ISAM-2015
15-1
Bridging the Science-Industry Gap and Accelerating the use of
Advanced Materials
S. Jones
The Canon Foundation for Scientific Research, United Kingdom
stevejones@cfsr.co.uk
Advanced materials have immense potential for solving many of the problems facing
humanity. They offer the possibility of improved healthcare, more efficient energy
production and use, safer transport, better infrastructure and increased quality of life.
Significant research effort is underway worldwide to develop new materials and
understand the science behind their properties.Unfortunately, the knowledge
generated by fundamental research is insufficient to enable successful industrial use.
Many other issues relating to the practical use of a new material have to be resolved,
including environmental impacts, structural integrity, durability, production and
maintenance costs, security of supply and recycling and disposal. The gap between
fundamental science and practical use is extremely wide, and good ideas may remain
unexploited for decades until the key enabling knowledge is available.This paper will
outline the work of intermediary research and technology organisations in the UK and
elsewhere in Europe which bridge the gap between universities and industry and
accelerate the practical application of new materials and other key technologies. New
types of collaboration between universities, industry, government and intermediary
research and technology organisations are developing new ways for industry to
influence research, and for academics to access both ideas and money from
industry.As an example, the author has recently been involved in the development of a
£150m project which joins major UK companies, government and over twenty
separate universities, including Cambridge, Manchester, Edinburgh, Brunel, UCL and
others in offering new industrially-focused Masters and PhD projects in the field of
structural integrity of materials.
15-2
Fracture Studies and Shear Band Formation in Zr-Based
Amorphous Materials
M. Iqbal
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
miqbalchishti@gmail.com
Although amorphous materials have very attractive physical and mechanical
properties but the major problem in bulk metallic glasses is their brittleness. BMGs
usually failed in brittle manner and catastrophically failure is normally observed.
1
ISAM-2015
Brittleness of BMGs is a big hindrance in the use of amorphous material for industrial
and commercial applications. So it is necessary to produced and develop such alloys
which have high strength, considerable ductility, plastic behavior and ductile in
nature. Microstructural studies Group (MSG) at ATCOP, Islamabad is producing
amorphous materials since last decade. We have designed, developed and
characterized Ni free and Ni containing multicomponent Zr-based alloys such as
Zr-Cu-Al-M (where M is another metal like Ti, Ta and Nb). These alloys are found to
be ductile in nature with high fracture strength. Veins patterns and liquid droplets
within the grains (rich in Zr and Cu) were observed in the compression tested
fractured samples. Compression tests were applied (at room temperature) to a series
of samples with aspect ratio of approximately 2. Various types of shear band
(intersected, parallel and curved) were observed and fracture behavior was thoroughly
studies. Physical, mechanical, acoustic and thermal properties are measured which
indicate that Zr-based ductile materials can be used for industrial applications as
structural materials, jewelry applications, medical and defense applications.
Considerable plastic strain was observed in these materials. In this manuscript, results
of our investigations on a series of multicomponent Zr-based bulk amorphous
materials will be presented and compared. A number of techniques such as scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), high and low temperature differential scanning
calorimetery (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used for characterization of
materials produced. Phase analysis was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray
analyzer (EDAX) attached with SEM (Leo 440i) used for fracture studies.
15-3
Industrial Applications of Amorphous Materials
M. Iqbal
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
miqbalchishti@gmail.com
The present century is the age of new advanced materials. Materials production and
their applications are playing vital role in the industrial devolvement of a country.
Amorphous materials are new class of materials having non-equilibrium and disorder
structure and used as structural materials in various fields. The properties of bulk
metallic glasses (BMGs) are much better than their crystalline counterparts and have
wide range of applications. The amorphous materials have wide range of applications
in defense, aerospace, electronics, medical and marine applications, structural
materials, sports and luxury goods, wires for musical instruments, metallic glassy
foams and amorphous plastics. In addition, Fe-based alloys are used as ferromagnetic
and paramagnetic materials in electrical and electronics industry. Fe-based
amorphous melt sun ribbons are also used as core windings of “Green transformers”
and electrical chokes. Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are also used in Heads of
2
ISAM-2015
anti-tank penetrators and projectiles. In the present paper, a few most important
applications of amorphous materials such jewelry applications, decolorization of azo
dyes, water pollution control, defense and medical applications will be presented.
Microstructural Studies Group at ATCOP, Islamabad is producing amorphous
materials. Planning is being done to use metallic glasses (MGs) for applied nature of
work. Feasibility of production of new amorphous materials characterization by
various techniques and commercial applications will be presented.
15-4
Iodine and Nitrogen Doped Graphene Electrochemical Applications
A. H. Siddique1,a, S. W. Bokhari1,b, N. Jabeen2,c
1
The University of Gujrat, Pakistan
Nano Science and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
ahassan.chem@gmail.com, bwishal.chem@gmail.com, cnaila.chem@gmail.com
2
We have prepared metal free graphene-based nano electrocatalyst by dual doping
reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with Iodine and Nitrogen by a novel thermal
decomposition method. The durability and electrochemical activity of the catalysts
were characterized by Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), X-ray Diffractive Spectroscopy
(XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM). We believe that our proposed method is facile, inexpensive and is
promising enough to be used in the commercial electrochemical devices with
enhanced electrochemical activity and notable output.
15-5
Nitrogen doped Graphene (NG) Decorated with Silver
Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for Electrocatalysis
S. W. Bokhari1,a, A. H. Siddique1,b, N. Jabeen2,c
1
The University of Gujrat, Pakistan
Nano Science and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
wishal.chem@gmail.com, bahassan.chem@gmail.com, cnaila.chem@gmail.com
2
We present a novel modified approach for the synthesis of the nitrogen-doped
graphene decorated with metal nanoparticles, specifically silver nanoparticles
(NG-Ag) through a novel chemical route. Hydrazine (N2H4) was used both as a
nitrogen precursor and also as a reducing agent for the reduction of graphene oxide
(GO) to reduce graphene oxide (rGO). Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) was used as silver
nanoparticles precursor. We have also studied the effect of different bases on the
quality of graphene flakes obtained via thermal exfoliation method. The samples were
characterized via a number of characterization tools, viz; Ultraviolet-Visible
3
ISAM-2015
Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red
Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. These experiments led to an easier
and facile method for the fabrication of graphene-based nanomaterials. The
concentration of the dopant can be changed by controlling the reaction parameters.
The proposed method is facile, cost-effective, time saving and could open horizons in
the synthetic routes for the doping in graphene and the decoration of graphene sheets
with metal nanoparticles.
15-6
Copper Nanodendrites for the Energy Production: Electrosynthesis
and Application as in-Situ Catalyst
N. Dilshad1,a, M. S. Ansari1,b, D. J. Schiffrin2,c
1
Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
a
nabihadilshad@yahoo.com, bansari_m_s@gmail.com, cschiffrn@liverpool.ac.uk
Development of the cost-effective energy production materials is on demand during
recent years. In view thereof exploration of catalysts for the carbon dioxide reduction
not only serves for alleviating global warming but more importantly, may act as the
source of alternate energy fuels. Copper is known to be the most effective catalyst for
CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) and results in a variety of products involving formation
of C1 to C5 organic compounds. Since catalytic efficiency depends strongly on size
and surface properties (most crucial being the catalyst inhibition for bulk materials),
Cu nanostructures should behave as more active hence cost-effective catalyst. In very
few instances synthesis of Cu nanostructures has been reported through chemical
routes but their enhanced sensitivity towards air oxidation hampers their use as
electrocatalyst. The present work covers synthesis of high surface area Cu
nanostructures on glassy carbon microfibers employing electrochemical techniques
using a few mM Cu(II); glassy carbon being inert toward CRR. Simulations were run
using the chronoamperometry results for evaluating the mechanism of nucleation
(generation and growth of Cu centers) which showed formation of monodispersed
structures following instantaneous nucleation. Electron microscopy and energy
dispersive X-ray analyses complemented the outcomes from theoretical studies by
revealing that Cu nanodendrites comprising ~10 nm spherical nanoparticles are
produced. Electroreduction of CO2 was carried out on the surface of in-situ produced
Cu nanodendrites. The in-situ catalyst exhibited higher activity and durability due to
continued generation of fresh sites during the course of CRR. Differential
electrochemical mass spectrometry investigations for online detection of the CO2
reduction products provided evidence for the formation of methanol and methane, the
products of interest in the area of alternate fuels.
4
ISAM-2015
15-7
The Effect of γ-Rays on the Structural and Thermal Properties of
UHMWPE/Vinyl Triethoxy Silane Hybrids
M. S. Mehmood1,a, A. Sanawar1,b, T. Yasin2,c, S. Batool1,d
1
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
2
PIEAS, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
b
msajjad.82@gmail.com, anaa.sanawar123@gmail.com, cyasintariq@gmail.com,
d
shaistauetphy876@gmail.com
Medical grade UHMWPE was blended with 0.4phr of vinyl triethoxy silane (VTES)
and consolidated by compression moulding process. The sheets were then gamma
irradiated with total dose values of 30 kGy, 65 kGy, and 100 kGy. FT-IR spectroscopy
was used to examine the structural changes of these UHMWPE/VTES hybrid after
irradiation which showed that hybrids suffered structural modifications in absorption
areas ranging from 980-1100 cm-1, 1500-1800 cm-1, and 3000-3750 cm-1 on
irradiation. Area from 980-1100 cm-1 confirmed the existence of silane grafting
absorption at 1092 cm-1 as well a siloxane linkages or unreacted silane. Amount of
grafted silane and siloxane linkages had shown strong dependence on absorbed
radiation dose. Deconvolution of absorption area ranging from 1500-1800 cm-1 had
showed the peaks at 1534 cm-1 due to C=C unsaturation absorption, 1600 due to
moisture contents, 1637 cm-1 due to CH2=CH- absorption, and at 1720 due to C=O
absorption after irradiation. Percentages of unreacted silane were found 81 %, 41 %,
and 57 % for 30 kGy, 65 kGy, and 100 kGy hybrids, respectively. Absorption bands in
IR absorption area ranging from 3000-3750 cm-1 had showed peroxide bond peak at
3407 cm-1 for all irradiated hybrids with 65 kGy hybrid seemed to suffer more as
compared to 30 and 100 kGy hybrids. Oxidation index (OI) and crosslinking of these
hybrids were estimated from the ratios A (1650-1850 cm-1)/A (1330-1396 cm-1) and A (1450-1480
-1
-1
cm )/A (2800-2950 cm ), respectively and it was found that (by keeping in view the
absorption of peroxide bond bands) 65 kGy hybrid degraded (due to irradiation) more.
This was attributed to the higher amount of peroxy radical’s generation in 65 kGy
hybrid as compared to 30 and 100 hybrids. In addition to FT-IR analysis, thermo
gravimetric analysis (TGA) had also been conducted for in depth analysis of hybrids
oxidation stability. TGA data showed that the energies of activation for thermal
degradation and oxidations were changed from 446 ± 22.50 to 361 ± 18.05 and from
122 ± 6.10 to 190 ± 9.50, respectively and also found to be directly related with OI
values.
5
ISAM-2015
15-8
Analysis of Radiation Damage in UHMWPE: A Comparative Study
among the Various Commercial and Laboratory Grades UHMWPE
A. Ali1,a, S. Batool1,b, H. Khan1,c, T. Yasin2,d, M. Ikram2,e,
M. S. Mehmood1,f
1
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
2
PIEAS, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
Aisha.alikhan1986@gmail.com, bmalik.mehmood@uettaxila.edu.pk,
c
hamnakhan5566@yahoo.com, dyasintariq@gmail.com, emasroor@pieas.edu.pk,
f
msajjad.82@gmail.com
Oxidative degradation of the irradiated ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE) limits the life of the implants. This degradation can be controlled by
using FDA approved vitamin-E. In this work, a comparative study has been carried on
two commercially available UHMWPE i.e. GUR 1020 and GUR 1050 and its
vitamin-E doped (0.1%) samples. These samples are gamma irradiated in air up to
maximum of 100 kGy. The oxidation of the UHMWPE is monitored by ATR-FTIR
technique. The oxidation index measurement shows that the incorporation of vitamin
E retarded the oxidation of UHMWPE during gamma irradiation. The carbonyl
absorption band at 1715 cm-1 is appeared when GUR-1050 is irradiated at 100 kGy
and this band is absent in GUR-1050E sample irradiated at same dose. When these
irradiated samples are aged in air at 80 οC for three weeks. The intensity of band at
1715 cm-1 in GUR-1050 is increased more upon aging whereas the same peak is also
appeared in GUR-1050E upon aging but its intensity is much less than GUR-1050.
Similar trend is observed in GUR-1020 and GUR1020E and the intensity of carbonyl
peak is increased upon irradiation and aging in both types of samples. The
disappearance of carbonyl peak in microtomed (100 μm) samples showed that
oxidation occurred only at the surface and oxygen cannot diffuse into the bulk of the
samples. This clearly shows that the incorporated Vitamin E results in stoping the
degradation of 1050E during irradiation as well as during post-irradiation aging.The
thermogravimetric analysis of unaged GUR-1050E irradiated (100 kGy) samples
showed higher onset of degradation (23οC) than GUR-1020 E. Similarly, GUR 1050E
exhibited higher thermal stability than GUR-1050 samples
6
ISAM-2015
15-9
Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Optical Properties of
UHMWPE (ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene) Polymer
and its Hybrid
H. Khan1,a, A. Ali1,b, M. S. Mehmood1,c, T. Yasin2,d, M. Ikram2,e
1
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
2
PIEAS, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
hamnakhan5566@yahoo.com, bsmile_ali_333@yahoo.com, cmsajjad.82@gmail.com,
d
yasintariq@gmail.com, emasroor@pieas.edu.pk
The Ultra Violet Visible absorption spectra of pristine and of electron beam irradiated
(30, 65,100 kGy) UHMWPE and its hybrid with organo silane polymer have been
studied by using UV–Visible spectrophotometer. As a result of electron beam
irradiation, the occurrence of the peaks, their shifting and broadening have been
observed. Urbach edge method is used to determine the urbach energy in the proposed
work. In addition to this, direct and indirect energy band gaps including the carbon
atoms in clusters for pristine and electron beam irradiated UHMWPE and its hybrid
have been determined. According to the result obtain so far, the values of indirect
energy band gaps have been found to be less as compared to the values of direct
energy band gaps. On the basis of electron beam-irradiation-induced modification, the
decrease in the optical energy band gap with increasing electron beam irradiation has
been discussed. The interrelationship between optical energy band gaps and the
number of carbon atoms in clusters with modified Tauc’s equation has also been
discussed for electron beam irradiation effect.
15-10
Effect of Film Thickness on the Structural and Optical Properties of
AlN Layers Grown by MBE on Si Substrate
K. Mahmood1,a, N. Amin1,b, A. Ali1,c, M. I. Arshad1,d, M. I. U. Nabi1,e,
M. Asghar2,f
1
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
a
khalid_mahmood856@yahoo.com, bnasir786a@yahoo.com, cadnnan_1982@yahoo.com,
d
miarshadgcuf@gmail.com, eijaz_un_nabi@yahoo.com, fmhashm@iub.edu.pk
2
AlN epitaxial films having different thickness (196, 129, 147 and 108 nm) have been
grown on Si (111) by molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffraction and ellepsometery
spectroscopy were used to determined the structural and optical properties of grown
layers. XRD measurements showed that most of the peaks were found to be originated
from standard hexagonal structure of AlN. Optical band gap energies of 2.7, 2.2, 2.6
7
ISAM-2015
and 2.5 eV were worked out for 196, 129, 147 and 108 nm thick samples respectively.
Other optical parameters such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, aborption
coefficient and optical conductivity were also investigated. It is seen that optical
conductivity increases with photon energy.
15-11
Effect of Annealing Environment on the Optical, Electrical and
Thermoelectric Properties of MBE Grown ZnO Thin Films
K. Mahmood1,a, N. Amin1,b, A. Ali1,c, M. I. Arshad1,d, M. I. U. Nabi1,e,
M. Asghar2,f
1
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
a
khalid_mahmood856@yahoo.com, bnasir786a@yahoo.com, cadnnan_1982@yahoo.com,
d
miarshadgcuf@gmail.com, eijaz_un_nabi@yahoo.com, fmhashm@iub.edu.pk
2
In this paper, we have demonstrated the effect of annealing environment on the
optical, electrical and thermoelectric properties of MBE grown Zinc Oxide on Si
(001) substrate. The grown films were annealed in oxygen, zinc, vacuum and zinc in
vacuum rich environments at 6000C for one hour. The grown films were characterized
by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Raman
spectroscopy, Hall measurements and Seebeck effect. The PL results showed that
intensity of band edge emission (3.28 eV) was improved by annealing in oxygen
environment and degrades by annealing in Zn, vacuum and Zn in vacuum
environments while FWHM showed vice versa behavior. Sebeck measurements also
showed similar trend that Seebeck coefficient and power factor improved with
annealing in oxygen. The Hall measurements demonstrated that sample annealed
oxygen environment has lowest carrier concentration (3.97×1017 cm-3) while sample
annealed in Zn in vacuum has highest carrier concentration (5.11×1019 cm-3). The
improvement of optical and electrical properties while annealing in oxygen can be
related with the fact that incoming oxygen spices fills the oxygen vacancies related
donor defects and improves the structure. These results were discussed in detail with
the help of available literature.
8
ISAM-2015
15-12
Growth of Thick GaN Layers by HVPE: Problem and Solution
K. Mahmooda, N. Aminb, A. Alic, M. I. Arshadd, M. I. U. Nabie
a
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
khalid_mahmood856@yahoo.com, bnasir786a@yahoo.com, cadnnan_1982@yahoo.com,
d
miarshadgcuf@gmail.com, eijaz_un_nabi@yahoo.com
In comparison with other growth technique HVPE is consider as thick grown GaN
films in short time. During the growth of GaN on moving substrate in HVPE reactor at
1000 oC the outlets of GaCl were totally closed due to parasitic deposition of GaN.
This parasitic deposition restricts the growth time as well as thickness of GaN. To
increase the thickness of growth layers and to save the time and money the reactor was
modified by introducing a new quartz tube and plate. Before modification the
thickness of grown film was in 100 um with 100 um/h rate, after modification the
grown film was 226 um with the same growth rate but by increasing the growth time.
15-13
Development of Material Model for assessment of Brittle Cracking
Behavior of Plexiglas
A. J. Khana, N. Iqbalb, H. A. Saeedc, W. A. Tarard
a
College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, NUST, Pakistan
ali_khanpk@hotmail.com, bnaveed_ime@hotmail.com, chasan.saeed@ceme.nust.edu.pk,
d
wasimakram@ceme.nust.edu.pk
The objective of this study is to investigate the brittle cracking behavior of Plexiglas
material when subjected to indentation loading. Indentation tests were conducted on
Modified Vickers testing machine to acquire the experimental data in the form of
load-displacement curve. Several mechanical properties such as hardness, yielding
stress and fracture toughness have been ascertained from the analysis of the
experimental data. The experimental data then used to create a mathematical model of
Plexiglas for its brittle cracking behaviour with indentation loading. Furthermore, a
numerical simulation based study was carried out to simulate the brittle cracking in
Plexiglas plate when subjected to indentation loading. The simulations were
performed in the FE solver ABAQUS. The brittle cracking model in
ABAQUS/Explicit is used which determines the required force and displacement to
produce crack in Plexiglas. Finally a comparison of simulation results was made to
the experimental data to validate the FEA procedures and accuracy of predictions.
The numerical predictions of the load-displacement curve found remarkably
consistent with experimental results.
9
ISAM-2015
15-14
Deep Drawing, Mechanism of Deformation, Parameters affecting
it,Theoretical Considerations and Defects: State of the Art
A. I. O. Zaid
University of Applied Sciences, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com
Deep drawing may be defined as a secondary sheet manufacturing process by which a
cylindrical shape or alike is produced while the work piece is held between a holder
with a holding down pressure and the die. Unlike the holding down pressure in the
blanking process which stops completely the movement of the blank between the die
and the holder whereas in the deep drawing process the holding down pressure
hinders its movement but does not stop it. In this paper, the mechanism of
deformation, theoretical considerations, the parameters involved and the defects
encountered in the process are reviewed and discussed. The main parameters affecting
the process are also presented and discussed. These include: blank holding down
pressure, drawing ratio, limiting drawing ratio, die and punch profile radii, radial
clearance between punch and die, anisotropy, blank material and lubrication. Despite
the large number of publications on the process, there is still a great demand for
further research work both in the dry and lubricated conditions. It is therefore
anticipated that investigating the effect of different lubricants on the force, energy
requirements together with their effect on the quality of the drawn cups is worthwhile
investigating. This formed the main objective of this research work. Recent
experimental results together with the effect of punch and die surface roughness on
the quality of the blanks are also included and discussed. It was found that the
maximum drawing force and the work required in the deep drawing process are both
affected by the punch and die profile radii, for example, the maximum drawing force
is decreased by the increase of the die profile radius and is increased by increase of the
punch profile radius up to 15 mm. Regarding the required work in deep drawing it was
found that it decreases with increase of the die profile radius whereas the punch
profile radius has little effect on the required work which did not exceed 6 % in
average. Furthermore, the liability of the produced cups to wrinkle increases by the
increase of both punch and die profile radii being more influenced by the die profile
radius.
10
ISAM-2015
15-15
Effect of Molybdenum Addition to Zinc Aluminum Alloy 22, ZA22,
Grain Refined by Titanium on its Metallurgical and Mechanical
Aspects in the Cast and after Pressing by
Equal Channel Angular, ECAP Process
A. I. O. Zaid1,, N. S. Al-Hunetti2,
1
University of Applied Sciences,
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Amman 11936, Jordan
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com
Zinc aluminum alloys are versatile materials which are widely used in manufacturing
many industrial and engineering parts due to their attractive properties. The ZA22 has
the extra advantage of possessing superplastic behavior within the temperature range
from 350 to 375°C. The equal channel angular pressing, ECAP is a relatively recent
manufacturing process by which heavy plastic deformation can be produced in
materials resulting in grain refinement of its microstructure. It is, therefore,
anticipated that if the ECAP process is applied to the ZA22 alloy after being grain
refined by certain grain refiners may produce superplastic behavior in it at room
temperature, by this eliminating the heating process and its costs, hence widening its
applications rendering it to be cost effective. In this paper, the effect of molybdenum
addition at a rate of 0.1 % wt. to ZA22 grain refined by Ti on its metallurgical and
mechanical characteristics in the cast condition and after applying the ECAP process
is investigated. It was found that addition of Mo to ZA22 either in the non- refined or
the refined by Ti resulted in refining its structure being more refined in the latter. The
ECAP process resulted in further refinement of its structure of the ZA22-Ti,
ZA22-Mo and the ZA22-Ti-Mo alloys. Regarding the mechanical behavior, it was
found that addition of Mo to ZA22 resulted in pronounced reduction of its mechanical
strength presented by the following values of the flow stress at 20% strain: from 451
MPa to 346 MPa, whereas pronounced increase in case of Ti addition i.e. by 22.22%
and only increase of 1.1% when Mo is added in the presence of Ti. However the
Vickers hardness HV was increased by 5% in case of Ti addition and 2.5% increase in
case of Mo addition. Finally it was concluded that superplastic behavior was obtained
at room temperature by the addition of Mo and the ECAP process.
11
ISAM-2015
15-16
Comparative Study of Thermoelectric Properties of Wide Band Gap
Semiconductors Grown by MOCVD
K. Mahmood1,a, N. Amin1,b, A. Ali1,c, M. I. Arshad1,d,
M. I. U. Nabi1,e, M. Asghar2,f
1
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
a
khalid_mahmood856@yahoo.com, bnasir786a@yahoo.com, cadnnan_1982@yahoo.com,
d
miarshadgcuf@gmail.com, eijaz_un_nabi@yahoo.com, fmhashm@iub.edu.pk
2
In this paper, thermoelectric properties of wide band gap semiconductors (ZnO and
GaN) have been investigated and results were compared. Thin films of ZnO and GaN
were grown by MOCVD on Sapphire substrate. At given carrier concentration, the
Seebeck coefficient and power factor of ZnO is greater than GaN with values 827,
0.401 and 301 µV/K, 0.37x10-4 Watt/mK respectively. To clarify the effect of doping
concentration both samples were doped with n-type impurities. It was observed that
both semiconductors showed strong correlation of thermoelectric properties as a
function of carrier concentration and crystal structures. The results were verified by
XRD, PL, Raman Spectroscopy and Hall measurements. In conclusion our results
showed that ZnO has better thermoelectric properties as compared to GaN.
15-17
Effect of Zr Addition to Aluminum Grain Refined by Ti+B on its
Wear Resistance after Direct Extrusion Condition
A. I. O. Zaid1,a, S. M. A. Alqawabah2,b
1
University of Applied Sciences,
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Tafila Technical University, Amman,
11942, P.O.Box 13720, Jordan
a
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com, bsafwan_q@yahoo.com
Review of the available literature on grain refinement of aluminum and its alloys
reveals that little work is published on the effect of refiners on mechanical
characteristics and wearresistance. In this paper, the effect of addition of Zr to Al
grain refined by Ti+B on its metallurgical, mechanical characteristics and wear
resistance both in the as cast and after extrusion condition are presented and
discussed. It was found that Addition of Zr to Al resulted in deterioration of its
mechanical strength and hardness, whereas it resulted in improvement of both of them
when added to Al grain refined by Ti+B. Furthermore it was found that the direct
extrusion process resulted in further increase of the mechanical strength and hardness
12
ISAM-2015
of Al and its micro-alloys. Also it resulted in increase of their work hardening index,
n, i.e. improved their formability, hence it reduces the number of stages required for
forming at large strains in excess of the plastic instability before Zr addition.
15-18
Forming of a Superplastic Sheet Metal Made of MgAZ31 Alloy
A. I. O. Zaid1,, M. A. H. Nazzal2,, M. A. A. Al-Matari3,
1
University of Applied Sciences,
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
2
Mechatronics Engineering Department, German-Jordan University, Madaba, Jordan.
3
Industrial Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Amman 11931, Jordan
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com
Metal forming industries are constantly looking for advanced innovation, economical,
energyefficient techniques. Superplastic forming has a great potential to be one of
these advancedforming methods. It is a near net shape forming process used a unique
type of materials whereelongation exceeds 200% during a controlled forming
conditions, e.g. temperature, pressure, andstrain rate. Most of superplastic materials
are formed by gas technique at elevated temperature.The main objectives of the
research work in this paper were: to study the effects of the formingschemes on the
forming time and thickness distribution of the formed and device a method toimprove
the forming part thickness and its uniformity distribution and the forming time.In this
paper, a hydraulic and heating systems were designed and manufactured to facilitate
theexperimental investigation. The superplastic magnesium alloy AZ31, Mg AZ31,
was formed at350°C with different strain rates to investigate the effect of the forming
pressure profiles on thethickness uniformity of the superplastic formed part. The
pressure profiles were generated basedon Dutta and Mukherjee analytical approach.
Finally, a variable strain rate method is modified toimprove the uniformity of the
thickness distribution of the formed part and reduce the formingtime; which is a major
limitation of superplastic forming.
13
ISAM-2015
15-19
Investigation into the Effect of some Additives on the
MechanicalStrength, Quality and Thermal Conductivit of Clay
Brick
A. I. O. Zaid1,, M. A. A. Qattous2,, A. Qandeel3,, R. Abu-Mallouh4,
1
University of Applied Sciences,
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
2
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department,
Applied Science University,Amman 11931, Jordan
3
Civil Engineering Department, Applied Science University, Jordan
4
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department,
Applied Science University, Amman 11931, Jordan
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com
Brickmaking industry is probably the second earliest industry of mankind as
agriculture is thefirst. The archaeological excavations have shown that the oldest
sun-dried bricks have beenfound beneath the foundations of the old city of Jerico in
the Jordan River valley just a littlenorth of the Dead Sea. This was about 9000 to
10000 years where no molds were used at thattime. These excavations indicate that
clay has existed in Jordan and have been in use since theold ages. Ever since, the art of
brickmaking had advanced to the process of firing. Recently itwas repeatedly reported
that the clay bricks industry in Jordan is facing both mechanical strengthand quality
defects which caused marketing problems where it is expected to serve the
increasingdemand of housing in the country especially after the political crises in the
neighboring countriesIraq and Syria. It is therefore anticipated that improvement of
the mechanical strength andquality of the produced clay bricks and solving the other
problems in this industry is worthwhileinvestigating. In this paper, evaluation of the
brick industry in Jordan is carried out based on theoretical andexperimental
information obtained from field visits to the factories producing clay
bricks.Furthermore, the effect of using some additives from locally available
materials namely: BattnEl-Ghoul Clay, Suweileh sand and Olive extracts on the
mechanical strength, thermalconductivity and surface quality of the produced bricks
is investigated and discussed. Theexperimental results indicated that thermal
conductivity, color and durability were all enhancedand the ultimate compressive
strength was reduced but remained higher than the acceptablevalue for brickwork.
14
ISAM-2015
15-20
Investigation on the Effect of Titanium (Ti) Plus Boron (B) addition
to the Mg-AZ31 Alloy in As-Cast and After Extrusion on its
Metallurgical and Mechanical Characteristics
A. I. O. Zaid1,a, R. S. Hemeimat2,b
1
University of Applied Sciences,
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
2
Industrial Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Amman 11936, Jordan
a
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com, braghad_hemeimat@hotmail.com
The aircraft and automobile industries are always searching for light weight-high
strength, high,stiffness and good damping characteristics materials. Magnesium and
its alloys are the lightestconstructional materials on earth with the above mentioned
properties with a maximum densityof 1.78 gm/cc. However, against these attractive
properties they have low ductility andformability at room temperature. Therefore they
are normally formed in the hot condition.In this paper, the effect of the addition of Ti
+B to Mg-AZ31 alloy on its metallurgical andmechanical characteristics, ductility,
extrusion force and energy in the cast and after directextrusion conditions is
investigated. It was found that addition of Ti+B to Mg-AZ31 alloy hasresulted in
decrease of its grain size by 27.27% and 27.77% in the cast and after
extrusionconditions respectively. However, a decrease in its strength coefficients by
31.68 % and 10.79% in the cast and extruded conditions respectively. Furthermore,
the strain hardening index wasalso increased in both condition by 158% and 57.52%
indicating an enhancement of the ductilityand formability. This is explicitly indicated
in the results where 33.3% increase in the maximumelongation, and 27.27% increase
in the cross sectional area, in the cast condition. Regardingthe effect of Ti+B on the
extrusion force and energy, they were reduced by 75.77% and 69.32%respectively.
This is expected to reduce the heating temperature of this alloy when formed
andreduce both the force and energy required for forming, hence reducing the type of
tools andcapacity of the machine required for forming; hence, the cost of production
will be reduced.
15
ISAM-2015
15-21
The use of Superplastic Tin-Lead Alloy as a Solid Lubricantin the
Free Upsetting of Aluminum and Brass
A. I. O. Zaid1,a, H. B. Melhem2,b
1
University of Applied Sciences, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
2
Industrial Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Amman 11936, Jordan
a
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com, bHiba.b.melhem@hotmail.com
The main function of a lubricant in any forming process is to reduce friction between
the work-piece and the die set, hence reducing the force and energy requirement for
forming process andto achieve homogenous deformation. The free upsetting test is an
important open forging test.In this paper, superplastic tin-lead alloy is used as solid
lubricant in the free upsetting test ofnon-ferrous metals and compared with eight
different lubricants using the following threecriteria: one comparing the value of the
reduction in height percentages, i.e. the engineeringstrain, in identical specimens of
the same material under the effect of the same compressiveforce. The second is
comparing the amount of barreling produced in each of the identicalspecimens, at
each lubricant. The third criterion is using the specific energy, i.e. the energy perunit
volume consumed in forming each material, using the different lubricants to produce
thesame reduction in height percentage of identical specimens from each of the two
materials,namely: aluminum and brass. It was found that the superplastic tin-lead
alloy lubricant hasproduced higher values of reductions in height percentage and less
barreling in the two non-ferrous materials, used in this work namely: aluminum and
brass. It was found that thesuperplastic tin-lead alloy lubricant has produced higher
values of reductions in heightpercentage and less barreling in the two non-ferrous
materials, used in this work,under thesame compression force among the different
used lubricants.
15-22
Synthesis, Characterization and impedance studiesof
Nanocrystalline Zinc Stannate (Zn2SnO4) Ceramic Material
S. K. Durrani1,a, S. Naz1,b, S. Z. Hussain1,c, T. Ali2,d
1
Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Physics Division, Directorate of Science, ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
durranisk@gmail.com, bsumaira.chemist@gmail.com, cszhussainxrd@gmail.com,
d
tahirali.ali@gmail.com
Nanostructured binary semiconducting zinc-tin based oxide zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4)
an inverse spinel structured AB2O4 compound has attracted considerable attention in
recent years owing to its potential to be used in a wide variety of applications, such as
16
ISAM-2015
for anodes in lithium-ion batteries, transparent conducting oxides, combustible gases
and humidity detection (gas sensors), environmental remediation and energy storage
technologies (solar cells), photo-catalysts materials and photoelectrodes. In present
work, sol-gel comustion and hydothermal synthesis methods and electric properties of
zinc stannate ceramic materials were studied.The relation between microstructures
and physico-electrochemical properties of Zn2SnO4 ceramics has also been
revealed.Nanocrystalline tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesized via
facile hydrothermal and while zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) spinel oxide material was
synthesized by sol-gel comustionand mixed oxide solid state processes. The
synthesized materials were characterized for structure, crystallinity, phase
composition, and morphology by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder
diffraction and scanning electron microscopy respectively. XRD results revealed that
synthesized product is of high purity crystalline phase. Formation of crystallites with
rutile structure of SnO2 and hexagonal ZnO wurtzite structures were confirmed by
XRD. SEM revealed that mean particle size is <100 nm. It is noticed that
hydrothermal process is an effective way to prepare pure phase and highly crystalline
nanosized with loose structures oxide materials like SnO2 (nanoparticles) and ZnO
(nanorods). It can also be a viable approach to synthesize nanocomposite of pure
crystalline Zn2SnO4 with various morphologies.
15-23
Latest Trends in the Manufacturing Aluminum Matrix Composites
using Friction Stir Processing
M. Khana, T. Subhanib, W. Husainc
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
mahmoodkhan77@gmail.com, bdrtayyabsubhani@gmail.com, cdr_swh@live.com
Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is an emerging technique to fabricate surface coatings
of composite materials on aluminum substrate without utilizing specialized coatings
techniques or powder/liquid metallurgy route. Moreover, efforts are being made to
prepare bulk composite materials using FSP in addition to utilizing this technique to
weld aluminum matrix composites (AMCs). A range of reinforcements, including
ceramic particles such as SiC, Al2O3, B4C, TiC and nanostructures such as carbon
nanotubes, has been successfully incorporated in cast and wrought aluminum alloys
of 2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx and 8xxx series, especially those alloys which pose challenges in
welding by fusion processes. Uniform dispersion of reinforcement can be achieved by
FSP thereby improving the mechanical properties of the substrate aluminum alloys
and composites. The influence of processing parameters, such as transverse and
rotational speeds, has been investigated together with the effect of size, geometry and
material of processing tool. The processed zones have been characterized
microstructurally using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and mechanically
17
ISAM-2015
using hardness, tensile, impact and flexural tests. Other unique features of FSP
include surface modification, low amount of heat generated, extensive plastic flow,
fine grain size, healing of flaws and porosity, random orientation of grains in the
stirred region and localized microstructural modification for specific property
improvement. In the present study, the recent work on FSP has been reviewed along
with the challenges in this composite manufacturing technique. The future trends in
utilization of FSP in the field of composites and composite coatings have also been
discussed.
