Al
Manakh
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EXCERPTS
A
Al Manakh 2
Under the exclusive sponsorship of
the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council,
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi is moving towards realising its overarching ambition to be globally
recognised as the sustainable Arab Capital and the gateway city to the Gulf.
The exclusive sponsorship of Al Manakh 2 offers the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning
Council (UPC) the opportunity to initiate and participate in international and
regional discussions on the growing importance and influence of the cities
within the Gulf.
The UPC is committed to strategic and sustainable urban planning and creating
dialogue with communities. Its partnership with Al Manakh 2 allows the UPC
to reinforce and further demonstrate this commitment and join in the wider
global debate on the implementation of best practice sustainability within urban
planning techniques.
This second edition of Al Manakh captures the events of 2009 and tells the
urban stories on how events, people and trends affected the Gulf. The collection
of analysis, contributions and interviews within Al Manakh 2 converges into one
main conclusion: the success of the Gulf region will be decided in its cities.
Introduction
Al Manakh 2
10
When we first conceived a second Al Manakh, the global crisis was not
yet reality. ‘An eventual correction’ loomed over every new development
plan in the Gulf, but it would be difficult to find anyone today who
predicted the crisis’ onset and in what form it would come – a liquidity
shortfall that started far away, then spread globally, and relentlessly
exposed real estate bubbles in the Gulf.
In January 2009, we started Al Manakh 2 in the midst of a terrible cloud
of no-information and misinformation. Crisis had bungled our initial
plans and given us a new assignment: to follow its course and look for
the ideas that might suggest the Gulf region’s way out of it. Several
times elucidation seemed near, but almost every lead proved a ruse.
In the end, crisis was just part of the story.
Al Manakh 2 had to take the next step. It had to begin uncovering the
structures and networks that lay underneath the images easily found. To
do that, we asked people living and working in the region to contribute.
And as is the nature of the region, we couldn’t rely just on voices in the
Gulf cities; we reached out also to people who felt the Gulf in other
corners of the world: Malaysia, China, Egypt, India, the US and the UK.
More than 120 people contributed to this book. Al Manakh 2 assembles
voices that sometimes unknowingly collude together and other times
contradict one another. Distinguishing the voices ‘on the ground’ from
those offering an outsider’s commentary is not difficult,
and therefore it is clear that more work is to be done in stimulating the
exchange of ideas and opinions over supposedly porous boundaries.
The first Al Manakh was a photographic documentary, in text and
images: Gulf cities were what you saw, and what you saw was unde­ni­
able. The book relied on a process of collecting facts and figures that
up to that point had not been gathered in one place. If Al Manakh was
the first book to assemble an urban history of this region, Al Manakh 2
could be the first that explores the cultural linkages among these cities
in regard to their ambitions, predicaments and needs. Our attempt
here charts an experiment to show congruence and contradiction – both
mutually inclusive to any collaborative effort. And both are recon­cep­
tualizing the Gulf.
The editorial voice of the Al Manakh team attempts not to summarize
these views, but to link them through cross-references, and to find within
them what events of 2009/early 2010 did with the past and what they’ve
meted out for the future. Assembling information in lists and timelines,
the team searched for the larger pictures in the fractured news media,
finding hints of the Gulf’s next agenda (see Pink Tank’s monthly sum­
maries at the end of the book).
After this book goes to print, some ideas will be surely proven wrong or
obsolete. That’s how it goes in this region. To publish a book on the Gulf
is a risky endeavor because the region moves at a rate more suit­able for
other media outlets. But the Gulf does need books about it. And in the
midst of a financial crisis – when much time has passed and more time
must still be endured – the Gulf is at a point where the information
available at this moment should be considered and examined.
United?
11
Volume 23
A book that covers six cities in five autonomous countries – no matter how
much it tries to underline their differences – assumes they share some­
thing in common. Each of the countries has elected to collaborate to some
degree through the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).1 There is relative ease
in moving over GCC borders (especially if you are a GCC citizen), and with
that ease, there has been a seeping of ideas and expertise from one place
to another. One idea of 2009 loaded with considerable social implications
for the GCC countries was the return of the GCC railway proposal.
Huge infrastructure projects – Guinness World records for engin­eering
feats, thousands of kilometers of highway (and some rail), vast seaports
and airports – have characterized the region’s modernization over the
last 60 years. Physical infrastructure is worth more than its weight in
concrete and steel; it lends the space for other kinds of infra­structural
development: educational, healthcare, economic and cultural. Highways,
telegraph technology and a postal system all have their
roots in a twentieth-century idea of a unified Gulf. And if the 1970s were
characterized by legions laying roads and pipes, the 80s, 90s and 00s
were about harnessing those systems in order to build societies.
Al Manakh 2
12
As with many other good ideas, the rail project is not a result of the
crisis, but current economic conditions have certainly given the project
resuscitation. In addition to the proposed GCC rail network, other
countries are developing their own national rail plans. Saudi Arabia
is fueling its economy by expanding upon the region’s sole rail line
between Riyadh and Dammam. Abu Dhabi is also pursuing rail to con­
nect its oil industries to its cities and port. The bridge connecting Bahrain
to Qatar (auspiciously called the ‘Friendship Causeway’) will not only
serve automobiles but will also include a rail corridor. In addition to rail
connection, the GCC-wide electrical grid went online in 2009, aiding the
region in sharing energy resources and paving the way to overcoming
the paradoxical electrical blackouts some areas suffer in this oil-rich
region. The energy link also suggests further unity as oil runs out and
some governments move toward developing alternative forms of energy
with export potential.
Not to be undervalued, infrastructure also aids in the imaginative
process of understanding a common cause. Cities that seem far apart
might suddenly be drawn together, physically and psychologically. Right
now going from Abu Dhabi to Doha requires one to go through the same
routine as from Abu Dhabi to London. Simplifying a travel routine would
draw the two cities together, more than ever before.
The GCC does not spark the popular imagination. It elicits a trail
of political setbacks, especially this past year – disputes over the
location of a central bank; the decreasing likelihood of a monetary union;
deflated claims for an ‘Arab agenda’; images of droves of UAE trucks
trapped at the Saudi border. It might be infrastructure’s role, once again,
to demonstrate how the physical can generate ideas and ignite a
regional enthusiasm.
Vision, which earns a chapter in this volume, bears many meanings,
from a leader’s direction for his city or country to a popular cause for
the future. This region’s resilience is based on a steadfast dedication
to vision. Its modern history is one of futures – futures described in
speeches and written words. Prosperity first started with words, organ­
izing wishes and emotions into rational, though not always reasonable,
milestones. And vision continues to define these cities’ futures. The
terms and conditions of vision can change. Take Bahrain, for instance, it
has ’master-planned’ its entire island, but it reserves the word ‘vision’ for
Vision Bahrain 2030, which has more to do with strategically positioning
the island within a global context. Vision is ensuring and developing
opportunities for people. Abu Dhabi has also made strides in reexam­
ining vision’s meaning. Its Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 downplays the physical
to give process a chance at ensuring prosperity.
It’s a cruel joke to ask a newcomer: ‘What do you think of Abu Dhabi?’
To be asked the question is paralyzing, especially if compared to being
asked the same question in Paris or New York. There, ‘Great.’ would
suffice. How do you answer – acknowledging the socioeconomic
conditions, yet not dwelling on them entirely? How do you talk about
the ‘speed’ without oversimplifying or missing the point? If it’s cruel
to ask the newcomer, it is laborious to ask the resident or citizen about
his or her city. Globalized media have made these cities grow under
inter­national scrutiny. The oversight aids in some regards, others not,
and in every regard creates complex issues of self-awareness. Each
writer here, putting pen to paper, finger to keyboard, is thinking how that
word just written relates to a whole network of global opinions. It can
be dizzying, discouraging and stimulating all at the same time.
Words and visions are not reserved for the power base. In the Gulf, the
written and spoken word is a serious endeavor. This is a region where
poetry recitations are televised, where blogs provide evidence
of complex and non-complacent societies, and where debates happen
in living rooms and cafes. Western critics might miss the voting booths,
but the level and magnitude of discussions are by no means lacking.
Trade data reveal that each of these cities is more connected to places
beyond the Gulf than to each other. Al Manakh 2 argues that there is a
united Gulf, united in resilience but distinguished greatly in details and
far from unison. A united GCC is not just around the corner, but the
ideas, however latent, are there to support its becoming. While cities
in the West remain stagnated in the face of the global crisis – looking for
ways to bring things back to the way they were, these cities move for­
ward. There is a propelling energy that aggravates any tendency toward
enervation. Grave errors have been made, and leaders will address
them, but critics will also be asked to see these mistakes in perspective.
One can disagree with leaders’ arguments, and chastise their lack
of transparency, but the pace and the perseverance of these cities
require that the world take note. We hope that Al Manakh 2 helps you
in the process.
We wish to thank the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council for making
this book a possibility.
13
Volume 23
1The Gulf Cooperation Council is a union of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates
and Oman pursuing cooperation on economic, social, political and other matters.
Excerpts from Introductions
stresstest – Rem Koolhaas
…In fact the genius of Dubai was to suspend reality for one euphoric
decade. The result, in the form of the Palm, the Burj Khalifa, Business Bay,
Dubai Marina, are significant prototypes that even if they read today as
Al Manakh
symptoms of excess will soon become recognizable as defining achieve2 ments
– the crisis
a potentially
check
of the
of thecreating
early twentieth
century,embarrassing
both good andreality
bad.....
It is also
obvious
that Dubai’s
energy
and talent
are book.
not spent:
it has
reached
a point and
where
arguments
that
informed
the first
But the
crisis
happened,
it it
can onlyDubai
have aand
great
future.
reached
the
Gulf. Among other agendas, the first Al Manakh
Crisis Dubai’s
and Crises
- Daniel Camara
Mitra Khoubrou
(Pink
Tank)
freude,
discomfiture.
Whereand
pre-crisis
Dubai was
ridi
culed for its
… There are also tales of resilience. Abu Dhabi, Doha and Riyadh are richer
unchecked surrender to Anglo-Saxon modes of development, post-crisis
cities. They reinforced their projections by digging into the deepest public
Dubai has been blamed by its American and European critics for not
budgets the region has ever seen. Launches are still happening and opening
being
immune
Wallsent
Street’s
‘Model
Dubai’
hasofbitten
invitations
are to
being
as thetoxic
Gulf corruption.
is ahead of the
game
in terms
the
dust,
maybe
forever.
But
in
fact,
such
a
reading
only
reinforces
our
on-going projects, especially in infrastructure. How can it be a crisis when
initial
accusation
of laziness:
Dubai
is an
entirelyunveiled
different
construct,
the
Dubai,
the poster-child
for 2009’s
annus
horribilis,
the
tallest tower
brainchild
of and
a local
that
generously
invited manpower and
in the world
the minority
first metro
system
of the Gulf?
expertise from everywhere to assemble an artificial community, to test,
explore and put into practice the relationship between Islam and modernity.
