ii
onr cit ng the da c c pe it icc into Ic ng
term mci or
20. 1 low a particula psi cI a t
d u itic ts a pcr
son depend on
a the dosagc and orr r irt ci tie drug i
taken.
ondity
b. the uaer expc tati ILd
c. the situation in which F d uy i takcn
ci, all of the abox e
18 I am a st nthehc stimulant and mild hallucinogen
that produces euphoria and social intimacy by
triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin
Pr hat am I?
a ND
c. Ilk
ci. cocaine
b. MDM ‘c
Matching Items
Match each term with its appropriate definihon or
dc scriptun
Definitions or Descriptions
Ierrns
1. drug that is both a stimulant and mild
hallucinogen
2. drugs that increase energy and stimu
late neural mtir itv
3. brxi i xx ave of awake, relaxed person
4 brim ware atn itv dunng Stac’e 2 sleep
5 slcep stage associated roth dreaming
6. d ugs tF at reduce anxietx and depress
‘c itial ncr us s stem act ‘rot
i t r
air k tIers Pr )duced by thc
brain
8 nt urotransm tter that I SI) resembles
9 mr a arc ness of ourseh es and our
cur r )nment
10. theory that dreaming reflects our crotic
drn,es
11. a split bctw een different 1cr els of ror
i usness
-
a. I reud s theory
b. serotonin
C. lcstasy
d. alpha
e, dissoc ation
f. ampFctimire
g.
ccrs icro
h slecF spird’
i, e dcrth is
j RIM
k. barbi ix s
ss
PsyChology \pplied
Y P°LED
PS
I
cf rC
c
id
r xama
If thaptCr
ic i
i
Vivi
d
ep
IC
n
e
iheated
p1 tore
win
d.
e
2
csigesedbsthc
‘
it
a
s
r
erre
fresestier
uai
a
b
e
1
r
1
0
h
tern
osts of a
sCi * tC m
and pur
,
_
‘1
Ic
se
t
d
3
If
i
C
s
d.
IC
1
1
or ssCciatlc
a
i
I
I lug
r
i°
XC
cd tc
05
p upubesCent hiP
mentation
as vi
snip
nbrlCd
t
st d
a
s
‘C
it
n
C
Aedo RIM seep indh
pc d r1
cp unie ssarr
is ‘5
in rCfaxed shde the
cra
c
b d
i
s
apcrso
r’° y
tth
i
frCmRIM
ers while the
Ii
s
4
I e details and
S nCn
I
5. Dan has recenth begnn using an addfCth e
enphoria produCing drug Whic i of the fol C 55 lug
is iff probab y 0CC 01 A f e repeatedly us if is
drug?
a As to c ancc t the d ‘ug dcvc ops Par w’ll
expeuene in eas igly 0 eas iaf Ic f ‘ghs’
b. I hC don ge iC tdC d IC p ‘od uci tIe d she I
effeC I n iH uwr asC,
o After Cc Ch use hC will bCcC me mc rc a id nior
Ltad.
i
d. DcperdCi CC nil beCo re e sofa p ol
are lOsC d \dC C S bra
6 klthoi gh fe’ ey
is
gCnerating Lurst of Clcct’nal aCts ti h is likCh
that Adele is:
a, under thC influence of a depressai I
b. under the influence of an ooiate
c in R ‘vi sleep.
d. has ing a near-death expenente.
7, Concluding his presentation on levels of informa
lion proCessi sg Miguel states that:
a. humau process both conscious a d uncon
scious information iu parallel.
b. conscious processing occurs in parallel wh Ic
unconscious processing is serial,
e Conscious processing is serial while uncor
scious I0C essing is parallel.
d. all information process ug is serial in u tuie
-
C
ak
c
I
189
d
C
r
Cr a crime
f Csis (ner the
i
shC
ufd you tcfl
C
eohe I.
8. Roberto is moderately intoxicated by
Which of thC fol ow ug Cha iges in h’s behavior is
hkefs to occur?
a. It angered, he s i w re likely to beeor se agr s
sxethanwhenhe issober.
b. lie is ill be
‘ss self conscious abe ut his
behax 10
c If sexualh aroused I e ill be les ii h b ted
abe tenga,i g’sse i at ‘V
d 11 fth ab x ar kely
es
0
9J
b
Cs
y
i
Sr
e
u
I
r
cry
f
ox I
.y
rstas
ccl
isle
r Her s
a
I
i
C
next stage
s r I
d tvattenyt
tJll’sdre n
a. rarfs
b. latest
C’
Cr
v wig e
tI
dr
r
C
Ic
r
a
rtf
e
d
dss
s
sI s
cr1
ated
)
titnip
s
c\ I de
4
t cd k
oH
—tY,
to
p.
at
feiiklu
e
d he
a. Br
r
1
Oc.
top stud\ to the I
akened each tirnc he
\ow that the e\penment Is
tng can he e\pected to
4l.ts. lit u
i
t
EtC.!
Sfl
K
o
once
a.
in
-a
c. dualist.
behas iori—t.
I,, monisr.
Lc.
H since —o deepix tot e’ eral flLglits
in ‘t nhnimin,
Ii
sleep 5tape 4
ii
Rh I
‘tht h
i
se in l3arr
b.
die hoed has died, the
15, [es a’ belies es that
mind also ceases to east. Pt identh. Let aris a! 0
to sleep sO hc ‘I eonhn
h rch
.o
c. is it RI \l sleep.
d. suttcrs trom nar olepsr
d. atheist.
lb. \\hich of the toilou ‘op —mntdments oinerniog
marta us is trod
a.
I he hr product—
ra
i o na
from the body me re qn 1
pre du ts of aleot ol
b Regu at users r v re d s
drug te chic’ e a higi h r
nould need to get th am
Marrjuana is as add ts
c.
-
I
r
a.