15-24
Effects of Microstructural Changes on Fatigue Crack Propagation
Rate in Al-Li 2060-T8X Alloy Welded Joints
N. Akhtara, S. J. Wub
a
Beihang University (BUAA), China
nakhtar@buaa.edu.cn, bwusj@buaa.edu.cn
This work describes the effects of microstructural changes in the mechanical, fatigue
and fracture behavior of the Al-Li AA2060-T8X alloy welded joints. The material
under study is the latest variant of the Al-Li base alloys, well-known for their
improved fracture toughness and fatigue resistance. The base metal in T8 condition
was characterized by fairly large, elongated grains with their log axis in the rolling
direction. Firstly, the butt joints were fabricated via two most advanced welding
techniques (friction stir welding/FSW, laser beam welding/LBW) by utilizing rolled
sheets of 2 mm thickness. Subsequently, the fabricated joints were tested for
microstructural changes, mechanical properties, fatigue crack propagation rates, and
failure modes. The results showed that the FSW joints and the LBW joints performed
mechanically 24% and 22% lower than the base metal, respectively. The fatigue
cracks propagated ~3 times faster in FSW joints, whereas, this rate was ~2 times in
LBW joints with respect to the base metal. Microstructural observations confirmed
few obvious changes after each type of welding process. The weld nugget zone of the
FSW joint was mostly composed of fine, recrystallized, spherical shaped grains. Also,
the strengthening precipitates got finer and rearranged homogeneously inside the
weld nugget zone. On the other hand, the fusion zone of the LBW joint was mostly
comprised of fine dendritic microstructure with depleted precipitation. Fractographic
analysis revealed the influence of microstructure on fatigue crack propagation and
fracture mechanisms. The distinctive metallurgical features of the base metal, the
FSW joint, and the LBW joint were found responsible for different crack propagation
rate in each state.
18
ISAM-2015
15-25
Influence of Heat Affected Zone on Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion
Cracking in GTAW Welded 316L Stainless Steel
in Marine Environment
M. Shahzad
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
shahzad@live.de
The austenitic stainless steels are also vulnerable to stress corrosion cracking, which
is the failure at lower stresses or shorter duration than otherwise expected and is
caused by the synergistic effects of tensile stress and environment (corrosive
medium). The most commonly used grades of austenitic stainless steel, i.e. 304 and
316 are susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking. The low carbon version i.e
316L grade has also shown evidence of stress corrosion cracking under certain
operating conditions including chloride environment. Thus, there is a need to evaluate
the behavior of the steel after long term exposure to marine environment.The
objective of the present study is the investigation of chloride SCC phenomenon on
both welded (GTAW) and unwelded 316L grade stainless steel. The tensile stress
necessary for SCC in chloride environment (in addition to the residual stress present
after GTA welding) will be applied through U bending for salt spray testing and
tensile loading the samples in slow strain rate tests. The SCC susceptibility will be
determined as a function of chloride concentration and material treatment. The
particular emphasis will be given to the role of welded and Heat affected region
toward localized corrosion and onset of stress corrosion cracking.
15-26
Evaluation of Monel-400 Tubes used in Steam Generator
- A Case Study
E. Ahmad, T. Manzoor, G. H. Zahid
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
dr.eahmad@yahoo.com
The monel-400 tubes having 64 % Ni, 33% Cu, and 2.5% Fe, remained under
irradiated environment, were evaluated for deterioration of their mechanical
properties. The results were correlated with metallographic examinations of the
specimens. Similar mechanical testing and metallographic examination were
conducted on un-used monel-400 tube for the comparison of results. No abnormality
in microstructure of used tubes except a thin layer of general corrosion ranging from 3
to 5 μm thickness was observed. Increase in micro hardness of used tubes both along
19
ISAM-2015
the flat and cross sectional surfaces of the specimens was also observed. Similarly
UTS of the used tubes were increased by the introduction of embrittlement due to
irradiation.
15-27
Microstructure and Softening of the Rim of the Railway Wheel
Z. Lawrynowicz
UTP University of Science and Technology, Mechanical Engineering Faculty,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Poland
lawry@utp.edu.pl
The microstructural characterisation of the ER8 monoblock wheel manufactured by
Lucchini was done by light and scanning electron microscopy together with digital
image processing. Microstructure, plastic deformation and cementite spheroidisation
in the outermost tread layer of used passenger railway wheel was characterised. A rail
wheel typically has a wear life of about 240,000 km, which for a standard fright wheel
is about 8×107 loading cycles. Investigated railway wheel was taken to examination
after 250,000 km of service.A heavy plastic deformation was found of the material
under the wheel tread and large deformation existed up to 20-30 mm depth below the
surface. In railway traffic the material in the contact surface of both rails and wheels
undergo plastic deformation as when the train passes through curves, can increase the
temperature in the outermost tread layer. If the temperature reaches high enough, so
that austenitisation takes place, martensitic phase transformation may take place upon
cooling. But, also for a moderate temperature increase of a few hundreds degrees, the
beneficial effects from work hardening can be diminished as material undergo solid
state reactions as recovery or recrystallisation. Until now wheel steel grades have
been designed to be resistant against martensite formation. The development of
modern braking systems today to a large extent has eliminated full locking of
wheelsets on passenger trains and therefore decreased the risk of reaching above the
austenitisation temperature (AC1) in the contact zone between wheel and rail.
However spheroidised pearlite has been observed during maintenance of wheel, and
SEM tests have shown that temperatures in the range of approximately 500°C are
present during normal running conditions. Hence, thermal damage is still to be
expected, but related to temperatures mainly below the alpha-gamma transformation
temperature of iron.As a consequence of the industrial heat treatment and the size of
wheel microstructural gradients occur. As a result, the ferrite portion increases
continuously in the range of 3-20% from the outer wheel rim towards the disc and hub
with increasing tread distance.Beside the ferrite portion and distribution, the spacing
of the cementite lamellae is also determined. Qantitatively analysed
SEM-micrographs show position-dependent spacings of 0.14-0.19 µm. Equivalent to
the ferrite portion, highest cementite lamellae spacings occur in interior section of the
20
ISAM-2015
rim with smaller cooling rates. Brinell hardness measurements could be quantitatively
correlated with the ferrite portions and the cementite lamellae spacings. Hardness
decreases somewhat with the depth below wheel tread from 287 to 245 HBW,
probably due to the rim chilling, surface hardening during manufacture and work
hardening during operational loading.The SEM study showed cracking and
spheroidising of cementite lamellas at the subsurface material layer under the wheel
tread. Softening caused by cementite spheroidisation in the pearlitic materials leads to
changes in the mechanical behaviour.Carbon steel with a pearlitic microstructure is
the most commonly used material for railway wheelsets due to high strength, low cost
and good wear properties. However, as a result of the two-phase microstructure,
pearlite is susceptible to softening at higher temperatures caused by spheroidisation of
the cementite phase. The spheroidisation can eventually be more accentuated by
simultaneous plastic deformation during high temperature exposure.
15-28
Novel Biomaterial for the Synthesis of Porous Bone Scaffolds
Sahar1,a, R. Hill2,b
1
United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
2
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan
2
University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
a
sehri1@yahoo.com, br.hill@qmul.ac.uk
Bone disorders are of significant concern due to increase in the median age of our
population. Traditionally, bone grafts have been used to restore damaged bone. More
than two million bone graft surgeries are performed worldwide with an annual cost of
$2.5 billion. Use of autografts, allografts and metals has numerous limitations
including tissue availability/compatibility, pain, bleeding, or scarring at the donor
site, and potential for infection. Thus there is a great need to develop synthetic bone
graft substitutes to meet the epidemiologically driven demand. Current focus of
research is on synthesizing novel biomaterials for bone replacement. The ideal bone
substitute should be biocompatible, bioactive, in-situ setting, radiopaque, bactericidal
and mechanically stable so it does not fail during the patient's normal activities. It
should be resorbable, reproducible, economical system with a flexibility to fabricate
into desired shapes to suit multiple biomedical applications. Interconnected porosity
within the system would be advantageous to facilitate cell-growth and
vascularisation. To date we don't have a bone substitute that meets the above
mentioned criteria. Here in this preliminary study we synthesized a composite
bioactive biomaterial based on alginate and strontium releasing bioglass. Material &
Methods; Strontium containing ICIE16M glass powder was prepared using a
melt-derived technique. Glass powder was characterized using Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC 1500 Stanton Redcroft) and X-Ray diffraction analysis. 3-6%w/v
21
ISAM-2015
of bioactive glass powder is mixed with 3%w/v of sodium alginate (Fisher Scientific
UK, Ltd). 0.2% w/v of sodium lauryl sulphate (Sigma Aldrich) as a surfactant to add
porosity. Freeze-dried technique was used to synthesise scaffolds. Scaffolds were
characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer
FTIR-Raman Spectrum GX), Instron 5567 for compression testing and x-ray
microtomography (4th generation Mu CAT XMT scanner). XMT scans were
analysed using software Tom View and image J (v.1.43). Results: The data collected
showed evidence that the novel material produced had an appropriate pore size for
osteoconduction (average =109.8039.81m and maximum= 308.87m). XRD analysis
shows an amorphous structure, favourable for bioactivity, further confirmed by SBF
studies. The material has a low compressive strength with a young’s Modulus of
1.8MPa. Conclusion: We were able to achieve a porous scaffold. Statistical analysis
(Student's t test) of compression data confirms the glass filler significantly (P<0.05)
increased the collapse yield of the scaffolds compared with pure alginate scaffolds
fabricated in the same way.
15-29
Effect of Heat Treatment on Stress Corrosion Cracking of AA6061
Aluminum Alloy in Saline Water
K. M. Deena, A. Farooqb, R. Ahmadc
Corrosion Control Research Cell, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
CEET, University of the Punjab, Lahore - 54590, Pakistan
a
kmdeen.ceet@edu.pk, bameeq.farooq@gmail.com, cdrrafiq.ceet@hotmail.com
The aim of this research work was to investigate the effect of heat treatment on
electrochemical behavior of AA6061 aluminum alloy under applied stress levels in
saline water. The alloy samples were solution treated at 525 ±5 oC for one hour
followed by aging at 165 oC for 6 and 18 hours. The microstructures of heat treated
samples were revealed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope
(SEM). The electrochemical characterization of uni-axially loaded (at 0kgf, 50kgf,
100kgf and 150kgf) specimens was conducted through measuring corrosion potential,
perturbing potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy. It was evaluated that microstructural features and stress levels induced
significant influence on corrosion resistance of AA6061 aluminum alloy in an
aggressive environment. Under relatively higher applied stress levels the corrosion
resistance was severly affected by chloride ions. The corrosion potential of the
specimens shifted towards more negative (active) potential with increase in stress
level. The applied stresses produced a deleterious effect on corrosion performance of
AA6061 aluminum alloy independent to the heat treatment procedures.
22
ISAM-2015
15-30
Fabrication and Characterization of Nano Composite Membranes
Nafion/SiO2 – MOx (M = Ti, Zr, W) for Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cells
A. Shahzadia, R. Ahmedb, M. Siddiqc
a
Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
riaz.a.chaudhri@gmail.com, briaz_ecfc@yahoo.com, cm_sidiq12@yahoo.com
Protonic conductivity of Nafion membranes decreases at higher temperature due to
dehydration and causes degradation of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel
cells. Organic-inorganic Nano composite membranes improve self-humidification,
proton conductivity, mechanical and thermal properties. Nano composite membranes
were recast from a mixture of Nafion solution and SiO2 – MOx (M = Ti, Zr, W)
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method using tetraethyl
orthosilicate and non-ionic surfactant Triton-100. Titanium tetra-isobutyl, zirconium
tetrachloride and tungstate solutions were added slowly respectively during the
sol-gel process, filtered and calcined and were characterized by XRD, FTIR and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nanoparticles were added to Nafion solution
and membranes were recast after blending and sonification. Recast membranes were
compared with commercial unmodified membrane and impregnated membranes. The
membranes were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, water uptake, ion exchange
capacity and conductivity. FTIR showed bond formation with oxide mixtures. Nano
composite membranes showed higher water retention as compared to untreated
membrane. Water retention increased from pure membrane to SiO2, SiO2-TiO2,
SiO2-WO3 and SiO2-ZrO2 particles added membranes and SiO2-ZrO2 addition
showed maximum water uptake. Ion exchange capacities of the Nano composite
membranes were measured and are compared. Conductivity of the membranes was
also measured at different temperatures. Water uptake, ion exchange capacity and
conductivity increased for Nano composite membranes and will increase the
efficiency and durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
23
ISAM-2015
15-31
Effect of ZnO Addition on the Structural Properties of CoZn Ferrite
Produced Through Co-Precipitation Method
M. N. U. Shaha, U. Zaheerb, I. Irfanc, M. Q. Zakriad, M. Yaseene,
A. Younusf, H. Anwarg, Y. Jamilh
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
hashmi.najeeb@yahoo.com, bfarhan864@gmail.com, ciqrairfansaqib@gmail.com,
d
qaiserali_25@yahoo.com, emyaseen_taha@yahoo.com, fsmile.physics@gmail.com,
g
hafeez.anwar@gmail.com, hyasirjamil@yahoo.com
a
Ferrites are nano particles of great importance in sciences. Of all the magnetic
materials, ferrites are the most useful in many magnetic properties; they are also good
electrical insulator, unlike the ferromagnetic metals. The crystallography, electrical
and magnetic properties of ferrites depends upon the chemical composition as well as
on the various heat treatments during the course of preparation. As more and more
attentions had been devoted to the nano-sized magnetic materials due to their unique
properties compared to their bulk counterparts, the scientific interest on nano-sized
cobalt zinc ferrite is on the rising. The CoZnFe2O4 magnetic particles were prepared
by co-precipitation technique. The synthetic technique involves the co-precipitation
of iron (Fe+3) cobalt (Co+2) in form of aqueous solutions using NaOH base to create
fine Co ferrites. This technique provides greater homogeneity of the particles. Fine
CoZn ferrites were prepared through co-precipitation technique; Effect of dopping of
ZnO on the structural properties of CoZn ferrites was studied by using the X-ray
diffraction analysis. The following chemicals were used for the preparation of Co-Zn
ferrites. CoCl2.6H2O (Hexa hydrated Ferric Chloride) and NaoH (sodium hydroxide).
The particle sizes were calculated with the help of Scherrer’s formula using
characteristics peaks. Effects of variation in lattice constant, X-ray density, volume
and crystalline size value and at same temperature were studied.
15-32
Fatigue Crack Growth in an Aluminum Alloy
- Fractographic Study
I. Salama, W. Muhammadb, N. Ejazc
a
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
iftikhar.salam@gmail.com, bvalimuhammad@yahoo.com, cnoveedejaz@yahoo.com
A two-fold approach was adopted to understand the fatigue crack growth process in
an Aluminum alloy; fatigue crack growth test of samples and analysis of fractured
surfaces. Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted on middle tension M(T) samples
prepared from an Aluminum alloy cylinder. The tests were conducted under constant
24
ISAM-2015
amplitude loading at R ratio 0.1. The stress applied was from 10 to 40 per cent of the
yield stress of the material. The fatigue crack growth data was recorded.After fatigue
testing, the samples were subjected to detailed scanning electron microscopic (SEM)
analysis. The resulting fracture surfaces were subjected to qualitative and quantitative
fractographic examinations. Quantitative fracture analysis included an estimation of
crack growth rate (CGR) in different regions. The effect of the microstructural
features on fatigue crack growth was examined. It was observed that in stage II (crack
growth region), the failure mode changes from intergranular to transgranular as the
stress level increases. In the region of intergranular failure the localized brittle failure
was observed and fatigue striations are difficult to reveal. However, in the region of
transgranular failure the crack path is independent of the microstructural features. In
this region, localized ductile failure mode was observed and well defined fatigue
striations were present in the wake of fatigue crack. The effect of interaction of
growing fatigue crack with microstructural features was not substantial. The final
fracture (stage III) was ductile in all the cases.
15-33
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Doped
Manganese Chromite Spinel Oxide
S. Naz1,a, S. K. Durrani1,b, M. Mehmood2,c
1
Materials Division, Directorate ofTechnology, ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
National Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
a
sumaira.chemist@gmail.com, bdurranisk@gmail.com, cmazhar@pieas.edu.pk
2
Transition metal spinel chromite oxides represent an important class of materials due
to interesting physico-chemical properties and have potential technological
applications such as magnetic materials, super hard materials, heat resistant pigments,
refractories with optical properties and protective coating materials for interconnects
in solid oxide fuel cell stack system as well as catalyst for the decomposition of
chlorinated organic pollutants depending on their nature, charge, and distribution of
ions at interstices. Cobalt doped manganese chromite (Mn0.5Co0.5Cr2O4) spinel oxide
has been prepared by simple, cost effective and low-temperature hydrothermal
method by reaction of aqueous solutions containing the respective metal nitrate,
chromium(III) nitrate, and sodium hydroxide in stoichiometric amounts at 180°C and
pH 10.5-11.5 for 10h. The chemical phases, crystalline structure and band gap energy
of synthesized chromite product was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR,
UV-visible spectroscopic techniques respectively. The XRD results revealed a
well-crystallized spinel structure of cobalt doped manganese chromite
(Mn0.5Co0.5Cr2O4) was formed after calcination at 800oC. Nanocrystallinity of
synthesized product was confirmed by XRD and SEM. The mean crystallite size of
25
ISAM-2015
Mn0.5Co0.5Cr2O4 was found to be <100 nm. FTIR results showed characteristic
absorption bands at 669 cm−1, 596 cm−1 and 496 cm−1 due to M-O and Cr-O stretching
frequencies, respectively.
15-34
Three dimensional microstructural analysis of cast
Al-Si-X alloys by multi-scale tomography
Z. Asghar1,, G. Requena2,3, F. Sket4,
1
Physics Division, Directorate of Science, ATCOP,Islamabad, Pakistan
2
German Aerospace Centre – DLR, Institute of Materials Research,
Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
3
RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
4
IMDEA Materials Institute, C/ Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
zhd.asghar@gmail.com
The three-dimensional microstructure of cast AlSi12Ni and AlSi10Cu5Ni2 alloys is
investigated by laboratory X-ray computed tomography, synchrotron X-Ray
computed microtomography, light optical tomography and synchrotron X-Ray
computed microtomography with sub-µm resolution. The microstructure of
investigated alloys consists of interconnected networks of different types of
aluminides, eutectic and primary Si in the interdendritic space of α-Al. The results
obtained with each technique are correlated with the size of the scanned volumes and
resolved microstructural features. Laboratory X-ray computed tomography only
resolves highly absorbing aluminides. Synchrotron X-Ray computed
microtomography at ID15/ESRF gives better spatial resolution and reveals primary Si
in addition to aluminides. Synchrotron X-Ray computed microtomography at
ID19/ESRF reveals all the phases ≥ ~ 1 µm in volumes about eighty times smaller
than laboratory X-ray computed tomography. The volumes investigated by light
optical tomography and sub-µm synchrotron X-Ray computed microtomography is
much smaller than laboratory X-ray computed tomography but both techniques
provide local chemical information on the types of aluminides. The complementary
techniques applied enable a full three-dimensional characterization of the
microstructure of the alloys at length scales ranging over six orders of magnitude.
26
ISAM-2015
15-35
The Influence of Elemental Segregation on Dynamic
Recrystallization and Mechanical Properties of Wrought Mg Alloys
M. Shahzad, Z. Nazar, H. Waqas, Rafi-ud-Din, A. H. Qureshi
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
shahzad@live.de
The influence of elemental segregation on dynamic recrystallization and mechanical
properties of wrought Mg alloysMagnesium alloys suffer from coarse grain sizes after
casting and need to be grain refined using a suitable technique. In addition to
enhancing strength, the alloying also helps in refining the grain size. Aluminum is one
of the most common alloying element in Mg, it has a good solubility in Mg and
contributes to strength by solid solution strengthening. Moreover, it forms an
intermetallic eutectic phase with Mg (Mg17Al12) and causes precipitation hardening.
In addition, it also helps in refining the grain size. However, Al cannot be used when
the alloy contains elements which form stable compounds with Al and thereby take Al
out of solid solution. In such cases, other inoculants or alloying elements are added.
Zn is another important alloying element in Mg alloys. It also has good solubility in
Mg and forms intermetallic compounds with Mg (Mg7Zn3). Due to the extended
solubility of solute atoms in Mg, Mg-Al and Mg-Zn alloys form a group of
precipitation hardenable alloys. Binary Mg-Zn binary alloys cannot be grain refined
with Al addition, because they form stable intermetallic compounds. Therefore,
Mg-Zn alloys are mostly grain refined using Zr addition. For a given Zn
concentration, Zr addition also lowers the amount of eutectic compound at the grain
boundaries, so that more Zn goes in solid solution and contributes is solid solution
strengthening. The refining action of Zr is attributed to the peritectic reaction between
Zr and Mg. As a result, the solid solution that is formed around Zr particles has high
Zr concentration than the neighborhood, and is usually referred to as Zr-rich cores.
Although the total alloying elements are usually less than 10 wt%, the nature and
concentration of alloying elements have a significant effect on the microstructure
development upon deformation.In present study, two magnesium alloys, namely
AZ80 (Mg_8% Al_0.5%Zn) and ZK60 (Mg_6% Zn_0.5% Zr), have been direct
extruded under identical deformation conditions and microstructure development and
the resultant mechanical properties have been studied and compared. Whereas the
eutectic particles in both alloys play the similar role in the dynamic recrystallization, it
is the pronounced segregation of Zn and Zr in ZK60 alloy that leads to lower degree of
recrystallization and profound bimodal microstructure. The roles of deformation
conditions i.e. prior homogenization, extrusion temperature and degree of
deformation in minimizing the effects of the elemental segregations of Zn and Zr have
been discussed.
27
ISAM-2015
15-36
Non Destructive Analysis of Metallic Alloy Samples using Laser
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and
Comparison with ICP-OES
I. Rehan1,a, T. Hussain2,b, S. Rabbani1,c, K. Saleem1,d, R. Muhammad1,e
1
Department of Physics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Pakistan
2
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
a
imran_physc@yahoo.com, bthminhas7@yahoo.com, csikandar_rabbani@yahoo.com,
d
kashifsaleem76@yahoo.com, eriazkhan4@gmail.com
LIBS is an analytical technique that has been successfully used for the non-destructive
testing of materials. In this work laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is applied for
semi quantitative analysis of metallic samples, which is a spectral method for the
determination of chemical composition of laser evaporated samples. Three metallic
alloys based on Cu, Al and Fe are selected for calculating dispersion relation between
LIBS and ICP. The samples are prepared in the dimensions of 3.5cm x 3.5cm and
thickness of 1 cm. In order to remove the dirt, greases and any other contamination on
their surfaces, samples are chemically cleaned. LIBS spectra of samples are obtained
in atmospheric pressure. The weight percentages are calculated by first considering
the neutral lines and then from singly ionized lines of the identified trace elements.
The same samples are then tested by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The
concentrations obtained using LIBS are compared with the results obtained using
ICP-OES to check the congruency between the results. This study reveals that the
weight percentages calculated from neutral lines are more closed with the results of
inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Emphasis is given to the development of
non destructive analysis of metallic samples by LIBS and for the online control of
production process where these alloys are used.
15-37
Measurements of Thermal Conductivity of Complex Liquids using
Molecular Simulations
A. Shahzad1,a, M. He2,b, T. Munir3,c, I. Ambrin3,d
1
Department of Physics, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
3
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
a
aamirshahzad_8@hotmail.com, bmghe@mail.xjtu.edu.cn, ctariqmunirr@yahoo.com,
d
iffatambrin@yahoo.com
A modified homogenous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (HNEMD) method has
been used to compute the thermal conductivity of strongly coupled complex (dusty)
28
ISAM-2015
plasma liquids (SCCDPLs). The calculated normalized thermal conductivity (l0) is
estimated for a wide domain of plasma liquid states of the Coulomb coupling (Γ) and
screening length (κ) in a canonical ensemble (NVT). The obtained results are found to
have satisfactory match with earlier simulation results based on different numerical
methods and HNEMD method gives more suitable results with small system sizes.
Our new calculations show that the obtained thermal conductivity depends on both
plasma parameters (Γ, κ) and the minimum value of thermal conductivity (l0) shifts
towards higher G with an increase in k as predictable in earlier work. The new
simulations show that the heat conductivity is dependent on both the Γ and κ
parameters and the minimum value of lmin shifts toward higher G with an increase in k,
as expected. Our simulations, for the lattice correlation [Ψ(t)], show that plasma liquid
system remains in strongly coupled range during the whole simulation time. In
general, the present results at external field strength (Fext = 0.006) are in suitable
agreement with earlier simulation results within less than ±10 to 15% for most of the
present data points.
15-38
Comparative Study of Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys
F. A. Ghauri1,a, A. Ahmad2,b, A. Farooq1,c, K. M. Deen1,d,
M. A. Raza1,e, Z. Ahmad3,f
1
Metallurgy and Materials engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
3
Department of Materials Science and engineering, Zhejiang Univerity, China
a
faizanghauri3@gmail.com, bdrakhlaq@u.et.edu.pk, cameeq.farooq@gmail.com,
d
kmdeeen.ceet@pu.edu.pk, emohsin.ceet@pu.edu.pk, fzubair0546@yahoo.com
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Friction stir welding (FSW)
on Al-Cu and Al-Mg aluminum alloys. Single pass FSW was performed at tool
rotation speed of 1180 rpm and with its transverse speed of 33.5 mm/min.
Microstructure of friction stir welds were revealed by using optical microscope.
Mechanical properties were calculated by tensile and vicker micro-hardness tests.
Corrosion potential, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and
potentiodynamic polarization were performed in 3.5 % NaCl for electrochemical
evaluation. Various zones such as base metal (BM), weld nugget zone (WNZ),
thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were
identified. Microstructure results showed that WNZ of Al-Mg alloy contains much
finer grain size as compared to Al-Cu alloy. A tensile specimen of both alloys
fractured from BM which qualifies that welds were defect free and micro-hardness
profile shows relationship to microstructures. WNZ is more corrosion resistant than
BM in Al-Cu alloy while in Al-Mg alloy different electrochemical trend due to
different intermetallics.
29
ISAM-2015
15-39
Study of Solvent Induced Improvement in Charge Transport
Mechanism of Conducting Polymer
S. A. Moiz1,a, H. Nasir2,b, K. S. Karimov3,c
1
Department of Materials Engineering,
NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
2
Chemical Engineering Department,
National University of Sciences &Technology,H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology,
Topi, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
a
moiz_pak@yahoo.com, bhabibnasir@scme.nust.edu.pk, ckhasan@giki.edu.pk
To elucidate the response of different solvents such as isopropyl-alcohol (IPA) and
acetone for polyaniline-emeraldine-base (PANIEB) as conducting polymer, we
investigated the charge transport mechanism of PANIEB as a function of temperature
in the presence of different solvent and observed that all PENIEB devices follow
space-charge-limited-current model. By applying both Gaussian-disorder-mobility
model (GDM) and correlated-Gaussian-disorder-mobility (CGDM) model, we
compared conductivity and mobility of PANIEB with different solvent at various
temperature and found that relatively high boiling point solvent improves the
conductivity and mobility of PANIEB due to complex behavior of solvent induced
self-organization of molecular chains and residual traps as a function of temperature.
15-40
Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Polyanaline Based
Ceramic Nanocomposites
M. Sohail1,a, M. S. Khan2,b
1
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (upper), Pakistan
2
University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
a
msohail2000@gmail.com, bmsaleemkhan@upesh.edu.pk
In the present study, biphase composite comprising Fe0.01La0.01Al0.5Zn0.98O (FLAZPs)
ceramic (clay) particles and conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI) were
synthesized. Sol-gel technique was used to obtain the ceramic particles in
nanodimensions. For the homogeneous dispersion of FLAZPs particles in the
Polyaniline (PANI) matrix, in-situ free-radical polymerization of aniline (PANI
precursor) was performed. The prepared materials were subjected to FT-IR, TGA,
XRD and SEM to analyze their physical properties. SEM images indicate the
dispersion of ceramic particles in the polymer matrix. The particle size was
30
ISAM-2015
determined from SEM was in the range of micrometer to nanometer. FT-IR showed
the successful complexation of the materials with one another. XRD confirmed the
crystalline nature and phase distribution in the composites. Crystallite size was
obtained to be in the range of 57-85 nm. FLAZPs enhanced the thermal stability of
PANI composites. Extensive dielectric studies were carried out which show that the
incorporation of PANI in the ceramic enhanced its electrical properties. Rheological
studies demonstrate various mechanical properties of the particles and composites.
15-41
Anodic Surface Oxidation of Aluminum Alloy 2024
Sheet for Improved Bond Strength with Epoxy
Resin and Epoxy Adhesive Film
Y. Bilal1,a, O. U. Rauf1,b, N. Ali2,c, T. Subhani1,d
1
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
yasirbilal22@gmail.com, bobaid.aims@gmail.com, cnaveedness@gmail.com,
d
tayyab.subhani@ist.edu.pk
The effect of anodizing process on the improvement of adhesive properties of epoxy
resin and epoxy based adhesive film with aluminum alloy 2024 sheet was
investigated. Aluminum sheet of 0.5mm thick was subjected to anodic oxidation in
sulfuric acid solution to produce nano-porous alumina structure on the surface of the
sheet. The synthesized porous structure on the surface of the sheet was bonded with
epoxy resin and epoxy adhesive film to increase the adhesion of aluminum sheet with
the counter surfaces. The qualitative assessment was performed using knife test,
which showed the improved level of bonding of aluminum sheet after anodic
oxidation in comparison to aluminum sheet without surface treatment. For
quantitative results, pull-off and T-peel tests were performed, which demonstrated
similar results quantitatively as indicated by knife test. The morphology of anodized
aluminum surface was studied under scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed
the presence of nano-porous alumina structure. It was shown that the anodic oxidation
on the surface of aluminum alloy 2024 increased the bond strength with epoxy resin
and epoxy based adhesive film.
31
ISAM-2015
15-42
TiO2 Atomic Layer Deposited Guided Mode Resonance Filters for
Biosensor Applications
M. R. Saleem
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences &
Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
rizwan.saleem@uef.fi
In this work, a low surface roughness and homogenously uniform, high refractive
index, and amorphous TiO2 layer on corrugated structures of diffracted optical
element is coated by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) for biosensors. The design of
Guided Mode Resonance Filters (GMRFs) is based on refractive indices and
thicknesses of the waveguide biomolecular layer. The designed spectral shifts are
calculated by Fourier Modal Method (FMM) and depend on the magnitude of the
variations in refractive index of the biomolecular layer on waveguide structures.
Furthermore, the sensitivity of the biomolecular sensors depends on the thickness of
biomolecular layer and periodicities of the structures. The waveguide structures
designed for larger periods show an enhancement in the sensitivity (nm/RIU) of the
biomolecular sensor at longer wavelengths. The periodicities of nanophotonic
structures are varied from 300 to 500 nm in design calculations with predominance of
increase in effective index of the structure to support leaky waveguide modes.
15-43
Fabrication, X-Ray Related Parameters and Ac-Conductivity of
Ni-Cd Nanoferrites
M. A. Alia, A. Maqsoodb
Nano-Scale Laboratory, Department of Physics, Air University, Pakistan
a
marshadciit@hotmail.com, btpl.qau@usa.net
Nano-scale materials are important because of an increase in surface to volume ratio
and the technological applications in the field of storage devices, electronics etc. the
present samples with the formula Ni1-xCdxFe2O4 where x=0.0, 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, have
been prepared by the co-precipitation method. The material was characterized by the
x-ray related properties and dielectric measurements at room temperature. The lattice
constant slightly increased with the substitution of cadmium concentration and ranged
between 8.3391 A to 8.3542 A. Specific surface area was determined from the
average crystallite size and the specific surface area to volume ratio, lies in the range
19.8x1028 (m.g)-1 to 12.3x1028 (m.g)-1.The parameters including ἑ and ἕ showed a
decreasing trend in the frequency range of 20Hz to 5MHz for all the samples. The sac
was calculated from the dielectric parameters and is 7.09×10-4 (Ω⋅m)-1 at 1MHz for
32
ISAM-2015
Ni0.5Cd0.5Fe2O4 composition. A frequency dependent relation sac (ω) = Aωs has been
observed in the frequency range of 1MHz to 5MHz for all the samples with s=1/3.
15-44
Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes on Carbon Fabrics using different
Techniques
M. F. S. Awana, T. Subhanib
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
faizanemuhammad38@gmail.com, bdrtayyabsubhani@gmail.com
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been considered as an attractive nanoreinforcement
for enhancing the properties of polymeric matrix composites. CNTs are either
incorporated in the polymer matrices or directly grown and deposited on micron-sized
fibers before manufacturing composites. An increase in the interlaminar shear
strength is expected in composites when CNTs are grown or deposited on
micron-sized carbon fiber. In the present study, four different techniques are used to
deposit CNTs on carbon fibers, i.e. (a) hand lay-up, (b) spray-up, (c) dip coating and
(d) electrophoretic deposition. The qualitative assessment of the adhesion of CNTs on
fibers was performed by peel-off test and scanning electron microscopy was
performed to examine the deposition quality of CNTs on fibers and also to draw a
mutual comparison of the CNT deposition techniques for futuristic demands of
composites with enhanced interlaminar shear strength.
15-45
Temperature Dependent Electrical Characterization of Cr doped
Ni-Zn Ferrite
M. Ashtar1,, A. Munir2,, M. Anis-ur-Rehman2,, A. Maqsood1,
1
Nano Scale Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Air University, Pakistan
2
Applied Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
tpl.qau@usa.net
Ni-Zn ferrites have great importance in technological applications due to its novel
properties. In the present work a systematic study of the effect of Cr doping on
Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 is investigated. Nano crystalline Ni0.5Zn0.5CrxFe2-xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤
0.4) have been synthesized, using Simplified-Sol gel method. Phase analysis of the
materials was done by X-ray diffraction which showed the formation of pure single
phase with lattice constant lying in the range of 8.376-8.401Å with an error of
0.001Å. The average crystallite size for (3 1 1) peak obtained from Scherrer formula
33
ISAM-2015
was in the range 11-34 nm for the composition reported. The surface and
compositional analysis of the composites were done with SEM and EDX, which
confirmed the homogeneous distribution of ferrites nanoparticles without
agglomeration. The DC electrical resistivity as a function of temperature were
observed, and found that the resistivity decreased with increasing temperature which
showed semiconductor like behavior. Three activation energies E1, E2 and E3 were
obtained from three different regions of the resistivity measurements. The mobility
curves shows an increasing trend with temperature. The dielectric parameters at room
temperature as a function of frequency, as well as a function of temperature are
reported. The parameters ἐ, ἕ and tan (δ) show decrease with increase in frequency
while conductivity, ơAC increased with frequency at room temperature. The
parameters ἐ, ἕ and tan (δ) and ơAC all show increasing trend with increase in
temperature. The AC activation energy is calculated from linear plot of lnơAC vs.
1/KBT using relation ơAC = ơ0e-E/KBT. The slope of ơAC as a function of
frequency is calculated using equation ơAC=Aωs. We observed two slopes of the
frequency dependent ơAC, plotted at room temperature. We also calculated ἐ (Ƿac)1/2
and observed that its value is almost constant at 100 kHz and 1000 kHz for all the
samples.
15-46
Effect of Shot Peening on Microstructure and Wear Behaviour of
Al-6061 Weld Beads
A. M. Atieh1,, H. Kaylani1,, R. Allaf1,, M. Barghash2,
1
Industrial Engineering Department, German-Jordan University, Jordan
2
Industrial Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Jordan
anas.m.attieh@gmail.com
Engineering environments are typically complex, combining loading with chemical
and physical degradation to the surfaces of engineering components. Surface
characteristics of materials have a significant effect on the serviceability and life of a
component. Wear and corrosion of metallic surfaces in use lead to loss of material and
subsequent loss of efficiency and/or component or equipment failure. Consequently,
surface deterioration, both directly and indirectly, costs industrial economies huge
amount of money annually. Surface treatments including metallurgical, mechanical,
and chemical processes are used to enhance surface characteristics. Shot peeing is a
surface treatment technique used to introduce compressive stresses at the metals
surface which may protect the engineering component from failure. The purpose of
this work is to investigate the effect of shot peening on the mechanical and physical
properties of Al6061 lightweight alloys. The Al6061 shot peened surface will be
examined using a 3D microscope. Tensile, hardness, and wear properties will also be
evaluated.
34
ISAM-2015
15-47
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Weld Bead Properties of Austenite
Nickel-Chromium-Based Superalloy (Inconel)
H. Kaylani1,a, A. M. Atieh1,b, M. Barghash2,b, R. Allaf1,b
1
Industrial Engineering Department, German-Jordan University, Jordan
2
Industrial Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Jordan
a
hazem.kaylani@gju.edu.jo, banas.m.attieh@gmail.com
Austenite nickel-chromium-based superalloys (Inconel) are usually used in high
temperature applications. The attractive mechanical, oxidation- and
corrosion-resistance properties of Inconel make it an excellent candidate for service in
extreme harsh environments subjected to pressure, chemical attack and heat. One of
the things that make Inconel an excellent material choice for different engineering
applications is that it retains its strength and other physical properties at high
temperature when other metals and alloys such as carbon steel and aluminium alloys
fail to do so. Welding is an essential manufacturing process that is needed for the
development of engineering parts. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as
tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is an arc welding process that uses a
non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld with the assistant of filler
rods. Previous studies showed that Inconel can be successfully joined by TIG/GTAW
welding, however the effect of heat treatment on weld properties have not been
investigated yet. This study reports on the effect of heat treatment on the
microstructural, mechanical and wear-resistance properties of an Inconel alloy.