Consultants
- Todd
Reisz
Where
a Western
perspective
could only register unguided frivolity,
…The
constant
cycles
of adding consultants
to problems
addressed
Dubai from an Iranian perspective
would represent
freedom;
from by
anthe
ones
before
them
eventually
add
up,
leaving
lumpy
layers
of
history
that
not
Indian, opportunity; to an Arab, the hope that Arab modernity can work.
only obfuscate the lack of a solution but also make the problems disappear
The nature of this experiment and its success or failure should have been
in a confusion of PowerPoint slides and terminology. At some point, will the
land
stacking stop? Do the Gulf cities have the time to find their own way
ofbans
4
It is true that at one point a grotesque developer’s euphoria created in
the
Gulf-aOle
number
of unsustainable
‘visions’, some barely built, others
Vision
Bouman
(NAI)
…This attempt
is nothing
lessthe
than
an historical
mission
epic proportions.
mercifully
evaporated.
With
yearly
Cityscape
as a of
nightmarish
Never
before
so
much
wealth
was
spent
so
fast
on
so
much
city, forin
so little
apotheosis, Dubai became an experiment in what would happen
direct
reason.
Can
this
city
survive
without
the
fuel
that
made
it
run?
Can
a world where the developer would no longer encounter resistance. it
findthe
a new
fuelon
timely
enough,remains
to let it run?
But
reality
the ground
much more complex.
Seen this way, the speed of development can no longer be seen as insane or
What has been surprising is how Dubai in particular, and the Gulf in general,
arrogant. Suddenly the speed becomes a bare necessity. Where there is a
have been discussed and criticized strictly as ‘new’, as a freeze-frame –
time limit to the availability of the fuel, you need to work fast for finding new
aone.
single
moment
in time,
typically
the duration
of an
too brief
visit.
And
this is what
happens.
Keeping
momentum
toall
create
enough
critical
The
history
of
Dubai’s
modernization
–
the
70s
beginning,
the
oil
running
urban gravity within a few decades that justify continuity for centuries
to
out
in the 90s, development as the new raison d’être, the consultantcome.
Al Manakh 2
defining a city?
Cohabitation - Arjen Oosterman (Archis)
…The gradual coming into existence of a middle class – or its recent acceptance as reality and opportunity – is an important one. It changes the game
on many levels. This middle class has needs and expectations that are not
part of the blueprint. This middle class might prove to be the incubator for
innovation and renewal, provided that open access to information and
certain personal and professional amenities are guaranteed. This middle
class needs rental houses and mortgages, efficient public transport, affordable education, leisure activities, and a public realm to socialize and relax. It
will in the process become more independent. Yet, as a non-ruling class, the
middle class might demand more openness and more influence; cautious
experiments with participation in planning signal an emerging awareness of
Al Manakh
these new realities. But will it do?
2 – the crisis creating a potentially embarrassing reality check of the
arguments that informed the first book. But the crisis happened, and it
reached Dubai and the Gulf. Among other agendas, the first Al Manakh
Export Gulf – Todd Reisz
…The cities of the Gulf convey strong images to the imaginations of people
from countries
Egypt, India,
Pakistan.
The Gulf
is still
seen
a place
freude,
Dubai’s like
discomfiture.
Where
pre-crisis
Dubai
was
ridias
culed
for of
its
opportunity – chances of financial gain laced with stories of terrific risk. With
unchecked surrender to Anglo-Saxon modes of development, post-crisis
the help of Gulf investments, the Cairo film industry has been able to deliver
Dubai has been blamed by its American and European critics for not
the Gulf Dream to replace the American Dream of the last century. Cairo and
being
Wallstudies
Street’s
‘Model
Dubai’
bitten
Keralaimmune
serve astocase
in toxic
this Alcorruption.
Manakh. They
are only
twohas
places
in
the
dust,
maybe
forever.
But
in
fact,
such
a
reading
only
reinforces
our of
the world where ‘Gulfanization’ is an everyday term. The stories from each
initial
of laziness:
Dubaisocial,
is an entirely
construct,
theseaccusation
places accentuate
economic,
religiousdifferent
and cultural
ties thatthe
brainchild
a local
minority
that generously
invited
manpower
and on
expose theofGulf’s
variated
influences
in countries
whose
people depend
Gulf salaries.
expertise
from everywhere to assemble an artificial community, to test,
explore and put into practice the relationship between Islam and modernity.
Where a Western perspective could only register unguided frivolity,
Dubai from an Iranian perspective would represent freedom; from an
Indian, opportunity; to an Arab, the hope that Arab modernity can work.
The nature of this experiment and its success or failure should have been
land bans
Al Manakh 2
5
It is true that at one point a grotesque developer’s euphoria created in
the Gulf a number of unsustainable ‘visions’, some barely built, others
mercifully evaporated. With the yearly Cityscape as a nightmarish
apotheosis, Dubai became an experiment in what would happen in
a world where the developer would no longer encounter resistance.
But the reality on the ground remains much more complex.
What has been surprising is how Dubai in particular, and the Gulf in general,
have been discussed and criticized strictly as ‘new’, as a freeze-frame –
a single moment in time, typically the duration of an all too brief visit.
The history of Dubai’s modernization – the 70s beginning, the oil running
out in the 90s, development as the new raison d’être, the consultant-
Content
4
stresstest
Rem Koolhaas
Introduction
10
14
16
38
40
The Process: United?
City Ranks
City Reports
Global Visibility
Yearly Investment Breakdowns
Crisis and Crises
44
51
52
55
58
64
66
68
69
70
72
74
79
83
84
90
94
97
101
106
110
111
112
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122
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137
138
146
147
151
6
153
Introduction Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
The Global Crisis and the Gulf’s Money Souks Matein Khalid
Diversification, Clustering, and Risk in Dubai Stephen Ramos
Dubai World, Its Roots, and Its Creations Sandra Bsat
Jumeirah Gardens and the Urban Checklist Todd Reisz
Dubai World & Nakheel Compiled by Sandra Bsat, Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
Dubai: Crisis & Reinvention Compiled by Sandra Bsat, Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
The Final Plan
Dubai Bashing: A List of Headlines and Quotations Chronicling
a Year of Dubai Bashing
Dubai Bashing Article Generator Rory Hyde
Business Bay, Dubai, 2009 Todd Reisz
A Tall Emblem Structure for Dubai Aleksandr Bierig
Cityscape 2009 Reviews Todd Reisz
The Strength of Dubai – Khalid Al Malik Interviewed by Rem Koolhaas and Todd Reisz
Planning for Growth H.E. Falah Al Ahbabi
Abu Dhabi Crisis & Reinvention Compiled by Sandra Bsat, Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
What’s Next in the City of Dream Buildings? Bradley Hope
Abu Dubai: A Forward Tale of Two Cities That Could Only Be One Mishaal al Gergawi
Power Networks: Dubai
Power Networks: Abu Dhabi
Modern Gulf Cities Shafeeq Ghabra
Institutional Real Estate: Investing in the GCC Faisal Khan and Anuscha Ahmed
Time to Reflect Hamda al Kindi
Ajman in 2009 Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
From Increasing Supply to Managing Demand: Resourceful Efforts
in the United Arab Emirates Kevin Mitchell
Abu Dhabi: Paving the Way to Sustainability? Volker Soppelsa and Neil Mallen
The Paradox of Sustainability and Abu Dhabi Jim Heid
Tackling the Paradox: Homegrown Solutions to Sustainability Salem K. Al Qassimi
Kuwait’s Future Prospects Yasser Mahgoub
Welcome to Saudi Arabia
Riyadh Timeline Natalie al Shami
Riyadh Ready?: The Megacity of 2020 Joumana al Jabri
Makkah’s Crest
The Hajj is a Myriad of Details – Bodo Rasch Interviewed by Reda Sijiny
Master Plan for Pilgrims Accommodation, Mina (Muna) Kayoko Ota
Jeddah between Crisis and Hope Ziad Aazam
Qatar 2009: Weathering the Crisis Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
Qatar Headlines 2009
Al Manakh 2
42
Consultants
156
158
160
164
167
168
170
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176
Introduction Todd Reisz
At Your Service: Ten Steps to Becoming a Successful
Urban Consultant Reinier de Graaf
Measuring the Presence of Consultants Rory Hyde
Selling Adelaide Rory Hyde
Abu Dhabi’s French Enlightenment: French Professionals and Institutions
Coming to Abu Dhabi Compiled by Natalie Al Shami and Jonathan Hanahan
From Extreme Skateboarding to Stalled Globalization: The Changing Rhetoric
of McKinsey in the Gulf, Before and After the Crisis Rory Hyde
KSA – Open for Business?: A Report from the Construcion Week
Saudi Arabia Conference Reda Sijiny
Two or False: Vancouver Replicants Timothy Moore
Will the Last Consultant Please Turn On the Light?