1
in
s \th
:
k
c
tI
d s cckbroker
I
pa
e tl’tx o e
sin: 15
n
piaoer
rh
tafe
imagination
ho has troohie I Kus
in
el
100 Vies
or
005
l\ i :ci
the 1
ti
els
in—a
a
c
n
\‘iopteci
‘lion ug statements conterning
trod
cis
sod—rn i
‘dual are more susceptible to
tI
i I an adoptir e parent
r s n fh alcoholism pt
k ha leohcl prob
e
an d
a
e
e sts
cot nsoo
tIlled genes I sat at
pe iple predisposed to
nolisin
d
13
a a is have a d rat— that nrefei alcohol
l-
cc Late! —mae— st the ufleetis enes— ot hvpnoss
I 00’ 4 toe! i\ hate demon—trated that’
-o
1 —elf-control, 9
a
ueh a— smoking.
i c’ iciern
is
,mialP ehetnc n tth neop
e n ho
t
a
ri 1
s ice and tnose n hr an
‘
‘
•
(4
)
ut hr
(
oh
I
tres
S
p
it
‘
—
4
e_
a
I
ii
c
I
i
rt
tilt
sO
‘i
,‘
Ii
e sitcom nersen— brain avain
0’
19 tIm x isnal ala aodttors
-i bk I’ a i :eatt — that the s’eeper
V’
b
1
n
cot a aie
‘I tin
‘
F p )Sls
3 ctirins
I.
tI an
s
x soot
ffcct
as
F t
e
neohne
e
\\ hich
ot
the
fohon
log
statements
concerning
near-death experiences is trued
a. Fester than 4 percent or patients \\ ito come
close to drang report has tug them
b. I hex tx picalh consist r F mtastmc mx st!
imagers
are more co um nl expene n e
females than by male
di Ihey are more coma tnt e renerc
males than hr females
e
18. ‘lhose who consider hrpno ms a oral phet erie
non ontcnd that:
a. hr pnosls is an altered state of conscioo—ne—.
b. hypnotic phenomena are nnicine to hvp.nc’ins.
c. hvprtotized subjects become onresponsn c
when thex are no longer motn ated to at I as
instructed.
d. all ot the abc’s e ate trne
‘
.
14
do
r
d. Pr en mail doses ot manluana hasten tin los—
of brain cells.
17.
12
in
tOe ame.
Itenotln on a task
lo ha— nn er heen able to reads ‘inet
no hu
in on
, 1
t
are
t an are
,‘..
.trz:.cHep
‘V
19. Whit in the tollon ifl stiR wilts VtLi’Vc 0
root ) dr t misc is true
O’!
a
a. IIear3 o cr5 of I i o
s it
c ftes real
b t a i adolescent I e ds
th tIm arslteuml t
aver
c. I enagers uho are a de
let ts seldom misc drugs
d. lt is nearls impossible in redo I hetht r
adoiesee t ‘.s id cper’na.
nor
partitular
a
u ith drugs.
-
K
20 (
)
i
di y
C
ci
C
a,
r
C
15
iCef
dttC
a
CC
CS
Cfl
C temporan
iiCCCssa
\iari nn
CIIC CiigpCntserCc’t.
v CS hCd bCccu,e it W
3
t
1
t dcii
dangcnis
ot mci
1
c
C
e itation
C
ds
c
c tic b i i inC tc hei as it
and ieoa
i t
damaged nes roes
c
orith th cugi a ion un
ate
CC
I
S igEti ,C 4
s isa
nip in dC a ‘psi hic safCtv
b
d
Essay
I
i
C
(
I sin i
t
a
t
Root
I
a
si C
I
is
CCI
ii
CS
C
I 1W
I iii
a
ngC
ss gred thC ink t uniting a
t t Cd
\iCC hol and klCoholism:
md Preve it on
What mIen mation
cit
‘n yen
ft. I me
€
sfl
.
alm
1
l
F
8. det
9
m
10,
IL
i
Cc
CC
T
SICCI a
icF
12.
13 din
n
14.
ii
fe
15,
MC
t C i
C
t
t
In t
16. REM rCbound
arhCle? (U e tie paC
aoir s you nant tC makC
i
al
CriCnCCs
e
iC
bClou t
u e
p mpc
n
,.
C. sas C
and orga
n a scparate pieCe of
17. hyp
C
L
18. posthy
iot
C
ho
g
19. dissoc Cc tic n
20. p55 Clic aCm e drugs
21. tOlCranCc
22. nittid u
I
23. physiC I dCpe idenCe
24. psyCho gi aldCpenden
25. add’ tie
26. deprC sant
27. barbituratCs
28.
)
aws
29. stmmul ir t
30. amphet r i nes
31. inc thai
32. 1
KEY TERMS
33
Wi
)C C
1 101
34,
m
t
2.
3
4,
)c,
I
t
r
C
ci
h ta
asy \ID’vt \
5
‘1
35.P(
36
3,
nas
38.
i
e
y
Icrrns
19
C
a
c
1 Ci
—
ICon ciousness
os (‘luck
I
ft
eim d ii f I n I uo rex iew
I atcrial ate
nerfeat
Itv a tnt to the lear ir
p a ess. \fter
: f ritten [hi clef
U ms of the
i ( t h
ten
‘
‘,
‘u
i: this cilapti r, x c i should
eross\\ ord p’ zJe to ensure
kin teI
nt
ctt
Lhe
eru
IaO’lt’/t th term
the preee——
er the detinition.
gn
AC RO’,S
I, n 1.1 nt RP\t leep rei iceting that
‘r hem N atousd hut he muscles
1 ‘and
It
,r, ttraum tter u hose reuptake is
7.
eka Fed dx tocaint’.
5, \‘ ‘ccix med sttmu tart mat is inhaled.
10. Dreaea in xvhicia the dreamer is suffi
e’en,’x axx are to u onder if he or she is
c:I’niug.
12. [‘nix c ‘[LI] halluinoge x fir t used dv
hihnit Hofmanr
13. 1 i pi of protessir g t rat dccribes
dcxx u e deal u th )r scious informm
t Ni
tim of
ma e
i
rat occurs
dum
P
1
H
lf:tJ
ecp
u
ki
a
a n ser aion similar to a
n
luc ra
1
a
I
w r a
I in,e of
i
at
t ‘mquihzcrs.
shich thc thinking and memory of
old r adu t c
u N dm1,
22 Tir t ot dat a a ich the thinking and
ft lone students ft id to be best.
memory of
ANSWERS
Chapter Review
Consczonsness and Infor;na tion Processing
1, consciousness; hehax lot
DOW\
2. I,
I
x ha in ludes alcohoL
e,
e
1
P
Ti
i,
nt ,n’,js, the supo ed reln ing
of earlier
tht ptd up’ ‘eural activity.
hat Pep rcs ni urd activitt. temporariix
3. D
4. )rt
2. hrain acrh
itt : mental concepts
Consciouncss o nut awarene—s of
3. before: lunited
ire” ‘çntt’Ia that dreatns help ha dciii
“If tiLes dx our memories.
6. (1, ep “tat d’srupts the pft’cessinp of recent cape
tx’ Irma term memories.
Q. F’’ vu r-ll¼arci s term describing a hr pnotized
3,
‘‘‘
-
It, hr
;
:‘
IS. Ii
20
en’ ar’ne—s of unreported experiences.
,o” that predominates in
Stage 4 sleep.
during hvpnosist.
h sPa’ hr u’ u a es of a relaxed, awake
:
‘.