15-48
Effect of (Ag, In, & AgIn) Alloying Additions on Rollability,
Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Mg-3Al-1Zn Alloy during
Multi-Pass Warm Rolling
J. Kamrana, H. B. Awaisb, N. U. H. Tariqc
PIEAS, Islamabad, Pakistan
jawedkamran@hotmail.com, bhasanbinawais@hotmail.com, cnaeem421@hotmail.com
a
In the present investigation, four magnesium sheet alloys Mg-3Al-1Zn
(Alloy-1),Mg-3Al-1Zn-0.5wt%Ag (Alloy-2), Mg-3Al-Zn-0.5wt%In (Alloy-3) and
Mg-3Al-Zn-0.5wt%AgIn (Alloy-4) were developed. These alloys were subjected to
multi-pass warm rolling at 300°C associated with 8 minutes inter-pass heating. It was
observed during rolling experiments that cracks free sheets of ≈1 mm thickness under
the selected processing parameters can be produced successfully. These four alloys
were characterized for microstructure and XRD based maro-texture analysis.
35
ISAM-2015
Microstructural study revealed equiaxed as cast microstructures with different
location of second phase particles with respect to grain boundaries and grains interior.
Although these alloying elements helped in grain refinement yet a gradual decrease in
grain size with increasing the rolling passes was observed only in Alloy-4. XRD
macro-texture results of Alloy-2&3 presented very strong basal texture with no
prominent angular distribution of basal poles from normal direction (ND) towards
either rolling direction (RD) or transverse direction (TD). On the other hand
Alloy-1&4 showed almost same morphology of basal poles split from ND towards the
TD. It was concluded that strong basal texture in Alloys-2&3 may be attributed to
dominance of basal slip and twining whereas as weaker texture in Alloy-1&4 may be
due to activation of some (a+c) non-basal slip and twinning in addition to basal slip.
15-49
Synthesis of Pt-Ni/C Nano Alloy Catalysts by Different Methods and
their Characterization and Electrochemical Studies
for Methanol Oxidation
R. Jamila, R. Ahmedb, M. S. Ansaric
a
Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
rabia.qau@gmail.com, briaz_ecfc@yahoo.com, cansari.shahid.m@gmail.com
Low temperature fuel cells particularly polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are
important energy sources and platinum based catalysts are important for their
efficiency and durability. There are many methods for the synthesis of catalysts and
their performance mostly depends on their method of preparation. In this work Pt-Ni
binary catalysts supported on Vulcan carbon were synthesized using chemical
impregnation and reverse micro emulsion (RME) methods. Vulcan carbon was
purified with acids and was functionalized by oxidative treatment. Sodium
borohydride was used as reducing agent and for RME the ternary phase components
were hexanol, water and surfactant. Both the methods are discussed. The catalysts
were characterized using XRD, SEM, EDX and cyclic voltammetry. XRD showed the
alloy formation of platinum with nickel for both the catalysts. Average crystallite size
of the nanoparticles was 14 and 5 nm for the catalysts by impregnation method and
RME method. Electrochemical studies of both the catalysts were done both in acidic
and basic media for the oxidation of methanol. Electrochemical surface area of the
catalysts was evaluated. Cyclic voltammetric study was done and peak current and
mass activities of the catalysts were determined. Mass activity of catalyst prepared by
RME was much higher in both the acidic and basic media. Mass activity of catalysts
prepared by RME method was about six times than the impregnation method in acidic
media. Polarization curves were drawn and exchange current densities were
determined using Tafel equation. Rates of reaction for the oxidation of methanol were
calculated for both the catalysts using Nicholson-Shain equation and were
36
ISAM-2015
significantly higher for the catalyst prepared by RME method. Durability of the
catalysts was evaluated by repeated cycling of the catalysts for methanol oxidation.
15-50
Multiple Shock Compressions in Triaminotrinitrobenzene based
Energetic Materials
T. Hussaina, L. Yanb, F. Huangc
a
Beijing Institute of Technology, China
hushan@bit.edu.cn, bliuyan@bit.edu.cn, cHuangfl@bit.edu.cn
Various hazard and vulnerability scenarios for energetic materials involve multiple
shock compression. Triaminotrinitrobenzen based explosives are comparatively
insensitive to shocks of low impacts and therefore considered suitable materials for
the devices vulnerable to low shock impacts. Multiple shock compression further
desensitizes the materials. Although the desensitization criterion for HMX based
plastic bonded explosive 9404 has long been determined, no such criterion for TATB
based explosives has yet been determined. In the present paper the desensitization
criterion for TATB based explosive is proposed, based on recently performed
experiments. By using a model which employs the proposed criterion to account for
the desensitization effects in TATB based explosives, numerical simulations of the
multiple shock experiments have been performed. The calculated results agree closely
with the experimental results.
15-51
Synthesis, Characterization of Titanium Dioxide and Study of its
Photocatalytic Activity
H. Anwar1,a, Q. Ali2,b, M. Shahid2,c, Y. Jamil2,d,
M. Yasin2,e, Zia-ul-Haq1,f
1
a
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
hafeez.anwar@gmail.com, bqasim74.ali@gmail.com, cmshahiduaf@yahoo.com,
d
yasirjamil@yahoo.com, emyaseen_taha@yahoo.com, fzh_uaf@yahoo.ca
Extensive use of colored dyes in textile industries has raised the issue of water
contamination in Pakistan. In order to reduce this contamination, its photocatalytic
treatment is one of the simple and economical solutions. In the present work,
photocatalytic degradation of dyes such as yellow PGF and Blue P3R in the presence
of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as catalyst under UV light irradiation was investigated. The
nanosized TiO2 was synthesized by simple sol-gel method. The as prepared TiO2 was
calcinated at two different temperatures (500ºC and 900ºC) and was characterized
37
ISAM-2015
using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques.
Structural parameters such as crystalline phase, crystallite size, effect of calcination
temperature on phase transformation of TiO2, lattice constants and densities were
investigated from the XRD data. This investigation confirmed the anatase phase of
TiO2 at 400 ºC with particles size in the range 6.5 nm-11 nm and the rutile phase of
TiO2 at 900 ºC with particles size in the range 30 nm-80 nm. SEM showed the
morphology of anatase and rutile nanoparticles. The photocatalytic mechanism of
TiO2 and its performance as catalyst were discussed in detail.
15-52
Synthesis of Nickel Zinc Ferrites Nanoparticles through Co
Precipitation and Study the Effect of Annealing on its Structural
Properties
H. Anwar1,a, G. Fatima2,b, M. Yasin2,c, M. R. Ahmad3,d, Y. Jamil2,b
1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Pakistan
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Physics, Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics,
GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
a
hafeez.anwar@gmail.com, byasirjamil@yahoo.com, cmyaseen_taha@yahoo.com,
d
mrazaahmad@gmail.com
2
Nickel–zinc ferrite nanoparticles (NixZn1-xFe2O4) were prepared using
co-precipitation technique for various compositions of x from 0.25 to 0.75 based on
varying M/OH ratios (ranges from 0.15 to 0.3). The relationship between the diameter
of nanoparticle and composition was studied for various concentrations of nickel and
zinc salts at different values of M/OH ratios and the effect of different nickel and zinc
concentrations on the lattice parameters was also investigated. Nickel and zinc
chloride salts were taken as the starting materials used in the synthesis of Nickel Zinc
ferrite nanoparticles while NaOH was used as base material in the precipitating
method. The product materials were then calcinated in the temperature range of 600
o
C – 900 oC. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD in order to
investigate the crystalanity in their structures. The nanoparticle crystallite size was
calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The XRD data was also used to find the other
crystal parameters including lattice constant, volume of the unit cell and x-ray density
of the synthesized samples. Hence the variation in crystal parameters in different
composition of nickel zinc ferrite samples with respect to the changes in M/OH ratio
and in calcination temperatures were characterized. The properties of nickel-zinc
ferrites so produced were studied for vrious temperatures varying from 600 oC to 900
o
C. The analysis of XRD patterns confirmed a decrease of lattice parameter from 8.41
o
A for 600 oC to 8.36 oA for 900oC. A clear trend in the growth of crystallite particle
size from 23.37 nm for 600oC to 37.44 nm for 900 oC as a function of varying
38
ISAM-2015
calcination temperature was also evident. Distinguishable changes in the volumes and
x-ray densities of the samples in association with the other parameters were also
investigated. It is clearly noted that the thermal treatment of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (with
M/OH = 0.25) samples at different temperatures strongly effects the crystal
parameters.
15-53
Improvement of PDT by using Angiogenesis Inhibitors and P-Gp
Inhibitors on Liver Carcinoma
M. W. Akrama, M. Waseema, M. F. E. Alama, A. Younasb, N. Aminc
a
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
fakharphy@gmail.com, bamarayounas6@gmail.com, cnasir786a@yahoo.com
Liver cancer being the fifth most common lethal cancer world over demands the more
competent, prompt and meticulous treatment which can be execute by PDT
(photodynamic therapy) using Ag NPs (silver nano particles) along with ALA
(α-aminolavulanic acid) as photosensitizer and light of suitable wave length in its
working to synthesize SOS (singlet oxygen specie) which imparts lethal effect to
tumor cells. Necrotic effect of PDT increases by the use of angiogenesis inhibitors
which forbid the angiogenesis in growing tumor by inhibiting VEGF (vascular
endothelial growth factor).Thus oxygen supply becomes limited for growing tumor
and light produces SOS by using molecular oxygen from already existing blood
vessels. The hypoxial inflammation induced by angiogenesis inhibitors imparts
additional necrotic effect to tumor cell. In hepatocarcinoma the P-Gp
(para-glycoprotein) level increases in HepG2 cell line which impairs the drug delivery
to the tumorous liver .thus activity of Ag NPs enhance by the use of any P-gp
inhibitor.
15-54
Tumoricidal Effects of Ag Nanoparticles in HepG2 Cell Line
M. W. Akrama, F. Akbarb, M. Fakhar-e-Alama, S. Iqbalc
a
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
fakharphy@gmail.com, bfoziaakbar001@gmail.com, cseemabiqbal11@hotmail.com
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have great potential towards biomedical applications.
Their candidacy as anticancer activity will be tested in Hepatocellular (HepG2 cell
line) model. In addition, due to high surface-to-volume ratio, and antiviral agent, said
nanomaterials can be used as tumoricidal drugs which might be fruitful for cancer
treatment. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) will be synthesized via Chemical Aqueous
method by using Silver nitrate (Sigma Aldrich 99%), De-ionized water (10 ml).
39
ISAM-2015
AgNO3 combined with de-ionized water and stirrer it by magnetic stirrer to get
homogeneous solution. Triethylamine (merck 98%) add up into the solution that
already have prepared and stirrer for 200 minutes. Obtained amount of precipitates are
centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. Take another beaker, funnel and the funnel
cover with filter paper now the precipitates washed first distilled water and then
ethanol (10 ml). Washed precipitates will be dried at 30 OC in an incubator for 24
hours. Synthesized nanoparticles can be characterized by different techniques. Crystal
structures of the particles will be examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the
surface morphology of synthesized nanoparticles will be investigated by scanning
electron microscope (SEM). Phototoxic and cytotoxic effects of grown particles will
be test in hepatocellular (HepG2 Cell line) model. Liver cancer (HepG2 carcinoma
cellular model) is the fifth most common cancer world-wide and the third most
deadly, annual death rates 600,000. The current experimental study will be helpful
especially for real treatment of malignant/pre-malignant as well as benign tumor.
15-55
Anticancer Effects of Ni Nanoparticles on HepG2 Cell Line
M. W. Akrama, M. Fakhar-e-Alama, S. Iqbalb, F. Akbarc
a
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
fakharphy@gmail.com, bseemabiqbal11@hotmail.com, cfoziaakbar001@gmail.com
Nickel nanoparticles are used in various areas due to its fabulous morphology and
characteristics. Ni nanoparticles are ferromagnetic due to its magnetic behavior and
work against the tumor. In present study Nickel nanoparticles was synthesized by
co-precipitation method and using hydrate hydrazine as a reducing agent. Toxic
effects like photo-toxic, and cycto-toxic at the same time studied alone and combine
with Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in the presence of laser light as well as in the
absence, as laser light exposure on Hela cell model, and then examined by neutral red
assay (NRA). The composition of Nickel NPs characterize by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained amount of
nanoparticles size is 31 nm. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the first harmful
cancer of the liver in matures. HCC is theleading cause of tumor death on the earth,
and the second in China. Commonly accepted that virus of hepatitis B (HBV) is the
major cause in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Malignant overgrowth
of vascular tissue and malignant overgrowth in haem are least cancers that begin from
the cell layers of liver organ. Such type of tumors increase in size very fastly and are
removed. Surgery helps to slow the disease, but cancers are often difficult to treat.
40
ISAM-2015
15-56
Coating of NdFeB to Improve Corrosion Resistance and Retaining
Magnetic Susceptibility
S. Hussain, A. Waleed, Atiq-ur-Rehman, A.Wadood
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
sajjad_526@yahoo.com
NdFeB is a rare earth magnet which is considered to be strong permanent magnets.
NdFeB has inherently low corrosion resistance which limits it application at both
room temperature and at High Temperature. The core objective is to enhance the
corrosion resistance through application of inorganic coating such that it can be used
at various temperature ranges. First of all EDS of NdFeB was done to check for its
composition. After which potentiodynamic testing was carried out to find out the
corrosion potential of our sample by GAMRY Instruments. We opted for AlN coating
on NdFeB by using PVD technique in order to achieve minimum thickness so that it
can also sustain magnetic properties along with better corrosion resistance. AlN can
oxidize at room temperature however aluminum oxide layer will protect the material
at about 1370 °C. PVD will impart minimum thickness of coating resulting in better
magnetic properties as compared to CVD or other coating techniques. AlN coating
will not peel of under some loading conditions and will maintain the protection in
each and every environment because coating is less adherent with hydrogen so attack
of hydrogen on grain boundaries rich in Nd will not occur. Corrosion resistance of
NdFeB is improved to about tenfold and hardness is also achieved because AlN has
more hardness than conventional aluminum.
15-57
Potential Energy and Thermal Conductivity of Complex (Dusty)
Plasmas using Computer Experiment
A. Shahzad1,a, M. He2,b, S. Shifa1,c, I. Ambrin1,d
1
Department of Physics, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
a
aamirshahzad_8@hotmail.com, bmghe@mail.xjtu.edu.cn, cshahzad.shifa@gmail.com,
d
iffatambrin@yahoo.com
The heat conductivity and corresponding energies of three-dimensional Yukawa
dusty plasma liquids (YDPLs) has been investigated by employing a modified
homogenous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (HNEMD) technique. The obtained
results for Yukawa heat conductivity with suitable normalizations are measured over
a wide range of various plasma states of the Coulomb coupling (Γ) and screening
length (κ) in a canonical ensemble (NVT). In our new simulations, the kinetic energy
41
ISAM-2015
is not affected by the system size and also independent of time steps and κ but it
depends on the system temperature (Γ), in contrast to the kinetic energy, the potential
energy depends on time steps (Δτ), system temperature (Γ), system size (N) and
screening parameter (κ). The potential energy decreases with the increase of κ and
with the decrease of Γ. In addition, the system size does not affect the behavior of
lattice correlation; while the lattice correlation decreases with the increment of κ and
at high temperature (Γ). The calculations for lattice correlations (Ψ) show that our
YDPLs system remains in nonideal strongly coupled regime.
15-58
Hydrogen Embrittlement of 403 Stainless Steel Dual Benjo Union of
the Aircraft Engine Oil Pipeline
S. R. B. S. Bakara, M. Y. Ahmadb
Science Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Malaysia
a
syroslee.sybakar@stride.gov.my, byazid.ahmad@stride.gov.my
This paper presented a metallurgical failure analysis on the T-Join a Dual Benjo
Union of the engine oil pipeline of the RMAF aircraft. The failed component was
thoroughly inspected by visual, macroscopic and microscopic examinations, and
chemical analysis. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis on the fracture surface
revealed an intergrainullar failure characteristics, while, metallographic examination
revealed numbers of porosities and microcrack in its microstructure as significant
evidences of hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon. The root cause of the failure was
believed to be due to service environment and ageing factor. It was recommended
more regular inspection to be carried out and the component to be replaced during
engine overhaul.
15-59
Graphene Reinforced Aramid Matrix Nanocomposites – Fabrication
and Characterization
M. Yaqoob
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
mehwishyaqoob434@gmail.com
A novel class of nanocomposites was fabricated using graphene as
nanoreinforcements in aramid matrix. Aramid was first synthesized and
functionalized by solution polycondensation of aromatic diamines and diacid
chlorides in amide solvent while graphene was ozone-functionalized before adding in
aramid matrix. Three different loading fractions of graphene were incorporated in the
composites, i.e. 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt%. The quality of graphene dispersion in aramid
42
ISAM-2015
matrix was witnessed using scanning electron microscopy while mechanical property
enhancement was observed after hardness, impact, tensile and flexural testing. It was
revealed that the functionalization of graphene and aramid improved the dispersion of
graphene in aramid matrix, which enhanced the mechanical performance of the
composites.
15-60
Application of Neutron Induced Autoradiography Technique in
Estimation of Boron in Metals
M. Akrama, S. A. Mujahidb, M. U. Rajputc
a
Physics Division, Directorate of Science, ATCOP,Islamabad, Pakistan
akram@pinstech.org.pk, bsam@pinstech.org.pk, cusman@pinstech.org.pk
Boron in low concentration is added in steel and other alloys to improve and exert a
beneficial effects on its micro-structure and mechanical properties at elevated
temperatures. On the other hand its concentration above a certain level has very
harmful effect on its strength. Therefore, an exact estimation of boron distribution on
a microscopic scale is very essential as it plays an important role for quality control
during fabrication. Neutron Induced autoradiography technique has been applied to
estimate boron concentration and its spatial distribution in some metals using CR-39
detector. The technique is based on simultaneous irradiation of a unknown sample and
a standard of known boron contents, with thermal neutrons in the nuclear reactor and
the counting of alpha particles and 7Li ions tracks produced in the detector as a result
of 10B(n,a)7Li nuclear reaction after chemical etching. Boron concentration is
determined by comparing the alpha particle tracks density with that of a standard of
known boron concentration. Boron concentration in these samples has been found to
be on the higher side than the normal range as reported in the literature. The technique
of boron estimation by Neutron Induced Radiography is a simple and reliable. It can
be used to study the other alpha-emitting radionuclides in alloys, steel and b other
solid materials.
15-61
Structural and Optical Properties of Pure and Doped Graphene for
Photonic Applications
I. Rahim, A.Khan, M.Shah
Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, 25120 Peshawar, Pakistan
ishrat.uop@gmail.com
Graphene is one atom thick honeycomb lattice of six carbon atoms attached through
sigma bonds. It is actually a single sheet of graphite; hence we can call it two
43
ISAM-2015
dimensional allotrope of carbon. Its high conductivity, flexibility, light weight, high
strength, high charge carrier mobility, low band gap energy, high transmittance and
absorbance make it suitable for applications in many fields such as bioengineering,
energy production and nanotechnology. Some well-known achievements of graphene
are its use in photovoltaics, sensors, photo-detectors and nano-electronics.Structural
and optical properties of intrinsic and extrinsic graphene have been studied using
density functional theory (DFT). We have applied WEIN2k code to study the
properties using generalized gradient approximation for exchange co-relation
potential whereas the structure is viewed using the XCrySDen visualization software.
In the present article, the calculations have been run for 4×4×1 super cell on pure and
doped graphene sheets. Calculations were run with and without applying spin orbit
coupling. The density of states, band structures, dielectric functions, refractive index,
transmittance and absorption spectra of single layer graphene sheet have been
calculated for light polarization parallel and perpendicular to the plane of pure
graphene sheet and compared with doped graphene.It has been noticed that pure
graphene shows zero band gap. Application of spin orbit coupling does not effect the
properties of our material. This theoretical study reveals that doping enhances the
absorption coefficient and the band structure of graphene lattice which makes it
suitable for fabrication of many photonic devices.
15-62
Role of Ni-Ions Irradiation on the Structural and Morphological
Properties of GaN Thin Films
A. Farid1,, G. Husnain2,, I. A. Khan3,, S. Naseem4,
1
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Experimental Physics Labs, National Center for Physics,
Quaid-e-Azam University, Pakistan
3
Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
4
Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
amjadfarid85@yahoo.com
2
Ni-ions irradiation affects on structural and morphological properties of epitaxial
GaN thin film of thickness 5 µm grown on a Sapphire (Al2O3) substrate via Metal
Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) process was investigated. The virgin
GaN films are irradiated with energetic Ni-ions (700 KeV) at different (1×1012,
1×1013 and 1×1014 ions.cm-2) Ni-ions doses. The RBS/C analysis is employed to
determine the elemental composition, crystalline quality and stoichiometry of the
virgin and irradiated GaN films. The RBS/C results show that the thickness of the
virgin GaN film is found to be 5 µm and possess a good crystalline quality (χ min =
1.7%) along with contents composition as Ga0.5N0.5. χ min value increases with the
increase of Ni-ions doses. The XRD patterns confirm the Wurtzite (Wz) hexagonal
44
ISAM-2015
crystal structure of the irradiated GaN films. The XRD patterns reveal the broadened
GaN (002) peak along with the development of new diffraction peak related to
NiN3(101) phase. The FWHM of GaN (002) plane is increased from 0.288 to 0.353
with the increase of Ni-ions doses. The corresponding crystallite sizes of the
irradiated GaN (002) plane are decreased from 30 nm to 25 nm. The AFM images
reveal the surface morphology and root means square (RMS) surface roughness of the
virgin and irradiated GaN films. The rms surface roughness of the irradiated GaN
films is increased from 7.29 nm to 16.18 nm with the increase of Ni-ions doses. The
irradiated GaN films are annealed at 900ºC for 10 minutes in nitrogen atmosphere.
The annealed GaN films are characterized by XRD and AFM techniques. XRD and
AFM analysis reveal that crystalline quality is improved up to an extent and surface
roughness decreased with the effect of post annealing. This confirms that subsequent
annealing after irradiation process effectively improved crystal lattice and surface
morphology of GaN thin epitaxial films.
15-63
Down-Conversion Luminescence and its Temperature-Sensing
Properties from Er3+-doped Sodium Bismuth
Titanate Ferroelectric Thin Films
G. Wu
Nanjing University, China
wuguangheng@hotmail.com
Here, we demonstrate outstanding temperature sensing properties from
Na0.5Bi0.49Er0.01TiO3 (NBT:Er) thin films. The perovskite phase for them is stable in
the temperature range from 88K to 440K. Interestingly, the Er-doping enhances the
ferroelectric polarization and introduces local dipolar, which are positive for
temperature sensing. Pumped by a 488nm laser, the NBT:Er thin films show strong
green luminescence with two bands around 525nm and 548nm. The intensity ratio
I525/I548 can be used for temperature sensing, and the maximum sensitivity is about
2.310-3K-1, higher than that from Er-doped silicon oxide. These suggest NBT:Erthin
films is promising candidate for temperature sensors.
45
ISAM-2015
15-64
Effect of Temperature and Loading on Output Voltage of Lead
Zirconate Titanate (PZT-5A) Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
Z. Butta, R. A. Pashab
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
a
zubairbutt64@yahoo.com, basim.pasha@uettaxila.edu.pk
Energy harvesting is the process of acquiring energy from the external sources and
then using it to power the system. Piezoelectric material was operated at various
temperature but the characterization of the material mostly performed at room
temperature. The depolarization in piezoelectric material occurs when the material is
heated to its curie temperature. The output voltage of piezoelectric material decreases
with the increase in temperature due to depolarization effect. The aim of this paper is
to study the performance of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-5A) piezoelectric material
under various temperatures and loading conditions. It was found that output voltage
from the harvester increases when loading increases while its temperature decreases.
15-65
Sub-Ppb Level Voltammetric Sensor for Mercury (II) Ions Based on
Cysteine Capped and Nafion Stabilized Au@Ag Core - Shell
Nanoparticles
S. Siddiquia, Siraj-ud-dinb
National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Pakistan
a
sumaiyyahsid@gmail.com, bdrsiraj03@yahoo.com
Nanotechnology is a most promising field for generating new applications in all areas.
The process of development of reliable and eco-friendly bimetallic nanoparticles is an
important step in the field of nanotechnology. Bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) are
receiving much attention due to their distinctive properties which are differing from
corresponding monometallic NPs. It is well known that the addition of a second
metallic component enhances the activity, selectivity and stability of a pure
monometallic catalyst. For some metals, such as Cu, Ag, Au, and the alkali metals, the
frequency of the plasmon resonance lies within the visible range, and this is the reason
why colloidal dispersions of those metals display intense and beautiful colours. When
two different metals are contained within a single nanoparticle, the resulting optical
properties arise from a combined contribution of both metals, and the distribution of
the metal atoms within the particle is of fundamental importance. Interaction of
l-cysteine in aqueous AgNO3 and HAuCl4 was investigated for the synthesis of
Ag-Au core-shall BMNPs nanoparticles. In this work, Au–Ag core-shall bimetallic
nanoparticles were chemically synthesized by l-cysteine and applied to fabricate a
46
ISAM-2015
sensitive electrochemical Hg2+ sensor. UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Atomic force
microscope (AFM), FT-IR spectrophotometer and X-ray diffractometer (XRD)
indicated that Au–Ag core-shall nanoparticles were mainly synthesized via an
extracellular approach and generally existed in the form of spherical core-shall
nanoparticles. Electrochemical investigations revealed that the Hg2+ sensor based on
Au–Ag core-shall nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode was able to enhance
the electrochemical response of Hg2+. Under optimal working conditions, the
reduction peak current of Hg2+ at the sensor linearly increased with its concentration
in the range of 0.02–18ppb with allow detection limit of 0.006ppb. This Hg2+ sensor
was success fully applied to the determination of Hg2+ from different water samples,
suggesting that it may have practical applications in Hg2+ monitoring system.
15-66
Two Dimensional Path Optimization for Production Machinery
Memoonaa, Nayabb, W. A. Khanc
a
G.I.K Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Pakistan
memoona91@yahoo.com, bnayabghani@yahoo.com, cwasim@giki.edu.pk
Path Optimization is desirable in many problem instances occurring in discrete
manufacturing and pick and place technology. The problem may refer to applications
ranging from two-dimensional movements such as in milling process to
three-dimensional movements required in many robotic operations. The optimal path
can be found using tour construction techniques, sub tour elimination techniques and
tour to tour improvement techniques. The limits to which these solution
methodologies can be applied are restricted to a certain number of nodes. The optimal
path for two and three-dimensional TSP is determined using a stochastic search
procedure based on a tour improvement technique. An optimal solution is presented
for 500 nodes TSP in two dimensions. A procedure for finding optimal path for an
even larger number of nodes is outlined.
15-67
Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Graphene in Organic Solvents
S. S. A. Shaha, H. Nasirb
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering,
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
sajidali@scme.nust.edu.pk, bhabibnasir@scme.nust.edu.pk
Lot of efforts have been made in the application of graphene and its associated
materials, the commercial production of graphene is still a challenge. Liquid phase
exfoliation method is a convenient method for the large scale production of graphene.
47
ISAM-2015
In this work graphene sheets were produced by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite in
different organic solvents (DMSO, Water, ethanol and methanol) by using magnetic
stirring and sonication. The produced graphene were characterized by different
techniques, including AFM, scanning electron microscope (SEM), XRD and
UV-Visible spectroscopy. The AFM results show that sonication time has directly
affected the production of graphene and by increasing the sonication time the amount
of produced graphene also increased. AFM images show the presence of few layer
graphene. The SEM images also indicate the few layer graphene and EDX shows no
evidence of oxides or any contaminants adsorbed on graphene surface. The
UV-visible results demonstrate that the use of sonication is better than magnetic
stirring for the production of graphene. DMSO as a solvent has shown better results as
compared to water, ethanol and methanol for the production of graphene.
15-68
Synthesis, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ho3+ Substituted
Ba2 (Ni1.2Zn0.8) Ho2xFe12-2xO22 Y-Type Hexaferrite
M. Yaseen1,a, Q. Mahmood2,b
1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Department of Physics, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Pakistan
a
myaseen_taha@yahoo.com, bqasimmahmoodg@gmail.com
2
The solid state reaction method is implemented to prepare Holmium (Ho) doped
hexa-ferrites Ba2 (Ni1.2Zn0.8) Ho2xFe12-2xO22 with composition (0.0-2.0). All the
samples of ferrites were sintered in pellet forms first at 800 ºC and then temperature
was increased to 1100 ºC for five hours. With X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques; the crystal structure,
morphology, magnetic properties and the functional bonding have been investigated.
The Structural and magnetic characterizations are capable of providing significant
information of physical properties of these ferrites. The hexagonal phase of single
Y-type ferrites Y-type is revealed by XRD. The greater ionic radius of Ho than that of
Fe is the main cause of increasing lattice parameters a and c in the studied ferrites. In
the range 500 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1, we recorded infrared absorption spectra. The
observed common features of these ferrites were their absorption bands in 460 cm-1to
580 cm-1 region. The appearance of higher frequency bands near around 1011 cm-1and
1200 cm-1shows the presence of trivalent cations Fe-O bond vibration. SEM helped us
in measuring the grain size that is decreasing with Ho substitution. One can conclude
that Ho3+ (rare earth element) is doing the job of grain growth inhibitor. From
hysteresis loops of these ferrites, the variation in magnetic properties like remanance
(Mr), saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) were determined. The
48
ISAM-2015
increasing trend in Ms, Mr and Hc values makes these ferrites as potential candidates
for microwave devices and magnetic recording media.
15-69
Nanoclay Reinforced Aramid Matrix Nanocomposites – Fabrication
and Characterization
M. Sadaqata, A. Ahmadb, T. Subhanic, S. Shabbird
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
mehran273@hotmail.com, bawaisahmad@live.co.uk, cdrtayyabsubhani@gmail.com,
d
drsaimashabbir@gmail.com
A novel class of nanocomposites was fabricated using low contents of nanoclay as
nanoreinforcement in aramid matrix. Aramid was first synthesized and functionalized
by the solution polycondensation of aromatic diamines and diacid chlorides in amide
solvent. Later nanoclay was modified using amine organifiers to render the silicate
layers organo-philic. Three different loading fractions of modified nanoclay were
incorporated in the composites, i.e. 10wt%, 30wt% and 50wt%. The quality of
modified nanoclay dispersion in aramid matrix and exfoliation of nano-silicate layers
was witnessed using scanning electron microscopy while mechanical property
enhancement was observed after thermal stability, water absorption, interlayer
spacing of clay, hardness and tensile testing. It was revealed that the modification of
nanoclay as intercalated silicate layers and functionalization of aramid improved the
dispersion of nanoclay in aramid matrix causing exfoliation of nano-silicate layers,
which enhanced the thermal and mechanical performance of the composites.
15-70
Effect of Operating Temperature on the Creep at Cam/Roller
Interface in End Pivoted Roller Finger Follower Valve Train System
N. Ahmeda, M. Khurramb, R. A. Muftic, M. U. Bhuttad,
N. Afzale, A. Ahmedf
1
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
nfornauman@yahoo.com, bkhurrami7@yahoo.com, criazmufti@smme.nust.edu.pk,
d
usmanbhutta@smme.nust.edu.pk, enaqashafzal@gmail.com, farslan894@yahoo.com
a
In internal combustion engines, valve train is often subjected to severe operating
conditions like high contact loading, raised operating temperatures and lubricant
entrainment temperature continuously varying in nature which may cause excessive
friction and severe wear at the mating surfaces of cam and roller reducing component
serviceable life substantially. The existence of creep at cam/roller interface can
increase the power losses due to increase in sliding friction, affect the lubrication
49
ISAM-2015
conditions and even result in deterioration of the mating surface of cam and roller
follower in the valve train. The tangential loadings and high operating temperatures
often result in increase of creep at cam/roller contact leading to surface failure. In this
research article, a comprehensive numerical approach based on the mixed lubrication
concept has been developed for end pivoted roller finger follower valve train allowing
to investigate the effects of operating temperature on the creep at cam/roller contact.
Important parameters like contact loading, oil film thickness, frictional forces,
tangential forces and the creep have been calculated precisely considering the effects
of operating temperatures for a complete cam operating cycle. The obtained results
clearly indicate that the creep at cam/roller interface increases significantly as the
operating temperature increases leading to possible deterioration of the mating
surfaces.
15-71
Synthesis and Characterization of Porous
Alumina with Controlled Porosity
M. Ahmed
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
masoodmaqsood@gmail.com
Alumina is extensively used as catalyst, catalytic supports and absorbents. The porous
alumina powder with controlled porosity and pore size distribution is synthesized
with wet chemical processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and BET surface area are used for the characterization of powder.
The effect of different synthesis parameters on the morphology and size of pores in
alumina powder is analyzed.
50
ISAM-2015
15-72
Study on the Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition and Cytotoxicity of Refined
Crystalline Structure of TiO2 Nanoparticles
M. R. Ahmad1,a, S. Iftikhar2,b, M. Q. Zakaria2,c, T. Hussain3,d,
M. Shahid2,e, H. Anwar2,f, M. Yaseen2,g, Y. Jamil2,h
1
GC University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Physics, Centre for Advanced Studies in Physics,
GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
a
mrazaahmad@gmail.com, bi.sidra@ymail.com, cqaiserali_25@yahoo.com,
d
mrazaahmad@yahoo.co.uk, emshahiduaf@yahoo.com, fhafeez.anwar@gmail.com,
g
myaseen_taha@yahoo.com, hyasirjamil@yahoo.com
2
Due to the increased resistance to existing antibiotics of microorganisms, researchers
have turned towards engineered nanoparticles for finding a solution. In this work, we
are reporting a single phase refined spinel structure of TiO2 nanoparticles in the
biological applications that was tested against biofilm synthesized by Gram negative
bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida). The
inhibition (%) results against the E. Coli and P. multocida of synthesized NPs were in
close agreement with rifampicin (RPM) treated control. The TiO2 nanoparticles
significantly improved the activity against E. coli and P. multocida and exhibited
negligible cytotoxic effect. The action of Triton X-100 against the E.Coli and P.
multocida was found almost 100%. Due to its toxicity it is a popular ingredient in
homemade vinyl record cleaning fluids together with distilled water and isopropyl
alcohol.TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized using so-gel route. The
crystallinty of synthesized TiO2 was examined with x-ray diffraction technique. The
grain size was examined with the help of scanning electron microscope.
15-73
Monitoring of the Particle Size of Mn–Zn Spinel Ferrite Nano
Particles Subjected to Ultraviolet Radiation
Ramiza, A. Nasim2, J.Yasir1, K. Kashif1, S.Amira1, Nayab1,
M. Yaseen1, H. Anwar1
1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology, NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan
ramiza_uaf@yahoo.com
2
MnxZn1−xFe2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) ferrite nano particles were synthesized for
concentration varying from 0.27 to 0.87 to obtain chemically homogenous powder for
obtaining fine particle size by co precipitation technique. Keeping in view the interest
51
ISAM-2015
of scientist for particle size, the present works focus on the impact of UV radiation to
control the particle size of prepared fine magnetic particles. The particles were
digested for ninety minutes at a temperature of 90o C. The samples were divided into
four equal quantities and were subjected to different doses of UV radiation. The
synthesized samples of Mn–Zn ferrite nano particles prepared were analyzed by XRD
which confirmed cubic spinel structure of the material. The average crystallite size (t),
lattice parameter (ɑ) and other structural parameters of UV-irradiated MnxZn1−xFe2O4
spinel ferrite system were calculated from XRD data. The spinel peak of the irradiated
sample when compared with the control, shifted from 35.38 to 35.15. In few samples
additional peaks supporting the ferrite structure were also observed. The variation in
the particle sizes observed for various doses of UV were in the range of 17.6 to 6.2
nm, where as the particle size of the control was 8.82nm. The experiment repeated for
different concentration, for the same digestion temperature and time revealed the
similar results indicating that UV radiation can have a remarkable effect to control the
phase and size of nano size fine magnetic ferrite particles. The present work
successfully document impact of UV to control the particle size.