A Meeting with Andrés Duany in Al Ain, UAE Todd Reisz
Vision
180
182
182
191
194
195
196
204
212
216
Introduction Ole Bouman
Regulate Sachin Kerur and Philip Corfield-Smith
Closing the Gap Rami el Samahy and Kelly Hutzell
Bahrain: Another Vision Digby Lidstone
Petals and Atolls: Atkins Makes Islands – Rob Ruse Interviewed by Nicholas Kothari
Sheikh Zayed: The Urbanized Arab Emirates Sultan Sooud Al Qassemi
National Housing: An Opportunity for Change X-Architects
The People’s Icon? Urban Rail and Socio-spatial Cohesion in Dubai Tabitha Decker
Abu Dhabi’s Renewed Urbanism – Larry Beasley Interviewed by Rem Koolhaas
The Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council: Update – Michael White
Interviewed by Rem Koolhaas and Todd Reisz
224
226
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Volume 23
290
The Modern Majlis: Public Participatory Planning in Shaham and Bahia Lia Gudaitis
Capital District Plan 2030 – Jody Andrews Interviewed by Mitra Khoubrou
The Abu Dhabi Investment Forum Lucy Bullivant
A Cultural Island: Abu Dhabi Imports Cultural Institutions
to Build Upon Tradition Negar Azimi
Yas Island Katrin Greiling
Shrink to Fit C-Lab
Doing by Learning: Abu Dhabi Opens the Masdar Institute
of Science & Technology – Georgeta Vidican Interviewed by Natalie Al Shami
KEO: International Consultants Advise – Uwe Nienstedt Interviewed by Holley Chant
Masdar 2009 Headlines Sandra Bsat
Masdar Takes a Pulse Yasmine Abbas
The National Spatial Strategy for Saudi Arabia Mohamed Abdel Rahman and Saleh AlHathloul
The Doxiadis Effect: A Master Plan for Riyadh Joyce Hsiang
A Vision for Riyadh: Arriyadh Development Authority’s Ongoing Work
for Riyadh Joumana al Jabri and Todd Reisz
Cities Solve Problems
City of Knowledge – Redwan Zaouk Interviewed by Joumana al Jabri, Todd Reisz, Reda Sijiny
City of Industry – Mohammed Ahmed Al-Attas, Zahir Bin Hassan,
Fadi Farouk Jabri Interviewed by Reda Sijiny
The Social Responsibility in City Making: Linking Jazan to Malaysia Suetlin Lo
Thoughts on Growth AbulAziz Aldukheil
Planned Development Projects in Makkah
Sporting Cities Marisa Mazria Katz
Express Integration: The Return of the GCC Rail Project Tabitha Decker
Promises on a Friendship Causeway: From Qatar to Bahrain Nicholas Kothari
Going Nuclear in the Gulf Jonathan Hanahan
A Demand for Water Jonathan Hanahan
Educational Entrepreneurship Bimal Mendis
7
220
About
297
The Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC)
Cohabitation
322
326
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334
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366
370
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374
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Introduction Arjen Oosterman
Line 1 Madeha Al Ajroush
Pregnant Women Walk – Madeha Al-Ajroush Interviewed by Joumana al Jabri and Todd Reisz
The Abu Dhabi Waterfront Alamira Reem Al Ayedrous
The Boundaries of Sharjah Sean S. Anderson
Wrestling for the Masses
Skateboarding in Riyadh Laith Sadeldin, Mohammad Balobaid, Shady Fanous and Hisham Ziard
If It’s Not Green It Will Become Invisible: A Sociological Account
of a Color in Bahrain Gareth Doherty
Global Village Katrin Greiling
Burj Khalifa is Downtown
Many Questions, No Answers: Riots in Khobar, Saudi Arabia Ahmed al Omran
Legal Protests in Bahrain Nicholas Kothari
Human Rights Watch in Bahrain – Faisal Fulad Interviewed by Mitra Khoubrou
Makkah Preparing for the Hajj Bernhard Zand
Ithmaar for the People: Affordable Housing in Bahrain –
Mohammed Khalil Al Sayed Interviewed by Sheyma Buali
Color Correction: Bahrain’s Rainbow Houses Nicholas Kothari
Bachelor Ban: A Form of Gentrification of Muharraq, Bahrain Sheyma Buali
A Case for Urban Change: Revitalization in Manama, Bahrain Ahmed Al-Dailami
KSA on Message – Muna Abu-Sulayman Interviewed by Joyce Hsiang
Infinite Possibilities: Riyadh’s Vast Cultural Projects Carol Fleming Al-Ajroush
Creation of a Mortgage Culture – Philip Thigpen and Mike Scott
Interviewed by Joumana al Jabri and Todd Reisz
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Saudization Update Fiona Hill
The Bidoon and the City: A Historical Account of the Politics
of Exclusion in Kuwait Farah Al-Nakib
New Generation Expats: Fear and Belonging Alia al Sabi
Exodus to the Gulf From God’s Own Country: Travails of a People
Doomed to Vaga-bondage Shajahan Madampat
26 (or so) Museums Brian Salter
Abu Dhabi Art Reem Al Ghaith
Kamp Ka Champ Katrin Greiling
Towards a Lasting Richness: Finding Space for Culture in Kuwait Tim Koehn
Makeshift Mosques
After the Party: Culture in Dubai Antonia Carver
Controlled Experiment: The Opening of KAUST John Gravois
The American Invasion of Science: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Mai al Jadawi
While KAUST Takes the Spotlight, Princess Nora University
is for the Masses: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Joumana al Jabri
Saudi Arabia’s Modernity Mashary al Naim
Preserving the Past Rashad Faraj
To Be Buried in Bahrain Mohamed Duaij Al Khalifa
Making Souk Waqif: Doha, Qatar – Mohamad Ali Abdullah Interviewed by Todd Reisz
The Flattening of Riyadh Joumana Al Jabri
Abu Dhabi’s Empty Quarter Katrin Greiling
Khawater (Thoughts): The Shugairi Show Sandra Bsat
Export Gulf
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448
8
451
Introduction Todd Reisz
Gulf Model Export Jonathan Hanahan
Qatari Diar: From Expansion to Entanglement Rory Hyde
Too Littoral: Gulf Export to Lebanon and the Case of Cedar Island
Rami Abou-Khalil
Al Manakh 2
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502
504
Dubai, Copied and Pasted: A Photoshop Campaign in Turkey Emre Altürk
Gulfworld: Corporate Profiles and Networks of Gulf Cities Ronald Wall
Food Security Jonathan Hanahan
The Gulfanization of Egypt Khaled Adham and Mostafa Hossam
Immigration and Experts
Gulf Real Estate Portfolio in Egypt
Cairo's Boulevard of Dreams: A Visit to Emaar
From the American Dream to the Gulf Dream
Report from Kerala Todd Reisz
Gulf Houses of Kerala Todd Reisz
Three Kerala Interviews Interviewed by Todd Reisz and Sahil Latheef
Pay it Back: Measuring Remittances Sandra Bsat
The UK and the UAE: Best Frienemies 2009 Rory Hyde
On a Flight
New Silk Road: The Fate of the Old Continent Jiang Jun
GCC and China Sandra Bsat
Faithfully Qatari With A Global Resonance Hady Amr and Noha Aboueldahab
Building Bridges of Culture: Qatar Museums Authority Roger Mandle
The UAE Pavilion – Lamees Hamdan Interviewed by Mitra Khoubrou
The Gulf in the Media Hugh Miles
Appendix
532
534
536
Volume 23
•
Monthlies Update January–December 2009
Al Manakh Network Map
Biographies
Colophon
Compiled by Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
Note to our readers: Throughout the book the green dot and green text are used to
provide references to other related texts in the book and also provide additional information
from the editorial team. Contributors’ footnotes are found at the end of articles.
9
508
City Statistic // United Arab Emirates ABU DHABI
independence
DECEMBER 2 1971
form of government
!"#'%&
FEDERATION
ruler
H. H. SHEIKH KHALIFA BIN
ZAYED AL NAHYAN
currency
UAE DIRHAM
$$$
population
4.48 MILLION (NATIONAL)
1.46 MILLION (EMIRATE)
most populous cities
Abu Dhabi
Al Ain
| 896,751
| 651,904
AbuDhabi
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Area
!"#$%&
km2
Coastal length
"&&
km
Ecological footprint
'('
gha/
pers
Reliance on desalinated
water
%
Al Manakh 2
16
')
The Global Crisis and
the Gulf’s Money Souk
Matein Khalid
Conventional wisdom goes: in 2009 liquidity dried up, real estate
projects suffered a great blow and this impact on economic output was
felt across the Gulf. But there are other ways to look at 2009. Matein
Khalid tells the story with a financial angle to reveal a fresh reading
on the impact of the crisis and the future of Gulf cities.
Dubai’s DIFC Gate, Bahrain’s Financial Harbor, Doha’s West Bay and Riyadh’s King
Abdullah Financial District are visible, futuristic symbols of the world’s newest financial
hubs. As a symbol of international power and influence, a financial center is deemed
by most Gulf states to be as critical as a national airline, an aluminum smelter or a central
bank. Despite the fallout from the recent crisis, these centers will wield influence in the
decades ahead as the Arabian Gulf is still home to a $2 trillion pool of private wealth.
However, the global financial crisis will define the future prospects of the Gulf’s financial
centers and even the social DNA of their emerging, cosmopolitan urban clusters.
The UAE: A Tale of Two Cities
•
For a chronicle of the past year’s purchases, p. 88.
•
Abu Dhabi Update: Aabar Investments will acquire 32% of Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic,
the space tourism flight division of Virgin Group, for about $280 million. The agreement gives
Aabar exclusive regional rights to host VG tourism and scientific research space flights according
to a statement released by both companies. Aabar has announced its intention to build a facility
in Abu Dhabi from which space flights can be launched (Gulf News, July 28, 2009).
Al Manakh 2
44
Despite spectacular losses in the white knight investments made by its sovereign fund
in Citigroup and Advanced Micro Devices, Abu Dhabi’s oil revenues and accumulated
investment reserves made it somewhat immune to the worst impact of the credit crunch
in the Gulf. In fact, Abu Dhabi’s sovereign funds and quasi-sovereign companies used the
crisis to snap up highly visible investments• in the West. These include the Abu Dhabi
Investment Company’s purchase of New York’s Chrysler Building, Aabar’s shares in
Daimler and Virgin Galactic• and Taqa’s stake in several North Sea and Canadian oil
and gas producers.
Abu Dhabi has made no secret of its ambition to emerge as a technology hub, an
Arabian Silicon Valley, with its high profile forays into semiconductor chip manufacturing
and, above all, clean energy. Abu Dhabi’s Masdar City, a carbon neutral ‘green technology’
hub and the region’s most ambitious renewable energy project, recognizes most astutely
that the post-oil era will create perhaps the greatest issue for the GCC’s next generation.
Masdar City is a natural response to the West’s obsession with reducing its dependence
on imported oil after the oil shocks of 2008, when prices soared to $148 per barrel. Currently exporting 2.5 million barrels of oil a day, Abu Dhabi’s natural alternative is solar energy.
Abu Dhabi has not trumpeted its ambitions to create a financial center but its sovereign wealth funds are among the largest, most ambitious deal makers in international
finance. The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) has been the flagship fund for the
emirate and is now one of the world’s largest sovereign wealth funds. It has emerged as
one of the world’s most well-managed and respected, if secretive, money managers with
none of the rogue insider scandals or reckless losses that have plagued the sovereign
wealth funds of Kuwait, Brunei and Gabon. Abu Dhabi’s other investment arm Mubadala
has even reassured investors with a new model of transparency, notably having disclosed
its losses on Pearl Energy. Mubadala’s reward for this measure has been its success
in securing funds from international lenders.
One way the crisis has benefited Abu Dhabi is that there is a boost in international
investor demand for its debt. Despite its colossal reserves, the government of Abu Dhabi
issued a bellwether sukuk• to establish a benchmark yield curve and enable its stateowned funds and companies to borrow $15 billion. Every debt deal from a quasi-sovereign
Dubai: Crisis & Reinvention
Compiled by Sandra Bsat, Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
Late 2008 brought to a close what had defined Dubai’s ‘diversified’ economy: the value
of daily land transactions plummeted. The real estate bubble was exposed and popped.
As the news continued to give a steady 30…40…% loss of local property values, Dubai’s
authorities promised, and in some cases delivered, clarity through new regulation.
$1.6 billion
Value of Land Transactions
Moody’s cut the outlook for 4 banks last month: Dubai Islamic Bank, Dubai Bank,
Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank and First Gulf Bank. The National, February 2, 2009
Moody’s places Dubai Inc corporate ratings on review for downgrade. Zawya.com, February 2, 2009
Standard & Poor’s cuts ratings of seven Dubai companies. The National, M
$1.4 billion
$1.2 billion
Dubai Government prevents cancelations of property contracts and encourages
developers to extend payment plans. Quote: ‘We are trying to stop the panic’.
Emad Eldin Farouq, Dubai Land Department. The National, January 28, 2009
$1.0 billion
Bulk bookings on Indian carriers to fly 20,000 workers in March. Emirates Business 24|7, February 8, 2009
DUBAI LAUNCHES $20 BILLION BONDS. The National, February 22, 2009
‘The number of Dubai property developers dropped by 47% to 427.’ RERA CEO Marwan Bin Ghalita. Zawya.com, February 25
DUBAI 2015 STRATEGY UNDER REVIEW. The economic component of the Dubai
Strategic Plan 2015 is being revised with an emphasis on stabilizing the emirate’s
financial system and safeguarding jobs. The National, March 16, 2009
$0.8 billion
HOUSE PRICES COULD PLUNGE BY 70%: UBS. Zawya.com, April 23
DUBAI COMMITTEE WILL SCRAP ‘UNVIABLE’ PROJECTS.
Construction Weekly Online, May 7, 2009
CONSTRUCTION FIRMS OWED BILLIONS.
The National, May 10, 2009
$0.6 billion
Rothschild’s roadmap for
Dubai’s economic recovery.
The National, May 17, 2009
$0.4 billion
Dubai World hires reform consultants. The National, June 22, 2009
Nakheel cuts 400 more jobs in overhaul. Zawya.com, July 9, 2009
$0.2 billion
Dubai World piles up debts of $59 billion.
Khaleej Times, August 21, 2009
UAE: Mall delay by Nakheel. Zawya.com, March 25, 2009
Nakheel Tower hits further delay. AMEinfo.com, March 14, 2009
Dubai World, MGM Mirage talks on CityCenter loan said to collapse.