16
C
a’
;‘,,
“a
u
‘0?
-ci
‘nsncs— ‘a—
‘hat
e I
t
5
t
of euphoria.
rana
“ur—ei’a- are
environment.
‘u: sue,esslvea
4. rc’quire
Sleet’ tint? Dreams
1, biological rhr thrns: annual ci Lies:
length, and meted
appetite. —leer
2. sea—t’nai affective d’s,’rdur: 25; min—treal cx
24; alertness, body temperature. ,intl mon itt ha
inc ‘no se rction; 0
3, or
ii
thm
193
Answers
4. thinking, nemorx tx cnmg’ morrung
5. jet lag’ timc; shitts
6. bright light’ retinas’ pincal’ metatonin; suprachiasmatic nucleus’ dcnosint irthibit’ sleep scheth
ules
7, S
8. ees drear is’ R[M slccl
9. alpha
10. 5
lwpua k
t
5
’
LiliuL
lLdLLUlfl
12. delta: 3’ 4’ don xx ax e’ diffitult xx alking
During RI M slecp rain ware ba me as rapid as
those of Stage 1 sIc ep heart rate and breathing
become more rapid and irregular, and genital arousal
and rapid eve mox ements occur,
13. actix e; relaxed paradoxical
15. 90; briefer’ longc r 2d to 2
16. two4hirds’ one third
17. genes’ identical’ culturc
18. sleep deprivation
19. 8 or 9’ 2 Dement’ accidents’ immune; aging; obm
si; hs pertension’ niemory nnpairment
1 he major etfec t of sleep dcpnvation is sleepiness
Other effects include impairc d creativity, concentrm
hon, and communication, slowed performance; and
irritability.
20. protect; brain’ metabohsm, free radicals; neurons;
memory’ c eatixe
21. pituitarx’ less less
22. 1
nsomnia rcduce
23. narcolef s ; RIM, muscular tension; hypothala
mus by
1 ocrc tin
24. sleep apnc a c x er x eigh men
p
27. ncg ‘x at ickc
28. n as is
i
‘
u
‘
m deep alking’ run
6
deck cst
s cd
6. authoritatn e; context
7, posthypnotic
8. addictions, docs not
9’ is
10. can’ dissociates, attention
11. attending’ sensorx; en’orx
12. normal consciousness; social influence
I he behax ior of hypnotized subjects is not fundamen
tally different from that of other people. I herefore,
hypnosis ma be mainh a social phenomenon, xx ith
hypnotized subjects acting out the role of a “good
hypnotic subject.
14. dream visual’ auditors
kgb’ tc,ru 4’
you c dr
c
26, RIM c d
3 somexi hat
[hose xx ho are niost susceptib e frcquentlv become
deepls absorbed in imaginatix e actix ities fhcv also
tend to hare rich fantas lix es
4. will
5, age it’grtssuu nu more
is t’niuries
11. sleep spindles
25.
Hypnosis
1, social interaction’ Mesmer’ animal magnetism
2. does not, aie
rcjcctco
29. manifcst, latent cor tc
13. dissociation
14. hidden observer’ social
The social influence and dir ided consciousness views
work together to explain hypnosis as an extension
both of normal principles of social influence and of
cv cry da[ dissociations between our conscious an areness and our automatic behax iors.
Iirngs and Conscionsness
1, psvchoactn e
2. tolerance, neuroadaptation
3. withdrawal, dependencc, psy chological, addicted
I he folloxving m ths about addictior are false:
a. laking a psvchoactixc d ug automatically
Icads to addictic n
b. One ca i it ox erco r e an add ct’on xx ithout
profess ona ‘elp
c. Ihe addiction as diseasc needing trc tment
model is
p1 c ibte tc a broad 5f cctrum of
plcasure seckng bcliax iors
4. depressants stimulants’ hallucinogcns
transmitters; expectations
30. erotic’ conflats
31. informat on a emory
32. pbs siological; st a ulati in’ nfants
33. ncural brair s em’ a ti ation-sfnthesis
hnbi ar 1
dal i t itio i’ cgn’t vc
neuro
5. calm; story; depressant’ sympathetic
limbic’
6. aggrcssixe’ helpful; sexually long term; RI M
sleep
‘
34.
35. d
ml’ RI \
i
dc n
t
us
u
r’c m
0
i
tic cssisg
7, sfrinki
nor icn sch av ar nes
ration futurc cm scqucm c
mmcdiatc
it
194
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
I i I cs h ire found that if people belier e that alcohol
iffec ts social bc has ior in certain is a s, then, when
t icr drink kohol (c r er en mistakenly think that they
hr beer dr nkug alcohot), they rr behar e accordus, to the r cxpectations rrhich rart hr culture. br
cx in p k it p eoplc believe alcohol promotes sexual
H ci ng or d inking ther are likety to behar e in a sex
oa I roused is at.
8. hail iturates
ncotmc
amphetamines,
10. c afic inc
I ‘last nic thamphetamine; are
cocaine
lopamine norepinephrine’ serotonin; reuptake;
sr napscs
12. expcctations’ personalits, situation
13 1 cstasr stiniulant’ rinid hallucinogen; dopanune,
,erotonin; serotomn; circadian; immune sy stem;
memory cognitir e
14. psychedehcs, MDMA; serotonin; blocking
IlK’ kiDS cancer, lung damage and pregnancy
complic ahons
I ike alcohol marijuana relaxes, disinhibits, and mat
pioducc a euphoric feeling. Also like alcohol, man
iuana impairs perceptual and motor skills, Marijuana
is i mild hallucinogcn, it can amplify sensith ity to
colors sounds, tastes, and smells. Marijuana also
interrupts memory formahon.
15
16. opposing emotions
17
i
18. has e more
19. hi ilogical, more; dopamine ress ard
S psychological factor in drug use is the feeling that
onc s lifc is mc aningless and lacks drredion. Regular
r sc r of psychoactir e drugs often bar e experienced
s r s r failure and are somers hat depressed. Drug
si
ifti r t ip ns is i temporars ra air to robes o
s r angc anxktv, or insomnia S porr’crful
lac
in dr ig use espc ciallt ar song adc les
ter r Puc r c Pc crs shapc attitudes about
pr di I ugs and cst bhsh thc so ial ontext
20.
Sc
r
21
is c dt ir I ethnic
inst pier
22 a cdocation about the long term costs of a drug’s
tc mporary pleasures
b efforts to boost people’s self-esteem and pur
5’
c
F
‘
i
cult
s
ditc
uicp
uc
2 duahsts monists
PROGRESS TEST i.