15-74
Enhancement in Thermal Conductivity of DGEBA Epoxy using
Covalently Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanoparticles
M.J. Mughal1,b, Iram Mahmood1,a, M. Rafique2,c, I. Ahmad3,d
1
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
dr.iram@scme.nust.edu.pk, bjunaid_ms07@scme.nust.edu.pk,
c
muhammadrafiquepk@gmail.com, dishaq_ah@yahoo.com
In microelectronics, DGEBA Epoxy resins are extensively employed material for
electrical insulating and electronic packaging due to its small dielectric constant and
outstanding thermal stability. However heat dissipation for electronic packaging is
progressively more significant nowadays, due to performance and reliability. Heat
dissipation capability also restricted the miniaturizations of electronics. To solve the
heat dissipation problem of epoxy resin due to its low thermal conductivity nature,
incorporation of well dispersed electrically insulating fillers of comparatively high
thermal conductivity is required. This research work proposed a simple method to
improve the thermal conductivity of epoxy whereas keeping its low electrical
conductivity by incorporating covalently functionalized boron nitride nanoparticles
(f-BNNPs) with concentrated nitric acid. A series of samples with different weight
percentages of reinforcement were prepared and compared with virgin Epoxy. The
52
ISAM-2015
characterization of synthesized nanocomposites were carried out using FTIR, XRD,
SEM, TGA and other traditional experimental techniques. The results have revealed
that thermal conductivity of epoxy has been 5.7 times greater than native epoxy resin
at 6% filler inclusion.
15-75
Dielectric Properties of Cr Doped Ni-Zn Ferrite as a Function of
Frequency, Synthesized by a Simplified Sol Gel Method
M. Ashtara,1,a, A. Munir2,b, M. Anis-ur-Rehman2,b, A. Maqsood1,b
1
Nano Scale Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Air University, Pakistan
2
Applied Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
malikashtar245@gmail.com, btpl.qau@usa.net
Ni-Zn ferrites are materials of interest due to its technological applications. In the
present work effect of the Cr (III) doping on the structural and dielectric properties as
a
function
of
frequency
has
been
investigated.
Polycrystalline
Ni0.5Zn0.5CrxFe2-xO4(0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) have been synthesized, using Simplified-Sol gel
method. XRD confirmed the formation of single phase crystalline materials. The
lattice constants and crystallite sizes are calculated from information obtained through
XRD analysis. Surface morphology and compositional analysis were carried out by
SEM and EDX. The dielectric parameters showed a decreasing trend with increase in
frequency while ac-conductivity, increased with frequency at room temperature, in
agreement with Maxwell-Wagner model.
15-76
Fe, Ag Doped Kaolinite Nano Adsorbent for Removal of Phosphates
and Nitrates from Drinking Water
A. Chaudhary1,a, R. Nazir2,b, N. Jamil1,c, S. Alam2,d, M. R. Shah3,e
1
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2
PCSIR Laboratories, Lahore, Pakistan
3
University of Karachi, Pakistan
a
adeela.chaudhary@gmail.com, brabiapcsir@yahoo.com, cndnaveed@gmail.com,
d
dg@PCSIR-lhr.gov.pk, eraza_shahm@yahoo.com
Organic phosphates are important in nature but can cause a human and environmental
health threats. Excess concentration of nitrates also causes diseases. Hence in order to
remove excessive amount of PO43- and NO31-present in drinking water Fe, Ag –
Kaolinite nano-adsorbent was prepared by simple co-precipitation method and
characterized by powder XRD,SEM/EDX, AFM, FTIR and BET surface area. The
53
ISAM-2015
analysis confirmed the formation of adsorbent in the size range of 20 -50 nm with
appreciable doping of both silver and iron nano-particles. The surface morphology
studies indicated towards the spongy structure of synthesized nano-adsorbent that
helps in achieving high adsorption rates. The batch studies were conducted to evaluate
the adsorption efficiency through various experimental parameters like pH, contact
time, temperature, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage for the removal of
PO43- and NO31- ions. The experimental isotherms data were analyzed using
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and found to obey the Langmuir
adsorption model which affirms the formation of homogeneous materials. Kinetic and
thermodynamic studies were also carried out to have insight into the adsorption
phenomena. High percentage adsorption as observed for PO43-(80%) and
NO31-(83%) can help in addressing the environmental and health issues that
otherwise might result by presence of these ions in high amounts.
15-77
Use of Fiber Reinforced Nomex Honeycomb Composite for
Secondary Structures in Aircraft Industry
S. Gohara, H. Rashidb, W. A. Khanc
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology,
Topi, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
a
sohailgohar462@gmail.com, bharris_rashid123@hotmail.com, cwasim_khan@hotmail.com
Sandwich structures are extensively used in the aeronautical industry for secondary
structures like aircraft parts that include sidewalls, wings, flooring, ceiling, seats as
well as in the leading and trailing edges. The modeling of twisting and bending of air
craft wings remains to be the designer’s main problem. In recent times, composite
structures have replaced the old primitive elements used for the purpose and thus
wise, to understand the bending mechanism; specimens made of fiber reinforced
aluminum laminates hybrid sandwich honey comb structure were tested. This
comprises of Nomex honey Comb at the center with two layers of fibers and
Aluminum at either sides. Two types of fiber layer combinations i-e Carbon-Aramid
and Aramid-Glass were used to prepare different types of specimens. Two types of
post curing treatments were chosen, one at 100oC and the other at room temperature.
Interfacial bond strength of all specimens were compared using Monotonic and
Fatigue Four Point Bending tests on UTM(Universal Testing Machine) followed by
DIC (Digital Image Correlation) that was used to find the exact point of fracture. The
model was simulated on ABAQUS and a good correlation between experiment and
simulation was found.
54
ISAM-2015
15-78
The Effect of Nanoclay Concentration on Mechanical and Thermal
Properties of Epoxy/Nanoclay Composite
Z. Nazira, A. N. Khanb, Z. S. Khanc
a
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
zahid@ces.nust.edu.pk, bahmad.nawaz@scme.nust.edu.pk, czskhan@ces.nust.edu.pk
Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) is a thermoset epoxy being used
extensively in polymer nanocomposites for its excellent mechanical, thermal and
chemical properties as well as superior adhesion with various types of materials. In
addition, due its high chemical resistance, its composites are widely being used in
corrosion resistance coatings. In this work, different clay loadings of 0.5, 1 and 5wt%
in DGEBA polymer were prepared by solution mixing method. The structure,
morphology, and thermal properties DGEBA/clay nanocomposites were
characterized by XRD, SEM, TGA and DSC. Mechanical properties were
investigated by tensile and hardness testing. Curing reaction of DGEBA/clay
nanocomposites with cycloaliphatic diamine was investigated using DSC and FTIR.
XRD results indicated that with the variation in the clay percentage the intensity of the
peaks varied which confirmed the uniform distribution of the nanoclay in the epoxy.
Mechanical testing showed that there was increase in strength and hardness of the
nanocomposite with increase in the concentration of the clay, with 5% nanoclay
improving the hardness by 24% and elasticity by 32% as compared to the pure epoxy.
Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) indicated that there was no change in glass
transition temperature by variation in the concentration of the clay. However, from
Tanδ peak of DMA analysis, it was found that glass transition temperature of the
composite system changed non-linearly, as the clay concentration was increased.
Morphology observed by SEM revealed the uniform distribution of nanofillers in the
epoxy matrix.
55
ISAM-2015
15-79
Effect of top Electrode on Sol-Gel Derived PZT Film for flat Panel
Display Applications
M. Yaseen1,a, Y. Jami2,b, H. Anwar1,c, M. Saleem3,d
1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Pakistan
3
Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Lahore 54000, Pakistan
a
myaseen_taha@yahoo.com, byasirjamil@yahoo.com, chafeez.anwar@gmail.com,
d
drmsaleem@ciitlahore.edu.pk
Ferroelectric electron emitters with strong emission current up to hundreds A/cm2
show significant promise for electronic devices, and ferroelectric thin film emitters
would be more attractive due to the lowered operating voltage and potential for device
integration. This work demonstrated the influence of film thickness on the electron
emission of sol-gel derived PZT (52/48) thin film emitters. The PZT films were
prepared on Pt/TiO2/SiO2 silicon wafer using conventional sol-gel method with
thickness 2 μm. It was observed that for different dot electrode diameters the electron
emission varied, as we increased the dot electrode diameter from 1 to 3 mm emission
current increased from 0.2 mA to 1.1 mA by the application of a positive pulse trigger
voltage. It was also observed that lower electrode area decreased the threshold
voltage.
15-80
Study of TiO2 Nanotubes using Electrochemical Anodization Method
for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
T. Ghania, M. Mujahidb
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
tayyaba.ghani@scme.nust.edu.pk, bpricipal@scme.nust.edu.pk
TiO2 nanotubes are getting strong attraction in many fields due to their unique
properties. They are important in biomedical application, Dye sensitized solar cells,
sensor and photocatalysis applications, etc. Our prime interest is to grow these tubes
for dye-sensitized solar cells with high conversion efficiency and low production cost.
In this research, we have investigated the formation of TiO2 naonotubes by
electrochemical anodization of 25 μm thick titanium foil. The electrolyte used is the
ethylene glycol with varying concentration of NH4F and fixed concetation of
deionized water. The nanotubes morphology strongly depends upon applied voltage
and fluoride concentration. It is found that double anodization of sample results in
more ordered structures. So far we have achieved nanotubes with 100 nm diameter
56
ISAM-2015
and 23 µm long. Scanning electron microscopy and current vs time profile (taken by
Lab view software) are used to understand the growth of tubes. X-ray diffraction and
UV- visible spectroscopy are used for structural information and band gap of
semiconductor oxide.
15-81
Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite Nano-Composite and its
Applicability as Slow Release Fertilizer
A. Lateef1,a, R. Nazir2,b, N. Jamil1,c, M. R. Shah3,d, S. Alam2,e, M. Zahid2,f
1
College of Earth and Enviornmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2
PCSIR Laboratories, Lahore, Pakistan
3
University of Karachi, Pakistan
a
ambreen_62@hotmail.com, brabiapcsir@yahoo.com, cndnaveed@gmail.com,
d
raza_shahm@yahoo.com, edg@PCSIR-lhr.gov.com, fzahidpcsir@yahoo.com
In order to sustain agriculture and soil fertility, to meet the needs of growing
population, requirement is to use excessive amount of fertilizers. The total amount of
fertilizer that becomes available to the plant is just 2-3% of the total fertilizer that is
being sprayed on the crops because of leaching. These factors not only decrease plant
nutrient uptake efficiency but also increase the risk of environmental pollution. So
there is need to develop an environmental friendly nano-composite that will slowly
release the required amount of nutrients and hence sustaining the soil fertility levels
and at the same time preventing the losses of nutrients. The use of slow release
nano-fertilizers also significantly increases seed germination, plant growth and crop
yield. In this regards the zeolite based nano-composite enriched with various essential
macro-nutrients in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was prepared.
Zeolite, itself a naturally occurring material, helps in soil amelioration and hence is
environmental friendly. The prepared nano-composite characterized by
XRD,SEM/EDX, AFM, FTIR, BET, and TGA. Particle size of nano-composite
prepared was determined using AFM and found to be 6.04 nm. The slow release
pattern of nano composite was studied in the lab for 30 days. The nano-composite
showed an initial burst and subsequent slow release of nutrient as compared to
commercial fertilizer. Water retention and water absorption studies were also carried
out to measure amount of water intakes and amount of water retain in
nano-composite. Both the properties of material and the results of slow release studies
suggested nano composite as a new kind of excellent, environmental friendly, slow
release fertilizer.
57
ISAM-2015
15-82
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Cobalt
Substituted Nickel Zinc Ferrite
M. Z. Sultana, B. Hanifb, M. Razac, Z. ul. Haqd, M. Shahide, M. Yaseenf,
M. Q. Zakariag, A. Hafeezh, Ramizai, Y. Jamilj
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
zsultan246@yahoo.com, bab246cd@yahoo.com, cmrazaahmad@gmail.com,
d
zh_uaf@yahoo.com, emshahiduaf@yahoo.com, fmyaseen_taha@yahoo.com,
g
qaiserali_25@yahoo.com, habdulhafeez777@yahoo.com, iramiza_uaf@yaooh.com,
j
yasirjamil@yahoo.com
a
In this research work, nanoparticles of cobalt substituted nickel zinc ferrite
(Ni0.5-xCoxZn0.5Fe2O4) with different particle size were synthesized via
co-precipitation technique. Co precipitation technique is a convenient way for the
synthesis of nanoparticles because it allows a good control on shape and size
distribution during particle synthesis. The Co doped Ni-Zn ferrite were prepared by
dissolving Ni and Co chlorides in a special metal to ion composition ratio. The
compositional variation in synthesized ferrites samples were resulted in the
redistribution of metal ions over the tetrahedral and octahedral sites for modifying the
properties of ferrite. The effect of cobalt substitution on the particle size, density, and
other parameter of ferrite Ni0.5-xCoxZn0.5Fe2O4 were observed and their
characterization was done using the x-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) for single phase
confirmation and a well-defined crystalline FCC face for the confirmation of spinel
structure. The morphological studies and grain size were confirmed using scanning
electron microscope (SEM).
58
ISAM-2015
15-83
Synthesis and Characterization of Template Free
Nano Sized ZSM-5 Zeolites
A. Mukhtara, H. Nasirb
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences &
Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
amirmukhtar@scme.nust.edu.pk, bhabibnasir@scme.nust.edu.pk
Nano scale zeolites have attracted the researchers all over the globe due to their
catalytic properties of reduced diffusion path length, exceptional high surface area
and the active sites exposure. The ZSM-5 zeolite has thermal/hydrothermal stability,
is shape selective, has low carbonaceous deposit rate and therefore, it possesses a
longer catalytic stable life. The different channel structure and due to high silica to
alumina ratio provides ZSM-5 with these extraordinary catalytic properties and
therefore it’s extensively used in petrochemical industry. The methodology for
synthesizing ZSM-5 zeolite requires the help of organic templates which are known as
SDAs (structure directing agent) that direct the structure and give us MFI type zeolite.
These SDAs are then finally taken out by calcination at high temperature in furnace
which is loss of precious energy and gives rise to air pollution by releasing harmful
gases into the environment. Moreover, organic templates are the cause of high cost
and hence is an obstacle in its wide industrial employment. The solution to all these
problems is synthesizing ZSM-5 without using any organic template. In this research
work we have successfully synthesized partially crystalline nano sized ZSM-5 zeolite
hydrothermaly by using colloidal silica as a silica source and sodium aluminate as an
alumina source. The hydrogel prepared with these source materials was treated at 180
Celsius for 24 hours in a Teflon lined hydrothermal autoclave at autogenous pressure.
The characterization of synthesized sample was done by using, X-ray diffraction
(XRD) which confirmed ZSM-5 crystal, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which
confirmed the nano size of synthesized ZSM-5 particles, the Electron Diffraction
Spectroscopy (EDS) that confirmed the chemical element compound is ZSM-5 zeolite
and the Infrared Spectra (FT-IR) which also confirmed the synthesis of ZSM-5
zeolite.
59
ISAM-2015
15-84
Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Substituted Nickel Zinc
Ferrites via Co-Precipitation Technique
I. Irfana, G. Fatimab, Y. Jamilc, M. N. U. Shahd, M. R. Ahmade
a
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
iqrairfansaqib@gmail.com, biqra_irfan68@yahoo.in, cyasirjamil@yahoo.com,
d
hashmi.najeeb@yahoo.com, emrazaahmad@gmail.com
In this study, Nickel–zinc ferrite nanoparticles (NixZn1-xFe2O4 for x=0.25 to 0.75 in
steps of 0.25) were synthesized using co-precipitation technique based on varying
M/OH ratios from 0.15 to 0.3 in steps of 0.05. The effect of various concentrations of
nickel and zinc salts at different values of M/OH ratios were studied using X-ray
diffraction technique (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nickel and
zinc chloride salts were taken as the starting materials while NaOH was used as base
for synthesizing the NixZn1-xFe2O4. The product materials were then calcinated in the
temperature range of 600oC–900oC. The effect of substitution of Ni contents on the
crystalinity was investigated using XRD and was used to calculate the crystallite size
with the help of Scherrer’s formula. Beside this XRD data was also used to find the
other parameters including lattice constant, volume of the unit cell and x-ray density.
The analysis of XRD patterns showed a decreasing trend in the lattice parameter ‘a’
from 8.41 oA to 8.36 oA and the growth of crystallite size was increased from 23.37
nm to 37.4 as the calcinations temperature increased from 600oC to 900oC. The SEM
was used to calculate the grain size of the synthesized material.
15-85
Effect of Different Physical Treatments on Surface Morphology and
Structural Properties of Chemically Synthesized Barium Hexa
Ferrite
M. Q. Zakaria1,a, R. Ahmed2,b, Y. Jamil3,c, M. Yaseen3,d, H. Anwar3,e
1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Pakistan
Department of Physics Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
a
qaiserali_25@yahoo.com, bphoton156@yahoo.com, cyasirjamil@yahoo.com,
d
myaseen_taha@yahoo.com, ehafeez.anwar@gmail.com
2
Barium ferrite (BaFe12O­19) is a technologically important material that possesses
excellent chemical stability, desirable physical properties and the high values of
coercivity, Curie temperature and saturation magnetization. The material has wide
range of applications in permanent magnet and recording media industry. There are
several methods for the preparation of barium ferrite nano particles but we utilized the
60
ISAM-2015
co-precipitation technique due to its simplicity. The samples prepared by taking the
same concentration of the constitute elements and were subjected to different
treatments i.e. digestion, sonication, calcination. These samples were analyzed using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-rays diffraction (XRD) techniques. The
results show that the prepared samples were of single phase. The average particle size
calculated from XRD technique is verified using SEM analysis. The sample with
sonication for more than 50 minutes has shown the growth of needle like structure.
The samples are highly beneficial.
15-86
STEP-Compliant Bending Frame-Work for Discrete Sheet Metal
Parts Subjected to Material Properties Variation
Z. Faraz1,a, W. Akram2,b, S. W. U. Haq3,c
1
College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, Nust, Pakistan
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
HIT, Taxila, Pakistan
a
zahid.faraz@ceme.nust.edu.pk, bwasimakram@ceme.nust.edu.pk,
c
syedwaheed@ceme.nust.edu.pk
2
Sheet metal bending is a major manufacturing process to transform 2D sheet metal
blanks into complex 3D parts. It is recognized but still the state of the art in CNC sheet
metal bending is still recognized as a separate and vague island of automation.
Absence of suitable analytical models for blank developments from 3D CAD models
has further given rise to vendor specific adaptive press brakes technologies.
Traditional vendor specific CAD and ISO 6983 based CNC technologies have
hindered knowledge retrieval. Raw material in the form of sheet metal is subjected to
various geometrical and properties variation which makes it very difficult to form
blanks at shop floor as per design specifications. Introduction of new contemporary
standards like STEP, AP 203, and STEP-NC have enabled to specify feature based
sheet metal CAD modeling. STEP & STEP-NC enabled feature based sheet metal
bending framework is presented by utilizing recent developments in the field of these
contemporary standards. This framework specifies major requirements for feature
based discrete sheet metal components design keeping in view the directional and
variable sheet metal material properties. In order to formulate this framework STEP (
ISO 10303), STEP-NC (ISO 14649 ) along with DIN 1541 and DIN 1623 for variable
sheet material properties are utilized to make possible the modeling of feature based
discrete sheet metal components modeling.
61
ISAM-2015
15-87
Development of Aluminum Based ‘Nano Diamonds & Silicon
Carbide’ Particulate Metal Matrix Composite
M. Abdullaha, M. L. Hashmib, A-ur-Rehmanc, T. Subhanid, W. Hussaine
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
abdullah0459@yahoo.com, bmakdoom.luqman.hashmi@gmail.com,
c
atique1.1@hotmail.com, ddrtayyabsubhani@gmail.com, edr_swh@live.com
a
MMCs are developed by dispersing a reinforcing material into a metal matrix. They
are prepared by different techniques i.e. powder metallurgy, laser cladding and
casting. Several technical challenges exist with casting technology that affects
directly on the properties and quality of composite i.e. achieving a homogeneous
distribution of reinforcement within the matrix. The aluminum MMCs consist of high
strength, high stiffness, more thermal stability, more corrosion and wear resistance,
and more fatigue life. Aluminum MMCs are turning into alternative with its unique
capacity of designing the materials to give required properties. In this work a
composite is developed by adding silicon carbide and Nano diamonds in Aluminum
metal by different mass ratios i.e.10% silicon carbide & 1% Nano-diamonds. The
composite is prepared by stir casting technique. Mechanical tests are conducted i.e.
hardness test, microstructure test. Hardness and toughness of material are enhanced in
case of increased silicon carbide and NDs content.It is proposed to use this material
for power transmitting elements which are subjected to continuous loading i.e. gears.
There are many other automotive applications i.e. disc brake rotors and even
aluminum based MMCs are finding their applications in aerospace industry.
15-88
Comparison of Adhesion Characteristics of MWNTs Growth on
Annealed and Un-annealed Silicon Wafer Substrates by LPCVD
S. W. Husain1,a, M. A. Asghar1,b, K. Alamgir2,c
1
2
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
a
dr_swh@live.com, bali_3405@ymail.com, cdr.alamgir@gmail.com
In the present work MWNTs (multi walled carbon nano tubes) are grown on the bare
silicon substrate and silicon wafers having silicon oxide film. For growth on oxide
film, the substrate is annealed for different film thicknesses. Film is analyzed in
FE-SEM (field emission electron microscope) later liquid solution of catalyst is spin
coated under same conditions on the surfaces of annealed and un annealed silicon
wafers. Uniform coating of catalyst is considered important to achieve best growth of
carbon nano tubes. Adhesion of catalyst on the surface of annealed and un annealed
62
ISAM-2015
silicon wafers is considered the major reason for the effect on the growth of MWNTs.
Carbon nano tubes are grown by low pressure chemical vapor deposition method.
Gaseous hydrocarbon is used as precursor and cracked in the reactor to grow MWNTs
on surface of substrates. Flow rate, flow characteristics and pressure of acetylene gas
are considered critical parameters for the growth of MWNTs. Substrate positioning is
also considered important while performing this experiment. Tip growth and root
growth mechanisms are followed during the growth of MWNTs. In low pressure
conditions a contamination free atmosphere is achieved inside the reactor.
Comparison of morphology and adhesion properties of carbon nano tubes for various
thicknesses of intermediate SiO2 film has been made. The research comprehended the
effect of intermediate surface of silicon oxide on the adhesion of MWNTs with silicon
wafers. Growth of single wall carbon nano tubes (SWNTs) and graphene are the
future prospect of this work.
15-89
High Thermal Insulating Bricks for Domestic Applications using
Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Magnesium Oxide as Inclusions
M. Omara, W. Sajidb
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
omar.mse04@gmail.com, bwaleed3991@yahoo.com
Bricks were made using standard procedure used by the brick industries i.e. mixing of
raw material, addition of water, molding,drying and finally sintering to 900oC. In this
project Rice Husk Ash and Magnesium Oxide were also included in the raw materials,
temperature cycles were changed for drying and sintering step which altered the
thermal properties of the conventional brick. Then the sample`s thermal conductivity
and Diffusivity were measured through ATPS. Morphology of the sample was
characterized through SEM. Mechanical properties (Compressional Strength) of the
sample was tested using UTM.
63
ISAM-2015
15-90
Enhanced Electrical Properties in Nd Doped Cobalt Ferrite
Nanoparticles
S. Abbasa, A. Munirb, Fatima-tuz-Zahrac, M. Anis-ur-Rehmand
Applied Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
suman.abbas1@gmail.com, barsalanmunir@outlook.com, cfatima.zahra@comsats.edu.pk,
d
marehman@comsats.edu.pk
Spinel ferrites are important class of compounds which has variety of electrical,
magnetic and catalytic applications. A small amount of rare earth element causes
modification in structural, electrical and magnetic properties of ferrite materials for
practical applications. Neodymium doped cobalt ferrites with composition
CoFe2-xNdxO4 where x is 0.1 has been synthesized by sol-gel method. Sol-gel method
was preferred because it has good control over stoichiometry, crystallite size and
particle size distribution. Characterization was done by using X-Ray Diffraction
(XRD) technique for structural analysis and crystal structure was found to be spinel.
Particles like morphology was observed in micrographs obtained by Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). Thermal analysis of sample has been done which
includes Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning calorimetry
(DSC). Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) of samples was also
performed. DC resistivity as a function of temperature has been studied and its shows
direct dependence on temperature and inverse dependence on the concentration of Nd
dopant. The studied material is a potential candidate for resistive random access
memory application.
15-91
Enhancement of Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Profile of
Polystyrenevia Reactive Compatibilization
S. Shabbira, W. Aslamb, M. A. A. Khanc
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
drsaimashabbir@gmail.com, bm_waleedaslam@yahoo.com, canas.ali467@gmail.com
With rapid advances in polymeric science, there is a need to develop simple and
cost-efficient fabrication techniques to create highly ordered copolymers. This
research work comprises the goal of improving the thermo-mechanical and
morphological properties of Polystyrene (PS). Usually Polymer Blends are made to
enhance the good properties of a specific polymer. Here, In order to attain the
expected result, the blend films were fabricated through the reactive compatibilization
process of two co-reactive polymers i.e. Acid functionalized Aramid (Ar) and Amine
64
ISAM-2015
modified Polystyrene (APS). Two blend systems, Ar/PS and Ar/APS, were created
through simple solution blending process and investigated over a range of pristine PS
and modified APS ratios. The outcomes has shown that with the increasing
percentage of Aramid in both Ar/PS and Ar/APS systems, porosity of copolymers has
decreased, which eventually lead the outcome to have better strength. Further
inspection relayed that an appropriate fraction of Ar is favorable for the enhancement
of thermal stability and improved basic copolymer structure. The structural,
morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of copolymer were evaluated using
FTIR, UTM, TGA, DSC and FESEM. This work is projected to lead towards the
enhanced usage and applications of Polystyrene in automobile, construction and
packaging industries.
15-92
Generation of useful Fuel from used Vacuum Pump Based Oil by
Nano Catalytic Thermal Cracking
B. Ahmad1,, M. Maqsood1,, T. Mahmood1,, A. Khan1,, Hameedullah2,
1
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
2
Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
maqsood@ninvast.edu.pk
Vacuum fluids are used in various vacuum pumps to evacuate a chamber from
atmospheric pressure to different vacuum ranges. Oil based vacuum pumps include
rotary vane, piston and diffusion pump etc. Vacuum fluids after use are contaminated
and may be reclaimed for reuse. In the present work used vacuum oil is treated by
catalytically cracking and converted to useful fuel. Nano catalyst were prepared by co
precipitation method of Co/Ni and characterized by XRD, DRS, SEM and TEM. Used
oil was cracked at 4000C for 3hrs in tube furnace through gasification technique in the
presence of this catalyst by mass % ratio to the oil. Then for transesterification of
cracked oil, photo catalyst of TiO2 by sol gel method were prepared. In addition, Nano
catalyst facilitated the formation of lower hydrocarbons by cracking higher
hydrocarbons (<C40) present in waste vacuum fluids. With the help of separatory
funnel we got the required product.
65
ISAM-2015
15-93
Reduced Energy Losses in RE Doped Ni-Zn Nanoferrites
A. Munira, F. Ahmedb, M. Saqibc, M. Anis-ur-Rehmand
a
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Islamabad, Pakistan
arsalanmunir@outlook.com, bm.fahimrao@gmail.com, cm.saqib@comsats.edu.pk,
d
marehman@comsats.edu.pk
Ni-Zn nanoferrites (Ni­­0.5Zn0.5NdxFe2-xO4 where x= 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) were
prepared by a simplified sol-gel method or WOW sol-gel (without using water and
surfactants). The Nd+3 ions were substituted in place of Fe+3ionsto increase the
resistivity of the material to reduce eddy current losses at high frequencies. The X-ray
Diffractometer (XRD) was used for structural analysis. The structure was found to be
spinel cubic. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were used to
study the surface morphology and particle size distribution of the samples. The DC
electrical properties were measured using precision component analyzer as a function
of temperature. The DC resistance of sample Ni­­0.5Zn0.5Nd0.2Fe1.80O4 was found to be
the highest. The activation energy of the samples was found from the temperature
dependent resistivity of the samples. The conduction in Ni-Zn ferrites can be
explained on the basis of Maxwell-Wagner model and Jonscher law.
15-94
The Effect of Shape Distribution of Powder Particles in Laser Direct
Metal Deposition Process
N. Ahmeda, M. Awaisb, M. Khurramc, M. Adnand,
W. U. H. Syede, N. Kamalf
a
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
nfornauman@yahoo.com, bengr.awais786@yahoo.com, ckhurrami7@yahoo.com,
d
adnan.chaudhry@outlook.com, esyedwaheed@ceme.nust.edu.pk,
f
nabeel.kamal@seecs.edu.pk
Lasers have been accepted in wide range of industries for many material processing
applications, such as ‘laser direct metal deposition’. In this process, the characteristics
of powder particle greatly influence the properties of the outcome, e.g. the mechanical
properties of the manufactured part. The concentration of powder particles is one such
characteristic which controls the deposition of material in various layers. The
concentration, in turn, depends on the shape and size distribution of powder particles
(i.e. circular or non-circular particles), carrier gases and their velocities etc. In this
paper, the shape distribution of powder particles is modelled (using Fluent) to
determine the effects on powder concentration. The modelled results are compared
with the experimental data for both circular and non-circular particles. The modelled
66
ISAM-2015
results align with the experimental data with the conclusion that an increase in the
fraction of non-circular particles decreases powder concentration with corresponding
deterioration in the properties.
15-95
Formation and Structure of Co-Electrodeposited Nickel-Based
Cermet Coatings
M. A. Farrokhzad and T. I. Khan
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
aanas.m.attieh@gmail.com, btkhan@ucalgary.ca
Nanostructured ceramic-metallic (cermet) coatings composed of nanosized ceramic
particles (α-Al2O3 and TiO2) dispersed in a nickel matrix were co-electrodeposited
using the direct current (DC) technique. Cermet coatings were produced with respect
to two different molar ratios of particles in the standard Watt’s electrolyte solution.
This research investigates the thickness formation and the micro and nano-structure
features of the cermet coatings. For this purpose, the nanosized ceramic powders, the
surface and the cross-section of the coatings were analyzed using high definition and
field-emission scanning electron microscopy (HD-SEM and FE-SEM), transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) element
mapping techniques. Faraday’s first law for electroplating was found to provide a
good explanation for thickness formation. It was observed that at the micro scale, the
cermet coatings surface consist of oblong and nodular formations. In addition, voids
were observed in the cross-section of the metallic matrix. Some voids were formed
around dispersed Al2O3 and TiO2 particles. The symmetrical and equal angles
boundaries were found between the adjacent grains suggest that the out of plane
misalignment between these grains is minimal and the boundaries were formed based
on periodical dislocations between the grains. The size of nickel grains was measured
to be approximately between 80 nm to 200 nm with symmetrical grain boundaries
between the grains.
67
ISAM-2015
15-96
Development of Carbon Nanotube Epoxy Matrix Composite
Coatings for Aerospace Structural Applications
M.Sibtain, U.Zaheer, Atiq-ur-Rehman, T.Subhani
Departement of Materials Sceince and Engineering,
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
mariyasibtain@ymail.com
The composite coatings of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced in epoxy matrix were
developed on aluminum alloy plates by air spray gun and hand lay-up techniques. The
underlying aim was to protect the aerospace structures of aluminum alloys against
environment. CNTs were functionalized through acid-treatment for better dispersion
in epoxy matrix after mechanical mixing. The coating thickness and CNTs dispersion
quality were examined through optical and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal
characteristics were observed by Thermogravimetry and differential scanning
calorimetry while mechanical performance was evaluated by microhardness tests.For
a better adhesion of the composite coating, the substrate aluminum plates were both
sand blasted and shot-peened at three different angles of 30o, 60o and 90o. Peel-off
testing was performed to evaluate the adhesion quality of the coatings. It was found
that the increased surface roughness through sand blasting and sheet peening
increased the adhesion of composite coating with aluminum plates.
15-97
Impact of Various Concentrations on the Size of Nano Particles
Synthesized via Co-Precipitation
M. Akram1,a, M. Ramiza1,b, A. Bano2,c
1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan
a
mashhoodsheikh@gmail.com, bramiza_uaf@yahoo.com, cbano_afsar@yahoo.com
2
Many techniques were being used commercially at international level for the
synthesis of magnetic nano particles i.e. Co-precipitation, Sol-gel method, ceramic
technique and citrate method. Co-precipitation was relatively an easy and
conventional method for the synthesis of Manganese Copper ferrites. Manganese
copper ferrite was synthesized from copper chlorides, Manganese chlorides (aqueous)
and iron chlorides (aqueous). Chemicals were weighted on a digital electronic
balance. Manganese, copper and ferric chlorides were dissolved in distilled and
68
ISAM-2015
de-ionized water separately and then mixed and stirred at a moderate speed by a
magnetic stirrer. NaOH was used as a precipitating agent. The solution of NaOH was
prepared separately and was added slowly for proper nucleation. Effect of various
concentrations on the particle size of the synthesized powder was explored using
X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Scherer’s formula was used to determine the size
of the different particles. Effect of variation in lattice constant, X-ray density and
particle size at different concentrations was studied.
15-98
Silica Nanoparticles from Rice Husk – Synthesis and
Characterization
U. Zulfiqara, W. Husainb, T. Subhanic
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
usamazulfiqar@live.com, bdr_swh@live.com, cdrtayyabsubhani@gmail.com
Silica nanoparticles were produced in various size ranges (90nm-2.9µm) from rice
husk after a series of acid leaching and thermal treatments.Rice husk was first treated
with hydrochloric acid, which was followed by thermal treatment to obtain white rice
husk. White rice husk in various amounts was used to synthesize sodium silicate
solution, which was hydrolyzed with phosphoric acid at different temperatures in the
presence of various co-solvents. The produced silica particles were washed with water
repeatedly and dried.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to examine
thermal degradation behavior of rice husk and rice husk ash while their compositional
analysis was performed by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Inductively coupled
plasma (ICP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) were employed for the
analysis of sodium silicate solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was
employed for morphological study and particle size measurement while X-ray
diffraction (XRD) confirmed the amorphous nature of silica particles.
15-99
Fabrication of Titania Nanotubes by Electrochemical Anodization
and their Characterization
M. Latifa, K. Imamb
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
maryam.latif@hotmail.com, bkuiktrans@gmail.com
Titania nanotubes (TNTs) may be formed by various methods. Their prominent
features include large specific surface area, ion exchangeability and photo catalytic
potential. Their potential applications include bio implants, solar cells and photo
catalytic water splitting. In the present work we have investigated the effect of various
69
ISAM-2015
parameters (such as time, pH, and voltage) on the structure of titania nanotubes grown
on titanium substrate by electrochemical anodization method and explore their
physical and structural properties. The aim was to get the ultrahigh aspect ratio
(length/diameter). The electrolyte consisted of ethylene glycol, deionized water and
ammonium fluoride. Titania nanotubes were characterized using Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction technique (XRD).
15-100
Effect of Carbon Nanotubes in Weld Filler on the Microstructure
and Tensile Properties of Aluminum 6061-T6 Welds
R. Allaf1,a, A. M. Atieh1,b, H. Kaylani1,c, M. Barghash2,b
1
Industrial Engineering Department, German-Jordan University, Jordan
2
Industrial Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Jordan
a
rula.allaf@gju.edu.jo, banas.m.attieh@gmail.com, chazem.kaylani@gju.edu.jo
The aerospace, automotive, railway, storage, as well as sports industries are interested
in advanced technologies that include composites and welding. Furthermore,
increasing environmental awareness and energy efficiency strategies have increased
the interest in the field of lightweight materials, especially aluminum alloys and
composites. Aluminum has other unique characteristics such as excellent corrosion
resistance, high toughness, versatility of extruding, and recycling capabilities, which
make it one of today’s favored choices of material for many engineers for a variety of
welding fabrication applications. However, aluminum weld is not adapted for many
structural applications due to its weak mechanical properties. Furthermore, several
problems are encountered when welding aluminum such as feedability, porosity,
cracking and filler alloy selection.Since their discovery by Iijima in 1991, carbon
nanotubes (CNT) have received substantial attention as reinforcements in composite
materials. CNT-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been projected for
use in structural applications for their high specific strength. This study investigates
the reinforcement of an Al6061 aluminum weld by utilizing carbon nanotube as filler.