Business Intelligence Middle East, March 5, 2009
$0.0 billion
2008
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Al Manakh 2
64
Aug
Still, developers were slowly exposed. And there was more bad news in store as the
value of land transaction struggled not to go further south over the course of the year. Like
a post-traumatic reaction, the line on value couldn’t sustain a continuous decline, until
the late-2009 ‘standstill’ announcement from Dubai World. The reality check delivered the
news that land values hadn’t finished bottoming out. The only way now was not yet up.
March 18, 2009
Moody’s takes multiple rating actions on Dubai government-owned corporates:
Outlook negative. Zawya.com, April 1, 2009
Moody’s downgrades Dubai companies, says $10 billion federal funds provide assurance. Business Intelligence Middle East, April 2, 2009
Moody’s places ratings of 4 Dubai banks on review.
Arabian Business, August 11, 2009
Moody’s downgrades five Dubai companies. The National, November 4, 2009
DUBAI DEBT STANDSTILL BRINGS SWIFT RATINGS DOWNGRADE.
Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s downgrade several Dubai-government
related companies. The National, November 26, 2009
5, 2009
‘THE WORST IS OVER FOR DUBAI’, SAYS SHEIKH MOHAMMED. ‘And I want to tell
those people who nag about Dubai and Abu Dhabi to shut up.’ Sheikh Mohammed bin
Rashid Al-Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai. Arab News, November 10, 2009
3, 2009
DUBAI REAL ESTATE AMONG ‘RISKIEST POST-WAR MARKETS’.
CROWN PRINCE TELLS WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM UAE ECONOMY IS
‘HUMMING’. Mohammed Alabbar says the emirate’s economy would expand
by 5% this year. He also says Dubai’s population has grown by 400,000 this
year. A recovery in Dubai’s property market may take 12 to 18 months.
Arabian Business, June 23, 2009
The National, November 21, 2009
Dubai poised to introduce standard property contract.
Arabian Business, 25 May 2009
MOHAMMED UNVEILS DUBAI 2020. His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al
Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai unveils
Dubai 2020, a new initiative that presents Dubai’s potential to host the World Expo
and the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2020. Emirates Business 24|7, June 29, 2009
RERA cracks down on unregistered property brokers.
Emirates Business 24|7, July 11, 2009
DUBAI FACES PROSPECT OF OVER 30,000 EMPTY
HOMES BY END 2009, SAYS JP MORGAN.
DUBAI RESHUFFLES BOARD OF STATE INVESTMENT UNIT. The ruler
of Dubai has reshuffled the board of the Investment Corporation of
Dubai, the state conglomerate that owns Emirates airlines, naming two
of his sons as directors. Khaleej Times, November 21, 2009
DUBAI STUNS DEBT MARKETS. ‘This will destroy confidence
in Dubai, the whole process has been so opaque and unfair
to investors.’ Eckart Woertz, Dubai’s Gulf Research Centre.
Financial Times, November 26, 2009
WHERE NEXT FOR THE RULING FAMILY IN DUBAI?
The ‘Dubai vision’, which has suffered a crushing blow
from the freewheeling Gulf emirate’s sudden debt crisis,
is the creation of one man who failed to apply the rules of
open governance. Quote: ‘It’s too early to write Dubai’s
obituary.’ Martin Hvidt, Middle East Studies Professor.
Business intelligence Middle East, August 16, 2009
Reuters, November 27, 2009
Dubai rejects guarantee for Dubai World. Financial Times, November 30, 2009
DUBAI WORLD SEEKS DEBT PAUSE. Dubai’s Government asks creditors of Nakheel’s $3.5
billion Islamic bond maturing on December 14 for a standstill. The National, November 25, 2009
NAKHEEL, DUBAI WORLD DISCUSS REPAYMENT OF $0.96 BILLION SUKUK.
Nakheel bond prices plunge.
Gulf Daily News, October 16, 2009
Dubai World restructures top level management.
Gulf News, September 19, 2009
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Volume 23
News / Events
Dec
Credit Ratings
2010
Regulations
Dubai World
Nakheel
65
The National, September 17, 2009
Jul
Khaleej Times, November 12, 2009
NAKHEEL SETTLES $1.2 BILLION BANK DEBT. The National, October 20, 2009
DUBAI WORLD HAS CUT 12,000 JOBS. Rothschild and AlixPartners have been
advising the company on the realignment. The National, October 17, 2009
Nakheel assets moved to Istithmar.
Riyadh 1932–1950
The First Years of a Unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1 Early Riyadh Justice Square,
Old Riyadh, Riyadh rooftops,
Justice Palace.
2 1932 Karl Twitchell’s 1932
report has no good news
about water prospects in
Saudi Arabia, but reveals
evidence of oil in the Eastern
Province. With King Abdul
Aziz’s blessing, Twitchell
returns to the US to rally
American oil companies to
invest in Arabian oil
exploration.
3 1939 King Abdul Aziz’s car.
By 1939 there are 300 cars
in a city of 30,000.
4 1945 President Franklin
Roosevelt invites King Abdul
Aziz to meet him aboard
the USS Quincy, docked in
the Suez Canal. The king
guarantees to give the US
secure access to Saudi oil.
In exchange, the US will
provide military assistance
to Saudi Arabia.
5 1946 King Abdul Aziz visits
government sectors in Egypt.
6 1946 The first plan of Riyadh.
Expansion outside the old
city walls starts in 1937 when
King Abdul Aziz moved his
residence north of the walled
city to Al Murabba’a Palace.
7 1949 Alharaj souq.
8 The towers and wall
of Riyadh.
1
3
4
6
5
7
8
11
9
128
13
10
12
Eastern Province
Hundreds of kilometers from
the Saudi capital, the Eastern
Province supplies the wealth
integrally linked to Riyadh’s
modernization. The Eastern
Province’s oil required foreign
expertise to be extracted. A
series of existing cities are
transformed, and new cities
built, to manage the wealth of
natural resources. The Eastern
Province delivers Riyadh not
only the funds it needed to
finance its development, but
also the spirit of modern
organization.
9 Aramco 1936 Texaco buys
50% of the California
Arabian Standard Oil
Company, which would
eventually become Aramco
(Arabian American Oil
Company). With oil still a
prospect, the first American
wives and children start to
move into their homes in the
kingdom’s Eastern Province.
10 Lucky 7 King Abdul Aziz
inspects ‘Lucky 7’ well on his
visit to Dhahran, May 1939,
to celebrate the striking of
commercial quantities of oil.
Newfound wealth is directed
toward Riyadh.
11 1946 Aramco’s first publication, Arabian Sun and Flare.
12 The Flying Camel The first
airline in Saudi Arabia is
Aramco airlines.
13 Newly built villas in Dhahran
for Aramco employees.
14 Aramco company car.
14
Al Manakh 2
2
Qatar 2009
Weathering the Crisis
Daniel Camara and Mitra Khoubrou
The economic slowdown of 2008-9 reinforced the exceptionality of Qatar.
Over the last few years, Doha has emerged out of the shadows of its
more high-profile Gulf neighbors to become one of the most dynamic
economies of the region. The country has been growing at record levels
and has heavily invested in infrastructure and diversification strategies
as set in the Qatar National Vision 2030. Dotted with unique natural
resources, Qatar has reinvested its wealth into nation-building and longterm projects. The economic slowdown did not entirely spare Qatar:
property prices fell and banks did not lend as easily. Yet it is obvious
that amid the downturn, Qatar has revenues. 2009 proved to be a year
of visionary decisions.
•
Read article on Qatar’s diplomatic ambitions, p. 498.
151
Volume 23
Over the last decade and in anticipation to a tipping point in oil and gas, Qatar has been
pushing for a more diversified economy. The country has invested in transformation: from
developing a mature property sector to positioning itself as a strong diplomatic hub•.
In April 2009, Qatar announced an expansionary budget, the largest in the country’s
history. It was a further acceleration of the public investment policy by committing to
infrastructure projects: a new bridge between Bahrain and Qatar, a new airport as well
as plans for a metro in Doha.
As part of its diversification strategy into non-oil industries, Qatar attracted banks
from around the world to open offices in the Qatar Financial Tower. Also in 2008, Shell
announced that it will have over 250,000 employees in Qatar in the next five years. Qatar
also engaged in cultural and knowledge development. The Qatar Science and Technology Park opened in April 2009, backed by a $1 billion endowment from the Qatar
Foundation. Following the opening of the Museum of Islamic Art in 2008, the first Doha
Tribeca Film Festival took place in November of 2009 building a reputation for Doha
to become Arab Capital of Culture for 2010.
Qatar has also made its marks internationally. 2009 headlines were marked by the
country’s foreign investments, most notably in London’s property markets with investments in the Shard, Chelsea Barracks and One Hyde Park. Qatar’s $75 billion sovereign
wealth fund, Qatar investment Authority (QIA), made the news by recapitalizing Barclays
and Credit Suisse and taking stakes in Porsche and Volkswagen Group. On the real
estate front, Qatari Diar – the real estate arm of QIA – invested in more than 35 countries
with investments of up to $60 billion, along with more than 60 projects in cooperation
with more that 125 world companies. The company also opened 11 branches abroad.
Inside the country, the Qatar National Master Plan 2010-2032, unveiled last January,
outlined the country’s development for the next twenty years. Qatar placed infrastructure
and the development of regulations as main priorities for its urban sector. While construction firms shed jobs and projects were stalled in other cities of the Gulf, Qatar – along
with its neighbor Saudi Arabia – used this as an opportunity to source staff for its own
Key Historical Events
1991 – Gulf War
1989 – Iraq War ends
1980 – Iraq War begins
1979 – OPEC Oil Crisis
Oil price
British Protectorate
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Gross Domestic Product ($US Billion)
1973 – OPEC Oil Embargo
1971 – Formation of United Arab Emirates
1966 – Sheikh Zayed becomes Ruler of UAE
1932 – Formation of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1918 – Fall of Ottoman Empire
1908 – Young Turks enact process of modernization
1908 – Discovery of Oil in Persia (Iran)
ColliersKSA 350
Sunland Group
Jones Lang Lasalle
Fosters
Carlyle Group
Urbis
300
Hopkins
Gensler
Burt Hill
Benoy
Tilke
250
Woods Bagot
Contrack
NORR
RTKL
Iran
Gulf Consult
200
D & AR
Khatib & Alami
Oil
Price Waterhouse Coopers
Van Oord
SOM
UAE
Mott Macdonald
150
HOK
EDAW (AECOM)
Cansult Maunsell (AECOM)
ARUP
Hyder
100
Dewan
Kuwait
RMJM
Adnan Saffarini
Atkins
KEO
50
Overseas AST
Qatar
Halcrow
Bechtel
Halliburton
Grey Mackenzie
Costain
2010
Year
Graph of consultancy arrivals mapped over the GDPs of various Gulf countries.
Revenue Compared Between Knowledge Consulting and Architecture
The combined revenues of the eight largest architectural/planning consultancies operating in the Gulf is roughly equal to the revenue derived solely by PriceWaterhouseCoopers.
Although both disciplines offer expert knowledge, the product of architecture
remains constrained by working for a percentage of the construction value of a physical
building. By comparison, there seems to be no limit to the value of intangible advice
and report documents produced by management and financial consultancies.