‘s4ultipleC’hozu Qucstions
2I
2. b. is the answer p 23
a. The amvgdala is in nit cn ci tcr in thc un
bic sr stem
c. Xdtnosine is a brair he r cii tI t n akcs us
sleeps.
d. He pincal is a g and that p ‘duc thc sleep
inducing hormone mclato in
3. c. is the answcr. Jet lag is cxperic d bccausc,
has ing trar eled acros ti ne )r is u c are air ake
at a time when our Hologi i I irk irs Sleep
this biological lock i the rcadian rhrthm,
(p. 273)
4. a. is the ansis er. (p 2’ /
b. & c. Delta is as es predomin iti during Stages 3
and 1. Stage 3 is the transiti in beb c cn Stages 2
ittein that has
and 4 and is associated is th
elements of both stages
d. Faster nearly in aking hrai is as cs cccur dur
ing RFM slcep.
5. d. is the ansrscr. (p ‘8
a., b., & c. During nor RI ii C a es
c pu ar
and breatuing are sloss
tals are not aroused
icreased’ drug education
a
1, hatlucination
1, d,istbeansner p
9. dip css opiates endorphms
11
NearDeath Lrperzcnces
south agan t pecr
4 hcart rate
d H c geni
6. d.istheansrrer. p 2/)
7,
is thc ansss er. (pp 2S 8
8. a. is thi anssscr Ok I Po
the undi s rihk con eo c
ii
ri
sk ep and nar
run (p.28
b.,c. &d 51 p
dIe s
I
9.c
ttca r
serotcn n ard i c
p
a lhs irssserdcs r t ti
b. Depressants a i
C ocaine and crack ri ci is
d.\oneoltteps\ h
ti
Opiates howevc r
r
)1 endoip nr 5.
nii pPl’carra
ng RIM
I
)
i
Sc
ptl
c
I Si
tsr it
c asst Ti ruts
d up
a hi ttfcct
a is ircd tnin
i
t
t
c
nswers
r hi r Ft
s orssbdy funca
t i adp ssanLp298)
v ‘as n
nt
Oc
c fal it nogers.
0
i
t
i
F
II,
s
i
C
ahrcfc red
t
Eli
C
a
r
sic’s Fr ul is bcst
t
)
t
r
Ft s c
)
tcraon that
193
18. d. is thc answe (pp 282 288
a., b., & c. fach cf these descricts a rahd tfec m
of drcaming that was mentk cd r the text.
19. a is tht an ncr. We can e et ur biclogka
dock Fr adjustin
6 0u set sthtdulw. hns
young adu ts hoyt somct rirg t e to 2u or
day hr stayu
iptoolrtca ;t fou s 1 sccp
276
p
20. cisthc ii mc f 0
.
t
tO
uav
suUai
‘datciung Items
d
r
12.
s
fp
) 9
o Ftcts
icr
i
t.
e
t
ii
ft
Fr
si
o
c
s
sc
C
h
F
r
I
s
rth
d
c
dr
a
15.
r contarninatcs
xrcrr rbcrdlecthanrf
ke cdd r R ct 3
r tagcs. (p 287)
Frud s m c reams as psy hit
Ici
t
e
a eptabic feelings
aetCt
i hes (p 287)
rscgidt
ri u of drcarning
i
e
s
a
r represent the mdi
0
shc but ‘n disguised
r, c
r is
s
c
c
nork pr manix at
.,
a
g
s
e(p 286
k (p 2h7’
r(p.2$)
/h)
2
)(p.
5.1
6. d tp.
7. b(p
8. a p
28t
284)
98
303
10
Of)
2E
(p.
a p 284)
PROGRESS TEST 2
Flultiple-Chozcc Questions
in
hg
c
acts
L
2.
3.
4,
u c t arc not hke thosc
cci c
,
ha oil
3 cs uat sleeping md
t s. r f ct, the brain
i
r s
d.
nc
13
si’
I
arc
r
f lust ci itior
r
i mrsscn (p.296)
i Ftc taking
rc
a
r ther ndirid
g actuallr
f
fir
c
‘3
Si
5
i
5
t
‘
ti
I
d
t dl
cpt
1. b. is the answer. Ioll awing RI M def rim ation,
people temporarily ir creasc their amount of REM
sleep, hr a phenomenon knomm n as RI RI ebound
(p 288)
a. Just the opposite is true: lIt a nount of RPM
sleep is grcatest in infancy
c. Deprir ed )t RPM sEep bf rcpe ted awaken
mngs people return nore and morc qu ckly to the
REM stages after falling back to sleet 1 hey F y no
means adapt easily to the depr’r ations
d. Just the opposite occurs: tF em ttnd to supprtss
REM sle 3
p
2. C is thc an ncr. (p 311)
a. Behav )rsts focu on obserm ablc sehar io s a id
am old conccpts such is thc wi id.
b. I hc ionists helievt rat tr e a nd ar d b 503
are era.
d,Prcud’ rstocusonu c rsc us 1c mc iu
asçe
of th stand and Ia
lttc Ii
p ca d
nythe
ml
d rca
sh’p
3. a. sf1
rs
PC
Os
St
5 c
p
c cc’ r
r
e
F
a’
Ic (I t rail
us
Ished r r r s y 2CC
r
4. d, is thc irsi cr. p 2
a. (he Fra’n a vcs ct RIM ‘icc
dc r srap
are m rc ‘ke thosc of Stage f sc yers.
b. Stage 2 is ‘.har, ctcri,cd b lccpsprde.
c. Stages 3 and 4 arc F a ictc lad hr
r riling 0 1 a
ayes.
3%
16.
1
1
C
17.
h
x
Fo’isr
2
r
r d r
as
cbscrraFle
iistcr of
r
Scm ft
r
6.a.
r
h
m
usrcs
oc crintle bserce
F plxs 1 depen
Fc
aI xaapt
F
r r 1
xi
r
i
(1
p
SLt
9latelnng Items
I rt asr nisloax
i aStagc 4
or
up
t
a
I
F
I
opr
I I
19. a is the ansxrer (p. 2$8
P. & c. lhese essentialh I cudiai cxp aratro as
it purpose of dreair n g an best d in t
C
that a drcarn is a psxc xi salt i xhc h
n
b 1’ r
1
o six disefargosotfcixri c
d t
d F a cxplanation d thc in U r
I C I
s a
ssociated vith the rlorra
e
pont
20, d s the answer (pp 3t t 31
L
2
3.
4.
ant p 29
c(p 302
1 p 300)
J )
1
d(
h(p 27
)
26
5.J1p
k( 3((
6. 1
i(p 31
8. b(a ‘1
71
9
0
10 a( 29
1.