After welding, the tensile strength, microhardness and CNT distribution in the weld
will be investigated.
70
ISAM-2015
15-101
Prediction of the Fatigue Life Distribution for Aluminum through its
Mechanical Characteristics
S. Z. Ramadan1,a, A. I. O. Zaid2,b
1
Applied Science University, Jordan
University of Applied Sciences, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
a
s_ramadan@asu.edu.jo, badnan_kilani@yahoo.com
2
According to a poll conducted in 1985 by the American Society for Quality Control,
reliability was the second most important attribute among the top ten products
attributes. It is therefore expected, as the impact of product failure can range from
minor injuries and/or loss to sever injuries/death and/or loss. Therefore, the precise
prediction of failures can save lives and money. Usually, the reliability of the products
is determined through one of several types of life testing. The primary objective of
these tests is to quantify the reliability of the product, which can be used to determine
whether a set of goals for the product are met or not. Typically the result of the
reliability test is a set of failure times that is analyzed statistically to predict the
reliability distribution through curve fitting. One of the disadvantages of this method
is the high cost and time in some circumstances especially when regular life tests are
used. Another disadvantage is the low accuracy of the test when accelerated life tests
are used due to extrapolation. Moreover, this approach pays no attention to the strong
relationship between the mechanical characteristics and the reliability distribution of
the product as it uses parametric or nonparametric statistical methods to predict the
reliability from the failure data and not from the mechanical characteristics of the
product materials in which most of the failure of mechanical parts in industry are
attributed to defects in their mechanical characteristics e.g. when the part is subjected
to cyclic loading as the case of machine elements in automobile, aircrafts and space
vehicles. Little work has been done to predict the life of products through methods
other than life testing. Some used multi-axial fatigue criterion coupled with
computational simulations and material properties measurements to predict the
fatigue life of the tibial component of a polymeric PMMA spacer, others predicted the
fatigue life using only the tensile strength through predicting the S-N curve and the
crack growth rate curve, while others proposed a method based on linear elastic
analysis via Ansys software to predict the fatigue-life for different materials subjected
to constant amplitude multi-axial proportional loading. Finite element analysis was
also used to predict fatigue life of spot welds starting from coarse finite element
meshes and ending at one unique ΔK–N. Among the little available non-life-testing
prediction methods, prediction through fitting the mechanical characteristics to the
life distribution parameters' was absent. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for
fatigue failure mode life prediction of Al-Ti-B alloys through their mechanical
characteristics. The main advantage of this method is in saving time and money. Once
71
ISAM-2015
the relationship between the mechanical characteristics and the reliability distribution
parameters for machine elements made of aluminum grain refined by Ti + B is known,
the reliability distribution for any part made of this material can be obtained from the
mechanical characteristics of that part without conducting reliability tests.
15-102
Effect of Copper Addition to Commercially Pure Aluminum at a rate
of 4% wt on its Grain Size, Mechanical Characterestics and Surface
Roughness
A. I. O. Zaid1,a, S. M. Alqawabah2,b, M. Al-Tamimi2,c
1
University of Applied Sciences, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
2
Tafila Technical University, Jordan
a
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com, bsafwan_q@yahoo.com, cmhn_iie2@hotmail.com
Aluminum and its alloys are widely used materials are widely used materials in
industrial and engineering applications. They are second in use after steel due to their
attractive properties e.g. strength-to-weight ratio, their electrical and thermal
conductivities, and corrosion resistance. However, against these attractive properties
commercially pure aluminum has certain limitations in the cast condition due to its
columnar structure which results in low mechanical strength and low surface quality.
It is therefore always alloyed with other elements to reduce or eliminate these defects.
In this paper, the effect of copper addition at a rate of 4% to commercially pure
aluminum both in the cast condition and after rolling is investigated. Aluminum
sheets and aluminum-4% copper sheets were rolled from 4 mm to 3 to 2 and 1.3mm in
three passes. After each pass, the grain size, Vicker micro-hardnss, mechanical
characteristics and surface roughness were determined. The obtained results are
discussed and compared with the results obtained in the cast condition.
15-103
Scope of Implementing Jordan Natural Resources as
Energy Storage Materials
N. Beithou, A. I. O Zaid
University of Applied Sciences,
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com
Jordan is non-producing oil country where the major part of its needed energy is
imported from the neighboring countries in the forms of oil and gas. Most of the
consumed energy is utilised in heating and cooling buildings. Energy Storage
Materials play a great role in replacing the fusel fuels. In this paper, review for the
72
ISAM-2015
used storage materials worldwide is presented and discussed. The development in
using these storage materials in the last five years is also presented and discussed. The
scope of implementing Jordanian natural resources as storage materials is
investigated. Implementing the countries natural resources will reduce the cost of the
imported fossil fuels and enhance the use of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels.
Their usage will reduce the green gases emissions and result in a cleaner environment.
Finally the paper will propose a system for the heating and cooling of buildings using
these storage materials.
15-104
Effect of Shot Peening on the Fatigue Life and Strength of
Commercially Pure Aluminum and two of its Alloys: Al-2024 and
Al-7075-T6
A. Qandil1, A. I. O. Zaid2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Applied Sciences, Amman 11931, Jordan
2
University of Applied Sciences, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Jordan
adnan_kilani@yahoo.com
Aluminum and its alloys are widely used materials in automobile, aircraft and space
craft industries due to their high strength- to- weight ratio and corrosion resistance
beside their other useful properties. They are the second material in use after steel
alloys. Most of the failures in parts of aircrafts and space vehicles are mainly caused
by fatigue and stress corrosion cracking. In this paper, the effect of shot peening on
the fatigue life of commercially pure aluminum and two of its alloys namely Al-2024
and Al-7075-T6 which are widely used in air crafts and space vehicles are presented
and discussed. Furthermore, the mechanism and mode of deformation regarding crack
initiation and propagation are also presented and discussed using scanning electron
microscope, SEM. It was found that shot peening has resulted in improvement of the
fatigue life of the two alloys. Finally, the effect of shot peening on surface quality of
the peened parts is also discussed.
73
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15-105
Synthesis and Characterization of Co-Precipitated Nano-Nickel
Cadmium Ferrite
F. Rasheeda, M. Ramizab, A. Hussainc, M. Q. Zakariad
a
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
fahadrasheedqadri@hotmail.com, bramiza_uaf@yahoo.com, camjadhus8@gmail.com,
d
qaiserali_25@yahoo.com
In this research work nickel cadmium ferrite having x= 0.2. 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 was
prepared by co-precipitation technique. In co-precipitation technique we can easily
control particle size as compared to other chemical methods. Nickel cadmium ferrite
was prepared from nickel chloride, cadmium chloride and ferric chloride. Chemicals
was weighted on a digital electronic balance. Nickel chlorides, cadmium chlorides
and ferric chlorides were dissolved in distilled water at a moderate speed by a
magnetic stirrer. NaOH will be used as a digesting agent. Chloride salts were
dissolved in a separate beaker and NaOH solutions was prepared separately. The
compositional features and surface morphology were analyzed under XRD
measurements. Particle sizes determined by using Scherrer’s formula. Effect of
variation in lattice constant, X-ray density and particle size value and at same
temperature was studied.
15-106
Laser-Induced Damage in Polymers Used in Anti-Personnel Mines
S. Ali Ammar Naqvi1, 2, Umar Izhar1, Nauman Ahmed1, M. Salim2, Aslam Zia2,
Mushtaq Ahmed2, Sabih D. Khan2
1
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, NUST, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
2
National Institute of Laser and Optronics, PAEC, Pakistan
alinaqvi1214@hotmail.com
Far infrared lasers can be used to defuse anti-personnel mines at a standoff distance of
several meters. In this work, we report laser-induced damage in polymers for mine
wrapping materials like Poly Ethylene, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Poly Vinyl
Chloride, Poly Propylene, Poly Styrene, Bakelite, etc. using far infrared laser (CO2
gas laser @ 40W CW power). We present a systematic study of absorption coefficient
at 10.6µm using thermopile based power meter, damage penetration time by focused
beam and damage mechanism using optical microscopy. We observe that CO2 gas
laser may be effective for penetrating the wrapping material of the mines.
74
ISAM-2015
15-107
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass
Doped with Potassium for Biomedical Applications
M. Shoaib1,a, A. Saeed1,b, J. Akhtar2,c, M. M. Naseer1,d
1
Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Islamabad, Pakistan
a
relyables@gmail.com, baamersaeed@yahoo.com, cjaveed@alumni.manchester.ac.uk,
d
moazzamnaseer@hotmail.com
2
After the discovery of bioactive glasses biomaterials field was radically changed. For
the first time, a chemical bond between implants and host tissue was possible, leaving
behind a first generation of bioinert devices. This was the beginning of a second
generation of bioactive materials capable of inducing a cellular response at their
surface. These materials were able to bond not only to bone, but to soft tissue as well,
avoiding fibrous encapsulation. Moreover, the broad scope of the possible
compositions leads to different chemical properties and rate of bonding with tissues,
allowing more specific clinical applications. For healthy growth of bone, Potassium
doped
bioactive
glass
with
four
different
compositions
(xSiO2–20CaO–4P2O5-20Na2O-yK2O (mole %) was synthesized by a cost-effective
and very simple, sol–gel method by using PEG 6000 as surface modifying agent. The
synthesized bioactive glass samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) and
X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The prepared samples revealed amorphous phase with
spherical morphology. Further, the K2O-doped bioactive glasses were evaluated for
apatite formation, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities. They were highly porous
and the bioactivity of glass samples was confirmed by the formation of
hydroxyapatite layer on glass surfaces during in vitro studies. A better
biocompatibility was observed in phosphate buffer saline and simulated body fluid.
K2O substituted Bio-glass showed in vitro bioactivity and remain non-cytotoxic
during in vivo studies.
75
ISAM-2015
15-108
Optical and Structural Properties of Cr and Ag Thin Films
Deposited on Glass Substarte
A. Raufa, K. Ahmedb
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
a
abdulrauf3134@yahoo.com, bdrkamalahmed@yahoo.com
Most of the rotating or non rotating patterns are being developed by using silver
plating through chemical coating. Silver layers deteriorate with the passage of time
and become less reflective while undergo through cleaning process due to its softness
and the results become unpredictabel. In this paper an alternate method for the
development of above mentioned patterns has been demonstrated. Chromium (Cr)
and Silver (Ag) thin films of 200nm and 160nm thick respectively have been realized
using electron beam evaporation (PVD technique) on quartz substrate at a pressure of
4.66 x 10-5 Torr. Structural analysis has been carried out by XRD and SEM while
optical transmission/reflection has been studied using spectrophotometer. XRD
analysis shows that Ag coated thin films exhibit FCC structure while Cr coated films
reveals a BCC structure. SEM analysis shows almost smooth and uniform surfaces in
both cases. After passing through the environmental tests it was found that the results
of pattern structures were more reliable than obtained through silver plating process.
15-109
Design and Development of Narrow Band Pass Filter
K. Ahmed, A. N. Khan, A. Rauf, K. Dad, A. Gul
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
drkamalahmed@yahoo.com
Single cavity narrow band pass filter has been designed with multilayer stacking of
quarter wave thicknesses of dielectric film at the pass band wavelength is developed
using thin film coating software. The design of narrow band pass filter gradually
improved from band width (FWHM) ±25nm to ±3nm. The proposed design is
materialized by employing thin film (PVD) method and 90% transmission at
wavelength 1064nm has been achieved. The thickness of high and low refractive
index material (dielectric) is coated precisely up to nanometer level. The narrow
bandwidth design and transmission affects of thin film coated filter with different
polished optical substrate and its applications is discussed.
76
ISAM-2015
15-110
Turmeric loaded Psyllium-Alginate Hybrid Fiber for Woundcare
Application
T. Areeb1,a, R. Masood2,b, T. Hussain2,c, Azeemullah2,d,
M. Umar2,e, Q. Zia2,f
1
National University of Science and technology, Pakistan
2
National Textile University Faisalabad, Pakistan
a
tanzeelareeb@yahoo.com, brashidmasood78@gmail.com, chussain.tanveer@gmail.com,
d
08tex101@gmail.com, em.umar.ntu@gmail.com, fqasim.zia6512@gmail.com
Natural herbs and materials have a long history of therapeutic applications due to their
broad range of favorable biological functions including biocompatibility,
anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti- inflammatory properties. In this study alginate
(Na-alginate), psyllium husk (Plantago ovata) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) were
used to develop turmeric loaded psyllium-alginate hybrid fibers with improved
antimicrobial, analgesic and moisture management properties. The dope solution was
prepared by mixing turmeric extract, psyllium gel and sodium alginate all together
and were extruded into calcium chloride (CaC12) coagulation bath, the fibers were
then rinsed with deionized water and dried using acetone. The developed fiber
samples were tested for antimicrobial activity, total liquid absorption (gram/gram),
linear density and tensile properties. The results indicates that turmeric loaded
psyllium-alginate fibers can be produced by co-extruding dope solution into a
coagulation bath. The produced fibers have adequate antimicrobial activity,
absorption and tensile properties. Turmeric loaded fibers show better liquid
absorption and antimicrobial activity than control fiber. However the linear density
and diameter of the turmeric loaded fibers was less than the control fiber.
15-111
Determination of Plasma Temperature and Electron Density of Iron
in Iron Slag Samples using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
T. Hussain1,a, M. A. Gondal2,b, M. Shamraiz3,b
1
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
Laser Research Laboratory, Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum &
Minerals (KFUPM), P. O. Box 5047, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
3
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
a
thminhas7@yahoo.com, bmuhammadshamraiz6@gmail.com
2
The iron and steel sector generates tons of solid waste and residues annually,
containing variety of contaminants which can be harmful to the environment and
therefore proper analysis and investigation of such iron slag is important. Plasma
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ISAM-2015
temperature and electron density of iron in iron slag samples taken from local plant is
studied. Optimal experimental conditions were evaluated using Nd: YAG laser at
1064 nm. Some toxic elements were identified and quantitative measurements were
made. Plasma temperature and electron density were estimated using standard
equations and well resolved iron spectral lines in the 229.06 to 358.11 nm region at
10, 20, 30 and 40 mJ laser pulse energy with 4.5 µs delay time. These parameters were
found to increase with increase in pulse energy. The Boltzmann distribution and
experimentally measured line intensities support the assumption that the
laser-induced plasma was in local thermal equilibrium.
15-112
Fabrication and Testing of MWCNT-CFRP Facing/Aluminum Core
Honeycomb Sandwich Structure for Space Applications
F. Tariqa, M. Shifab, N. Owaisc, H. Abidd, R. A. Baloche
a
SUPARCO, Karachi, Pakistan
t_fawad@hotmail.com, bmadnishifa@yahoo.com, cnoureenowais@yahoo.com,
d
hifzaabid.engr@gmail.com, edrrbaloch@hotmail.com
Honeycomb sandwich structures have been extensively used in aerospace and space
applications mainly due to high strength-to-weight ratio. Beside high specific strength
and excellent corrosion resistance, structural parts of an aircraft or spacecraft
demands good electrical properties to fulfill electromagnetic interference (EMI)
shielding and electrostatic dissipation (ESD) protection requirements. This article
discusses the fabrication methodology of a novel hybrid honeycomb sandwich
structure which comprises of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based carbon
fiber reinforced composite facing and aluminum alloy core. Carbon woven fabric was
impregnated with MWCNT filled epoxy resin and thermally cured to form a laminate
facing. The MWCNT-CFRP facing was bonded on both sides of hexagonal aluminum
core via adhesive under vacuum in autoclave to form final honeycomb sandwich
panel. DC Electrical conductivity, EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) and ESD
characteristics of the honeycomb structure was tested and compared with the
properties of reference neat CFRP/aluminum honeycomb and aluminum alloy
6061-T6. MWCNT dispersion in the epoxy matrix was examined under optical and
scanning electron microscopes. The results demonstrated that the developed sandwich
panel was electrically conductive and has better EMI SE in X-band frequency range
than the reference sandwich panel. Excellent electrical conductivity and improved
EMI SE was attributed to the formation of conductive network of MWCNTs inside
the matrix. The beneficial effect of MWCNTs on electrical properties is discussed.
Owing to enhanced EMI shielding and ESD protection characteristics, the developed
hybrid honeycomb sandwich structure proved to be a potential material for high
performance aerospace and space applications.
78
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15-113
Influence of Annealing Temperature on Structure of Copper Oxide
Nanoparticles by Solution Evaporation Method
T. Munira, H. S. Munirb, A. Shahzadc, M. Umaird
a
Department of Physics, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
tarriqmunirr@yahoo.com, bsadiaimran2610@gmail.com, caamir.awan@gcuf.edu.pk,
d
umairranwerr@gmail.com
Nanoparticles research is gaining increasing interest due to their unique properties,
such as increased electrical conductivity, toughness and ductility, increased hardness
and strength of metals and alloys. Copper oxide (CuO) has potential applications in
various areas, such as a gas sensor, in magnetic storage media, catalysis, and in the
production of high-temperature superconductors. Until now, many different methods
such as Co-precipitation, Sol-gel Processing, Micro-emulsions, Hydrothermal
Synthesis, Solution evaporation method, etc. have been developed for the preparation
of Copper oxide (CuO) nanostructure. In this research paper, the simplest and cost
effective technique solution evaporation was used to synthesize the Copper oxide
(CuO) nano-powder. During synthesis process the size of nanoparticles can be
controlled by controlling different parameters such as pH, concentration and
annealing temperature. The annealing temperature which plays a vital role in
nanostructure properties was varies from (400 to 600 °C). The structural and surface
morphology of CuO nanopowder was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD)
and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD and SEM results shows that the
synthesized CuO nanoparticles had monoclinic structure and average crystallite size
increased (5-100 nm) with increasing annealing temperature.
15-114
An Investigation of Preload Relaxation Behaviour of Three
Zinc-Aluminium Alloys
A. A. Mir
Division of Engineering, Grimsby Institute of Further & Higher Education, United Kingdom
mir1aa@gmail.com
Zinc alloy castings are usually assembled together or mounted by screwed steel
fasteners, and are tightened to a predetermined torque to develop the required tensile
preload in the fastener. Due to relaxation processes in the castings, creep may cause a
partial preload loss at an elevated temperature. The equipment used for load
relaxation tests consists of a load-monitoring device, an oil bath, and a
data-acquisition system. A load cell monitoring device is used to monitor the load loss
in an ISO-metric M6×1 steel screw set into sand castings made from alloys No. 3, No.
79
ISAM-2015
5 and No. 2 and tightened to produce an initial preload of 6 kN. The castings were held
at constant temperature in the range 80 – 120 °C in an oil bath. The oil bath maintains
the desired test temperature throughout the experiment. All tests were conducted for
periods of up to 160 h. For all alloys, the initial load loss was high, decreasing
gradually with time, but not ceasing. The load loss increased rapidly with test
temperature, and almost all of the relaxation curves approximated to a logarithmic
decay of load with time. Alloy No. 2 had the best resistance to load loss, with No. 5
next and No. 3 worst at all temperatures. The lower resistance to relaxation of alloy
No. 3 was mainly due to the lower relaxation strength of copper-free primary
dendrites, whereas in alloys No. 5 and No. 2, the higher copper contents contribute
greatly to their relaxation strength in the form of second-phase particles.
15-115
Glass Reinforced Epoxy Pipes for Marine Applications
M. Tariqa, A. Bashirb, S. Akbarc
a
SUPARCO, Karachi, Pakistan
mateen_90@hotmail.com, bengrahmadbashir@gmail.com, csoohaibakbar@gmail.com
Pipes are designated to be the veins of earth. Conventional material for manufacturing
of pipes is considered to be steel but it has various negative aspects over which Glass
reinforced Epoxy (GRE) pipes prevail. In terms of marine environment, corrosion is
the biggest drawback of steel pipes. GRE pipes being composed of inert materials
overcome this problem and offers suitable and durable solutions. Moreover, as no
protective coating is required on GRE pipes, the cost of paint is also avoided in this
case. GRE pipes are manufactured using filament winding process where high tension
filaments are wound over a removable rotating mandrel. These filament wound pipes
offer better mechanical properties along with light weight. For marine applications,
factor of environment and hydraulic pressure must be considered which are well
addressed by GRE Pipes. The diameter of pipes may vary according to design and
these pipes may be used for on-shore and off-shore applications involving harsh
conditions. This research paper deals with manufacturing of GRE pipes through
filament winding process. A variety of pipes were manufactured based on laminate
schemes in which number and types of layers were varied. Other parameters of
filament winding were also researched in order to obtain optimized manufacturing
process. Further these pipes were evaluated for mechanical as well as environmental
factors. Environmental tests included various mediums such as acid and saline water.
The results showed satisfactory performance and great potential for use in marine
applications involving fluid transportation. The study optimizes design for GRE pipes
which may be further developed at mass production level.
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15-116
Effect of Sintering on the Structural and Electrical Properties of
Co-Precipitated Mn-Zn Nano Ferrites
S. Mehmood1,a, M. Anis-ur-Rehman2,b
1
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Islamabad, Pakistan
Applied Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
sananatiq@hotmail.com, bmarehman@comsats.edu.pk
2
Mn-Zn ferrite is one of the important classes of soft ferrite. These are famous for
possessing high initial permeability. In the present work, we have studied the effect of
sintering on Mn-Zn nano particles. The particles were synthesized using
co-precipitation method. The structural characterizations of the prepared sample after
each sintering step were done by using X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analysis
showed the spinel structure. The electrical properties were studied as a function of
frequency and temperature. It is observed that dielectric constant decreases with
increase in frequency and sintering temperature. The studied composition is useful in
microwave devices.
15-117
Synthesis and Electrical Properties of Nano Size Monoclinic
Strontium doped Rare Earth Manganites
I. A. Abdel-Latif1, A. Ismail2, A. Al-Hajry3, H. Bouzaid3
1
Najran University, Saudi Arabia.
Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre,
Najran University, P.O. Box No: 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia,
3
Physics Department, College of Science, Najran University,
Najran, P.O. 1988, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia
ihab_abdellatif@yahoo.co.uk
2
In the present work, polycrystalline perovskites of R0.6Sr0.4MnO3 (R= La, Nd, or Sm)
were prepared using sol-gel method in the presence of citric acid and the polyethylene
glycol. The produced gel was annealed at 800 °C for 5 hours to get R0.6Sr0.4MnO3
nano composites. The XRD data analysis revealed that the formed crystalline of
R0.6Sr0.4MnO3 ismonoclinic crystal structure of space group (I 2/a). The Raman
modes confirmed XRD results where it corresponds to the monoclinic symmetry.
TEM images of the prepared perovskites showed our structure is homogeneous and
uniform with particle sizes in a range 20-40 nm. Semiconducting properties of
R0.6Sr0.4MnO3 at room temperature was observed from IV measurements With
applying low magnetic field, a transition from semiconductor behavior to Ohmic
81
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resistivity was clearly noted. The deduced static resistance of Nd0.6Sr0.4MnO3 is 2.985
TW and increased 1000 times by applying very low magnetic field that gives rise to
negative magnetoresitance (MR). The value of MR equals to 99.84% in
Nd0.6Sr0.4MnO3 that make it is possible to use these materials in fabrication of
magnetic devices in the industrial scale.
15-118
Mechanical, Flammability and Thermal Properties of Graphene
Reinforced Polyethylene Terephthalate/Polypropylene
Nanocomposites
A. Hassan, A. U. My
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
azmanh@cheme.utm.my
Recently there is an increase interest on the studies of graphene since its isolation in
2004. Numerous research activities have been conducted and many are in progress in
different aspects of its superlative properties. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (GNP)
have become a major focus as a multifunctional reinforcement phase in polymer
nanocomposites. These graphitic nanoplatelets, derived from graphite, combine the
low-cost and layered structures similar to nanoclays with a unique plethora of
properties similar to carbon nanotubes including electrical conductivity, superior
mechanical, physical, thermal and flame retardants properties. Blending polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) would offer an opportunity to combine
the excellent properties of the two polymers due to synergistic effect and to overcome
their individual shortcomings. Although GNPs have been used to impart flame
retardancy in polymer nanocomposites with promising results, its use to reduce
flammability of commodity thermoplastics such as PET and PP is still lacking. In this
study, mechanical, flammability, thermal conductivity, thermal behavior,
morphological features and structure of GNP reinforced PET/PP blends was
investigated as a function of concentration of GNPs. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets
reinforced PET/PP composites were successfully prepared by melt blending
technique. The structural and morphological studies showed that the GNPs were well
dispersed in the matrix although not substantially exfoliated. Flexural strength was
enhanced by 80% at 3 phr GNPs content which was the highest value obtained.
Interestingly, the highest value for the impact strength was also recorded at 3 phr
GNPs content. The improvements observed in mechanical properties are attributed to
stiffness of the platelets and effective stress transfer between matrix and filler. Cone
calorimeter analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 flame rating tests
revealed that addition of GNPs to PET/PP improved the flame retardancy of
PET/PP/GNP nanocomposites significantly. Cone calorimeter data showed a
significant reduction of peak heat release rate (PHRR), mass loss rate and delayed
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time to ignition (TTI) due to addition of GNPs to PET/PP blend. As much as 37%
reduction in PHRR and 32% increase in TTI were observed for 5 phr GNP content.
The mechanism by which flame retardancy of PET/PP/GNP nanocomposites
improved was through the formation of a uniform compact char layer in the
condensed phase during decomposition of the polymer matrix. The char structure
effectively prevents the inside thermal decomposition products into the flame zone
and that of the oxygen into the underlying of polymer matrix. The effective thermal
conductivity was found to vary linearly with GNP loading which was attributed to the
formation of effective interconnected heat conduction bridges formed by the GNPs. It
was found that the effective thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites was
increased by about 80%, i.e. from 1.2 W/m.K for the unreinforced PET/PP blend to
1.9 W/m.K for the 7 phr reinforced PET/PP/GNP nanocomposites. Thermal
conductivity increased with increased GNP loading with percolation established at 3
phr loading. This was attributed to the development of effective heat conduction
bridges of interconnected GNPs that increased the efficiency for thermal
conductivity. The TGA results showed that GNPs have significantly enhanced the
thermal stability of PET/PP/GNP composites with highest thermal stability at 3 phr.
The thermal stability of the composites was generally improved at all filler loading
with the highest at 3 phr loading. Therefore the optimum filler loading for the
PET/PP/GNP system is 3 phr. From the overall results, it is clear that the optimum
GNPs content in the PET/PP/GNP system in terms of both mechanical and thermal
properties was 3 phr. This is in consistent with the morphological studies which
revealed a homogenous dispersion of GNPs in PET/PP
15-119
Synthesis of SnO2-Co3O4 Nano Composites by Combustion method
and their Photo Catalytic Application under Visible Irradiation
S. Akram1, N. A. Shah2
1
Nanoscience and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Islamabad, Pakistan
sohaib_akram@live.com
In this study, tetragonal SnO2-Co3O4 (8-10 nm) have been synthesized by using Sn
(CH3CO2)2, CoN2O6 and Urea using microwave irradiation in a domestic oven. The
formation process was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron
microscope (SEM), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) and Energy Dispersive
X-Ray (EDX). The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum of SnO2-Co3O4 shows the
absorption edge in the visible region, making it suitable for photo catalytic
application. The experimental result indicates that the SnO2-Co3O4 exhibited
excellent photo catalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), which
was up to 82% after 30 min of visible-light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation. The good photo
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catalytic activity was attributed mainly to its suitable band gap energy, strong
adsorption ability for MB, and effective charge separation at the SnO2-Co3O4
photocatalyst interface.
15-120
Fabrication of Cu and Co Nanoparticles in Modifiable
Poly(Methacrylic-Acid-Acrylonitrile) Microgels for Simultaneous
Catalytic Degradation/Reduction of Multiple Compounds
M. Ajmala, M. Siddiqb
a
Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
m.ajmal65@yahoo.com, bm_sidiq12@yahoo.com
Poly(methacrylic acid-co-acrylonitrile) (p(MAc-co-AN)) microgels ere prepared by
inverse suspension polymerization, and the nitrile groups were converted into
amidoxime groups to obtain more hydrophilic amidoximated poly(methacrylic
acid-co-acrylonitile) (amid-p(MAc-co-AN)) microgels. Amid-microgels were used as
microreactors for in situ synthesis of copper and cobalt nanoparticles by loading
Cu(II) and Co(II) ions into microgels from their aqueous metal salt solutions and then
converted to corresponding metal nanoparticle (MNP) by treating the M(II) loaded
metal ions with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The characterization of the prepared
microgels and microgel metal nanoparticle composites was carried out by SEM, TEM
and TG analysis. The amounts of metal nanoparticles within microgels were
estimated by AAS measurements by dissolving the MNP entrapped within microgels
by concentrated HCl acid treatment. Catalytic performances of the prepared
amid-p(MAc-co-AN)-M (M: Cu, Co) microgel composites were investigated by
using them as catalyst for the degradation of cationic and anionic organic dyes such as
eosin Y (EY), methylene blue (MB) and methyl Orange (MO), and for the reduction
of nitro aromatic pollutants like 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to
their corresponding amino phenols. Here, we also report for the first time, the
simultaneous
degradation/reduction
of
MB,
EY
and
4-NP
by
amid-p(MAc-co-AN)-Cu microgel composites. Different parameters affecting the
reduction rates such as metal types, amount of catalysts, temperature and the amount
of reducing agent were investigated.
84
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15-121
Development of AuTiCo Based Biomedical Shape Memory Alloys
H. Shim, H. Hosoda
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Advanced Materials
Div., Material Design Hosoda and Inamura Laboratory, Japan
simppo_7236@hotmail.com
In recent years, shape memory alloys (SMA) are in the spotlight as advanced medical
materials because of their unique characteristics such as shape memory effect and
superelasticity. Although only NiTi SMAs have been applied in biomedical
applications, the possibility of Ni hypersensitivity due to the constituent element Ni as
well as poor X-ray radiography for endoscopic operation has been pointed out.
Therefore, Ni-free SMA has been strongly desired. In order to solve these problems,
we have been conducting on the development of AuTi-based biomedical SMA. This
is because both the constituent elements are biocompatible and Au brings high X-ray
contrast image. However, binary AuTi alloys possess high martensitic transformation
(actuation) temperature Ms around 900 K which is should be lowered to the body
temperature. Then, we have focused on additional elements to AuTi, and our research
history of the development of AuTiCo biomedical SMAs is presented in this
presentation at first. Co addition reduces Ms sufficiently in addition to appearance of
room temperature superelasticity when Co content reaches to 18mol percent.
However, the ductility of the alloys becomes degraded with decreasing Ms. Then, a
novel technique to enhance ductility without increasing Ms is required. To solve this
issue, we have focused quaternary additions to AuTiCo alloys and recently, small
amount of Nb addition has been found to be effective. Then, recent research results of
Nb addition to AuTiCo are also presented. For example, the reduction rate of
transformation temperature is -55K/mol percent Nb in AuTi-18Co, and the maximum
transformation strain estimated reaches to 7.4 percent in 2mol percent Nb-added
AuTiCo, which is comparable to the superelastic strain of NiTi. At present, 2mol
percent Nb-added AuTiCo alloy exhibited 2.8% superelastic shape recovery at room
temperature. Oxidation resistance at high temperature is also dramatically improved
by Nb addition that means thermomechanical treatment can be done in the ambient
air, instead of an inert atmosphere. These results indicate that Nb-added AuTiCo is a
promising candidate to replace NiTi in the field of endoscopic biomedical devices.
85
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15-123
Alloy Modelling and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Phase
Transformation in Ni-Al Alloy
O. Adiguzel1,a, S. Ozgen2,b
1
Firat University, Turkey. 2Firat University,
Department of Physics 23169, Elazig, Turkey
a
oadiguzel@firat.edu.tr, bsozgen@firat.edu.tr
Shape memory alloys take place in a class of functional materials and shape memory
effect is characterized by the recoverability of two certain shapes of material at
different conditions. Shape memory effect is based on martensitic transformation
which is a solid state phase transformation, and interatomic potentials play an
important role in the formation of transformation. Martensitic transformation occurs
in atomic scale with the cooperative movement of atoms in the material on cooling
from high temperature parent phase region, and interatomic interactions govern this
transition. Atomic movements are confined to interatomic lengths smaller than the
lattice parameters of the material crystal. Theoretical studies are focused on
simulation techniques. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are important
techniques in the solid material studies and based on the solution of Newton's
equations of the system. Interatomic potential functions are essential and play a key
role in the progress of the method. In this method, a molecular dynamics cell (MDC)
is constructed as a model; initial values of the physical parameters and boundary
conditions are imposed. These techniques are conducted by applying a numerical
integration algorithm for solving the equation of motion of a statistical ensemble that
the interactions between the particles are represented by a potential energy function
(PEF). The consistency of the obtained results with experimental values depends on
the convenient modelling of the system by the PEF. Therefore, the most important
stage of the MD simulations is to select the appropriate potential energy function. In
the present contribution, two molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods which
allow the system to vary in shape and size was used, in order to investigate the
transformation characteristics. For this purpose, square molecular dynamics cells
(MDC) of 216 B2 unit cells which include 432 atoms have been constructed. The
molecular dynamics cell (MDC) has been cooled and heated in a temperature interval,
700-350 K. Sutton-Chen and Lennard-Jones potential energy functions have been
adopted to explain how the potential energy functions affect the transformation
mechanism.
86
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15-124
Nanosized Rare Earth Manganites for Magnetic Refrigeration
Applications; Environmentally Friend Refrigeration Technology
I. A. Abdel-Latif
Najran University, Saudi Arabia
ihab_abdellatif@yahoo.co.uk
One of man daily need is environmentally friend technology, which helps us to
decrease pollutions in our world and saving our environment clean and safe. As
well-known using Freon refrigerators is one the main sources for the increase in
Ozone hall and thus the harmful changes in climate. The progress in materials science
allowed to the appearance of new materials and thus new applications. From these
new materials, there are materials could be used as magnetic refrigerator based on
their magneto-caloric properties. Magnetic refrigeration is a revolutionary, efficient,
environmentally friend technology, which is on the threshold of commercialization.
Understanding of the magneto-caloric properties of existing magnetic refrigerant
materials has been an important issue in magnetic refrigeration technology. A new
class of magnetocaloric materials are the ferromagnetic perovskite manganites
R1-xAxMnO3 where R = La, Nd, Pr and and A = Ca, Sr, Ba, etc.). The nature of these
materials with respect to their magnetocaloric properties has been analysed and
discussed systematically in different research papers and in this talk, we will highlight
the applications of magnetic materials for magnetic refrigeration.
15-125
AFM Investigation and Optical Band Gap Study of Chemically
Deposited PbS Thin Films
S.Zamana, M.Mansoorb, Abu Bakarc, M.M.Asimd
a
Institute of Industrial and Control System, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
superbs_1@yahoo.com, bmuhammadmansoor@scme.nust.edu.pk,
c
abubakar_611@yahoo.com, dmmasim20@gmail.com
The interest into deposition of nanocrystalline PbS thin films, the potential of
designing and tailoring both the topographical features and the band gap energy (Eg)
by controlling growth parameters has grown. Nanocrystalline thin films of lead
sulfide were grown onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method.
The experiments were carried out by varying deposition temperature and time. We
report on the modification of structural and optical properties as a function of
deposition parameters. The morphological changes of the films were analyzed by
using SEM and AFM. AFM was also used to calculate rms roughness of the films.
XRD spectra indicated preferred growth of cubic phase of PbS films in (200) direction
87
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with increasing deposition time. XRD data was also used to calculate average grain
size, i.e.in the range of ~22-45 nm, by employing Scherer’s formula. Optical
properties have been studied by UV-Spectrophotometer. From the reflectance spectra
we have also calculated the optical Eg shift 1.28-0.41 eV with increasing deposition
time.
15-126
The Study by the Colors of Contamination in the used Turbine Oil
T. Zada1,a, M. A. Khan2,b
1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology,
International Islamic University of Islamabad, Pakistan
2
International Islamic University, Pakistan
a
Tawqeerz@yahoo.com, bdrmafzalkhan@gmail.com
The color of contaminants in the used oils has been studied by different color
standards. The CIExy color engineering coordination can be used as a color standard
to locate a color of a product. The same coordination can also be used for the colors of
contaminants in used oil for the turbines. The developed scheme with the colorimetric
patch analyzer (CPA), showing red, green and blue (RGB) colors of the contaminants
in used oils that were collected from membrane patches in the turbine systems. Some
contaminants in the oils were soluble in working gas turbine at 65°C but become
insoluble when the oils are cooled to room temperature. Therefore, the colors of
contaminants differ according to oil temperature at the time of filtering by the
membranes. Some membrane patches showed light brown colors, although the colors
of the surfaces were white. This suggests that the membrane patch traps contaminants
in the oil when it flows through the patches. The molecular weight of contaminants
that are soluble in oil at high temperatures but not at room temperature was examined
by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The colorimetric patch analyzer can
examine the contaminants on the surface of membrane patches by reflected light and
contaminants in the membrane patches by transmitted light.