Should architects bemoan the relative wealth and success of the knowledge
consultant? Or can we overthrow the burden of our fee scale in order to operate
competitively in the knowledge economy? Either way, right now the safe money is with
reports, not resorts.
KNOWLEDGE
PriceWaterhouseCoopers $715mn1
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
ARCHITECTURE
700
Atkins – $280mn2
Halcrow – $135mn3
KEO – $68.1mn
Gensler – $50.0mn
RMJM – $50.0mn
Perkins & Will – $48.6mn
Dewan – $45.0mn
Burt Hill – $37.3mn
161
Volume 23
$US (Millions)
Abu Dhabi’s French Enlightenment
French Professionals and Institutions Coming to Abu Dhabi
Compiled by Natalie Al Shami and Jonathan Hanahan
all of the French national collections, allowing
specific projects to be under­taken thanks to French
loans, while also assisting in the devel­op­ment of
Louvre Abu Dhabi collec­tion’, says Henri Loyrette,
Director of the Louvre Museum www.uaeinteract.com
27/5/2009 * There are five outlets of the French super­
market Carrefour in Abu Dhabi www.carrefouruae.com *
President Nicolas Sarkozy formally opens France’s
first permanent military base in the Gulf in the
UAE www.BBCnews.com 26/5/2009 * France’s Bombardier
Trans­portation: ‘We are looking at upcoming
oppor­tu­ni­ties for light-rail projects in Abu Dhabi
and Doha.’ The Gazette 09/11/2009 * Fabrice Bousteau
of Beaux Arts Magazine curates for Abu Dhabi Art
2009 www.abudhabiartfair.ae * Francois Pinault, owner
of the retail company PPR, is on the Abu Dhabi Art
Inter­national Patrons Committee www.abudhabiartfair.ae
167
Volume 23
The Institute for Enterprise Development (IED) at
Abu Dhabi University and the HEC School of Man­
age­ment in Paris signs a memorandum of under­
standing www.ameinfo.com 13/5/2006 * The Paris Sorbonne
University-Abu Dhabi is estab­lished by Emiri Decree
www.uaeinteract.com 30/5/2006 * The Abu Dhabi 2030 Urban
Planning Project has generated widespread
interest among French businesses. French Minister
of Foreign Affairs: ‘French com­panies are world
leaders in areas such as water distribution and
treatment, transport infrastructure – especially
railway transport networks – and urban street
furniture’ www.ameinfo.com 27/4/2007 * ‘President H.H.
Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan issued a
decree establishing an Abu Dhabi chapter for the
Paris Sorbonne University.’ Abu Dhabi will restore
France’s Chateau de Fontainebleau www.ameinfo.com
30/4/2007 * INSEAD, a world-re­nowned international
business school with cam­puses in Singapore and
France, officially opened its Centre for Executive
Education and Research in Abu Dhabi last week
gulfnews.com 15/9/2007 * Etisalat and France Telecom will
make joint in­vest­ments in a number of diversified
areas includ­ing home services, contents, and inter­
national net­works www.khaleejtimes.com 03/7/2008 * Nathalie
Criniere, of French design house Agence NC, is
chosen to create the design for Louvre Abu Dhabi
gulfnews.com 07/1/2009 * Anne Baldassari, Di­rec­tor of
Musée National Picasso in Paris, curates the first
major survey of artists working in the United Arab
Emirates called Emirati Expressions Khaleej Times 03/4/2009
* President Nicolas Sarkozy of France makes a
two day state visit to the UAE to review relations
of friendship and cooperation between the UAE
and France in various fields www.business24-7.ae 24/5/2009
* French President Nicolas Sarkozy launches the
‘Desert Louvre’ project in Abu Dhabi www.france24.com
26/5/2009 * ‘All of the major French museums have
been involved in creating Agence France-Mu­seums:
Centre Pompidou, Château de Ver­sail­les, Musée
d’Orsay, Musée Rodin and Bibliothèque Nationale
de France. This is a won­der­ful oppor­tu­ni­ty to link
Regulate
Each Gulf country has developed its own set of urban development regulations. These tend to be a mixture
of historic building codes and modern urban development planning laws, which take into account the issues
faced by the recent increase of population and construction activity. Urban development is not limited to
issues relating to development projects but is much wider, integrating land-use, transport and environmental
planning. General property laws have also been developed to provide a legal framework to govern property
ownership, and in certain countries, to assist in attracting foreign investment. New regulation across the
Gulf has started to deal with improving energy efficiency when planning developments. The importance of
developing a considered urban development framework can not be underestimated. The value and success
of modern-day projects is not only reliant on the design and build-quality of the buildings and structures
but also the surrounding development and infrastructure plans. The costs of addressing issues during the
course of constructing a development retrospectively, far out-weigh the costs that should have been spent
at the front-end ensuring that such issues do not arise.
Sachin Kerur and Philip Corfield-Smith
Location Bahrain
Plan/Vision Bahrain 2030 National Planning Development
Strategy / Bahrain Vision 2030
Planning Agency Ministry of Housing (The Ministry of Housing
divests its authority to a number of ministries responsible
for the various elements of development) / Economic Development Board (EDB) / Housing and Urban Development
Committee (HUDC) / Consultants for Bahrain Vision 2030:
PricewaterhouseCoopers
New Regulation Law dealing with the reconstruction of different
areas within the kingdom issued at the end of 2009
Sustainability No green regulations but historic environmental
laws exist
Location Doha
Plan/Vision Qatar National Vision 2030 / Greater Doha Master Plan
Planning Agency Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning /
General Secretariat For Development Planning / Urban Planning
and Development Authority (UPDA)
Sustainability QSAS (Qatari Sustainability Assessment System) /
Qatar Green Building Council (QGBC) (Qatar is the newest
member of the World Green Building Council (WGBC), under a
new initiative that sees the formation of the Qatar Green Building
Council (QGBC). This new model will become the standard for all
developers in Qatar and will take into account local culture and
traditions) / Qatar is the first GCC country to join the World Bank’s
Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership to control gas flaring /
The Texas A&M University launches the Qatar Sustainable Water
and Energy Utilization Laboratory to promote sustainable water
use. / ‘SustainableQatar’ (a group created to support Qatar’s
sustainablity aspirations)
Location Riyadh
Plan/Vision MEDSTAR (A Vision for 2050)
Planning Agency Arriyadh Development Authority (ADA) /
Riyadh Municipality
New Regulation An anticipated mortgage law, expected
for the last several years, is necessary to help solve the
city’s housing shortage (applicable to all Saudi cities)
182
Location Makkah
Plan/Vision Master Plan for the Development of
Central Makkah
Planning Agency Makkah Development Authority
Al Manakh 2
Location Jeddah
Plan/Vision Jeddah Strategic Plan (a 20-year plan)
Planning Agency Jeddah Municipality / Jeddah Development
and Urban Regeneration Company (JDURC) / Consultants:
Space Syntax
New Regulation An anticipated mortgage law, expected
for the last several years, is necessary to help solve the
city’s housing shortage (applicable to all Saudi cities)
Sustainability Jeddah Urban Observatory (JUO) with the
UNDP plan to develop an Environmental Master Plan for
Jeddah. The plan will take two years to develop
Location Kuwait City
Plan/Vision Third Kuwait Master Plan (3KMP), 1996
Planning Agency Municipality of Kuwait / Higher
Council of Planning and Development / Consultants:
SSH / WS Atkins Overseas Ltd.
New Regulation Mortgage Law (March 2008)
(‘Mortgage law, economic crisis hit Kuwait real estate
market’, Kuwait Times, February 24, 2009)
Map Sandra Bsat
Location Abu Dhabi
Plan/Vision Plan Abu Dhabi 2030
Planning Agency Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC)
New Regulation Abu Dhabi Framework Development Regulations (FDR) / Abu Dhabi Municipality Building Code /
Five laws, similar to those of Dubai, have been drafted and are waiting for official approval. They include a
strata law, defining the roles of property owners in multiple-occupancy developments; a trust-account law similar
to Dubai’s escrow requirements; a law establishing a regulator; a mortgage law to protect financiers; and a law
to ensure that developers have acquired titles and permits before selling properties to the public
Sustainability Estidama Sustainability Guidelines 2008 (The Pearl rating system / Interim Estidama Community
Guidelines IECG / Estidama Integrative Design Process (EIDP) / Interim Coastal Development Guidelines) /
Energy Vision 2030 / Abu Dhabi Strategic Water Plan / International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) / MASDAR
(Masdar City has used the ten principles of One Planet Living as minimum standards to build a sustainable development. The ten principles comprise of reducing to zero carbon emission and waste, implementing sustainable transport,
promoting local and sustainable material, food, and water, respecting the natural habitats, the wildlife, the culture and
the heritage of the region and supporting equity and fair trade. Masdar City is committed to meet, and even exceed,
the targets set by One Planet Living)
Location Dubai
Plan/Vision Dubai Strategic Plan 2015
Planning Agency Dubai Urban Planning Committee / Real Estate Regulatory
Agency (RERA)
New Regulation I-Code (International Building Code relating to performance, fire,
mechanical, energy conservation, etc., – adopted June 2009, effective 2010) /
Four new regulations to clarify role of homeowners associations within a
housing community / RERA Price Index / Amendment of the law regulating the
Interim Real Estate Register regarding off-plan contracts (New developers in
Dubai will now have to pay 100% of the land price to start selling properties
‘off plan’ and will have to inject a minimum 20% of project value to commence
construction) / Law to address the perceived imbalance that was created
by the Interim-Registration Law (The new law will look to address some of the
issues faced by property purchasers that have invested in projects that are now
heavily delayed, suspended or cancelled) / Draft law for credit checks on loans
Sustainability Emirates Green Building Council 2006 / Green Building Code /
LEED system (It has been two years since buildings in Dubai were ordered
to conform to sustainability standards to reduce their environmental impact
on the city, but only six such buildings currently exist. ‘Only six green
buildings in Dubai yet’, Gulf News, November 2, 2009)
Location Ajman
Plan/Vision Ajman Master Plan
Planning Agency Ajman Real Estate Regulatory Agency (ARERA) /
Consultants: HOK
New Regulation Emiri decree No 11, 2008
(Ajman Real Estate Regulatory Agency (ARERA) has begun to put
land and property regulations in place to streamline the emirate’s
growing real estate sector. Developers who want to build projects
in Ajman now must register with ARERA, according to the newly
issued Emiri decree No 11, 2008, which is aimed at regulating
the emirate’s properties and construction sector. ‘Ajman tightens
land regulations’, Gulf News, Feb 8, 2009)
Location Al Gharbia
Plan/Vision Plan Al Gharbia 2030
Planning Agency Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC)
/ Western Region Development Council (WRDC) / Western
region Municipality (WRM)
New Regulation Abu Dhabi regulations apply
Sustainability Estidama Sustainability Guidelines 2008 (The Pearl
rating system / Interim Estidama Community Guidelines IECG /
Estidama Integrative Design Process (EIDP)/ Interim Coastal
Development Guidelines). / The Western Region Municipality
plans to make Al Gharbia the ‘greenest’ region in the emirate
by giving all six cities at least three parks each. ‘Green goals
for arid Al Gharbia region’, The National, January 25, 2009
183
Volume 23
Location Al Ain
Plan/Vision Plan Al Ain 2030
Planning Agency Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC) / Al Ain
Municipality / Consulant for second phase Plan Al Ain 2030: Duany
Plater-Zyberk & Company
New Regulation Abu Dhabi regulations apply
Sustainability Estidama Sustainability Guidelines 2008 (The Pearl rating
system / Interim Estidama Community Guidelines IECG / Estidama
Integrative Design Process (EIDP)/ Interim Coastal Development
Guidelines). / ‘Plan Al Ain 2030 strikes a delicate and much-needed
balance between conservation and development’, said Falah al
Ahbabi, General Manager of UPC. (The plan, which describes Al Ain
as the ‘soul’ of the emirate, emphasises that growth will be ‘measured
rather than uncontrolled’, maintaining the city’s low-built scale,
spaciousness, greenery and traditions. Zawya.com, April 10, 2009)
Key Cultural Concerns For Locals
How is the relation to the commercial and community facilities?
good
30%
good
25%
no good
35%
good
65%
Mosques
no good
75%
good
50%
no good
70%
Schools
Gym
Commercial
Don’t know
10%
Common
10%
Semi-Private
30%
Not important
10%
No
40%
Private
60%
What is your preference
for your personal garden?
good
29%
no good
50%
Normal
24%
Yes
60%
Is there a need for separate
male & female Majlis, entry, etc.?
no good
71%
Children Playground
Very important
19%
No
45%
Yes
55%
Important
37%
How important is the need
for future expansion?