‘
iii iii
es groauy
Psychology Applied
ii
drf or
)f a ,enlc
(C
r
a
Multiple-Choice Questions
1 bchtacs that hapno n
p
d
put
t
t
o asuorisness
much rcater cxtcr t.
I t
a
a
d a ith athor ch idron
or
alca Ihaaca 9i
9 tmc
a d n s nakrn
a ct o a’umo n no alto
F
tIn e
catm
dIe ire tFan )ta
p r
r
,
an
ar r
c
js
C
aildrc
usc Iru ,s
3,F
1(5
Fr
r
I
a
S
u
I P. is the ansuor Nare)Iopsr is J a .c cr cd a
294
uncontrollable sioop attack
a. Sleep apnea is character cd ax th tcn or
cessation ot breathing asPi o asic ‘p
e. \ight terrors are characto ix d r h , a a u
and terrified bohaa ic r oc nirir v d ar ag ta e
leop
icr It n a] n
t
d. Insomnia refers o chro an dif
ar star ing asleep
2 d. is the ansxt or (p. 307
5
tJa ansaar \lt”uagh Ftx
3. b.
t thc a rated c
internally the ness ago
28
cortcx do not reach the muscles
a. Studros of RI M-doprn ‘d o pi iad at
thc opposite
r
e. It is difficult to a kor a c
Iocp
d F s thooppost occ ri N I (p
sr
les a rU xed ‘c th r
3 a
Irs
91
u
t
r e apaoi
r
n
I
d
ii
(I
fC
‘I
nthta a p 29
r
dnsF d
P. Ifa9nctFal
it n ore at iratc tFa o s
rs
e kthaugh hhpi cIfl(l
cdur at
t
uar intlucnco thc urn a io
al nom irs rotricaal also o curs
d Hrpnotkalh rotr oacd n r
c
a
II
(cu
t f
ru (alt
P
F
a rr
Jo
tc n
t
‘
a
) aad IIl( dc
S
II
nswers
Ii sc ft u c large aid
)
rgcr doses. (p.
a,
& d. t
6. c.
a is icr.
R
no n
1
1
K K
c
0
it)
ti
t
a c
an est ontent c t a drean is its actual
cter
to
I,. c M ci ocind rid) cause Barn to dreani more
tf a iormat.
ci c icic e in REM slecp is necessarih accom
f ar cd i dec eases i i Stages I -4 clecp.
11. B i
answ ‘r “eoplc mm ith rich fantasy hxes
a ci
a nhty to aecome imaginatim elm absorbcd
c
s entia’
the characteristics associatcd
not c i gestiti it If e fact that lam e
t s aRc si ; c’t
he Pt sscses such
t
t o
p
at o
ak
5 1
ri a
uni
ly
‘I
sib
n,
g
d
a
t I
b
.A
sit
t
cal
i,
& d.
sc
i rc
‘“
16. a. is the ansi
ri)ua ia
ai
i
t’d
ri
cr n II ib
cac tc
u
tIes I
ed
cm
id
d
‘Itt
..3 i)
f thcsc is ft c
‘drI
lad
arc ir rc
it
I
)i5
cI
i
m
w
ic
i indicates
a cc hohs r ft at least part a)
r
m
Icmar fefcvc
thu
d ca cs to exist. (I
s
i cuarai e.
bc)
i
a c
dcatt expcu
it i
tor a nontI
c
r II IC t ie c t m e ingredient ir
d 35 by p oducts hn ;er in tne body
more (o. 3t 3)
17. b,’stht arsvei
ies
ie e s n uch tcrm in am case “omert’
i ou d x thc
me as “manifest’ content.
10. d. i thc ar swer. Bet ause of the phenomenon
mm i a RI M inbound Barry, h m ing been
dcp ft d of RI M sleep, ix ii’ now increase his
S ‘V I eo p Mo)
a I
cased iii t ibitity is an etfect of sleep depri
i
i in ieral iot of RI M clcprir ation specifi
c
cdi
c’nccs
u 3ttl)
a ‘tip cxriate
tc 4d pcrcmt
2
people who
hays tor it clost to death rc f ort ome sort c I
nta- deatiex c -ienct
c. & d. Iherc is no gendcr diffcrcnc in the prem a
I ‘nce of near death experiences
d
12
i
raist,
tctmmc
spIt n emels of ccn
a
crlcctly non ial
Bcia
c.
m
ocator
visual and audito
ft
cnst axo drt c c cestothenind.
beneic B at t ic L nd can exist apart
I cm I bcdx
d. tIe text dcc ii Ii cuss t e rclations up
a
iic
r
t
I
Ihe anaim si is em identlv try in to
hc it Its ii thc dreim lid undcr
drca n
idden nc ar rig or thc
t content. (f !8/)
a.
t
vt
anti
)d It’
si
‘I c
icit
that
i
i
rn i
coptc c inot cs Is Ic awakc ied frt ri
-
U ca i
c
b. In tact
RIM Ice
icthity in thc
if
c ans c
c
or
r It r I cfngs of ngcr 01 se\uaf
) o
15 tue processin’ or cxpcri
crm mcnrorm
p 98 299)
c
i
9. b.
bu st
II chol educt sc t can titus
bit c t s iaki i people mor
c )5( ii
k
i
IS. b. is
(
i mr
s
ft rapid tic n orcments of
dc v t
t n s cc ping I
if Ri si sleep.
Ouri
tf
it)
5
7,
8. d
it
‘ft
it eased actim
ry areas of
18. c. i the answer tp. Ma
19. d.i theaisimer ( .3d7)
20 d. i tie insv er Ireud s tfecr p oposed th t
dreams wIrch otto di ri i fast -mine RI If
slcep scrmc
i f yf’c
aetv maRe. (p1
282 283
I-ssau, Qutstzon
As a deprc sa it alcc ftc sit v
ieu a act xitm and
bodi funtt’ i i \ltf ougf 015 d ses oI aft iho iia5
pioducc Ia t i
ith lar ‘t dc 5cs ‘act ins slomi
t h lu-s
cd fe oma ice dete i iratcs and
he p occs
cf t t t c per tn c into I g tcr
inem ft
i5 U) ed
\Lt
Isi rt
tc s s If
1
‘
ram
macn
t
c a) iiI ,t it
e
d do m
mc
cc
t
d td
ml
a
b c
a ac
a
ft
d
t
a
r
c
-
ar
i r
u
tii
1
)
i
iv
‘
in
5
ifc
s d
d
c I t K
1r ,c’
i, i
e tO’
-‘
ingsamor ft my ncr cf c i md i ay cica e i
psicl i c ‘ical sun rab lit tc I 1)115 n.