88
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15-127
Effect of Nano Scale Fretting and Scratching
Tests on Biomedical Materials
N. Rahman1,a, M. A. Khan2,b
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, International
Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
International Islamic University, Pakistan
a
noor.rahman@iiu.edu.pk, bdrmafzalkhan@gmail.com
The study of nano-fretting and nano-scratching tests on biomedical materials used for
bones, teeth, valves and pumps. The effects of nano-fretting and nano-scratching tests
are important and critical to check the performance, stability and capability of making
bio parts on machines with good tolerances and precision. The biomedical materials
are critical to the human lives and their reliability and better performance is very
important. The nano-fretting and nano-scratch tests were carried out on the grade
Ti6Al4V, 316L stainless steel and copper chromium alloy specimens by using a 37cm
of the diamond indenter of conical shape tools. The nano test on copper chromium
alloy showed better wear resistance for several conditions. The mean contact pressure
and recovery of scratch for plastic deformation correlated to mechanical properties
obtain from nano tests on the bio materials. With the reduction in the plowing part of
the friction between the tool and materials showed a consistent behavior of the scratch
results.
15-128
The Effect of Anisotropy on the Intermediate and Final Form in
Deep Drawing of SS304L, with High Draw Ratios: Experimentation
and Numerical Simulation
F. Qayyuma, M. Shahb, A. Muqeetc, J. Afzald
a
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
faisal.qayyum@uettaxila.edu.pk, bmasood.shah@uettaxila.edu.pk,
c
abdulmuqeet992@yahoo.com, djawadafzal16@yahoo.com
High deep draw ratio has many uses in the industry and is considered to be
problematic beyond a draw ratio of 1.7. In addition, anisotropy of material plays a
great role in the final form of deep drawn products made by a high draw ratio. In this
research high draw ratio deep drawing (HDR) is performed by using multiple
intermediate annealing steps. The form of flange produced at each draw step is
recorded, Numerical simulation of the process is carried out using ABAQUS
StandardTM. Accurate modeling of the process requires anisotropic parameters.
Tensile tests at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 degrees are carried out to determine the
Lankford coefficients and hardening coefficients in each direction. The data obtained
89
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is then applied to the simulation process including the annealing steps. The forms
recorded experimentally are compared with simulation results and conclusion is
drawn as to the accuracy of the simulation.
15-129
Synthesis and Modification of Ceramic Nano-Particles with
PVA/PVP/PEG/PEO Polymers for Electroactive Materials
Production
N. S. Khattaka, M. S. Khanb, M. Sohailc, R. A. Qazid
National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry,
University of Peshawar, Pakistan
a
noorsaeed24@yahoo.com, bmsalkhan@yahoo.com, cmsohail2000@gmail.com,
d
noorsaeedphd@upesh.edu.pk
In the presence study in-situ method was successfully used to synthesize
nanoparticles of Fe1.46Zn0.5La0.04Cu0.5O4. High resolution Scanning electron
microscopy (HRSEM) specified the formation of granular nanospheres beside an
intermediated phase of nanowires. Polymer-blended magnetic materials were
obtained using poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly
(ethylene Glycol) (PEG) and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) as capping agents. This
coating strategy controls the agglomeration of ferrite nanoparticles, and produces a
well-designed core–shell nano-assembly with enhanced physical proper- ties. XRD
and HRSEM confirmed the formation of ferrite as a core surrounded by various
polymeric shells. The nanocomposite with PVP shell resulted in increased ac
conductivity (r) of about four orders of magnitude higher than that recorded for the
pure ferrite. These novel results indicate that such series of core–shell
nanocomposites are promising candidates in industrial applications such as
electro-active materials and magnetic substances. Moreover, this study emphasized
that polymers are good additive to ferrites when blended in the form of core–shell
nanocomposite structure.
90
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15-130
A Comparison of Wear Behaviour of Micro and Near-Nano
Crystalline WC-NiCr Coatings Produced by HVOF Spraying
T.Ben Mahmuda, T.I. Khan
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
a
tarekbinmahod@yahoo.com
The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process is well known for producing thick wear
resistant coatings for components exposed to abrasive, erosion or cavitation wear. In
the oil sand and gas industries steel components used in upstream exploration are
subjected to highly aggressive environments and can suffer severe abrasive wear,
which leads to component failures and downtime resulting in considerable costs.
Recent research on the application of near-nanostructured coatings based on WC-Co
system have shown that there is potential to use these coatings to increase wear
resistance and improve fracture toughness to extend the wear life of machinery. One
important factor that influences the abrasive wear process of surfaces is the applied
load over the coated surface. The aim of this work was to compare and examine the
wear behaviour of two WC-NiCr microcrystalline and near-nano crystalline coatings
as a function of different loads. The wear of surfaces is correlated to changes in the
microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings after deposition using the
high velocity oxy-fuel spraying process.
15-131
Preparation of Nanocrystalline NdFeB Magnets by High-Velocity
Compaction
Z. Liu
South China University of Technology, China
zwliu@scut.edu.cn
Nanocrystalline NdFeB permanent magnets are generally prepared by three well
defined processes, bonding, hot press (HP) and hot press followed by hot deformation
(HD), which are named commercially MQI, MQII, and MQIII, respectively. Here we
reported a new fabrication method of high-velocity compaction (HVC). Isotropic and
anisotropic NdFeB bulk magnets have been prepared by HVC and HVC+HD,
respectively, using melt spun nanocrystalline NdFeB powders as the precursors. The
processing- microstructure-properties relationships for these magnets are discussed.
Instead of bonding, isotropic magnets with magnetic and mechanical properties
comparable to those of conventional MQI magnets can be prepared by HVC, which
takes the advantages of near-net-shape, room temperature fabrication, and employing
no binder. The relative density of HVC magnet is up to 92%. For the examples, using
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the starting powders with magnetic properties of Hcj=755 kA/m, Jr=0.83 T, and
(BH)max=109 kJ/m3, the HVCed magnet has the properties of Hcj=751 kA/m, Br=0.77
T, and (BH)max=97 kJ/m3. For the starting powders with Hcj=1151 kA/m, Jr=0.76 T,
and (BH)max=93 kJ/m3, the magnetic properties obtained for HVC magnet are
Hcj=1101 kA/m, Br=0.67 T, and (BH)max=68 kJ/m3. The anisotropic nanocrystralline
NdFeB magnets were prepared by HVC+HD process. This new method can be
suggested as an alternative approach for the traditional MQIII magnets by HP+HD
and it has shown some advantages. Firstly, the HP requires high temperature, vacuum
environment, and expensive facility, while HVC has promising advantages of low
cost and low temperature. Secondly, HVC has high efficiency since the densification
is achieved instantaneously by intensive shock waves. Finally, the nanostructure can
be maintained after compaction, which leads to the fact that HVCed magnets can
inherit the coercivity of the starting powders for its uniform nanograin structure. Our
results show that using the HVCed magnet with Jr=0.64 T, Hcj=1101 kA/m, and
(BH)max=65 kJ/m3 as the precursor, the HDed magnet exhibits the magnetic properties
of Jr=1.06 T, Hcj=791 kA/m, and (BH)max=158 kJ/m3 under a deformation ratio of
67%. A 2.5 times increase in (BH)max has been achieved. In addition, 10 wt.% NdCu
powder was added into the starting NdFeB powders for HVC. Both remanence and
saturation magnetization of the magnets are reduced with NdCu addition. However, it
was surprising to find that the coercivity can be significantly improved from 1101 to
1555 kA/m. The possibly reason has been discussed with respect to the grain
boundary diffusion effect.
15-132
Milling of Strip Cast Iron based Neodymium alloy by Hydrogen
Assisted Process
A.Alia, A.Haiderb, S.Akhtarc
a
Ibn e Sina Institute of Technonlogy, Islamabad, Pakistan
asifali751@yahoo.com, baalihyder@hotmail.com, csakhtar55@hotmail.com
Hydrogen assisted techniques are extensively used in magnet industry to assist
milling. Hydrogen-decrepitation (HD) and hydrogenation–disproportionation
-desorption and recombination (HDDR) are two common techniques used to produce
rare-earth permanent magnets. In HD process first the lattices of Nd-rich phase and
the main phase expand due to hydrogenated interstitial atoms and the cast strips are
crushed due to internal stress resulting from differences in the expansion rates of two
phases. Hydrogen is then released during vacuum treatment at temperature up to 600
°C. A differential volume expansion associated with the hydrogen solubility results in
the fracture and formation of flake like material, with particle size 150-250 µm. The
flakes are highly friable due to micro-cracks in the particles, making it very suitable
for jet milling. In the present work this HD technique was used to produce NdFeB
permanent magnets following by jet milling, under magnetic field pressing, cold
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iso-static pressing and vacuum sintering. Pulse field magnetometer, XRD and SEM
was used to study magnetic properties, phase analysis and microstructure
respectively.
15-133
Affecting the Surface Wetting Properties by
Control of Surface Features
A. U. Zillohu1, M. Elbahri2, M. Mueller3
1
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, Pakistan
2
Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering,
Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
3
Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht,
Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
ahnafuz@yahoo.com
Surfaces with engineered wetting properties are attractive for many applications
ranging from house hold to the field of science. The wetting properties are not only
affected by its chemical nature of the surface but also by its physical features. This
work demonstrates the change in wetting properties of a polymeric system from
hydrophobic to superhydrophobic when its physical structure is changed from film to
fibers, respectively. Further change of the wetting behavior, i.e. from a hydrophobic
but rose-petal like sticky state to grass-leaf like slippy state was achieved by
restructuring the fibers into the form of yarns. Finally, the wetting properties were
further modified chemically, by adding a photochromic compound which resulted in
the loss of crystallinity of the polymer with a consequent change in the wetting
properties. The system was characterized by contact angle measurement, SEM and
X-ray diffraction methods.
15-134
Plasmonic Nanoparticles as Localized Heat Source
A. U. Zillohu1, M. Elbahri2
1
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, Pakistan
Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
ahnafuz@yahoo.com
2
Metal nanostructures owing to their plasmonic properties are an excellent candidate
for light harvesting applications, besides their use in waveguides and sensor etc. In
many applications, ranging from medical to materials science, a localized source of
heat is essential. This work presents the use of plasmonic absorption of metal
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nanoparticles as a localized source of heat. Using this heating effect, we demonstrate
localized formation of composite formation, defect healing, patterning and local
chemistry control, in sputter coated polymer film. The system was characterized by
AFM, UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy.
15-135
Deformation Induced Martensite in Austenitic Stainless Steel 304L
M. Waseem
Physics Division, Directorate of Science,
ATCOP, P. O. 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
wasim184@yahoo.com
The austenitic stainless steel 304L is subjected from annealed condition to cold
working. The samples were prepared by reducing the cross-sectional area through
cold rolling. The percentage reduction varied from 10% to 60%. The cold rolled
samples and annealed sample were fully characterized and the formation of
martensite due to deformation process in the 304L austenitic stainless steel is
investigated. The techniques used were x-ray diffractometery, optical microscopy,
scanning electron microscopy, transmission elctron microscopy and Vicker’s
hardness tester. The effect on mechanical properties with the increase in percentage
reductionand its correlation with the micro structure will be examined.The
characterization of evolved phases, behavior of dislocations and formation of twins
with the increase in percentage reduction would be explored.
15-136
Microstrucuture Characterization of Inconel 718 in Annealed and
Age Hardened Conditions
T.Zaman, M.Farooq, S.A.Rizvi, I.Salam, M.Waseem
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
ishmaelnn@gmail.com
Microstructure evolution in as-received, solution treated and age-hardened
Inconel-718 was investigated. Gamma prime, gamma double prime, primary carbides
and secondary carbides are the center of focus in this study. Characterization of
microstructure is done using Transmission electron microscope and Scanning
electron microscope equipped with EDS. A detailed study has been carried out to
investigate precipitation of different phases with reference to their identity,
distribution and morphology. Characterization and quantification of these
micro-structural features play a key role in predicting the creep and fatigue life of
super-alloy 718.
94
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15-137
Matter and Materials’ World within Microstructure and
Microelectronics Miniaturization Fractals New Frontiers
V. V. Mitic1, L. Kocic2
1
Department of Microelectronics and Materials Faculty Electronic Engineering
University of Niš, New Materials
Institute of Technical Science of SASA, Serbia and Montenegro
2
University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering,
Aleksandra Medvedeva 14 Niš, Serbia
2
Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
vmitic.d2480@gmail.com
Structure of matter, of materials, especially ceramics materials contains many unclear
issues and many open questions. One possible way to make material science more
compact is to use well founded and elaborated mathematical instruments that can
describe the essence of matter more precisely and more naturally. One of such theory
is fractal geometry/analysis. Using by the authors since 1997, fractal methods in
combination with electronic microscopy methods yield many impressive results.
Analytic method and fractal nature application in reconstruction of materials
structure, grains and pores, in order to make an advance prognosis of designed
microstructural properties is a new procedure in materials microstructural
characterization. Based on the grains and pores perimeters fractal analysis their
reconstruction is made and more realistic picture is obtained then if the Euclidean
geometry is used. Thus, the new possibilities in actual solutions and microstructure
characterization application, are directly introduced providing new solutions related
to contemporary software support in available devices. Such engineering system in
microstructure fractal application opens industrial production and application
possibilities, and their solutions become a base for the “fractal electronics”.
15-138
Enhancing Durability of Coatings through Novel Experimental and
Modelling Techniques Subject to various Applications
Z. Khan, H. Nazir, P. Pashaei, R. Bajwa
Bournemouth University, Sustainable Design Research Centre
Faculty of Science & Technology, United Kingdom
ZKhan@bournemouth.ac.uk
This paper presents a comparative experimental study of coatings from 200-300 nm to
around 50 μm thick which were deposited through state of the art RF sputtering and
pulse techniques. The grains sizes incorporated within these coatings are 43.89 nm
and 20.32 nm respectively. The crystalline structures were found to be hexagonal to
95
ISAM-2015
polycrystalline with varying nano-constituents in each case. An experimental study of
the durability of these coatings was conducted. The results showed better performance
when composite additives were included at nano-scale. A combination of best fit of
nano additives for industrial applications has been identified and is reported in this
paper.
15-139
Structure, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of
Eu0.65Sr0.35Fe0.3Mn0.7O3
I. A. Abdel-Latif
Physics Dept., College of Science, Najran University
Najran, P.O. 1988, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia
ihab_abdellatif@yahoo.co.uk
Polycrystalline Eu0.65Sr0.35Fe0.3Mn0.7O3 was synthesized using a standard solid state
reaction technique. Preliminary microstructure and crystal structure of the compound
at room temperature were studied using felid emission scanning electron microscope
(FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, respectively. It is found that the
compound crystallizes in a single-phase orthorhombic structure of space group Pbnm
(62). Raman spectrum shows three active Raman vibrational modes around 210, 488
and 610 cm-1. The temperature variation of resistivity shows that these compounds
have semiconductor behavior with activation energy 0.152 eV. The frequency
dependence of dielectric constant in these materials indicates that space charge
polarization contributes significantly to their observed dielectric parameters.
15-140
Non-Conventional Synthesis of Sub-micron
M-Type Hexa-Ferrite Particles
M. N. Sarwara, M. S. Awanb, N. Bashirc, A. Haiderd, S. Akhtare
a
Ibn e sina Institute of Technonlogy, Islamabad, Pakistan
nazim_gee@yahoo.com, bsss.awan@yahoo.com, cnoumanphy09@yahoo.com,
d
aalihyder@hotmail.com, esakhtar561@hotmail.com
Sub-micron Barium Hexa-ferrite (BaFe12O19) Particles with improved saturation
magnetization have been prepared by a non-conventional chemical technique.
Conventional materials barium carbonate (BaCO3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) powders
were converted into metallic nitrates via synthesis in the wet medium of nitric acid
(HNO3). Samples were characterized for physical, structural, microstructural,
chemical, thermal and magnetic analysis. Simultaneous DSC/TG measurements of
nitrate precursors revealed that possible organic compounds have been removed
around 540oC and hard magnetic phase (BaFe12O19) is formed at 955oC. As a result,
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the nitrate precursors were calcined at 550 oC for four hour and pellets (φ = 15 mm)
were sintered at 700 oC to 1200 oC for 2h in air. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
depicted that formation of hard magnetic phase start around 800 oC, which is
considerably lower than the conventional ceramic process and develops with
increasing temperature. Both magnetization measurements (MH-Loop) and scanning
electron microscope (SEM) micrographs reveal that the particles are single domain up
to 1000 oC at which the highest coercive field of 3.6 kOe was obtained. Sintering
temperatures improve density and caused grain growth. The pellets sintered beyond
1000 oC showed increase in saturation magnetization (Ms) but at the cast of coresivity
(Hc). The possible reason is that sintering above 1000 oC/2h caused the formation of
multi-domain particles with larger grain sizes which resulted in decreased Hc. The
best magnetic properties were obtained for the sample sintered at 1100 oC/2h i.e. Br,
Hc and BHmax. It is established that the best sintering to obtain the fine particles
(single domain) of BaFe12O19 occurs at temperatures 900-1000 oC.
15-141
Effect of Microstructural Modifier on the Morphology of Silicon
Rich Phase in Eutectic Al-Si Alloy
M. Mansoor1,a, I. Salam2,b, A. Tauqir2,c
1
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
a
muhammadmansoor@scme.nust.edu.pk, biftikharsalam@gmail.com,
c
malik01677@yahoo.com
Eutectic Al-Si alloys have substantially higher concentration of silicon i.e. 8 to 10 wt.
%, finding their applications in moderate to severe tribological conditions, for
example: piston of internal combustion engines, castings of high speed pumps and
slide sleeves. The higher hardness, so the better tribological properties, are originated
by the formation of silicon rich secondary phase, however, the morphology of the
phase drastically influence the toughness of the alloy. To control the toughness of the
alloy, certain microstructural modifiers are used during melt-cast stage, which help to
modify Si rich phase into acicular dispersed globules instead of needle-like network,
where the former reduces the toughness remarkably. In the present study, a mixture of
sodium-fluoride, potassium-chloride and sodium-chloride was used to modify the Si
rich phase. The alloy was cast into a sand mold and characterized by hardness testing,
optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive
spectroscopy. It was found that the morphology of the Si rich phase was altered to
acicular form due to the modification process. In comparision, the untreated alloy
contained Si rich phase in needle-like structure.
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15-142
Electron Microscopic Studies of Fe-Co-Ni-Al-Cu-Ti-Nb Alloy
M. S. Awan1,a, S. Imran2,b, A. Haider2,c, S. Akhtar2,d
1
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Ibn-e-Sina Institute of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
sss_awan@yahoo.com, bshahidimran_77@yahoo.com, caalihyder@hotmail.com,
d
sakhtar561@hotmail.com
Grain orientated (Fe-Co-Ni-Al-Cu-Ti-Nb) alloy was chill casted using induction
melting technique and was investigated for microstructural and texture analysis using
XRD and microscopic studies. Optical and XRD studies revealed columnar grains of
the cast alloy grown along <100> crystallographic directions. To develop
microstructural and magnetic texture the alloy was processed through four-step heat
treatment cycle which comprises homogenization, thermomagnetic treatment and
two-step aging. During isothermal treatment magnetic field was applied parallel and
oblique to the <100> growth direction. For microscopic studies samples were
prepared parallel and perpendicular to the <100> direction. TEM and SEM studies of
fully heat treated alloy revealed two-phase microstructure- FeCo-rich ferromagnetic
a1-phase and NiAl-rich nonmagnetic a2-phase. Rod like a1-phase nucleates and grows
along <100> as well as along magnetic field when applied parallel to the <100>
direction. On the other hand when field was applied oblique to the <100> direction,
a1-rods grow in all the three cube edge directions i.e. <100>, <010>, and <001>.
15-143
Two Dimensional Nanomaterials: Synthesize
and Energy Storage Applications
C. Cao
Beijing Institute of Technology, China
cbcao@bit.edu.cn
Two-dimensional multicomponent transition-metal oxide nanosheets are the most
promising candidate in energy storage/conversion devices. Their surface-enhanced
properties and synergic effects are fascinating yet still underdeveloped. Here, we
report a general method to synthesize ultrathin 2D multicomponent nanosheets such
as NiO, Ni(OH)2, Co3O4, ZnCo2O4, NiCo2O4, and CuCo2O4 by microwave-assisted
liquid-phase growth with post annealing. The well-defined nanosheets show a
micron-sized planar area and ultrathin thickness, suggesting high surface atom ratio
with unique surface and electronic structure, thus facilitate the charge transfer and
enhance the overall electrochemical performances. Meanwhile, Hierarchical porous
nitrogen-doped carbon (HPNC) nanosheets (NS) have been prepared via
simultaneous activation and graphitization of biomass-derived natural silk. The
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ISAM-2015
as-obtained HPNC-NS show favorable features for electrochemical energy storage
such as high specific surface area high volume of hierarchical pores, nanosheets
structures, rich N doping and defects. With respect to the multiple synergistic effects
of these features, a lithium-ion battery anode and two electrode-based supercapacitors
has been prepared. A reversible lithium storage capacity of 1865 mA h/g have been
reported. The HPNC-NS supercapacitors electrode in ionic liquid electrolytes exhibit
a capacitance of 242 F/g and energy density of 102 W h/kg (48 W h/L), with high
cycling life stability (9 % loss after 10000 cycles). Thus, a high-performance Li-ion
battery and supercapacitors were successfully assembled for the same electrode
material which was obtained through one-step and facile large-scale synthesis route. It
is promising for next generation hybrid energy storage and renewable delivery
devices.
15-144
Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Properties of Nano Fluids for
Industrial Applications
N. Hafeeza, M. A. Khanb
a
International Islamic University, Pakistan
nomanhafeez494@gmail.com, bdrmafzalkhan@gmail.com
This study gives the effect of CuO, TiO2, Al2O3, and multivalued nanotube (MWNT)
nanoparticles at various treat rates on the tribological properties, namely, wear,
coefficient of friction (COF), and pressure of seizure (POZ), of metalworking fluids
during lubricating processes in diverse industrial applications. The data is reported
based on two methods: wear scar diameter (WSD) and COF by ASTM D5183 and
POZ by the Institute for Sustainable Technologies–National Research Institute
(ITEePib) Polish method for testing lubricants under scuffing conditions. It showed
significant improvements with small filler concentrations of nanoparticles. CuO nano
fluids showed a diminishment of 86% for WSD at 0.01 wt%, where as TiO2 resulted
in an increase in poz of up to ∼250% at 0.05 wt% compared to pure conventional fluid.
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15-145
Effect of pH on Structure of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by
Solution Evaporation Method
T. Munira, H. S. Munirb, N.Aminc, A.Shahzadd, M.Umaire
Physics Department, Govt College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
b
c
tariqmunir@gcuf.edu.pk, muneer.bushra@gmail.com, nasiar786a@yahoo.com,
d
e
aamir.awan@gcuf.edu.pk, umairranwerr@gmail.com
a
Nanoparticles research is gaining increasing interest due to their unique properties,
such as increased electrical conductivity, toughness and ductility, increased hardness
and strength of metals and alloys, luminescent efficiency of semiconductors,
formability of ceramics.CuO has received considerable attention due to its potential
applications in many fields, such as catalysis, gas sensors, and superconductors. Until
now, many different methods such as Co-precipitation, Sol-gel Processing,
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Microwave Synthesis, Sono-chemical Synthesis, Solution
evaporation method, etc. have been developed for the synthesis of Copper oxide
(CuO) nanostructure. In this research paper, simplest and cost effective technique of
solution evaporation technique has been used for synthesis of Copper oxide (CuO)
nano-powder. The size of nanoparticles can be controlled by varying pH parameters
of synthesized solution. The pH varies from (8, 10 and 12) which plays a vital role in
nanostructure properties. The structural and surface morphology of CuO nano powder
was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). XRD results shows that synthesized CuO nanoparticles had monoclinic
structure and average crystallite size increased 5-100 nm with increasing pH.
15-146
Electromagnetic Flat Sheet Forming by Spiral Type Actuator Coil
S.Akbara, M.S.Awanb, Z.Ahmed, M.Farooque
Ibn-e-Sina Institute of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
sam_qau@yahoo.com, bsss_awan@yhaoo.com
This work describes the development of electromagnetic sheet forming system which
is considered as a high speed and high strain-rate forming method. This method is a
non-contact and frictionless forming process. Flat spiral coil was selected as actuator
for electromagnetic aluminum sheet forming. The coil was design using FEMM 4.2
software for a work piece of 300 mm in diameter. FEM modeling was carried out for
actuator coil by taking into account magnetic field, Lorentz force and the profile of the
force or field. Three actuator coils of varying strip size were simulated at same energy
levels of 18kJ using a capacitor bank. These coils produced field intensities of 4.1,
4.6, 3.45 Tesla, effective field length of 142, 104, 160 mm and Lorentz force peak
100
ISAM-2015
value of 1780, 2430, 1390 N, respectively. Effects of voltage variations on the sheet
forming doom depth was observed and a maximum doom depth of 40 mm was
produced at the voltage level of 1250 V.
15-147
Industrial Trials of a Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 Composite Coating on a
Dummy Block used in Aluminium Extrusion
Asma1,a, B. Gabbitas2,b, D. Zhang3,c
1
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The University of Waikato, New Zealand. 3Shangahi Jiao Tong University, China
a
asmasalman17@hotmail.com, bbriang@waikato.ac.nz, czhangdeliang@sjtu.edu.cn
2
The sticking of aluminium on to the dummy block is a serious problem in aluminium
extrusion industry, especially when using softer alloys, and with larger billets. In this
study, a Ti (Al,O)/Al2O3 composite coating was evaluated for 61 hours of operation
and a comparison was made with an uncoated dummy block for aluminium soldering
and wear resistance over a similar service duration. Industrial trial of the composite
coating revealed that the coating was successful in controlling the sticking of
aluminium to some extent. The composite coating showed high wear resistance with a
localized type of failure at certain areas during its operation.
15-148
Effect of Temperature on Energy Product
(BHmax) of Rare Earth Magnets
N. Bashira, A. Haiderb, S. Akhtarc
a
Ibn-e-Sina Institute of Technology, Pakistan
noumanphy09@yahoo.com, baalihyder@hotmail.com, csakhtar55@hotmail.com
Magnetic properties of rare earth permanent magnets are affected by temperature.
Rise of temperature increases thermal vibrations of atoms. By rising the temperature,
thermal motion of atoms is increased which tends to randomize the directions of
magnetic moments. Decline in magnetic properties of rare earth magnets due to
increase in working temperature is studied. Selected temperature range is 20 to 110
o
C. Loss in energy product (BHmax) in NdFeB and SmCo magnets is up to 31 percent.
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15-149
Effect of Humidity on Organic Semiconductor NiPc Films Deposited
at Different Gravity Conditions
N. Fatima1,a, M. M. Ahmed1,b, K. S. Karimov2,c, K. M. Akhmedov3,d, M.
Ali4,e, M. U. Khan5,f, A. Mateen6,g
1
Muhammad Ali Jinnha University, Islamabad, Pakistan
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Topi, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan
3
Center for Innovative Development of Science and Technologies of Academy of Sciences,
Aini 299/2, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
4
Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
5
Hamdard university 23-West, Fazal-ul-Haq Road, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan
6
Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering,
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad-44000, Pakistan
a
fatima_yusufzai@yahoo.com, bmansoor@jinnah.edu.pk, ckhasankarimov@yahoo.com,
d
khakim48@mail.ru, emohdali_amin@hotmail.com, fusman_khan434@hotmail.com,
g
mateen.ec@mail.ru
2
Organic semiconductor films are generally deposited by vacuum evaporation,
drop-casting and spin-coating. The processing technology of organic semiconductors,
vastly effect the structural arrangement and their properties. Mostly, the molecular
weight of the organic materials is more, their intra molecular bonding is strong but
these materials have weak Van der Waal’s intermolecular bonding. Due to these
properties, some of organic semiconductor films such as orange dye and carbon
nanotubes were deposited by centrifugal processing which exhibited motivating
results. In this study, the thin films of organic semiconductor nickel phthalocyanine’s
(NiPc) after making its solution in chlorophorm were deposited by centrifugation at
high gravity condition (70g) and also by drop-casting at normal gravity condition
(1g), on commercially available surface-type interdigitated silver electrodes coated
with ceramic alumina sheet (of size 14mm: 7mm with interelectrode distance of 0.21
mm) fabricated by screen printing and chemical etching technology. Electrical
properties of the finished devices have been investigated as a function of ambient
humidity. It was found that NiPc devices fabricated at 70g offer different electrical
parameters (such as capacitance and impedance) compared to those devices fabricated
at 1g. Capacitance and impedance variations of NiPc samples at room temperature
were measured as a function of relative humidity ranged from 25%~95% at 1 kHz
frequency. For the films deposited at high gravity condition (70g) it was observed that
impedance of the samples decreases 1.8 times where it capacitance increases on 1.5
times under varying humidity condition. These variations were larger compared to the
films deposited at normal gravity conditions i.e., 1g. Variation in NiPc films electrical
properties, deposited at different gravity conditions, can be associated with the
changes in the structure of the films, particularly in the surface structure. The study
revealed a correlation between electrical properties of the films deposited at 1g and
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70g. The SEM images of the deposited films at 70g show more roughness comparison
to the films deposited at 1g. It was noted that the irregularities can increase active
surface area which as a result changes the electrical property of the film.
Impedance-humidity and capacitance-humidity relationships were simulated and a
good agreement was observed between the experimental and simulated data. The
results demonstrated that NiPc films can be employed for the fabrication of organic
humidity sensors which will be useful in future instrumentation.
15-150
Interactions of Bio Tribological Parts with
Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings
W. Asghar1,a, M. A. Khan2,b
1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
International Islamic University of Islamabad, Pakistan
2
International Islamic University, Pakistan
a
waqas.asghar@gmail.com, bdrmafzalkhan@gmail.com
The diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on the Bio-tribological parts possesses the
unique properties like low friction coefficient, high wear resistance, chemical
inertness, optical transparency and bio compatibility. These coated bio-parts are
commonly used in prosthetic applications i.e. artificial joints and implants in
Bio-Medical Engineering because of their excellent tribological behavior and blood
compatibility. The DLCs also find their applications in cutting tools coatings, engine
block and cam shaft coatings in Mechanical Engineering because of the properties
like high wear resistance, low friction and inertness to erosion. Being an interesting
field of research various works have been reported on DLCs and their tribological
behaviors. In this paper a comprehensive review has been made on Bio-tribological
and mechanical interactions of DLCs, with some study of its deposition techniques
and recent advancements in this field of tribology.
15-151
Strengthening Mechanism of Austenitic Stainless Steel through
Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Heat Treatment
M. Afzal1,a, A. N. Khan2,b, M. Farooq3,c, S. Khan2
1
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
2
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, Pakistan
3
Ibn-e-Sina Institute of Technology, Pakistan
a
afzalmaz@gmail.com, baamer.nusair@gmail.com, cmetals1319@yahoo.com
A special class of austenitic stainless steel (Cr16Ni25Mo6), which is a non-heat
treatable steel, was thermo-mechanically processed with different combination of
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reduction ratios. The mechanical treatment was done around the first critical line. The
mechanically stressed samples were then stress relieved at 250 ºC before the
characterization. The thermo-mechanically treated samples were observed on optical
and electron microscopes. Behavior of mechanical properties such as tensile and
hardness were studied and discussed in details. It was observed that moderate
mechanical properties such as tensile strength greater than 775 MPa with elongation
more than 23% and hardness of 250 Hv can be achieved when mechanical treatment
was carried out at 750 ºC with 12% final reduction. It was also noticed that the stress
relieving at 250 ºC for two hours play an important role.
15-152
Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Al-Li Alloys and Welds
S. J. Wu1, N. Akhtar2
1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
wusj@buaa.edu.cn
2
Lithium containing aluminum alloys (Al-Li) generated a great deal of interest in the
field of light metal alloys used for aerospace applications. The prime reason for this
interest has been the low density coupled with high elastic modulus and comparable
mechanical properties to conventional Al alloys. Third generation aluminum lithium
alloys came into development as second generation alloys performed unsatisfactorily
when there is need of welding for these alloys. In this work, thin sheets of aluminum
lithium alloys 2195 and 2060 in the peak aged condition T8 were studied with the
welds formed using three different welding techniques, Friction Stir Welding (FSW),
Laser Beam Welding (LBW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). The welding
of sheet was done in two different ways according to the rolling direction i.e. LT and
TL direction. Mechanical tests were carried out to determine the fatigue crack
propagation and fracture toughness values corresponding to different locations of the
weld. Metallographic analysis was performed to correlate the welding technique, the
microstructures and the mechanical properties.
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15-153
Materials Issues Relating to Structural Integrity
for the Aerospace Industry
S. J. Wu1, H. J. Jin2
1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
wusj@buaa.edu.cn
2
The aerospace industry has been continuously looking for improved materials which
would offer benefits in terms of performance, weight and cost savings. Currently the
new generation (3rd) Al–Li alloys are attractive for aerospace applications because
they have lower density and higher modulus than conventional aluminum aerospace
alloys. Titanium and its alloys are increasingly used in aerospace owing to their
exceptional properties such as high specific strength, excellent corrosion and
oxidation resistance. Nearly for a decade composites have started to be used more
widely in large commercial jet airliners for the fuselage, wing as well as other
structural components due to their high specific properties, reduced weight, fatigue
performance and corrosion resistance. This study reviews latest developments in
enhanced mechanical properties of aluminium alloys, titanium alloy and composites
for aerospace applications. However, use of new materials and innovative structural
concepts provides additional challenges for structural integrity assessment in
aerospace industry. In particular, the successful introduction of the hybrid material
technology FML (GLARE panels) on the fuselage of the Airbus A380 airplane
constitutes a major step in the quest for damage tolerance in aeronautics. In this study,
discussion focuses on the current assessment approaches for thin-walled structures,
crack-tip constraint, widespread fatigue damage and composite structures.
Thin-walled structures are important elements in aerospace areas. Crack driving force
parameters such as the linear elastic stress intensity factor and its plastic zone
corrected extension for contained yielding conditions, the crack tip opening
displacement CTOD-δ5 and the crack tip opening angle CTOA are introduced and
discussed with respect to their benefits and limitations for the simulation of
thin-walled panels. The most important current approaches for residual strength
prediction of thin-walled structures are also discussed, showing that δ5–R curve
approach is better suitable for residual strength of thin-walled structures, compared
Defect assessments in low
with KR approach and net section yield criterion.
constraint structural components using conventional FAD methodologies may be
overly conservative and pessimistic, due to fracture toughness Kmat derived from
deeply cracked specimen with high constraint near the crack tip. In order to correct the
constraint loss, two alternative procedures set out in Annex N.2.2 and N.2.3 of BS
7910: 2013 may be used. Widespread fatigue damage (WFD) became a topic after
the Aloha Airlines accident in 1988. Typically in riveted structures, small cracks can
form almost simultaneously at some rivet holes due to high local stresses, corrosion or
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fretting fatigue. Reviews on residual strength determination in widespread fatigue
damage components are provided by many studies. A number of methods have been
proposed for describing the link-up of multi-cracks. Multi-cracks growth analysis and
life assessment represents the important and very challenging problems for airframe
structural integrity. During the multi-cracks growth process, crack interaction could
cause variation in the crack growth rate and crack growth direction. Most studies
adopted (da/dN~ΔK) to characterize multi-cracks growth law, thus obtaining
multi-cracks growth life by Paris, Forman and Walker equations. Unreasonable
results may be obtained duo to the cracks interactions and the redistribution of stress.