Would you use local transport
like monorail / tram if sufficient
connection is provided?
Key Cultural Concerns For Locals
1. Program
1.1 No. of bedrooms
1.2 Majlis
1.3 Car space
2. Expandability
2.1 Service area
2.2 Bedrooms
2.3 Majlis
2.4 Additional family unit
5 bedrooms
2 Majlis
2 Car spaces
How important is the need
for future expansion?
80%
80% of the UAE citizens
interviewd responded
important or very important.
3. Privacy/Security
3.1 Visual privacy for villa
from neighbors
3.2 From street
What is your preference for
your personal garden?
60%
private
30%
10%
semi-private
common
60% private
30% semi-private
10% common
yes
mosque
25%
30%
yes
schools
yes
gym
60%
60% said yes
yes
4. Community Facilities Access
4.1 Mosque, kindergarten,
play area, etc.
65%
Is there a need for
separate male & female
Majlis, entry, etc. in a villa?
50%
20%
yes
yes
commercial children
playground
Is the relation to the
commercial and community
faciliets good?
65% good for mosques
25% good for schools
30% good for gym
50% good for commercial
20% good for children playg.
Would you use local
transport like monorail/
tram if sufficient connection
is provided?
55%
55% said yes
yes
Al Manakh 2
202
The analysis of the Emirati housing questionnaire was critical in evaluating the core principle of users existing and future needs. The results from
the survey gave our team a clearer perspective on the essential elements that define life in the average Emirati house­hold. Items such as car
usage, number of bedrooms, majlis (including sizes and locations) and levels of security and privacy all contributed to our refinement of the design
parameters. Families stated that villa expansion was an essential item that should be considered. We also obtained information on essential
community facilities that the families would expect for their housing community.
Yas Island
Photos Katrin Greiling
Al Manakh 2
232
Yas Island’s master developer says that the island ‘will be as smooth and simple
as driving around the F1 Track itself, but at less speed of course’. For now, it is a
landscape-in-formation experienced over a vast highway connecting to Abu Dhabi
Island. Last fall, the Formula One Grand Prix was held on Yas Island. Yet work
still continues on the $36 billion project with: hotels, shopping malls, and a Ferrari
theme park (featuring the world’s fastest roller coaster). As it prepares for an esti­
mated popu­lation of 110,000, Yas Gateway Park completes its ‘green spread’ of
500,000 square meters providing 10,500 parking spaces, sporting fields, pedestrian
pathways and cycling paths.
233
Volume 23
Photo Katerin Greiling
City of Knowledge
Redwan Zaouk interviewed by Joumana al Jabri,
Todd Reisz, Reda Sijiny
October 17, 2009
SAGIA• wants to build for Saudi Arabia six new cities, six economic cities. Such a huge
ambition, however, has been difficult to follow and analyze. It seems that only three
of the cities are anywhere near underway (King Abdullah Economic City is nearing
delivery of its first residences), and each of these, while under the aegis of SAGIA,
is pursuing its own trajectory of planning and financing. Though this also holds true
with media relations, they have all maintained a careful distance when addressing
public inquiries. Redwan Zaouk, who oversees marketing efforts for Medina Knowledge Economy City (KEC),1 indicates that this distanced approach has to do with
being careful not to promise too much.
•
See previous page for more on SAGIA’s mandate.
AM2 One of the reasons why we are interested
in talking with you is that it has been difficult
to get an understanding of the story behind
some of these new economic cities. The international press can make it seem that they
are pursued with little planning behind them.
But given how we understand Saudi Arabia’s
changing demographics, we suspect there
is a strong narrative. We also got the sense
that KEC has been moving along further than
most of the others – an IPO3 is set for later this
year or early next year.
Redwan Zaouk Since 2006, we haven’t engaged
the press all that much or made any big marketing
campaigns. One reason is that we don’t want
to promise and then not be able to deliver later.
The crisis came before we got started so that
actually benefits us. To give you an example, our
infrastructure estimate was at SR2.7 billion.4 Now
it’s at SR1.5 or 1.6 billion. So we’ve saved over
1 billion. So the crisis has been to our favor.
[Referring to a PowerPoint presentation] The vision of KEC
is to become a global icon for excellence in Saudi
civilization. Our mission is to leverage Madinah
as the beacon of knowledge, to develop KEC
as a planned community, a smart environment and
a distinctive lifestyle. One of our aims is to establish a central business district for Madinah. In
Al Manakh 2
266
Several sources indicated KEC is one of the more
advanced economic cities in terms of planning. It
has a master plan and an on-site office readying
for a 2010 ground-breaking after the initial public
offering (IPO) launch, which will give it the boost
of capital needed to begin. As with the other
economic cities, KEC intends to be a fully private
sector endeavor. Operating on $1.5 billion in
capital, the company plans to offer shares in 30%
of the company. Questions have been raised in the
press whether any of these new cities can move
forward without governmental support, but there
has been no indication that such help is coming.
Whereas most of these new economic cities
are being built as new independent cities (though
in proximity to existing cities), KEC is located within
Madinah, but just outside the second ring road –
as close as non-Muslims can get to Madinah’s
center and haram.2
A quick fact list: the project is estimated to
generate $8 billion in investments, 20,000 new jobs,
150,000 residents, 30,000 residential units and
30,000 annual visitors. It is the smallest economic
city at 4.8 square kilometers with an estimated
8 million square meters of built area.
Promises on a Friendship Causeway
From Qatar to Bahrain
Nicholas Kothari
•
See map on previous page.
•
Read p. 151, p. 184.
•
Read Atkins interview on p. 194.
in 1878. Besides this potential destination, many
Bahrainis have relatives in Qatar, making the forthcoming physical connection a family reunion of
sorts and another cause for traffic. On the Bahrain
side, the bridge will come over the horizon and
touch down near Askar, a fishing village, and
a lonely desert highway will take one either to the
urban centers of the north or to the Durrat Al
Bahrain• development in the south.
The QBC is also expected to jump-start
Bahrain’s other transit projects, including its
delayed 180 kilometer transportation system to
align with Qatar’s metro system. From a regional
perspective, the Bahrain-Qatar Causeway is
an important link in the proposed GCC Railway
master plan. Any passenger and freight train that
connects to the GCC railway at the Iraq-Kuwait
border (from the Middle East and Europe) will
have to traverse Qatar and Bahrain to reach the
UAE and Oman. From the opposite direction, every
passenger wishing to enter into Saudi Arabia to
visit the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah must
pass through the two countries as well. The potential of becoming an international rail hub is incentive for both country’s to complete major infrastructure projects on time.
The bridge will offer access to jobs for
Bahrainis, as the King Fahd Causeway did in the
80s and 90s. Another expectation is that Qataris
will use the causeway similar to the Saudi travelers
who take day trips to Bahrain as a lifestyle and
entertainment destination. Even if Qatar has enough
resorts, cinemas, malls and schools in place by
2015 to keep nationals at home, Bahrain still has
the chance to offer such amenities not yet available in Qatar, as it has done for Saudi Arabia over
the King Fahd Causeway. Some unfortunate news
for Bahrain optimists, however, was revealed in a
study by the Bahrain government which speculates
that nearly 55% of Qatar travelers will pass through
Bahrain only to go to Saudi Arabia. Conversely,
Qatar will now be accessible to the 28 million living
Al Manakh 2
280
The long awaited Bahrain-Qatar ‘Friendship’
Causeway project, scheduled to start construction
in early 2010, has the right numbers to make it
noticeable: a record-breaking 40 kilometer distance
at a cost just below $3 billion in less than five years.
The causeway will cut through expanses of desert
and a body of water that separate the economic
hubs of Qatar and Bahrain, decreasing the driving
distance between Manama and Doha from five
hours to just thirty minutes. News from a 2009 conference in Abu Dhabi boosted interest in the project, with the disclosed redesign by Danish firm
COWI that included a railway component to link•
with the GCC railway project.
Aside from the impressive technical statistics,
there are social aspects to the Friendship Causeway that carry historical significance and future
hopes. The Friendship Causeway was announced
in 1999 prior to the conclusion of a ten-year dispute regarding maritime borders between the two
countries. The International Court decision favored
Qatar, which received drilling and exploration rights
in waters now known to be abundant liquefied gas
fields that are fueling the country’s construction
boom•. Bahrain’s lasting hope is that the causeway
project will produce economic benefits similar
to those generated by the King Fahd Causeway
(completed 1986) connecting Bahrain to its other
rich neighbor, Saudi Arabia. Similarly, Qatar’s
incentive for joint-financing the giant bridge is the
eventual connection to Saudi Arabia’s Eastern
Province via Bahrain. Vehicular traffic on the QBC
is to reach 12,000 a day within four to five years.
This figure is paltry when compared to the 50,000
vehicles per day crossing the King Fahd Causeway between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia; however,
this does not take into account passengers and
cargo loads using the railway.
Both countries expect development opportunities to result from the QBC. At the Qatar end
is the ruined town of Zubarah, the former home
of Bahrain’s ruling Khalifa family until its destruction
KUWAIT
In January 2010 Kuwait signed a cooperation agreement
with France to develop nuclear energy. The renewable twenty
year accord involves the exchange of information, training of
personnel and the supply of nuclear equipment and facilities.
‘After signing, we will be starting discussion, sharing
information in such a way that the Kuwaitis will make their
own decision in how to move forward.’ Bernard Bigot, chairman of France’s Atomic Energy Commission.
Reuters, December 29, 2009
BAHRAIN
Bahrain signed a cooperation with the
United States in 2008 agreeing to rely
on international markets for any future
nuclear plants as opposed to domestic
fuel enrichment.
AFP, March 24, 2008
IRAN
In a speech marking the 31st anniversary of the Islamic
Revolution in Iran, President Ahmadinejad declared Iran was
a ‘Nuclear State’. ‘We have the capacity to enrich uranium more
than 20% or 80%, but we don’t enrich because we don’t need it’,
Ahmadinejad said. He went on to warn the West: ‘please pay
attention and understand that the people of Iran are brave
enough, that if it wants to build a bomb, it will clearly announce
it and build it and not be afraid of you.’