I
c
t’t,a
I ue cc is
101
‘ci ,dd
st 1
Ia
,
i
c
I
c
t
‘
r’
dbI’r ft
197
‘
t’r
S r
of Corscioc mess
luiot it.
g ic
‘or
a
ran s (II t.du
-ncr a — -f alto
s(iPt t tar and p pi ‘e
s
r-;t.- rrt peer pit
to
O
‘r
tb dm
shun and treatment prot the long-term come
c torts to boost people’s
s l’fe and (3) attempts to
I it leads to experimenta
c
n.
nys.
KEY TERMS
ii riti.R 1)ufi;zitioizs
chotogisu-, consciousness is our
md our environment. tp
an -t
1.
u- ,u °c ot ourseis es
2. Bmological rhythms are periodic fluctuations in
m,r H ‘dmes hr siOiOCh 31 staten, including annual
Iriatmons in appetitc. 0
0-mluute sleep cycles, the
Jar menstrual cr ue, and circadian rhythms.
‘a.
3. \ circadian rhythm is am rcgular bodil\ rhythm,
aN hodi ter ipc ature and sleep-wakefulness,
that Ic ‘lows a M h ur crclc. (p.
)
275
I lc”ra,” ‘
rd In I thu cut means “about” and dc’s
t
I clrcadian rhythm is nun that is
means d r
or
4 nc urs in duration.
ahen i d
REM s cep i I c Ic ‘p stage in which the brain
and
ud c
e actn e, the muscles are relaxed
it
r r ir ucurs also known as paradoxical
Leg \P
6)
1 ‘a mc
I RFM s an acrourm for rapid eye
ci stinguishing feature of this
me’ emnent tf
Jr cp stage if r cc ) ts discos cry.
5 Alpha waves ie th’ relatively slow brain waves
ml n’aLttristic of an n ake relaxed state. (p. 27Th
6. Sleep h the natura p ‘rr )dic, reversible loss ot
)“siori—ness, on sri i h the body and mind
‘
m iaJ (or healths
hail u rinations
tp. 277i
talse sensnrx experiences that
sen—ocr stimulus (p. 277
noning.
5
tuu
are
rtheut am
5. Delta waves arc the largo. —low brain ware— a—sn-
tel ‘tO deep ieep (,a. 277
9. Insomnia is a sleep diso der in
a’ lads
ha
is
hich the person
in failing or —tar ing
ditficuits
,
‘sleep apnea is, sI
-m
ho tI
ing REM sleep. p. 25Th
14. in Freud’s theory at dreaming. tim manifest con
tent is the remembered story Ime. i p. 2Sel
15. In Freud’s theorx ot dreaming. tire latent content
is the underlying hut censured meaning c’t
dream. ,p. 287)
.1 lemon’ ,ad fec 14 and 13’ I lammite-t nreans clearh
apparent. ohs ions”; latent means “hidden, con
cealed
A dreani’s manifest content is tEst
which is ohs ions; its latent content remains I id
den until its syinholisnr is interpreted.
16. REM rebound is the tendener for RI M slec p tc
increase hollow ing REM sleep deprir ation If
288)
17. Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one pci
son (the hypnotist) suggests to anothcr (the s
ject) that certain perceptions, feelings thc ugh
or behax rers will spontaneous occur. (p 290)
a suggestion mad
durmg a hypnosis session that is to be carried c’
us hen the subject is no longer hr pnotwed. p 2 1
18. A posthypnotic suggestion
is
19. Dissociation is a split between different levels of
consciousness, allowing a person to dir idc attc i
tion betw een tsr o or more thoughts. lp. 29 3)
20. Psychoactive drugs -—--which include stimula r
depressants, and hallucinegens are cheuu,
substances that alter mood and peret’ption ‘Fist
tyork hr affecting or mimicking tIre aeiis its
neuretransnrirter. p. 2°o I
21. Tolerance is the diminishing or a c—s chuaeh’ e
drugs ettett that eceurn is ith rep-eared: u—t,
requiring prugres—is eli largi r host’— or or di r ‘t
produce the same efrect. (p. 29Th
22. Withdrawat refers to th.e hi—comfort and d’stre
iii, \arcnlepsv
a sleep ri 1—order in which the i ic
to’ —cr(cr sudden. urn ontroliable sleep attarks,
n.
h’ni terl7ea r cubs directlr into EL \l.
11
to gasp for air falls back asleep. nd repcat ri
cycle thr rughc ut the night. (p. 284)
I aarnplc’ One theorr of the sudden infant de t r
syndrome is thi it is caused by sleep apnea
12. \ person suturing (rum night terrors exptr ci
cpu-edt of high arousal is ith apparent ter r
\ight terrors usualh occur during Otage 4 sleep
(p. 284i
13. Dreams are vii id sequences cmt images. emotion—
and thoughts, tire rriest \ is i d ut is hiim occur do”
d
i
si
rder hr winch tire per
slit p, briellr a run—es
that follow the disrontmued use ot add- i(
drugs. p 2’-i7,
23. Physical dependence 6. a pin siulogcal need i-n
a druig thai is indicated hr the pre—ent e ot ss Ph
di ass al sr mptums when tIre d rug i— n P ta km a
297
Answers
24
199
x c hological need to usc a Irug is cierred
pycho1ogica1 dependcnce (p 297
i addiction is a compulsive crar ing for a drug
28
despite ds Ci c consequences and r thdraxval
n nphm. (30.(
35. The major active ingredient in mat ijuana. TEIC is
ciassitied as a mild hallucinogen. p
2b. Depressants are ns\ choacns
drr;cs such as
at 0501. opatv. and mrhituratu that reduce
neural acr\ itv and —low buds functIon’-. ip. 29
36. 1 he near-death experience is an altered state of
con—cionsness that has been reported hr —oinc
people ixho have had a close brush a i th dcabm.
27. Barbiturates are depressants, sometime— u—ed to
induce sleep or reduce anr;ets. p .30()
28, Opiates tire dept essants dern ed from the opium
poppx. snen as opiunr. morphine, and heroin;
thvx reduce neural a hi its and temporarily
ic—sen pain and ansien. p
29. Stimulants arc ps hoactix e drugs. —uch as cat
teine nicotine amphctnntnes, and cocaine, that
e\cite neural actu its and speed up bods tunetans, (p 300;
30 Amphetamines are a t pe ot stirnul mt and as
h peed up hods functions and menral actisi
t
300)
31
Me hamphetamine is i
aerfnlh addictire
st’i nian hat speeds ip body functions and is
n Jed ‘Ph enc rgx and m md hangc
i
cesses, I SI) produces its unpredictable etfects
partialh her anse it blocks the action of the neuro
transnritter seiotonin (p. 3u2)
(p. 10’H
37. Dualism is the philosophical belief that the nnnci
and hods are distinct entities—she mind non
phsdcal. the hods phxsicai. (p. 31W
I xnnple: Those a ho believe that near—death expe
riences are proot of hnmortahts are expressing
the dualist position that mind and hodi are sepa
rate entities.