Therefore, the research and development of WFD assessment procedures and theories
have important scientific significance on establishing and improving the current
damage tolerance analysis methods. Damage assessment for advanced aircraft
composites, in comparison to metallic materials, are not yet mature. One of the major
challenges that the aerospace industry faces with advanced composites &ndash
15-154
Superior Deposition of PbS Quantum - dots by Successive Ionic
Layer Adsorption and Reaction for Solar Cell Application
M. A. Basita, T. J. Parkb
Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan South Korea, South Korea
a
ab_saim@hotmail.com, btjp@hanyang.ac.kr
Successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) is a solution chemistry
technique, extensively used for depositing quantum-dot sensitizers on mesoporous
TiO2 photoanodes. Quantum-dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) own a prominent
status among third generation solar cells due to their low cost and simple fabrication
methodology. Energy band tunability and tendency to deposit two or more than two
sensitizing material concurrently, has opened up the horizon of panchromatic
photoconversion activities. Though people have attempted co-sensitization strategy to
increase the light absorption for photocarrier generation, specially for low band gap
(e.g. PbS) materials, but there has been no focus on improving the loading of
quantum-dot sensitizers in mesoporous TiO2 by optimizing SILAR process
parameters. In this study, we discuss the strategy of Successive Ionic Layer
Adsorption Process (SILAR) temperature elevation (for PbS Quantum-dots) which
effectively improved the quantum dots loading in TiO2 mesoporous network.
Consequently, an increase in the absorption of light occurred, which yielded an
extraordinary high Jsc (Photo-current density) value of 30 mA/cm2 without any
co-sensitization or doping. The improved quantum dot loading against increasing
temperature was affirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis of
QDs-sensitized mesoporous TiO2. Additionally, an analogous but relatively flat TiO2
interface prepared by atomic layer deposition technique was employed for atomic
force microscopy to study deposition trends of QDs in-depth. Incident Photon to
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Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE) was found to increase for PbS deposited at 50
°C (SILAR process temperature). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy revealed
the internal mechanism of the device. The efficiency of device having SILAR
deposition of QDs at 50°C increased to 3.88 % and photocurrent was significantly
increased by 20 % .
15-155
Modern Practices in the Management of Waste from
Iron-and-Steel Industry
U. Yetis1, N. Cakir2, G. Maden2, E. Alp2, F. B. Dilek2
1
Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Department of Environmental Engineering
Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara, Turkey
ulkuyetis@gmail.com
2
As there is a growing concern about the environmental impacts from industrial
activities, it is of increasing importance to ensure that technologies and practices
implemented accomplish the best level of environmental performance. Best Available
Techniques (BAT) is intended to assist in identifying the techniques that are the best
for the environment as a whole, and that are economically and technically available
for industrial activities. The selection of BAT consists in finding the appropriate
balance between the benefits to the environment as a whole against technical and
economical availability. By way of this concept, prevention of waste generation and
emissions and, where that is not feasible, reduction to acceptable levels is targeted. In
this study, environmental performance of an integrated iron and steel plant in Turkey
regarding waste management was evaluated based on principles of BAT, and
applicable BAT alternatives for the studied plant were suggested considering the
associated environmental impacts with the application of life cycle analysis (LCA).
To this end, a comprehensive material flow analysis was conducted, all inputs
(energy, raw material, water) and outputs (products, by-products, emissions) involved
in all sub-processes in the facility were determined and specific emissions and
resource consumptions were calculated. BAT Reference Documents (BREFs), which
contain sector-based information that provide examples of what could be considered
as BAT within industrial activities were used as guiding documents. In general, the
study plant’ performance against BAT associated resource utilization and emission
values was within the span defined in the BREF. Concerning specific water use and
the waste load, the plant’s performance was pretty good. However, the plant was
found to be in need of making additional efforts to reduce its dust emission load. A
total of 74 candidate BAT alternatives were identified and evaluated considering their
adaptability to local conditions with regard to environmental benefits, technical
practicability and economic feasibility. Among them, 36 alternatives were determined
to be applicable for this plant to improve environmental performance and reach BAT
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associated resource utilization and emission values, while 7 were found to be not
applicable. LCA study employed SimaPro software and IMPACT 2002+ impact
assessment method with the purpose of comparing the impacts of processes (coke
making, sintering, iron making, steel making) and final products (billet, slab, hot
rolled wire rod, hot rolled coil). Among the processes, basic oxygen furnace process
exhibited the highest total environmental impact, which was followed by sinter
production. The highest impacts were in the categories of human health and climate
change.
15-156
Sol-Gel Combined Electrospun Nanofibers of Na(Li)CoO2 for useful
Applications
Fatima-tuz-Zahraa, M. Anis-ur-Rehmanb
Applied Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
fatima.zahra@comsats.edu.pk, bmarehman@comsats.edu.pk
Nanofibers are one of the most significant nanostructures which are being used in
different technological and biological fields. In the present study, lithium doped
sodium cobaltite composite nanofibers with nominal composition Na1-xLixCoO2
(x=0.0, 0.5, 1.0) were prepared by sol-gel combined electrospinning technique.
During electrospinning process, molarity, flow rate, needle gauge, voltage and needle
to collector distance were optimized to attain the fine morphology of the samples.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was done to study the structure of the fibers and that was
found to be hexagonal. Fine and continuous morphology of the fibers was observed in
scanning electron micrographs. AC electrical properties of the prepared samples were
studied including dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac electrical conductivity, in a
frequency range 20Hz-3MHz. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreased with
increasing frequency while ac conductivity showed the opposite trend.
15-157
Aspects of the Ceramic Tool Utilization on Inconel 718 Turning
M. V. Ribeiro
UnESP, Brazil
marcos.valerio@pq.cnpq.br
The machining of nickel superalloys and high temperature alloys such as Inconel 718
has always represented a difficult task in the shop floor. But the industrial applications
of these materials have undergone rapid evolution in recent years. In the aerospace
industry, the growing popularity of these materials has been evidenced in the form of
turbine blades, compressor parts, brackets and parts for aviation elements, but for
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superalloys are estimated that the difficulty in machining will be by the combination
of relatively high cutting forces, jointly with high temperatures that develop during
the machining process. These levels of heat can cause deterioration of the cutting
edge, with breaks or deformations. The objective of this work is the study of
machining of nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 by turning, using noncommercial
ceramics tools produced on a laboratory scale in order to optimize the machining of
this alloy and the development of a new class of ceramics tools. The tests were
performed on a CNC lathe and with ceramic tools based on Silicon Nitride, using
typical cutting parameters for finishing operations. After each step of turning the
measures were taken of the length of cutting, the tool wear and roughness of the parts
(evaluated at each stage of the process), with the aid of a portable roughness meter.
Through optical microscopy, we observed the wear of cutting tools for each condition
evaluated. Another relevant fact was the interference of the cutting depth and feed rate
in tool life, showing that the increase of these parameters not only imposes excessive
burden more cutting edge and gives rise to more severe wear on the cutting tool. In
terms of surface finish there is a strong trend of decreasing levels of roughness with
increasing cutting speed, but for higher speeds premature wear of the tool does not
allow an efficient machining.
15-158
Transition Metal Doped Pyrite Thin Films by Aerosol-Assisted
Chemical Vapour Deposition (AACVD)
S. Khalid
Nanoscience and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
sadiabzu@gmail.com
Diethyldithiocarbamato-metal complexes of the general formula [M(S2CN(Et)2)n]
[M= Fe (III), Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and n= 2, 3] have been synthesized and
used as precursors for the deposition of iron pyrite (FeS2) and transition metal doped
iron pyrite (MxFe1-xS2) thin films on glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass
substrates by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD).
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that all the five complexes decompose
into their corresponding metal sulfides. The iron complex [Fe(S2CNEt2)3] (1)
deposited pure cubic pyrite (FeS2) films with granular crystallites at 350 °C, whereas
at 450 °C pyrite and marcasite were deposited. MxFe1-xS2(where M = Co, Ni, Cu, or
Zn) films were deposited by varying the relative concentration of complexes
[Fe(S2CNEt2)3] (1) and [Co(S2CNEt2)3] (2), [Ni(S2CNEt2)2] (3), [Cu(S2CNEt2)2] (4)
and [Zn(S2CNEt2)2] (5) at 350 °C. The formation of a solid solution was confirmed by
powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD). The surface morphology of the films was studied
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) whilst the height profiles of the films was
revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The elemental composition of films was
confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. To the best of our
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knowledge these complexes are the first in their class to be used as single source
precursors to deposit MxFe1-xS2 thin films
15-159
Well Patterned Three-Dimensional (3D) GaN Nano-Structure
Arrays: Excellent Field Emitters
G. Nabi1, W. S. Khan2, C. B. Cao2, Y. Lei3
1
Research Scientist at Institute of Physics
(ZIK MacroNano) Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany
2
Research Centre of Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing 100081, China
3
Institute of Physics, MacroNano® (ZIK),
Technical University Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
ghulam.nabi@tu-ilmenau.de
One-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) semiconductor materials are of
great interest due to their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Among the
semiconductor materials, Gallium Nitride (GaN) has attracted great attention as one
of the most promising materials for field emitter and opto-electronic devices having
excellent physical/chemical properties and stability. We have synthesized different
GaN nano-structures such as flower-like, dandelion-like, grass-like, durian-like and
well patterned 3D nano-rod arrays using different precursors/parameters. Their
photoluminescence and field emission properties are studied systematically.
Vertically aligned and well patterned 3D nano-structure arrays show excellent field
emission performance as compared to other nano-structures. The diameter of an
individual nano-rod in 3D GaN nano-arrays is 80-100 nm whereas its sharp tip angle
is 55o. Calculated number of nano-rod tips in 1mm2 is approximately 1.56×108
indicating high growth density of nano-rods arrays which is crucial for excellent field
emission properties. These highly patterned nano-arrays have exhibited tremendous
field emission properties and high stability at room temperature which is sufficient for
electron emission devices, field emission displays and vacuum nano-electronic
devices. Moreover, well patterned and high-density growth of GaN nano-arrays also
make them promising candidate for nano-device design and integration in future. The
room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) emission with strong peak at 370 nm
(3.35 eV) indicates that the well-patterned GaN nano-arrays can potentially be applied
in light-emitting nano-devices. Growth mechanisms for GaN nano-structures have
also been studied.
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15-160
Polymer/CNTs Composites with Greater Thermal Stability
S. Nawaz
Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
saimanawaz1989@hotmail.com
Polyaniline, Polypyrrole, Epoxy, Polystyrene nanocomposites with CNTs and their
novel mixtures were synthesized successfully. Their composition, morphology,
degree of dispersion and particle size were determined by FTIR, SEM, TEM& XRD.
Thermal stability of novel nanocomposites was determined by TGA/DSC. Novel
nanocomposites showed improved thermal stability and these can be used in
aerospace structure applications which have to bear high temperature.
15-161
Design and Fabrication of Bio-Compatible Magnesium Alloy for use
in Cardiac Stent Application
M. H. Ajaiba, S. A. Siddiqib
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
hammad.ajaib@gmail.com, bsiddiqi94@outlook.com
The project is addressed towards the development of a magnesium alloy having
properties desirable to be used as a cardiac stent keeping in consideration the
economic parameters of our alloy with its performance. The selection of alloy is done
on the basis of bio-compatibility and which blend of elements can provide suitable
corrosion resistance and properties required for a stent. Biocompatible magnesium
alloy have not been developed to their full extent yet having the desired property of
being bio-resorbable in the human body allowing angioplasty to be carried only once.
This removes the dangers of thrombosis and restenosis that may occur in cardiac
patients. The alloy is developed in arc button furnace ensuring strict environmental
constraints are met. A number of different compositions are tested and effect of
varying the composition of each alloying element is studied. This analysis is done by
GAMRY, SEM, EDS, XRD and In-vitro Testing. A comparative study is carried out
to determine which composition gives us the finest properties required for a
bio-compatible cardiac stent.
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15-162
Nickel Free Ti-Cr-Sn Shape Memory Alloys for Biomedical
Applications
A. Wadood1,a, H. Hosoda2,b
1
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
a
wadood91@gmail.com, bhosoda.h.aa@m.titech.ac.jp
Equiatomic Ti-Ni also known as nitinol is famous titanium based shape memory
biomedical alloy. Nitinol is famous for bio-medical applications e.g. orthodontic wire,
bone anchor, guided wire etc. However nitinol contains toxic Nickel element and
there are many reports about the allergy and toxic issues of nitinol. Researchers are
working on nickel free beta type biomedical shape memory alloys. Our research
group worked on nickel free beta type Ti-Cr-Sn alloys for biomedical applications.
Alloys were developed by argon arc melting method, cold rolled, solution treated,
aged and characterized using microscopy, XRD, EDS, shape memory and mechanical
testing. In this presentation, some of our research group results related to Ti-Cr-Sn
alloys in solution-treated and aged conditions for bio-medical applications will be
presented. Among our developed Ti-Cr-Sn alloys, Ti-6Cr-3Sn alloy exhibited better
mechanical and shape memory properties. Low temperature and step ageing were
found effective in improving the shape memory and mechanical properties of
biomedical Ti-Cr-Sn alloy. Research challenges of Ti-Cr-Sn alloys for bio-medical
applications will also be presented.
15-163
Development of Finger Prints by using Different Nano Particles
Anama, W. S. Khanb
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
a
anammunwar22@gmail.com, bwaheedskhan@yahoo.cam
A various number of physical and chemical methods are presented for the
development of latent and patent finger prints. The use of different kinds of powders
to develop latent fingerprints left after criminal movement has been recognized for
many years. However, a variety of substrate surfaces, such as rough surface, any kind
of fabrics, and adhesive surfaces are not well suited to this type of technique. Other
techniques have been developed, including acid and basic dyes, cyanoacrylate fuming
(CA), and the nano metallic particles that have been used for finger prints
development that contain metals in their elemental state. The most commonly used of
these are gold nano particles, due to the stability of gold towards oxidation while nano
particles containing metallic silver are also reasonably stable. Nano structured
particles containing metal oxides can be used for finger prints development. For some
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time, conventional (micron-sized) metal oxide powders have been utilized as
colorants, as fluorescent agents, and as fingerprint powders. This area of research is
attracting significant interest as advancements in nano science are being incorporated
into the field of forensic finger prints development. In routine casework,
nanotechnology is likely to play a major role in the future to deliver more selective
and more sensitive ways to detect and enhance finger marks.
15-164
Coercivity Enhancement of NdFeB Sintered Magnets by Oxide Solid
Diffusion Process
Z. Liua, Q. Zhoub
South China University of Technology, China
a
zwliu@scut.edu.cn, bmrzgz@163.com
NdFeB sintered magnets exhibit excellent magnetic properties, which leads to a wide
range of applications. For those applications in traction motors of hybrid electric
vehicles and wind generators, an enhanced room temperature coercivity is desired. As
a result, Dy is generally employed in NdFeB sintered magnets for substituting Nd in
order to increase their coercivity. However, Dy addition deteriorates the remanence
via the antiferromagnetic coupling between Dy and Fe atoms in the hard magnetic
(Nd,Dy)2Fe14B phase, which may result in a reduction in the energy product. On the
other hand, the high cost of these sintered magnets, driven by the scarcity of Dy
resources, has become a significant issue recently. Therefore, the enhancement of
coercivity of NdFeB sintered magnets must be accomplished while minimizing Dy
usage. In this work, we have improved the coercivity of NdFeB by so-called grain
boundary diffusion treatment. The oxides of Dy2O3 and MgO were used as the solid
diffusion agents. The process-properties relationships and underlying mechanism
have been investigated in detail. A mmercial NdFeB sintered magnet without Dy
addition was used as the starting materials. For the Dy2O3 diffusion process, the
samples were coated with Dy2O3 powders (< 100 μm). The subsequent diffusion was
carried out in vacuum at an elevated temperature ranging between 600 and 900 °C for
60 min. After optimized treatment, the coercivity was enhanced from 965 to 1154
kA/m while the remanence only decreased slightly from 1.34 to 1.33 T. The
significantly enhanced coercivity and nearly unchanged remanence for the diffused
magnet are mainly due to the formation of rich-Dy shells at grain boundaries. For the
MgO diffusion process, the top surfaces of samples were firstly coated with an MgO
layer by physical vapor deposition of magnetron sputtering. The subsequent solid
diffusion process was carried out at 600-900 °C for 120 min. Magnetic measurements
demonstrated that the coercivity was enhanced from 1094 to 1170 kA/m and the
remanence increased slightly from 1.19 to 1.20 T at 300 K. The maximum energy
product was also increased from 240 to 261 kJ/m3. The microstructure
characterizations indicated that the intergranular Nd-O-Fe-Mg phases observed in the
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MgO diffused magnet contribute to the improved performance. The results indicate
that the diffusion of a non-RE compound for NdFeB magnets serves as an effective
method to enhance coercivity and to minimize remanence loss simultaneously.
15-165
Manufacturing of Sintered Copper-Graphite Electrode for EDM to
Achieve High Cutting Rate and Low Wear Rate
R. Naseem
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
rabia.naseem@uettaxila.edu.pk
Electric Discharge Machining uses the high energy of the electric spark to remove
material. The MRR is dependent on the current parameters, as well as on the materials
of both electrode and work piece. Interest of this research is to find out the machining
characteristics of electrodes manufactured by sintering of a mix of graphite and
copper powders in different ratios. The studied process characteristics include
material removal rate and electrode wear rate in machining Al-6061-T6 specimens.
The considered input parameter for electric discharge machining of Al specimens is
current and electrode material. Performances of electrodes for different current
settings are compared which showed that electrode wear rate increases with the
increase in both current setting and graphite percentage in copper-graphite electrodes.
As far as material removal rate is concerned, up to 2 percent graphite addition to
copper-graphite electrodes, increases material removal rate value. Further increase of
graphite percentage decreases the material removal rate. Electrode edge (end) radius
is also observed to characterise the electrode integrity during machining. It is seen that
increase in current and graphite percentage increases the end radius.
15-166
The Development of the Welding Procedures and Hardening of
Butt-Welding Structures of Aluminium-6082 Series
M.Cakmakkaya
Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
cakmakkaya@aku.edu.tr
The hardening constituent in 6082 series alloys is magnesium silicide Mg2Si. These
alloys contain small amounts of silicon and magnesium, typically less than 1% each,
and may be further alloyed with equally small amounts of manganese, copper, zinc
and chromium. The alloys are sensitive to metal cracking, particularly when the metal
is rich in parent metal such as in the root pass of the weld. The development of the
aluminum welding industry has seen greater demands put upon the design of faster
and larger aerospace and automotive industries. In this study, the mechanical
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properties of the material affected from the microstructure obtained from Al 6082
consising of in different T6 and T73 heat treatment and optimization of TIG welding
procedures wereinvestigated. The information produced in this study will allow
automotive industries to take full advantage of the developments in automotive grade
aluminum alloys. I will also provide constraints that can be used in the design of
aerospace and automotive industry mostly.
15-167
Developments of Meshless Methods for Thermomechanical
Processing of Aluminium Alloys
B. Sarler
Laboratory for Multiphase Processes, University of Nova, Slovenia
bozidar.sarler@ung.si
Structure of a new meshless solution procedure for calculation of multiphysics (solid
and fluid mechanics together with electromagnetics) and multiscale problems (macro
and microstrcture) is presented. Solution of one-domain coupled macroscopic heat,
mass, momentum and species transfer problems as well as phase field concepted
models and cellular automata models of microstructure evolution is represented. The
solution procedure is defined on a set of nodes which can be non-uniformly
distributed. The domain and boundary of interest are divided into overlapping
influence areas. On each of them, the fields are represented by the multiquadrics
radial basis functions collocation or least squares approximation on a related sub-set
of nodes. The transition rules are defined for a set of nodes on the influence area in
case of cellular automata modelling. The time-stepping is performed in an explicit
way. All governing equations are solved in their strong form, i.e. no integrations are
performed. The polygonisation is not present. The possible growth of the domain (like
in the problems of die casting or continuous casting) is described by activation of
additional nodes and by the movement of the boundary nodes through the
computational domain, respectively. The solution can be easily and efficiently
adapted in node redistribution and/or refinement sense, which is of utmost importance
when coping with fields exhibiting sharp gradients (phase field variable or enthalpy,
for example). The method turns out to be extremely simple to code, accurate,
inclusion of the complicated physics can easily be looked over. The coding in 2D or
3D is almost identical.Step by step theoretical developments and benchmarking of the
method is represented, followed by modelling of the industrially relevant
thermomechanical processing of aluminium alloys, especiallydirect chill casting and
thin-strip casting.
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15-168
Porosity and Thermal Characterization of Shale from Lower Goru
Reserves of Pakistan
S. F. Alam
Chemical Engineering Department, National University of Sciences &Technology,
H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
fakhar_dmc@yahoo.com
Shale is a finely grained sedimentary rock composed of mud, clay and other minerals
with often high organic content which make them a potential hydrocarbon source for
the future. Development of the hydraulic fracturing technology have made the
resource more accessible for exploitation. Pakistan have massive shale oil and gas
reserves. The increasing hydrocarbon and energy demand for the future can be
fulfilled by this non-conventional reserve. This study evaluates the shale samples
from the Goru reserves, Sulaiman Range. Samples from a depth of 3500 – 3600 m
were analyzed for their porosity and thermal characteristics. The pore characteristics
using advance techniques including polarization microscopy, SEM and low pressure
adsorption BET shows the different shape, connectivity, size and volume. Nano
porosity was present in the Kerogen and the microcrystals of clays and silica. The
weak embedding in mineral is highlighted by the micro pores and voids in the
samples. Fired samples used, show the loss of Kerogen and increased porosity in
shale. The thermal maturity of the shale was studied using the Rock-Eval analysis.
The study shows that dominating Kerogen type III is present in the shale beds. The
thermal behavior on exposure of high temperature to the samples was also studied for
the Total Organic Carbon (ToC) in the mineral which ranged between 1-3%. TG/DTA
show a varied gas flow from the shale at different temperature.
15-169
Temperature Dependent Dielectric Properties of Cr doped
Strontium Hexaferrites
Z. Khana, S. Kanwalb, Fatima-tuz-Zahrac, M. Anis-ur-Rehmand
Applied Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
zeenat.excel@gmail.com, bkanwal.seemab@yahoo.com, cfatima.zahra@comsats.edu.pk,
d
marehman@comsats.edu.pk
Hexaferrites are technologically important materials due to their unique structure.
These materials are used in a number of applications in the field of electronics. Cr
doped Strontium hexaferrites with nominal composition SrCrx­­Fe12-xO19 (x=0.0, 0.1)
were prepared by co-precipitation method. Cr was doped to observe its effect on
structural and electrical properties of the host material. Structural analysis of the
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ISAM-2015
samples was done using x-ray diffraction (XRD). Hexagonal structure was revealed
for the prepared samples using XRD data. Lattice constant was observed to be
decreased with Cr doping. AC electrical properties at 1MHz frequency within a
temperature range 30-700 °C were studied. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent
and ac electrical conductivity was observed to be increasing with increasing
temperature. Magnitude of dielectric constant and ac electrical conductivity was
increased with Cr doping and this increase was prominent at higher temperature
region. However, dielectric loss for x=0.1 composition was lower as compared to that
of x=0.0. Dielectric loss factor was also analyzed and it also showed the increasing
trend with increasing temperature.
15-170
Optical Design of a Rotating Eyepiece Telescope
M. Siddiquea, F. Nasimb, A. N. Khanc, A. Gula
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
a
drsiddikbit@gmail.com, bzephyr64@gmail.com, cankbj@yahoo.com
Flexible eyepiece telescope has been designed and verified. The rotating eyepiece of
periscope will facilitate viewing of objects in a remote or out of sight target. Eyepiece
arm of periscope can be rotated through 360o keeping objective and reticule
unchanged and ensuring zero deviation in reticule inclination. Main application of this
scope is off-axis viewing of objects. Image inversion has been carried out by using
pair of mirrors and length of scope is controlled by using relay lenses. The optical
design simulation and image analysis has been carried out by using ZEMAX. The
magnification of telescope is between 10~12 times with FOV of 6o. Experiment has
been carried out using uncoated Edmund Optics and optical tool box of Micro series
kit, NEWPORT.
117
ISAM-2015
15-171
Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties of Undoped
and Transition Metal Doped Zn2SiO4 Nana Powder
B. Hanifa1, S. K. Durrani2, M. I. Khan3, M. Nadeem4
1
Kohat Univesity of Science and Technology, Pakistan
2
Materials Division, Directorate of Technology
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology
Kohat-26000, Pakistan
4
Physics Division, Directorate of Science, ATCOP, Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
hanifaktk@yahoo.com
The wet sol gel method has been employed to prepare the undoped and transition
metal doped (Co, Ni, and Mn) zinc silicate nanomaterials. The phase formation was
studied by using XRD and FTIR, while the elemental composition was confirmed by
ICP-OES. The FE-SEM demonstrated the homogeneous distribution of 0.4-0.6μm
sized particles in the synthesized powders. The electrical properties, i.e., the dielectric
real (ε/), imaginary (ε//) parts loss tangent (tanδ) and ac conductivity (σac) were
investigated as the function of frequency at room temperature by impedance
spectroscopy. The decrease in dielectric constant with increase in frequency was
explained by the Maxwell-Wagner and Koop phenomenongical theory while the
tangent loss and ac conductivity also followed the similar trends as cited in the
literature.
15-172
Thermal Decomposition and Kinetic Evaluation of Decanted 2,4,6
Trinitrotoluene for Reutilization as Composite Material
M. F. Ahmed
School of Chemical and Material Engineering, NUST, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
farooqahmed@scme.nust.edu.pk
Use of energetic materials has long been considered for only military purposes.
However, it is very recent that their practical applications in wide range of
commercial fields such as mining, road building, under water blasting and rocket
propulsion system have been considered. Small quantities of 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene
both in serviceable as well as unserviceable form have been used for their thermal
decomposition and kinetic parameters investigation. Thermo gravimetric/ Differential
Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize different types of 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene.
The Arrhenius kinetic parameters like activation energy and enthalpy of formation of
both serviceable and unserviceable samples of 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene, were determined
118
ISAM-2015
from TG/DTA curves with the help of Horowitz and Metzger Method.
Simultaneously, thermal decomposition range was evaluated from TG/DTA curves as
well. Distinct diffraction peaks showing crystalline nature were obtained from XRD
analysis. SEM results indicate that unserviceable sample contained a variety of
defects like cracks and porosity. On the other hand, it was observed that thermal as
well as kinetic behavior of both the samples vary to a great extent keeping in view
different aspects such as shelf life, environmental conditions, manufacturing, filling
and formulation processes. Additionally, the decomposition temperature of
unserviceable 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene sample increased substantially. Similarly, a
prominent change in activation energies of both the samples under investigation has
been observed. This in-depth study provided a way forward in finding solutions for
the safe utilization of decanted 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene into viable commercial
applications.
15-173
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs): Opportunities and Challenges
H. Anwar
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Pakistan
hafeez.anwar@gmail.com
Exploring new technologies that can meet the world’s energy demands in an efficient
and clean manner is critically important due to the depletion of natural resources and
environmental concerns. Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are low-cost and clean
technology options that use solar energy efficiently and are being intensively studied.
DSSC is an attractive alternative to silicon based solar cell due to their ease of
production, low-cost, semi transparency and relatively high efficiency (12.1%). Due
to their semitransparent nature, these can be installed as glass windows in the
buildings to have friendly environment and generating electricity at the same time.
Structure of DSSC, its basic working principle, materials selection for DSSC,
parameters of performance and future challenges will be discussed in detail.
119
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15-174
Development of a Novel Inverted Polymer Solar Cell Based on
Sulfated Graphene Oxide Hole-Extraction Layer
A. Ali1,a, M. Jamil2,b, W. Mushtaq2,c, I. Husnain2,d,
S. Ahmed3,e, Z. S. Khan2,f
1
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Center for Energy Systems, NUST, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
International Islamic University, Pakistan
a
13ESEaali@casen.nust.edu.pk, b13mahmood@ces.nust.edu.pk,
c
13ESEwmushtaq@casen.nust.edu.pk, d13ESEihusnain@casen.nust.edu.pk,
e
ahmed.shuja@iiu.edu.pk, fzskhan@ces.nust.edu.pk
Efficient and well-engineered interface layers are important for high performance and
stable polymer solar cells (PSCs). Unattended interfaces may limit or even severely
reduce PSCs performance. By proper design and selection of the charge-extraction
layers, PSCs of even higher efficiencies can be realized. PSCs with inverted
configuration have shown to be more stable compared to conventional normal
geometry PSCs. The quest for an efficient, stable and easily processable
hole-extraction layer (HEL) for inverted PSCs is on the ascendant these days. In this
work, we show that sulfated graphene oxide (GO-OSO3H) is an excellent HEL
material for poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid
methyl ester (PC61BM) based inverted bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells
(PSCs). We developed a P3HT:PC61BM based inverted BHJ-PSC with a novel device
assembly of FTO/ZnO/P3HT:PC61BM/GO-OSO3H/Au. The zinc oxide (ZnO)
electron-extraction layer (EEL) of 26 nm thickness was deposited over the fluorine
doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass from its solution through spin coating, followed
by a 200 nm P3HT:PC61BM layer deposition through spin coating. For the HEL,
sulfated graphene oxide (GO-OSO3H) was developed by reacting graphene oxide
(GO) with fuming sulfuric acid. GO-OSO3H from its dispersion, was then spin coated
over the P3HT:PC61BM to form a HEL of 18 nm thickness. The gold (Au) anode was
deposited through physical vapor deposition (PVD). The structure, morphology,
thickness, electrical conductivity and work function of the HEL were studied through
X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force
microscopy (AFM), four point probing and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively.
Furthermore, chemistry of the HEL was studied using fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analyzer (EA). Under AM 1.5G simulated
irradiation, the device was as efficient as 3.61%; a value higher than that of the
averagely reported, for a traditional P3HT:PC61BM based device (3.57%). This
improvement may be attributed to higher conductivity of GO-OSO3H, improved
charge extraction and injection at the interfaces, especially at the
P3HT:PC61BM/GO-OSO3H interface due to low contact resistance and favorable
energy level alignment between the P3HT:PC61BM and GO-OSO3H layers.
120
ISAM-2015
15-175
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous
Hydrocracking Catalysts
D. Munira, Abdullahb, M. R. Usmanc
Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology,
University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
a
dureem83@gmail.com, bengrabdullah8@gmail.com, cmrusman.icet@pu.edu.pk
Mesoporous catalysts have shown great prospective for catalytic reactions due to their
high surface area that aids better distribution of the impregnated metal. They have
been found to have more adsorption sites and controlled pore diameter.
Hydrocracking, in the presence of mesoporous catalyst is considered to be more
efficient and higher conversion of larger molecules is observed as compared to the
reactions with smaller microporous cavities of traditional zeolites. In the present
study, a number of silica-alumina based mesoporous catalysts are synthesized in the
laboratory. The concentration and type of surfactants and quantities of silica and
alumina sources are the variables studied in the preparation of the catalyst supports.
The supports are well characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, N2-BET, and Py-FTIR
techniques. Each catalyst support is loaded with 0.5 wt% Pt using wet impregnation
method. Hexachloroplatinic acid is used for the impregnation. Finally, the catalysts
are tested in an autoclave reactor to study the activity and selectivity of the catalysts
for the hydrocracking of a model mixture of LDPE, HPDE, PP, and PS.
15-176
Preparation and Characterization of High Strength
PMMA-Ceramic Composite Materials
M. S. Khana, K. Gulb
National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
a
saleemkhan@upesh.edu.pk, bshaistagul2003@yahoo.com
Composite materials are superior to all other known structural materials in specific
strength and stiffness, thermally, fatigue strength and other properties. The present
study was carried out to prepare such types of polymer composites which possess the
better properties than the pure polymer. In this paper, PMMA– ceramic composites
were prepared via solvent casting method. The resulted composites have been
investigated by FT-IR, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Universal Testing
Machine (UTM). The composites show higher thermal stability according to the DSC
results, which indicate the strong interfacial interactions between polymer moiety and
ceramic particles. The inorganic particles are well dispersed in PMMA matrices as
seen from SEM image. FTIR analysis shows that the fillers are chemically interacting
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with PMMA skeleton. DSC and TG/DTA results of these composites shows improved
thermal properties in comparison to the neat PMMA .The results of UTM shows that
the tensile strength of tested composites are higher than plain PMMA.
15-177
Graphene Dispersions in Various Solvents
M. S. Khana, A. Shakoorb
National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
a
saleemkhan@upesh.edu.pk, basktk2012@gmail.com
Graphene is the material which has emerged as a subject of enormous scientific
attention due to its wide and exceptional applications in different areas like gas
sensors, composite materials, nano electronic devices. The production of dispersions
of graphene in large quantities by cheap, workable and easy method has become a top
priority. The dispersion preparation is reported by various methods by different
scientists. In these, solution phase dispersion in both aqueous and non aqueous
solvents has become the most favored method. In the present work Graphene oxide
prepared by improved Hummers method. It was first characterized by FTIR, TGA,
SEM and XRD techniques to confirm its successful preparation. In order to have
systematic study and to resolve controversy over best possible solvent and stable
dispersion, the present study was undertaken. We have dispersed our as prepared
graphite oxide material in water and nine other organic solvents namely
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) , Dimethyl Formamide (DMF), Ethylene Glycol (EG) ,
Dimethyl Sulphonate (DMSO) , Pyridine (Py) , Acetone (Ac), Methanol (Me),
Ethanol (Et) and 2-Propanol (Prop ).The dispersions were studied immediately, after
sonication for 3 weeks and with addition of surfactant (Sodium Cholate). It was found
that the degree of dispersion was variable. After just preparation the dispersion was
seen in almost all solvents. These dispersions were short lived and precipitation
occurred in some of the solvents like DMSO, Acetone, Methanol, Ethanol and
2-propanol even after sonication time of more than 400 hrs. The effect of addition of
surfactants Sodium Cholate was also investigated. With surfactant stable dispersion
was achieved even after several weeks in solvents like water, THF, EG, DMSO, PY
and DMF. These kind of stable dispersions were not reported in some of these
solvents like PY (pyridine) and DMSO. Our study reveal Water, THF,DMF, Ethylene
Glycol and pyridine solvents to produce stable dispersions for long term while in the
case of Surfactant added dispersions Water, DMF, Ethylene Glycol , DMSO and
pyridine are good for production of stable dispersion. These results are discussed in
terms of solvent graphene interactions. This study is useful for future preparation of
Graphene composite, thin films etc.
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15-178
Synthesis and Characterization Studies on Thin Film of
PVC-PMMA –Salt System
M. S. Khana, R. Gulb
National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
a
saleemkhan@upesh.edu.pk, brahmat388@yahoo.com
Thin films of PVC/PMMA blend polymer complexed with different concentrations of
LiClO4 salt containing ethylene carbonate as plasticizer were fabricated by solution
cast procedure. The ionic conductivity, thermal stability and X-ray diffraction studies
have been undertaken and discussed. A.C. impedance measurements were done in the
temperature range of 20-70 °C. X-ray diffraction technique was used to investigate
structure and complex formation of the solid polymer electrolytes. The highest ionic
conductivity at room temperature is found to be 2.23 x 10-5 S cm-1 for the sample
containing 15 wt% of LiClO4 salt.TGA/DTA reveal the effect of salt on the thermal
stability of the polymer electrolytes.
15-179
Bacterial Pigmentation: Defining the Role of
Bioactive Compounds in Industry
R. Arshad
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
arshadrubina@hotmail.com
Bacterial secondary metabolites are a potential natural source of bioactive compounds
and play an important role in producing industrially and economically useful
products. These secondary metabolites range from enzymes to antibiotics, amino
acids, peptides, pigments and vitamins. Chromobacteria produce industrially
important biopigments such as prodigiosin (pyrrole), violacein phenazine,
phycoerythrin, xanthomonadin, carotenes, xanthophylls, melanin and quinone
derivatives. Bacterial pigmentation is associated with morphological characteristics,
cellular activities, pathogenesis, protection and survival. These bioactive compounds
have great potential as biomaterial for industrial application as an alternative to
synthetic compounds and have been exploited for bioremediation, paint formulation,
textile dyeing, color additives, food colorants, therapeutic and biocontrol agents.
Prodigiosin, a natural red pigment, produced by Serratia marcescens, as a secondary
metabolite alkaloid with a unique tripyrrole chemical structure and phenazine, a
natural yellow pigment, produced by Pseudomonas aurantiaca are promising
antimicrobial compounds. Prodigiosin is a highly versatile natural product and
123
ISAM-2015
possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, immunosuppressive and
anti-inflammatory properties. Fermentation techniques coupled with bacterial strain
improvement have been used to maximize the production of these bioactive
compounds to industrial level. This paper discusses the emerging strategies for
enhanced production of biomaterials with a focus on applications of bacterial
pigments prodigiosin and phenazine in agriculture and pharmaceutical industry.