New York Times, February 11, 2010
Iran
Kuwait
Bahrain
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Oman
KSA
France and Saudi Arabia said earlier this
year they were close to finalizing a civilian
nuclear energy cooperation agreement.
The United States also holds an agreement
with Saudi Arabia, and Russia is interested
in helping the world's top oil exporter to
develop nuclear energy as well.
Reuters, December 29, 2009
QATAR
‘[Development of nuclear energy plants] is less economically
viable now, and less attractive. The potential costs are
changing with the turmoil in financial markets, the economic
slowdown and development of alternative fuels,’ Yousuf
Janahi, Manager of Business Development at Qatar’s
state-owned power company Kahramaa, said. It is unlikely
a reactor will be in operation before 2018 should Qatar
be interested in developing a nuclear program.
Reuters, December 29, 2009
UAE
In December the UAE inked a deal with a South Korean
consortium headed by KEPCO for construction and
operation of four nuclear reactors, the first of which will
become operational by 2017 and the rest by 2020, generating
5600MW of power. Representatives said they hope
to develop more nuclear projects beyond 2020 and plan
to generate 25% of their energy needs atomically.
Reuters, December 29, 2009
283
Volume 23
OMAN
Russia and Oman signed an agreement in June 2009 on nuclear
energy cooperation that could see the two countries building
reactors and conducting research together. The document was
signed by the Deputy Head of Rosatom, Nikolai Spasski, and the
Secretary General of Oman’s foreign ministry, Badr Al-Busaidi.
Times of India, June2, 2009
Misurata [Libya]
Azzawiya [Libya]
Shomrad [Israel]
Ashdod [Israel]
Palmahim [Israel]
Palmachin [Israel]
Haifa [Israel]
Arzew [Algeria]
Arzew [Algeria]
Barka [Oman]
Ras Abu Font B1 [Qatar]
Buraydah [KSA]
Bedok [Singapore]
Bandar Imam [Iran]
Gwadar [Pakistan]
Karachi [Pakistan]
S. Miami Hei [USA]
Tampa Bay [USA]
Corpus Chris [USA]
Tampa Bay II [USA]
Freeport [USA]
Brownsville [USA]
Mostaganem [Algeria]
Algiers Zeralda [Algeria]
Algiers Djinet [Algeria]
Mirfa [UAE]
Dana Point [USA]
El Paso [USA]
Shuqaiq II [KSA]
Al-Zour North [Kuwait]
Jebel Ali G RO [UAE]
Palm Beach 3 [USA]
Tabuk I [KSA]
Point Lisas [Trinidad To.]
Sinai [Egypt]
Umm Al Nar IWPP [UAE]
Ulu Pandan [Singapore]
Carboneras [Spain]
WA Perth [Australia]
Hermosillo [Mexico]
Iraq I [Iraq]
Singapore I [Singapore]
Hadera-Caesarea [Israel]
Ashdod [Israel]
Yantai [China]
Zara Maain [Jordan]
Zara Maain [Jordan]
Murcia [Spain]
Benghazi South [Libya]
Boca Raton [USA]
Negev Arava [India]
Al Wasia [KSA]
Shuwaikh [Kuwait]
Malaga [Spain]
Fujairah [UAE]
Ras Laffan 2 [Qatar]
Ras Laffan [Qatar]
Al Bahah I [KSA]
Jebel Ali K II [UAE]
San Diego [USA]
Huntington B [USA]
Carlsbad [USA]
Subiya [Kuwait]
Subiya 2 [Kuwait]
Ras Laffan [Qatar]
Ras Az Zawr [KSA]
Taweelah C RO [UAE]
Taweelah A1 Ext [UAE]
Tripoli [Libya]
Fountain Val [USA]
Orange Count [USA]
Shuaiba IV [KSA]
Al Khobar IV [KSA]
Al Jobail III [KSA]
Al Jobail I Ext [KSA]
Hidd 3 [Bahrain]
Mirfa [UAE]
PR Puerto Rico [USA]
Umm Al Nar [UAE]
Fujairah [UAE]
Taweelah B III [UAE]
Minjur Chennai [India]
Sulaibya [Kuwait]
Jebel Ali N [UAE]
Jebel Ali L-1 [UAE]
Pt. Comfort [USA]
Jebel Ali L-2 [UAE]
Shuaiba III [KSA]
Ashkelon [Israel]
Al Jobail [KSA]
Qidfa [UAE]
Fujairah II [UAE]
SanFrancisco [USA]
Shuweihat 2 [UAE]
Shuweihat [UAE]
Al-Zour North [Kuwait]
Jebel Ali M [UAE]
Al Jobail II Ex [KSA]
Ras Al-Zour [KSA]
Shuaiba III [KSA]
Source: WorldWater.org
GCC
Other
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
287
Volume 23
Total Capacity m3/day
The Bidoon and the City
An Historical Account of the Politics of Exclusion in Kuwait
Farah Al-Nakib
Al Manakh 2
384
The crisis of stateless people in Kuwait (known as the bidoon, or ‘without’ nationality)
has been the subject of renewed concern and debate in the country over the past year.
A special committee of the Kuwaiti Parliament recently drew up a new bill that proposes
granting the majority of bidoon a wide range of social rights and access to state welfare
services (except housing). The bill was discussed at a parliamentary session on January
7, 2010, during which the cabinet turned it down citing ten legal inconsistencies in the
draft including the fact that the legal and civil rights conferred upon the bidoon in the bill,
such as state education and employment, were constitutionally reserved for Kuwaiti
citizens. Although opposing the new legislation, the government has asserted its determination to resolve the humanitarian and social plight of the bidoon as soon as possible.
This situation has received renewed attention lately in local and international media,
but it is nothing new in Kuwait where debates on the bidoon surface periodically without
producing any long-term resolution to the crisis. Kuwait has, however, been receiving
increased international attention over the past several years with reports by organizations
such as Refugees International (2007) and the US Department of State (2008) providing
detailed accounts of human rights violations practiced in Kuwait against the bidoon.
It is in the context of this heightened international scrutiny that Kuwait is up for Universal
Periodic Review by the UN Human Rights Council in May 2010. The fact that Kuwait may
be held accountable for not solving the bidoon crisis since the last review of its human
rights record in 2006 has stimulated a renewed concern to address the social, political,
and economic problems facing the approximately 100,000 bidoon residing in Kuwait today.
What makes the current debate on the bidoon in Kuwait unique is the socio-political
atmosphere in which it is emerging. Questions of national identity are increasingly becoming important and contentious issues in the public sphere, as reflected in recent
discussions on problems of dual citizenship and the safeguarding of national unity. One
incident in particular brought these concerns to the foreground over the past couple of
months. In late December 2009 former parliamentary candidate Mohammed al-Juwaihel
made a controversial statement on the private satellite television channel al-Sur that
caused outrage throughout the country. Al-Juwaihel identified ‘true’ Kuwaiti citizens as
members of the hadhar (sedentary urbanite) community that once resided within Kuwait’s
former town wall (the sur), and claimed that the Bedouin tribes currently residing in are
not ‘real’ Kuwaitis regardless of the fact that they hold Kuwaiti nationality. Although publicly condemned, Al-Juwaihel’s comments clarify two underlying realities of identity politics
in Kuwait. First, debates on Kuwaiti national identity are very much based on the politics
of social differentiation and exclusion. Second, since the building of the sur in 1920 the
country has been divided into a ‘hierarchy of spaces’ whereby notions of social inclusion
and exclusion have become inscribed onto urban space.1
The sur was built around Kuwait Town in 1920 to fend off an impending attack by
the Ikhwan tribes of Najd. As a new physical barrier separating the town from the desert,
it developed over time into a psychological obstacle dividing the hadhar on the inside
from the Bedouin tribes and villagers on the outside. The building of the sur in 1920 also
forms the basis of the country’s definition of citizenship as per the 1959 Nationality Law.
Photo Reda Sijiny
413
Volume 23
A covered courtyard in KAUST’s laboratories. October, 18, 2009.
Gulf Model Export
Jonathan Hanahan
The Shard: The fallout from the credit crunch
will have no impact on the construction of the
$3 billion Shard (on the South Bank of the
Thames near London Bridge), which has already
reached the fifth of its 80 floors.
(Times Online, December 3, 2009)
Gamsha Bay: Fate of planned Gamsha Bay
tourism development is uncertain.
(Economic Intelligence Unit, March 31, 2009)
Algeria: Emaar closes its office due
to a ‘lack of progress’ on $20bn worth
of identified projects.
(Business Intelligence Middle East, July 4, 2009)
Bab al Bahr: Morocco: Abu Dhabi developer
Al Maabar likens its $850mn project between
Rabat and Sale to what Solidere did for
Lebanon’s historic center. Managing Director:
‘The challenge is building in a very short time, not
financial issues.’ (The National, December 12, 2009)
Khartoum: Qatari Diar starts work on
a $400mn mixed-use project on the Nile.
(Arabian Business, November 2, 2009)
Qatari Diar // Qatar
Al Maabar // Abu Dhabi
Sama Dubai (Dubai Holding) // Dubai
Limitless (Dubai World) // Dubai
Emaar // Dubai
Damac // Dubai
On-Hold
?
Canceled
4
Al Waha
Bab al Bahr
Al Rayyan Hills
Seychelles Resort
Khartoum
Ras Al Hadd
Dushanbe Diar
Sharm Al Sheikh
Ibn Hani Resort
Nile Corniche Towers
A Houara Resort
3
Chancery Building
2
The Shard
1
Cayo Lago
0
Chelsea Barracks
When the bottom fell out in 2008, expectations
were that the ‘Dubai model’ would crumble both
at home and abroad. It wasn’t the case for all
projects. Some entered a fuzzy limbo; others were
even launched or gained an injection of optimism
thanks to the global crisis. The ‘Dubai model’, it
seems was a ‘Gulf model’, with Abu Dhabi and
Qatar revealing their own variations on the idea.
Throughout the past year, news headlines
have tried to report certainties about the projects;
developers have held fast, at least verbally, to
their commitments and the optimism of yesteryear.
Investors, employees and governments voiced
their displeasure• at the lack of clarity. Perhaps,
flash marketing is to blame as it’s easy to forget
that these are mostly large-scale projects which
carry long-term timeframes. Investors want results,
developers want time, and the slow nature of getting things built does not bode well for anyone’s
mental stability.
The effects of the global recession are often
underplayed so the official announcements of
canceled and stalled projects may be much more
about keeping on message than keeping out of
the red. But announcements do keep on coming.
As any business residing in a saturated market,
Gulf developers have to look elsewhere in order
to survive.
?
(The National, December 12, 2009)
Total Investment
US $bn
‘It’s not just about the Gulf,
it’s about where the Gulf is going.’
Tinja: In October 2009, reports announced that
foundation work had been completed and the
super-structure is progressing, but just months later
the project was stalled due to economic issues.
5
6
7
446
•
Djibouti Update: Djibouti relies heavily on investment from the once-rich, now-struggling Dubai in its port,
logistics and tourism sectors. The country is the most fully developed example of a strategy pursued by
Dubai World, Dubai’s government-controlled investment vehicle, to boost trade in a series of developing
countries and capture some benefits for Dubai’s businesses. A similar strategy is being followed in
Senegal and could follow elsewhere (Financial Times, January 25, 2010).
Al Rasheed
10+
Al Manakh 2
9
Marsa Zayed
8
(Reuters, November 10, 2008)
Sanaya Amman: 85% of the foundation
work for the $300mn Sanaya Amman project
is complete and development of the project
will continue as planned.