38. Monism is the philosophical br-hut that the mind
and body are ddftrcnt aspects o( the same thing
(p. 310)
f raniplc: The behef that death
i
fhial and that no
afterlife exists i5 a reflection )t the monist posi
Hon that mind and body are one
Cross”C’lzeck
—.
ECROSS
32. ( as died as both a svnd etic) stimulant and i
ill nallu n ogc’n. Ecstasy (MDMA) prodnccs
nphoria hr increasing sc rotonin icr
c t ter
in tI c brain. Repeated use may permanentir
ripe scrotonin neurons, supprcss immnnitv
id di rupt cognition. (p. 302)
33 Hallucinogens are psvchoactn e drugs such as
l) and rnai Iluana. that distort perception and
c okc sensors imapes in the ahsene of ensorx
input. (p. 02)
34. PSI) is ser acid dicthviarrnde i a poxverfnl
bail;cinoncn rapibie of prodricing vivid taPe
pen epuons and 0 )—oriranI/att’n
05
thought pro
L paradoxical
7. dopamine
8. nicotine
10, lucid dreams
12. 1.50
13. serial
14. spindle
17. depressant
18. hr pnagogic
19. barbiturates
21. rnnrning
22. cx ening
DOWN
2. age regrcssic n
3
4.
5.
6.
ampheta ninc s
opiat n
intormation processing
alcohol
9. hidden ohserx er
11
15.
16.
18
20.
delta
dissociation
alpha
heroin
[HP
CL
C
.1
t
S
I
-
F,
C,
C
P0
IC
35
eq.’
4
3
r
(V
.rc
U
—
3
P
C
C
itt
C,
3
S
-
S
C
C
•
m
q
S
t
4
C,
.5
1.
—
‘C
C.
C
C
3
I
C
C
C
r
r
.
‘C
F
I,
S
“C
7
fl
0
C’
4’
C
‘
C
p
fr
r;p
C’
C
.4’
4.
r
I
C
Focus on Vocabula
V
a
c
c
:
I
3
‘
Pep
nj
v
t
sxhere most
rescmhfe Thi
I I I) hut there is
I irous iox and
cc air s parr lvzed
tr e t
i
I
d cp St ge 4 skep
d hen disnpcars As
ti
tme sut r
r jiJ rrntnaJx
n
RIPE si’eo ;ets
crc iepried of
y
s oldIe frey t ecland
nstcady and dazed
xc e than cxci suffer from
i c
icir baring an energized
Ic usc c f the pressures of
3)1 F a ior s or d so on we often
s t 10 F r xc it (di iP) Os from
3 sic p ire iced I he consecit ad I’d nsufficienl
si p d
in
tongs
and discomfort
1
eo i n I ‘ci ng of sleepiness
I tF
I
1
ci [IA sl’ep] hI usmg
c t i and after lunch
1 odav s young students
p
ep t i in they net d and e onse
3
m
p i i g the first class of the dam
c
I I and the quiet school
r
I
Ii
n ay bc occupied
)f
e fn g students (cu rnb’r
it if student
3 are soil sen
hg’
pdhl,
c
s
i c
d ymtixeandmteheetu
c
c
s rid
b
t
a
out e c t re
Page 284
t
i
F
F
r
a
i5 I
e
at
ti
3
r
h
F
F
s
F
3
i
t
ci
ir°
\s
I
radsd ai
r PIer s
IF
n
I
ore
ii
rtt
i
oi
c
m
n
c
ie
icr
i’d
cthnF
dift mit or
iw
sb
psxchclogis
tcmFora y
a 3
dreams ir
n portai
Freudst cc
1 Ircam
mdt)saxs
is urru
cnsiei
sw
(
cx
3
‘
s
c ksaneae
tFc
e
01
i h
p op lose ow
s IA r ‘suits n cc re
Pt rda hlcismg the
xtra heir of sleep in
cc He Morda hI
r
I I n,
Page $
lIe [FreudJ mrgued a b5
I that
xi ishes a drea n pros ides a
/
I hc
disc barges othersi ise nac p ta ii I e
a dis
st n line of the dream (manifest c ntent)
c i
guised xersion of the rca Fri h d c
cci
the dream (latent content Pc
d n
‘x
in
vmbohealiv expressi m, mc m dc
I
t
I
erotic raisFes dreams al c
ts t
I c
cousdnsesthatmightti V e
I a I
c
ni
htuo
u
tcrtodissptc
enta’ exp os or
mg
P an
t
201
a tratf c ncni e S 0
say the Sme can Ste I) c rd rs
Ocuni
e e’pc al
kssouatic n and those itt nar olcp
lv at risk ( Pidrkh 989 Fah ng a I u 1 ‘0
is bile drn ing is almost a
secic
F F cr as
drinking (boo ng and d ix in
0 POF it
hi nar
,
it
nt 31
colepsy suftei from occasional p
od
3
Iahle sleepines often assou t d s h r t ona
I ge )ns
arousal and are thu in d mac r a
xshiie diii ng
rtrre
F
an uagc
1 S US it 3
r
shoxxn that s1ce hel
rot to
tismc (ni n i
increases mcm rya dlearr V F
}
prote Os c m ‘c han s i thi v a e
V
our cx c tutioc arx p t
t c
ti nkinu lb sc fi idings i e sti
ccntinuh g Pu Ic i Ic rely ire r
r
‘83 icoioi a d sur -,c
n e e
i
c du cRFM sleep a t
ii
ti/s. He mcst pep r as
i
t
i is for nsom’
reslegiI,Fi
I
c
tortunatch they an I a
(cgmri i ‘p by suppre sinp RE I
u
d
c
dos the peismn ix ha I
i
i
i ) IA ren
t red (next d c
discontinued the ins m n a ma, g
g
gF s
at
s mdl
It
if
a
acrul
H
e
IM
I
F
t
5
Ic
202
r
Chapter
Stat
of Consciousness
lix brain regions that mar as rats learn
IRs 2o
as pc oplc learn to p form a
o navig ito r ran
sisr I-disc ii inatic i task L n agat t later durn g
RI NI sleep. Studes der ions rate that skeping helps
mu in at tc r d g The areas of thc ha n that are
dn f
then Icarni g s takng plate are
als run c ice ii on ( I
during RI RI
g
5 s imp irtant tens for ship dcprised stu
slcc 1h
duts nhi tcnf to kLri aid rcntniber kss th i
airs A r t nfrri r. tr
t e i i r s’ot dt vtd cc
sleepin
macc up r t re P ss f
e bt
longer and
ite crcekeds t tIc in
it
t
tc
s
n. eom rstc fir hc owen lexcls
ii irru ag nd re al
Hypnosis
Pa’ r 91 Ihus, tajt ests a act, t rut t as it n as
then cahcd became inked nith qnc eni Hrp
nosis a social intern tron in which a hypnotist sug
gest t a subject tha certain pencepbons behas iors
arid so on will 5f or taneousht occur was first
referred to is it’s a s t ftc r the erghtec nth century
physic ran Mesn er wI o promoted its use. Because
the Franklin c omrussion found no scientific ci i
den e for Mesmer s “c ures they concluded that
hypnos*s n as fraudulent or bogus (qaackc ii).