Source Proleads
Great Domodedovo: A Dubai World spokeswoman said the company was not going ahead
with the project. No reason was given..
Karachi Waterfront: Limitless drops waterfront
project. ‘As a global developer, we explore many
potential opportunities, some of which will fit our
global strategy and some of which will not. Karachi
Waterfront never progressed beyond memorandum
of understanding stage, and did not fit our global
strategy’, said Limitless spokesperson.
(Emirates Business 24|7, July 28, 2009)
Smart City Kochi: ‘Since [Smart City Dubai]
doesn’t have money, they are now trying to come
up with numerous excuses’, Kerala Chief Minister
V. S. Achuthanandan told reporters when he was
asked about the delay of the project.
(AMEinfo.com, December 10, 2009)
(Times of India, November 18, 2009)
Sydney: Nakheel pulls out of development
bidding one week before the deadline, claiming
financing would be difficult to obtain in the
current global economic context.
?
(Arabian Business, April 9, 2009)
Tarin Hills: The chairman of the Kurdistan
regional government’s board of investment
stated, the government was ‘facing difficulties’
with Damac over the project considering
‘nothing has started on the ground’. ‘My team
and I will discuss all possible scenarios before
taking the last decisions’, he said. ‘However,
our decision might not be pre-consulted
with them.’
Nusajay
447
Tarin Hills
Hyde Park
Gamsha Bay
India Residential
Tanggu District
Abdali Master Plan
The Lombok Project
Eight Gate
Mirador Villas
Fairmont Makkah
Jeddah Gate
Samarah Dead Sea Resort
Miwida
Lakeside
Marassi
Al Khobar Lakes
King Abdulla Economic City
Algeria
Uptown Cairo
Marina Al Qusso
Sydney (Nakheel)
Tinja
Puteri Harbour
Rasuna Epicentrum
Malaysa International Halal Park
Halong Star
Bidadi Knowledge City (Nakheel)
Bangalore
Karachi Waterfront
Sanaya Amman
Al Wasl
Yiti Resort and Spa
SmartCity Kochi
Great Domodedovo
Century City
Volume 23
Dubai Towers
SmartCity Malta
Amwaj Waterfront
Kabala (Bloom)
Marina de Casablanca
(The National, August 16, 2009)
Pay It Back
2009
began with
calls from inter24% UAE
31% other
national organizations that
44% KSA
crisis was choking an overseas
lifeline for certain developing countries.
Remittances channeled to developing countries have
been estimated to be three times the official development
assistance the countries receive. But that is just an estimate.
The amount of money wired by workers abroad to their
families back home has always eluded experts. The total
estimates provided for each of these countries receiving
remittances from the Gulf depend on dozens of sources,
and extrapolation from partial data. No one claims to have
official numbers. One reason is the existence of multiple
ways of transferring money. International banks demand
too much commission and information. Money transfer
agencies like Western Union have looked for ways to make it easier to make
a transfer – no account, from a cellphone. Even less formal and cheaper
means, like the hawala system, have made it difficult to track these
monies. There have been efforts to set better controls on these
transfers, giving companies like Western Union a stronger
hold on potential customers. More informal ways are
being squeezed out. Through this, numbers might
become more convincing, until it is found
that money is going back home
in other ways.
Measuring Remittances
Sandra Bsat
n
40
32
.8%
K
.7% uwait
KS
A
ar
at
n
ma
O
Q
Bahrai
%
1.4%
5%
4.8
6.
47%
%
it
E
UA
wa
Ku
%
18
.4
12
56
%
4% other
8% UAE
88% KSA
4.3% GDP
A
KS
Egypt
$4.3b
2%
18
22 %
.8
Bahrain
488
Officials said the global downturn would
shrink Egypt’s 7% growth rate in recent years
to 4% in 2008 and 2009. (‘Central Bank: Egypt’s
remittances drop 26%’, Business Week,
August 4, 2009.)
Sri Lanka
Indonesia
$3.4b
0.7% GDP
$1.5b
3.8% GDP
‘We are studying [the cases] and considering a moratorium on migrant worker
placement in Saudi Arabia and Jordan’, said Muhaimin Iskandar, Minister
of Manpower and Transmigration.
It is estimated that there are about 2 million Indonesian migrant workers in the
Middle East, with some 800,000 in Saudi Arabia. In July the ministry placed a ban
on sending more workers to Malaysia and imposed similar sanctions on Kuwait
in September. (‘Ministry Considers Moratorium on Sending Indonesian Migrant
Workers to Saudi Arabia and Jordan’, Jakarta Globe, 4 November 2009.)
In 2002, 76% of all legal overseas Indonesian migrant workers were women.
Al Manakh 2
– Egypt’s Central Bank is reporting a nearly 26%
decline in remittances for the first three months
of the year. That’s another drop in one of the
country’s major foreign currency earners as the
global economy contracts. Egypt’s other top
sources of foreign currency are Suez Canal
revenues and tourism. Canal revenues dropped
by more than 7% this year.
A AE
KS
t
% % U wai
.4 Ku
24 .5% Qatar
32
– Egypt came in first place on the list of the top
10 remittance recipients in MENA in 2007, finds
the World Bank’s Migration and Remittances
Factbook 2008 (worldbank.org).
$4.1b
2.4% GDP
1.1% Oman
5.1% Qatar
7% Bahrain
5.2% Kuwait
26% UAE
58% KSA
PRI is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Finance, Ministry for Overseas Pakistanis and State Bank of
Pakistan, which is the country’s central bank. Launched in August this year, it aims to double the flow
of remittances within three years. ‘We are aiming to take remittances up to $13-14 billion by 2011’,
said Shaheen, who is currently touring Saudi Arabia as a representative of PRI, of which his bank
is a member. His itinerary includes meeting top executives of Saudi banks. He arrived after visiting
Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.
Shaheen said that remittances sent by overseas Pakistanis are the country’s economic ‘lifeline’.
‘It’s second only to exports’, he added.
Shaheen made a passionate appeal to his countrymen not to use Hundi for remitting money. ‘It’s a
risky business. The money may be used for terrorism with far-reaching consequences to you, your
family, your country and the country of your residence’, he said. (‘Remittances to Pakistan from Kingdom
soaring’. At: http://www.zawya.com, November 6, 2009.)
Philippines
$2.4b
1.5% GDP
More than 220,000 new jobs have been earmarked for Filipinos across the Middle
East and North Africa, said the President of the Philippines. Just over 39,000 of those
positions are available in the Emirates. Quote: ‘The world economy continues to
challenge developed and developing nations alike’, Mrs. Arroyo said. ‘The economy
has been particularly difficult in Dubai, but we thank the government and employers
that Philippines workers are still the most sought-after in the UAE.’ A report compiled
by Filipino labour attachés, using data from recruitment agencies and employers,
concluded that the region had 222,141 new jobs that would be advertised in the
Philippines or to Filipinos living in the Middle East. The total does not include substantial new opportunities in Qatar, which has set aside 120,000 jobs for Filipinos
this year. (‘Filipinos promised thousands more jobs’, The National, April 13, 2009.)
5.2
26%
%
B
6.3 ahrain
%
Q
% atar
6.7
UA
E
8.6
Kuw
%
Out of the five million population of UAE, 1.5 million or 35% are
Indians and half of them are Malayalis. They are our real ambassadors’, Mr. Venu Rajamony, Consul General of India to Dubai. (‘UAE
still favored destination for Indian workers’, The Hindu, July 24, 2009.)
UAE official figures show 6,62,000 new labour visas were issued
between October 2008 and March 2009. He also said there has been
‘no signs of sudden exodus’. (‘Recession impact on Indians in UAE
marginal: diplomat’, Deccan Herald, November 25, 2009.)
Dubai World Update: Effect on remittances to India: The IMF says
the Dubai World debt restructuring ‘will not have a large impact’
on the flow of remittances out of the UAE. The UAE accounts for nearly
13% of the total remittance flow into India, with as many as 42% of
the 1.5 million population of Dubai being Indians. Remittances rose
8.6% to $1.45 billion in September from a year earlier. (‘Remittances to
India unabated’, Gulf News, December 5, 2009.)
ait
Om
KS
an
A
India
$12.9b
1.1% GDP
Bangladesh
$5.5b
6.9% GDP
Nearly 875,000 Bangladeshis went abroad officially in 2008 against 832,000 in the previous year.
The total remittances sent by five million expatriate workers was $9 billion in the year against $7 billion
in the 2007. ‘But due to the current slowdown overseas recruitment is likely to be curtailed and many
expatriates may lose jobs, affecting remittances very badly’, said Mostafa, President of the Bangladesh
Association of International Recruiting Agencies. He suggested the Bangladesh government should
immediately launch vigorous diplomatic efforts to keep the manpower export sector unaffected.
Remittances from Bangladeshis are the country’s second biggest source of foreign income after
exports of ready-made garments which fetch around $10 billion annually. (‘Global slowdown seen hitting
Bangladesh remittances’, Reuters India, February 23, 2009.)
489
The Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment (SLBFE), the government agency responsible
for all aspects of migration of workers abroad, notes that there has been a tenfold increase
in the number of migrants in the last two decades. Current estimates suggest that over
one million migrants are working abroad with an annual outflow of about 200,000 men and
women. Of this number an average of 54% are women in low skilled domestic work.
The feminization of the migrant labour force is a unique character of the country with
the number of women migrants increasing every year. In 2007, 114,677, or 52% of migrants
were women. Generally, women amount to about 54% of migrants. (‘The Feminization of
The Migrant Labour Force in Sri Lanka’, News Blaze, November 4, 2009.)
Volume 23
%
Pakistan
Building Bridges of Culture
Qatar Museums Authority
Roger Mandle
•
Refer to coverage of Souk Waqif, p. 427.
501
Volume 23
Qatar’s cultural initiatives are set out in the Qatar
National Vision 2030 plan, which defines the
nation’s goals in arts, culture, heritage•, education,
economics, sociology and environmental development. This vision pursues the highest international
standards, but on Qatar’s own terms; as the saying
goes, ‘Qatar wants to modernize, not Westernize’.
The cultural developments in Qatar are expected
to make an important contribution to Qatar and
the world by building bridges of understanding
among people inside the nation and outside.
The 2008 opening of the Museum of Islamic
Art in Doha, and the significant responses it
received from the region, signal Qatar’s intention
to play a leading role in the development of Arab
culture. While ‘thinking local’ and ‘acting global’,
Qatar Museums Authority is creating a contemporary statement from the wellsprings of Islamic and
Arab history that serves as a unique example in
the Gulf. With its collections of Islamic, Orientalist,
and modern and contemporary Arab art, as well
as natural history (which Qatar’s royal family has
assembled over the past decade or so), QMA is
in the process of creating innovative ways of exhibiting and teaching from these items. The Tribeca
Film Festival, the special exhibition program and
the publications issued by QMA broaden the community’s resources in the arts. By linking to the
universities and schools in Qatar, QMA is opening
professional opportunities to Qatari students,
founding a new generation of artists, designers
and citizens sensitive to the arts and the environment. By connecting to government agencies, businesses and other foundations in Qatar, QMA is
founding a network of agencies dedicated to the
promotion of the aesthetic realm in all aspects of
society. It is no accident that Qatar is being celebrated in 2010 as the Cultural Capital of the Middle
East as it emerges on the world stage as one
of the most active, original and grounded nations
in the area.
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