I
Pa
at it ‘Hvpr osk s not a psvchologica
(rat t s arn and to rcgard it as such has been a
sourt c c f considerable ntis hi ‘1. Research shows
tI at hy pnotrsts can subtly influence is hat people
recall nd they mar ads crIer thy create false mem
ories by making suggestions and asking leading
questions Ihus h pnosis is not like a so-called t ath
e a t (a drug afieged to make people tefi the truth)
bu rat icr has caused a great deal of annos ing and
p055 bit I ar ifu effects
id.’ a I t isc t fj
So mrht tFe sc s e ss social influe ice
and
‘ci usncss b brtl d Alfhougn
rd’
fbi a a c
iffc ent xpla rat is s ibc ut
n n ae
hI
5’ e s s ggcst tha d niv
)
s
p
ss e
t
eo t s tfcc ic
I is y o
a
c
th
o
ml
is tc ii fu
c ndr
is i s is
cd
ft
) £5 and Cc ascii usnes
9
¼
rtri
p srrishnr, is drinks
al h
nicht get
y on c r c an of beer but an
xp r r d drnkcr nar r I yet (ii w nfl the ci
¼ t
t
I c ir’ed use ifafsy hacfsedrng
r
inim,i ncinaad
c f
f t
f
sh nc
ci
I
F
i
s
c
I)
I jI
g
i
r
ular drn kc r then rug it be little c (fec t until six or
mon beers h n bee r consumed i a it t a a r attd s r
ad
ncr
)
let f hart
hhis neans that the
2¼
ptrsc n r ho has bee rsing the substanec or i regu
his I asis
hi a i in add (icc hi a a) has non
stc pped doing sc iss P ctl 1k Ft au). Mye s notes
that addccf on is n t diseasc such as drabelts and
many cc pie ohnnf try snop usir g addi t it drugs
v t ioui tncat ncnt r tfirayy.
a 2 8
)
s when ft t rcsta iran patrons
lc avc c¼n t a nt tips \bcoh ii c in i ic case both
barn fu arid c hpful inc Inn it ii us. I bus rt often hap
pens that restaurant clii ufele gwe a baiger gratuity
(extras agan t ups is hi n they are more intoxicated
¼ hates en tendencies s ou have n hen sober
a itt be more otw rous is ne ry ou are drunk.
Page 2¼
¼ nth larger doses, alcohol can become a
stagpc’an
t F cm. My ens is usnig humor here to
make an important point I o describe a problem as
6 means that thc probhcm rs cnormous and
stayycrtn
has serious coast quences (for example a stagger ittg
dc Ft is one that is or erwhelming) One of the conse
quemes of ingc sling large amuntc of alcohol is
slowed reaction time memory toss (bitt ken(s), Ian
guagi disruptions (start d spce ‘It), and uncoordinat
ed physical mor emeut (the person stagg. j. [bus,
drinking too mnch alcohol has serrous implications
(ml s a staggcr
p bLiP,
Pagc 300: It, as commonly belies ed liquor is the
cutcke pick a uv ret the effect lies partly in that
pots erful sex oreau the mind, Nh ohol (liquor) is
thonght by maui to speeo up thc process of meeting
members of the I posite sex and to ion c r sexual
inhibitions I ius a male may belmevi that use c f
alcc hc will frail tatc us ab’lnty to initiate contact
and gil n k o r a iemak a at
IC
appcr).
Mv’rs fihits o t that nit cay acohol is msohr d
a
ra f Ps abc c
3 n cx
e¼t
0
c
ii
in
tfa
n g
Botf s
inn lcisuni
i
v
r t I fit
r
nscnn hi
f r oth’nf
r
I is isac st a ‘aws
for up ig drug-induced pleasc ies
i
I
rt
ad for an aodi t this ma Fe a nersisteut mum for
meat gi
t
an d an urgent, persistent desire
t y for anothi i di sm of the drug
f c.
I’
fi
In cdr
a
c
5
C a
F
cI
nr a ‘t
at
‘satin pot at sri ha
yr due
a (clay c
dyn scm
Focus on Vocabulary and I anguage
“acid trip”.. Taking any psychoactive
Page 302:
drug is called a trip or tripping out, When LSD (acid)
is used, it is called an acid trip; regular users are
someti rues called acid heads.
Pa,’e ,303:
marijuana may spell relief. Although
there are mans reasons for not taking marijuana, it
does have some therapeutic applications, such as
alleviating the sick feelings that result from taking
the drugs used to treat cancer chernotherapv) and
the pain, nausea, and weight loss associated with
AIDS. Thus, it may provide (spell) relief for some
patients.
T\’ear-Death Et;ieriences
Page 309:
And they tend to handle stress well,
often taking [lie bit!! bii [lie horns rather than becoming
traumatized (Britton & Bootzin, 2004). The expres
203
sion “taking the bull by the horns” means to con
front a problem without fear or trepidation. For
some people, a near-death experience mas result in
profound changes in their li\ es: thu mas become
more generous more spiritual, and more convinced
about the possibilth of life after death. In addition,
they are better able to handle stress, often tackling
problems asserti\ el and feariesslx thex tlke the Li iii!
bt, [lie horns).
Page 310: Such monicts generalls belie\ e that life is
embodied, that death is real, and that ‘a ithout bod
’. A ;ioia’tit, is onwone ot no
1
ies we truly are iohodf
importance. \h ers is making a joke here: If mind
and hods are one (the monist position), then when
we are dead and gone, there is nothing left, and we
are nobodies dc, ‘a e ha e no bodies) and so have no
afterlife existence.