15-180
Development of Photo-Anode Based on Graphene-Nb2O5
Nanocomposite for Advanced Generation Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
M. Jamila, A. Alib, N. Iqbalc, Z. S. Khand
a
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
mahmood.jamil09@gmail.com, b13asghar@ces.nust.edu.pk, cnaseem@casen.nust.edu.pk,
d
zskhan@ces.nust.edu.pk
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) have acquired the benefits of both organic as well
as inorganic compounds with a conversion efficiency of 13%. Ceramic DSSC
photo-anodes are attracting attention due to their higher conduction band edge, greater
open circuit voltage (Voc), lower internal resistance and most importantly, a lesser
charge recombination rate. To improve the charge collection efficiency, an adopted
methodology is to introduce a strong electrically conductive carbon material.
Graphene, a 2D carbon allotrope, is a high strength and light weight material,
possessing higher electronic conductivity and large specific surface area. In the
current study, we have prepared a photo-anode based on Graphene-Niobium
Pentaoxide (Nb2O5) nanocomposite by hydrothermal method. Nb2O5 nanoparticles
were fabricated through wet chemistry route and modified Hummer’s method was
utilized to synthesize graphene.A thin film of nanocomposite coating was applied on
the FTO coated glass substrate through Doctor Blade technique. The coating process
was optimized to successfully obtain crack free and uniform films as affirmed by
Optical Microscopy. XRD results showed the formation of impurity free crystalline
orthorhombic phase Nb2O5 nanoparticles with average crystallite size of 27 nm.
Spherical morphology and size of nanoparticles was confirmed through SEM results.
Furthermore, IV measurements of the fabricated DSSC using the Graphene-Nb2O5
nanocompositebased photo-anode are also reported.
124
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15-181
Low-Temperature Solution-Phase Development and Electrical
Characterization of a 3G HSC Based on Organic Conjugated
Polymer P3HT and Inorganic Transition-Metal Oxides as
Photoelectric Materials
W. Mushtaqa, I. Husnainb, A. Alic, Z. S. Khand
a
Center for Energy Systems, NUST, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
wardamushtaq@yahoo.com, b13ijaz@ces.nust.edu.pk, c13asghar@ces.nust.edu.pk,
d
zskhan@ces.nust.edu.pk
Hybrid solar cells (HSCs) are a type of 3G solar technology which utilize both
inorganic and organic semiconductor combination to yield the benefits associated
with each material type. Organic semiconductors offer cost reductions, flexibility,
non-toxicity and light weight whereas inorganic semiconductors achieve high power
conversion efficiency (PCE). Recent research progresses in HSCs have been able to
attain a PCE of greater than 10%, however, with poor device stability. In a
conventional HSC, the degradation mechanisms occurring in organic components and
oxidation of electrode material leads to short lifetime of device. In this work,
inorganic transition-metaloxides are explored as photoelectric materials for synthesis
of both charge extraction layers as well as the photoactive layer of the HSC to produce
economical and stable device. Easily-scalable, low-temperature and solution-phase
synthesis techniques are utilized to fabricate each layer. Also, a high work function
and less air sensitive metal is deposited as the back electrode to achieve an inverted
configuration HSC. Colloidal suspension of zinc oxide nanoparticles has been
prepared via precipitation route. The hexagonal wurtzite phase formation and particle
size of 16.4nm has been confirmed by X-ray Diffraction analysis. A transparent
np-ZnO thin film is subsequently spincoated onto a conductive glass substrate as the
electron extraction layer. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the
deposited film indicates spherical morphology and minimal aggregation of
nanoparticles resulting in a relatively uniform film with very few pores. Molybdenum
trioxide has been explored as the hole extraction layer to improve device stability to
replace the conventionally used acidic and hygroscopic PEDOT:PSS polymer.
Instead of utilizing vacuum deposition methods, molybdenum trioxide film is
fabricated via sol-gel synthesis route followed by spincoating technique. In addition,
for the synthesis of the photoactive layer, the conventionally used costly and unstable
electron-conducting fullerene based polymer namely PCBM is replaced by inorganic
metal-oxide nanoparticles, which are blended with organic conjugated polymer
P3HT, to form a bulk heterojunction photoelectric composite. Chemical structure,
surface morphology and absorption spectrum determined respectively by FTIR, SEM
and UV-Vis measurements characterize the performance of the fabricated
nanocomposite photoactive layer. Finally, the following fabricated inverted hybrid
solar cell assembly: FTO/ZnO/BHJ composite-photoactive-layer/MoO3/metal125
ISAM-2015
electrode is tested for various electrical performance parameters such as J-V and PCE
measurements.
15-182
Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Carbonate Nano
Particles using Tween 80 as Surfactant
M. Nawaza, S. Waqasb, M. U. Tahirc, N. Akramd, M. Jamile
The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
muhammad.nawaz244@yahoo.com, bsharjeelengineer@gmail.com,
c
usmanengr1@gmail.com, dnaeemakram63@gmail.com, eprofessor_jamil@yahoo.com
a
Calcium carbonate is an important inorganic material which has been extensively
used as fillers in plastics, rubbers, paper making and coating. Calcium carbonate nano
particles were synthesized from the reaction of calcium nitrate and sodium carbonate
using tween 80 as surfactant. The effect of different concentrations of surfactant on
the synthesis of nano particles was investigated. Synthesized calcium carbonate nano
particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV
spectroscopy. The size of the nano particles was determined by XRD data for different
concentrations of surfactants. The result shows that the size of nano particles was
influenced by the concentration of the surfactants. SEM results show the morphology
of the synthesized nano particles for different concentration of surfactants.
Absorption bands were obtained using UV spectrophotometer. FTIR analysis
confirmed that obtained nano particles have the characteristic peak of carbonate
group.
15-183
Castorbean an Excellent Source of Biomaterial: Its Importance for
Marginal Lands and Bioenergy
Mahmood-ul-Hassana, M. B. Chaudhryb, G. Sarwarc, H. M. Ahmadd
a
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
mhj407jb@yahoo.com, bjanba1973@hotmail.com, cdrmj233@gmail.com,
d
hmapbg@gmail.com
Depletion of natural reserves and documented environmental damages at our planet
are the threats which can be managed by producing biofuel at the expense of carbon
dioxide. Biofuel can be produced from different feedstock including seeds of some
terrestrial plants, algae and oily wastes. Castorbean (Ricinus communis L.) is an
important industrial oil seed crop with high oil in its seeds (around 50 %) having
multiple uses in several industries. In recent years, its conversion as bio-fuel has
magnified its significance. Castorbean improvement program was initiated at NIAB
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ISAM-2015
for development of early maturing, high yielding and short duration varieties. NIAB
has developed some promising lines of castorbean through induced mutation
technique by using gamma rays and one of those mutants NIAB Castor-2015 has short
maturity period of 125-150 days (as compared to 200 days maturity period of
commercial cultivar, DS-30), 60-70 % higher yield and 8-10 % higher oil contents in
its seed as compared to DS-30. Due to short maturity period, NIAB Castor-2015 can
be best fitted in different cropping systems of Pakistan. NIAB Castor-2015 requires
less water and has potential to grow in drought areas and on marginal lands having
great potential for its utilization as bioenergy crop for production of biodiesel after
purification and transesterification processes and manufacturing of high efficiency
lubricants from its oil (its boiling point is
˃300 ° C). Castorbe
areas of marginal/waste lands in the country will help in boosting up of our economy
and contribute in reduction of huge burden of over 15 billion US $ annually on import
of petroleum products.
15-184
Effect of Delay Time between Welding and Stress Relieve Annealing
on Mechanical Properties and Distortion of 30CrMnSiA Steel
A. Khalida, O. Farooqb
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
aemunkhalid@yahoo.com, bfarooqosama2@gmail.com
Welding is an important joining process for fabrication of materials in aerospace
applications. The time interval from completion of the welding joint to the subsequent
non-destructive testing and stress relief annealing is called delay time. The delay time
is one of the important factors which contribute to the amount of residual stresses
stored in the welded joints. These residual stresses in return damage the mechanical
properties of welded joints. The focus of this research work is to measure residual
stress quantitatively as a function of time and establish a linkage between residual
stresses and mechanical properties of 30CrMnSiA steel. Two 170 × 120 × 3.6 mm
were butt welded in flat position by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). A delay
time of 6, 18, 24 and 36 hours was given to different samples before analyzing
residual stresses by XRD. The residual stresses with different delay time were
compared with blank sample (no welding). The samples processed for different delay
times were tested by tensile, impact and hardness testing to study how residual stress
linkup with mechanical properties of 30CrMnSiA steel.
127
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15-185
Optimization of Surface Finish of EDM of D2 Steel using TOPSIS
M. H. S. A. Imran
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
muhammadhassansarfraz47@yahoo.com
In this work, a surface roughness (SR) study of die-sinking electro-discharge
machining (EDM) of D2 Steel has been carried out. The selection of afore-mentioned
high carbon, high chromium tool steel was made taking in to account its wide range of
application in the industrial field: High duty cutting tools (dies and punches), deep
drawing tools for sheet and strip, shear blades, thread rolling dies, small molds for
plastic industries and pressing tools for ceramic industries. The study was made on the
basis of four factors which included Current (I), pulse on time (ton), pulse off time
(toff), and dielectric (kerosene oil and distilled water) over the previously mentioned
response i.e. surface finish. This has been done by means of the Taguchi orthogonal
array OA which gives the desired results with the least possible number of
experiments and yet yields reproducible results with adequate precision. L18 OA
mixed design was used which allows one factor with two levels and remaining all
with three levels. The surface roughness was measured after experimentation using
Surface Texture Machine, and finally all levels of factors and results were evaluated
using TOPSIS. It gave the best possible set of inputs as well as the worst set of inputs
as per the desired response.
128
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15-186
Effect of Zn Concentration and Na Impurities on Properties of
Earth-Abundant and Non-Toxic Cu2ZnSnS4 Absorber Material for
2nd Generation Thin Film Solar Cell
I. Husnain1,a, W. Mushtaq1,b, A. Ali1,c, I. H. Gul2,d, Z. S. Khan1,e
1
Center for Energy Systems, NUST, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
School of Chemical and Material Engineering, NUST, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
13ijaz@ces.nust.edu.pk, b13warda@ces.nust.edu.pk, c13asghar@ces.nust.edu.pk,
d
iftikhar_qau@yahoo.com, ezskhan@ces.nust.edu.pk
2
Quaternary semiconducting compound based on kesterite structure Cu2ZnSnS4
(CZTS) has found a renewed interest as a prospective candidate to replace the
conventional light absorber layers such as CIGS and CdTe. Large scale production
from CdTe and CIGS is limited due to unavailability of the elements (In, Te) and
environmental concerns associated with toxic Cd. CZTS being a direct band gap
material with a range of 1.2-1.5eV and a good absorption coefficient greater than
104cm-1 .It is one of the most potential candidate as p-type absorber material in
hetro-junction photovoltaic solar cell technology. CZTS material comprises of
earth-abundant, non-toxic and low-cost elements. Conventional synthesis techniques
are energy intensive or using toxic chemicals. In this particular work we used wet
chemistry route to synthesize CZTS. The CZTS thin film was deposited on soda lime
by direct solution coating using metal salt and Thiourea precursor. Structure,
morphology and compositional properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDX) at different concentration of Zinc. The XRD result of Thin Film
confirmed the increase in crystallite size by increasing the Zn concentration ratio from
1 to 1.28. SEM result identified the morphology and particle size in each
configuration of compound. Optical and electrical properties of CZTS Thin Films
were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and Hall Effect measurements using optimum
ratio of zinc as well including sodium (Na) impurity. Hall Effect measurements
revealed that by increasing sodium impurity electrical properties of CZTS films
improved by increasing hole concentration. Further changes in band gap of CZTS and
absorption coefficient will be reported.
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15-187
ESD Coating of Metal Surfaces with Ceramic Matrix Composites
S. Talasa, B. Gokceb
Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Technology
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey
a
stalas@aku.edu.tr, bbgokce@aku.edu.tr
In automotive industry, it is often needed to spot weld sheet steels to join smaller
sections of a car. This welding is specifically carried out in short time and in elevated
number with a certain pressure applied on its copper electrodes. In addition, copper
electrodes are expected to endure against mechanical pressure and temperature that is
released during the passage of the current. The deformation and oxidation behaviour
of copper electrodes during service appear with increasing temperature of medium
and they also need to be cleaned and cooled or replaced for the continuation of joining
process. The coating of copper electrodes with ceramic matrix composites can
provide excellent high temperature strength and ensures both economic and efficient
use of resources. This study shows that the ESD coating of copper electrodes with a
continuous film of ceramic phase ensures an improved resistance to thermal effects
during the service and the change in content of film may be critical for cyclic alloying.
15-188
Joining of Advanced Materials: Aluminides
S. Talas
Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Technology,
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey
stalas@aku.edu.tr
Researchers in today's constantly evolving technology are working towards finding
new economic materials and develop them for keeping the quality at maximum level
in addition to meeting the new requirements. Many of the material studies are often
about the enhancing high temperature operating performance, service life extension,
low density and high strength at lower and higher temperatures. Aluminides are a
member of advanced materials with a potential of their superior corrosion properties
that are comparable to many conventional materials. The properties such as the
resistance to Sulfidation and Chlorine containing environment are attractive for high
temperature and highly corrosive medium of processing. Iron and nickel aluminides
are for example preferred for their lightweight, high temperature operating
performance and relatively low cost. In addition, aircraft, automotive and space
industries are candidates for iron aluminide intermetallic composite materials as an
alternative to high cost alloys and replacement for some structural alloys.
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15-189
Comparative Study of the Effect of Precipitate Coarsening on the
Stress Corrosion Cracking with General Corrosion Behavior of
Space Grade Aluminum Alloys
I. Ahmeda, Z. S. Toorb, S. Ullahc
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
ishaq.saqi.ahmed@gmail.com, bzaighamtoor93@gmail.com,
c
sajidullahkhan007@gmail.com
Comparative study of stress corrosion cracking with general corrosion behavior of
space grade Al alloys in terms of precipitate coarsening is discussed. The change in
corrosion resistance is emphasized. The Four Point Bend Immersion (FPBI) setup was
designed for stress application in corrosive environment on the sample and to observe
the sample visually and electrochemically. Saturated NaCl solution was used as the
corrodent. The Potentiodynamic module, used to measure the corrosion rate,
calculated in mpy (mils per year), along with their respective graphs were compared
for both stressed and non-stressed specimens, using GAMRY instruments. The FPBI
apparatus was immersed in a standard corrosive solution while static tensile stress of
known value was applied through setup assembly, which was further connected with
GAMRY instruments for electrode kinetic measurements (EKM). During testing,
corrosive environment and amount of tensile stress were kept constant for all the
samples and the results of these samples were compared with their counter parts i.e.
samples without the application of stress. Heat treatment of the samples was also done
to study the effect of precipitate coarsening on the corrosion behaviour. In the end
conclusive results were drawn about the relationship of stress, precipitate coarsening
and corrosive environment with the stress corrosion cracking and the relative decrease
in the corrosion resistance due to the applied stress. The results were also
supplemented by the SEM analysis of the specimen before and after the heat
treatment, which justified the increase in corrosion resistance of both stressed and
non-stressed specimen, due to precipitate coarsening. The setup is not limited to
Aluminum alloys, rather it can be used for SCC testing of all metals and alloys with
their respective environments for comparative analysis of corrosion behaviour. The
apparatus is portable and can also be used for both field and laboratory testing.
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15-190
Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Piroxicam using
Diflunisal Derived Gold Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon
Electrode
T. Shaikh
National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh
Jamshoro, Pakistan
tayyabashaikh30@yahoo.com
The one step green synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNps) has been carried
out employing analgesic drug diflunisal as reducing and capping agent. The diflunisal
derived gold nanoparticles (Dif-AuNps) were employed for the sensitive
voltammetric determination of piroxicam (Px). Characterization of Dif-AuNps was
carried out using UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy in which the distinctive surface
Plasmon absorption band for AuNps was observed at 520 nm under optimal
circumstances. Infrared (IR) spectrum of Dif-AuNps studies exhibit the efficient
interaction of the reducing agent with the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
pattern indicates the crystalline nature of the synthesized gold nanoparticles. The
Dif-AuNps were incorporated to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for Px using
glassy carbon electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry was chosen as the main mode
of study. Several voltammetric operational variables such as variety and ionic strength
of supporting electrolytes, pH, stirring rate, initial potential etc were optimized.
15-191
Investigations of the Effects of Organic Addition on LaMgAl11O19 for
Novel Environmental and Thermal Barrier Coatings on
Nickel-Based Superalloys
H. M. Saleem1,a, Z. Nazeer1,b, M. S. Awan2,c, Z. S. Khan1,d
1
Center for Energy Systems, NUST, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Ibn e Sina Institute of Technonlogy, Pakistan
a
13saleem@ces.nust.edu.pk, bzahid@ces.nust.edu.pk, csssawan@gmail.com,
d
zskhan@ces.nust.edu.pk
Gas turbines for higher efficiency require high-temperature and severe-environment
tolerant coatings known as environmental and thermal barrier coatings
(ETBCs).Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been widely used as an ETBC material
for applications up to 1200 °C. At temperatures above 1200 °C, its thermo-physical
properties degrade because of undesirable microstructural and phase modifications.
The overall impact is an increase in volume, crack formation and spallation of
coatings. On the other hand, rare-earth hexaaluminates, having magnetoplumbite
structure, exhibit high-temperature phase stability and possess excellent
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thermo-physical properties at temperatures well above 1200 °C. This work highlights
the development of lanthanum magnesium hexaaluminate (LaMgAl11O19) ETBC
material via wet-chemistry route and the effect on its crystal growth as a result of N,
N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) organic additive. The as-synthesized xerogel powders
were calcined at 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C to obtain LaMgAl11O19 phase and
were subjected to X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) for their structural and morphological characterization. Addition of DMF in
solution phase aids in reducing the crystal growth by improving the reaction kinetics.
The average crystallite size decreased up to 14% at the tested temperatures as
confirmed by XRD. LaAlO3 impurity phase which appeared in the sample without
DMF at 1200 °C, was not observed in the sample with DMF. SEM micrograph of
LaMgAl11O19 powderindicated a platelet microstructure. In order to deposit the bond
coat, high energy ball milling process was carried out which resulted in the formation
of micro-sized spherical aluminium particles with enhanced surface area. These
spherical particles coated on an Inconel-600 substrate prevent the growth of
meta-stable alumina phases, which is confirmed by high-temperature cyclic oxidation
test of aluminized Inconel-600 substrate and subsequent XRD analysis. Finally,
LaMgAl11O19 is applied over the aluminized Inconel-600 substrate as top coat using
the dip coating technique. To investigate the thermal behaviour of the ETBC material,
both types of coatings (with and without DMF) are being subjected to thermal shock
tests at different temperatures and time durations.
15-192
Polymerization of Acrylic Acid using Atmospheric Pressure
DBD Plasma Jet
M. Bashir1,a, S. Bashir2,b
1
Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Islamabad, Pakistan
2
PIEAS, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
m.bashir@comsats.edu.pk, bshazia@pieas.edu.pk
In this paper polymerization of acrylic acid was performed using non thermal
atmospheric pressure plasma jet technology. The goal of this study is to deposit
organic functional coatings for biomedical applications using a low cost and rapid
growth rate plasma jet technique. The monomer solution of acrylic acid was
vaporized and then fed into the argon plasma for coating. The discharge was powered
using a laboratory made power supply operating with sinusoidal voltage signals at a
frequency of 8 kHz. The optical emission spectra were collected in order to get insight
into the plasma chemistry during deposition process. The coatings were characterized
using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, growth rates
and contact angle measurements. A high retention of carboxylic functional groups of
133
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the monomer was observed from infrared spectra when the polymerization was
carried out under mild plasma conditions (medium power and low frequency).
15-193
Investigation of Mechanical Properties Based on Grain Growth and
Micro-Structure Evolution in Alumina Ceramics during two Step
Sintering Process
U. A. Khana, M. Shahb, F. Qayyumc, A. H. Malikd
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
umar.ali.2289@gmail.com, bmasood.shah@uettaxila.edu.pk,
c
faisal.qayyum@uettaxila.edu.pk, dasifhussainmalik@yahoo.com
a
It has been observed that alumina ceramics having small grain size and high density
yield good mechanical properties, which are required in most applications. Different
methods have been devised to develop high strength alumina ceramics, two step
sintering (TSS) is one of them. In current research TSS has been employed and the
effect of different sintering temperatures on microstructure and density of the
specimens has been investigated. It was observed during experimentation that
increase in sintering temperature and soaking time during two step sintering process
increases the grain size and grain growth of sintered specimens. TSS was found to be
more efficient in controlling grain growth and increasing the density as compared to
one step sintering (OSS).
15-194
Synthesis and Surface Modification of Vertically Aligned ZnO
Nanorod Arrays for Nanowire Solar Cells
M. A. Akrama, S. Javedb, M. Mujahidc
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
aftabakram@scme.nust.edu.pk, bsofiajaved@scme.nust.edu.pk,
c
principal@scme.nust.edu.pk
Seed assisted synthesis of one dimensional (1-D) vertically aligned nanostructures of
ZnO over florin doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate are reported here to act as scaffold
for conversion to or coating of other semiconducting compositions. Surface of ZnO
was converted to ZnSe by anion exchange and resulted in formation of ZnO/ZnSe
core/shell nanorods. ZnSe was further converted to CuSe by cation exchange method
to fabricate ZnO/CuSe core/shell nanorods. ZnO nanorods or core/shell compositions
were then decorated with absorber nanoparticles of CZTSe & CIGSe for the
fabrications of photoanodes of nanowire solar cells. 1-D or core/shell Nanostructures
were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) scanning electron
134
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microscope (SEM) for morphological analysis and structural confirmations were
made by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Solar cells based on these structures were
successfully fabricated and tested under standard 1 sun illumination conditions
15-195
Comparative Study of Nickel Coated Carbon Fiber (perforated and
non-perforated) Sheets for Induction Heating Application
M. Muddassir
SUPARCO, Karachi, Germany
muhammad.muddassir@ivw.uni-kl.de
Induction heating is a contact less joining technique that has been widely used.
Conductive or ferromagnetic materials, when exposed to alternating electromagnetic
field, heating obtained by induced eddy current or magnetic polarization by induction.
Non-conductive thermoplastic composite sheets can be joined by induction heating
using susceptor sheet filled with conductive or ferromagnetic materials.
Polypropylene thermoplastic was used as matrix and nickel coated carbon fibers were
used as filler. The sheet was developed via melt mixing using double screw extruder
and sheet production by Calandering. Perforated sheets were produced by manual
punch hole of 8mm and 25mm diameter. During induction heating experiments,
heating by joule loss, junction heating and magnetic hysteresis loss were observed.
Induction heating experiments were performed at circular pancake coil. Induction
heating increases with increasing the filler concentration. Results of 8 mm diameter
perforated sheet and non-perforated sheet revealed that heating time was different at
lower filler concentrations, however at higher filler concentrations found nearly the
same. Perforated sheet with 25 mm diameter were slow in heating as compared to
non-perforated sheet. Microstructure characterization was performed by X-ray
computed micro- tomography and temperature measurements were performed by IR
thermal camera.
15-196
Arrays of ZnO/CuInxGa1-XSe2 Core/Shell Heterojunction
Nanocables for Solid-State Solar Cell Applications
M. A. Akrama, S. Javedb, M. Mujahidc
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
aftabakram@scme.nust.edu.pk, bsofiajaved@scme.nust.edu.pk,
c
principal@scme.nust.edu.pk
Arrays of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures are receiving increasing attention in
optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications due to their advantages in light
135
ISAM-2015
absorption, charge separation and transportation. Low temperature synthesis of arrays
of quaternary copper indium gallium di-selenide (CuInGaSe2) nanowire solar cells
over FTO coated glass in inverted configuration are reported in current work. Starting
with blocking layer of i-ZnO then growth of AZO nano rods are grown then
ZnO/ZnSe core shell are produced by facile phase transfer solution synthesis.
Afterwards ZnSe shells are converted to CuSe by anion exchange method. Later In
and Ga are introduced for synthesis of high absorbing quaternary CuInGaSe2 phase by
thermal evaporation deposition and subsequent selenization and annealing. Counter
electrode of Mo is deposited by RF magnetron sputter deposition. It was found that an
array of ZnO/CuIn0.66Ga0.34Se2 nanowires having a length of ~1 mm and a absorber
shell thickness of about 10 nm shows a bandgap of 1.20 eV, and generates a power
conversion efficiency of 1.7% under standard illumination with an intensity of 100
mW/cm2. Our work reveals that 1D nanoarrays allow efficient photovoltaics to be
fabricated while reducing the amount of CuInxGa1-xSe2 required, which is of great
significance for a system with possible resource limitations.
15-197
An Energetic Approach to the Low Cycle Fatigue Damage of
Sandwich Structures with Separation of Core Shear Energy in
Flexural Loading
H. Akram1,a, S. M. R. Shah1,b, B. Zia1,c, S. Nauman2,d,
M. A. Nasir1,e, M. Z. Khan3,f
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
2
Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad-44000, Pakistan
3
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
hinaakram41@hotmail.com, bmasood.shah@uettaxila.edu.pk, cbz_913@yahoo.com,
d
saadnauman@hotmail.com, eali.nasir@uettaxila.edu.pk, fzaffark7@gmail.com
Paper aims to characterize the damage due to shear buckling of the core in sandwich
composite structures. Composites of CFRP face-sheets of different thicknesses (1 and
3 layers) with an 8mm core of Nomex honeycomb are tested. A method is developed
to perform DIC on sandwich composite structures in order to measure the shear strain.
The evolution of shear strain is plotted along the length of the specimen. The effect of
low cycle fatigue loading on the shear strain evolution is investigated. Hysteresis
curves of load vs. shear strain are plotted. Shear energy absorption by the composite
structure is calculated. The evolution of the shear energy absorption under LCF
conditions is explored. The effect of face-sheet thickness on the shear energy
absorption is also studied. An energy absorption criterion for sandwich structures is
developed. It compares the evolution of absorption of energy due to shear during
cycling for materials with different face-sheet thicknesses. This criterion can be used
136
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to remove the effect of face sheet stiffness on the total energy absorption, thus only
shear absorption by the core can be measured under LCF conditions.
15-198
Comparison of Air Induction re-melted 25CrSiNiWV
with Vacuum Melting
M. Afzal1,a, M. Farooq2,b, M. B. Bhatty3,c, A. Riaz2,d
1
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
2
Ibn-e-Sina Institute of Technology, Pakistan
3
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, Pakistan
a
afzalmaz@gmail.com, bmetals1319@yahoo.com, cmustasim63@gmail.com,
d
khan47pk@gmail.com
25CrSiNiWV steel is commonly used in automobiles, storage tank, space, nuclear and
defense applications. In this study 25CrSiNiWV was originally developed in vacuum
induction melting furnace using pure elements. Casted ingot was homogenized and
processed through hot forging and hot rolling. The material was processed in the
form of plates. End cuts and foundry returns of this material was re-melted in air
induction furnace. Same processing procedure was adopted and compares the results
of XRD, microstructures, hardness and tensile strength with the result of vacuum
melting. It was observed that the reclamation activity has shown good results and lead
to considerable savings of time and money. The applied yield through casting route
can be further improved, if the casting defects such as piping could be minimized
during ingot solidification.
15-199
Synthesis of Mg-Doped and un-doped ZnO Nano-Structures via
Spin-Coating Technique
M. I. Arshad
GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
miarshadgcuf@gmail.com
In this work, undoped and Mg-doped ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by spin
coating on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Influence of dopant
concentration was investigated on the structural and morphological properties of
grown zinc oxide nanostructures using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). Spin coating deposition method on ITO coated glass
substrates showed better growth of nanorods of zinc oxide with good crystallinity.
XRD investigations revealed the crystalline wurtzite structures of the grown doped
zinc oxide.
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15-200
Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Light Absorption in Dye Sensitized
Solar Cells Employing Vertically Aligned 1-Dimensional Arrays of
ZnO/Au/TiO2 Core/Shell Nanostructures
S. Javeda, M. A. Akramb, M. Mujahidc
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
sofiajaved@scme.nust.edu.pk, baftabakram@scme.nust.edu.pk,
c
principal@scme.nust.edu.pk
Core shell ZnO/TiO2 nanorod arrays were fabricated and the effect of sandwiched
gold between the two layers was investigated when employed in dye sensitized solar
cells (DSSCs). ZnO nanorods were prepared using seed assisted growth route, gold of
thickness 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 nm was sputter coated and TiO2 film was spin coated from
sol. Plasmon enhancement effect of gold quantum layer is thought to improve the
performance of the devices. Raman spectra, XRD, FESEM, EDAX mapping and
TEM are used to apprehend the nanostructures. UV/vis spectra were taken to show the
presence of plasmon resonance due to gold quantum layer. The sandwich nanorod
arrays were employed as photoanode in DSSCs and were compared with the core
shell nanorod arrays for their performance.
15-201
Calixarene Based D-π-A Sensitizers for Directed Flow
of Electrons in DSSCs
S. Javeda, M. A. Akramb, M. Mujahidc
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
sofiajaved@scme.nust.edu.pk, baftabakram@scme.nust.edu.pk,
c
principal@scme.nust.edu.pk
A new class of dyes based on basket shaped molecules “calixarenes” is introduced for
dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These new D-π-A type of dyes possess great
potential of improving DSSCs efficiency to a great extent with suitable selection of
chromophores. The calixarenes allow the flow of electrons only along the length of
the molecules by resonance or/and induction effects. p-(6-chloro-2benzothiazolylazo)calix[4] arene (D3) and p-(1,3,4 –thiadiazol -2-thiol -5-ylazo)
-calix[4]arene (D4) are used here to sensitize titania in a DSSC. An efficiency of 0.3%
and 0.47% is achieved with dyes D3 and D4 respectively.
138
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15-202
Influence of Degree of Cold Drawing on Mechanical Properties of
AISI 4340 Wire
M. Farooq1,a, M. Afzal2,b, R. Khan3,c, M. B. Bhatty3,d
1
Ibn-e-Sina Institute of Technology, Pakistan
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
3
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, Pakistan
a
metals1319@yahoo.com, bafzalmaz@gmail.com, crizziuetian@gmail.com,
d
mustasim63@gmail.com
2
The aim of this work is to study the mechanical behavior of AISI 4340 steel during
wire drawing. The wire is cold drawn progressively by 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and
40% through series of drawing dies. The mechanical properties such as tensile, impact
and hardness was measured and discussed in details. The processed samples were
analyzed through optical and electron microscope and correlate the mechanical
properties with microstructures. It was observed that the desired mechanical
properties such as UTS greater than 900 MPa and hardness more than 320 Hv are
achieved after 25% reduction through wire drawing.
15-203
Investigation of Resonance Eg = Δsoin InGaAsBi/InP for Mid-IR
Optoelectronic Devices
Z. Batool
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Pakistan
zahida.batool@iub.edu.pk
Bismuth (Bi) containing semiconductors have attracted increasing interest in recent
years due to the possibility of the large band gap (Eg) reduction (80meV/Bi% in GaAs,
56meV/Bi% in InGaAs) with small amounts of Bi and the potential suppression of
non-radiative Auger recombination due to the large spin-orbit splitting (Dso). The
GaAsBi/GaAs material system is suitable for developing near-infrared telecom
devices (1.3-1.5μm), whereas InGaAsBi/InP has the potential to cover a very wide
spectral range up to 6 μm which cannot be achieved utilizing existing alloys grown on
InP-substrates. We have carried out a series of measurements of optical absorption,
photoluminescence (PL) and photo-modulated reflectance (PR) spectra on a set of
InGaBixAs1-x/InP samples for 0≤x≤0.05 in the temperature range of 30-300K in order
to characterize the growth and investigate the influence of Bi composition on Eg and
Δso. We show that the effects of incorporation of Bi into InGaAs on Eg and Δso can be
modelled satisfactorily using the valence band anti-crossing model. The
measurements and modelling both predict the resonance Δso= Eg at bismuth
compositions in the 3.4-4.5% range. Measuring the 5% Bi containing sample has
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enabled us to see how a sample behaves when the condition Δso> Eg is met.
Temperature dependent PR measurements for this sample were used to tune Eg around
the resonance. An increase in PR line width was observed at approximately 200K and
Eg≈567meV suggesting that this corresponds to the near-resonance condition. Finally,
a reduction in the temperature gradient dEg/dT with increasing Bi fraction was
observed in the temperature range of 150K-300K with a value of 0.22±0.02meV/K for
the 5% Bi sample. This suggests that, in addition to reduced losses, such materials
may also provide a reduced temperature sensitivity of the band gap, which is useful
for device applications, as will be discussed in the presentation.
15-204
Fabrication of Tin Dioxide (SnO2) Nanowire Junctions and
Networks by Copper Ion Beam Irradiation
M. A. R. Khan
Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,
Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
rauf_ak@yahoo.com
Fabrication of tin dioxide (SnO2) nanowires junctions and networks by copper ion
beam irradiation has been investigated in this study. The ion beam irradiation is
carried out by using a tandem accelerator. The samples are irradiated at three different
doses, such as 5×1012 ions/cm2, 1×1013 ions/cm2 and 5×1013 ions/cm2. The formation
of networks and junctions of SnO2 nanowires are characterized by using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. SEM images clearly indicated the
fabrication of networks and junctions of SnO2 nanowires. At relatively high dose level
of 5×1013 ions/cm2, cutting and slicing of nanowires is also observed. XRD analysis
confirms the tetragonal phase of SnO2 and it is revealed that with increasing dose
level, the crystallinity of the samples is enhanced. FTIR spectra exhibit the chemical
composition of SnO2. All transmission peaks related to SnO2 have been found in
FTIR spectra. Optical properties of SnO2 nanowires are studied by using UV-Vis
spectrometer. Band gap analysis revealed that the band gap of sample 01 (pristine) is
3.6 eV, which is found to be decreasing for irradiated samples. This reduction in the
band gap of irradiated samples has been attributed to the irradiation induced defects in
the samples.
140
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15-205
Computer Vision Based Automation of Inspection and Sorting
Processes of Ceramics Industry
I. A. Salarzai, G. Akhter, A. Hussain, M. Mujahid
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
iftikhar.salarzai@scme.nust.edu.pk
In ceramic tiles production, surface defect in tiles caused by uncertainty in glaze/clay
composition, pressing operation, furnace temperature and other process parameters
has been a big concern. In order to avoid such flaws in quality of the tiles, developing
a robust online monitoring and control system of the production process is needed.
However, realizing such a monitoring and control system is challenging because of
the nature of the effecting factors. Thus, for maintaining a certain standard of the
product quality according to the customers demand, focus of most of the research has
been on the final stage, i.e., inspection and sorting of the final product. The final stage
is aimed to be transformed from manual/visual system to automatic, i.e., computer
vision based, system. The present study proposes a new method for automatic
inspection of the tiles surface. The proposed method comprises of two phases; the first
phase is for fault detection while the second phase is for fault diagnosis. Wavelet
Analysis and Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) are combined with Eigenface
to develop features of the ceramic tile surface. The features are then passed through
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract the principle components. For
learning the pattern based on the features within the tile images, Ensemble Learning,
i.e., ensemble/boosted Artificial Neural Networks, is used.
15-206
Application of Hydrodynamic Thin Film for the Controlled
Tribological Interacting Metallic Surfaces
M. I. Khan1,, M. A. Khan2,
1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
International Islamic University of Islamabad, Pakistan
2
International Islamic University, Pakistan
drmafzalkhan@gmail.com
An experimental setup was designed and used for the hydrodynamic thin film study in
a controlled environment in accordance with Reynolds’s 1-D Hydrodynamic Thin
Film theory. The work was done after proposing and analyzing for the optimization of
a design for thin lubrication film in a tribological system. A setup was made that can
generate a relative motion between two interacting metallic surfaces by using a belt.
The micro-level separation between the two metallic surfaces was achieved by the
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proposed height control arrangement for the hydrodynamic thin film used for
lubrication between the two metallic surfaces for the minimization of the coefficient
of friction.
15-207
Fabrication of Biosensors Based on Advance Nanomaterials
S. Z. Bajwa1,a, W. S. Khan2,b, A. Ehsan2,c, A. Rehman2,d, S. Hameed2,e,
M. A. Tahir2,f, P. A. Lieberzeit3,g
1
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
National Institute for biotechnology and genetic engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Viena University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
a
sadya2002pk@yahoo.co.uk, bwaheedskhan@yahoo.com, caishaehsan@gmail.com,
d
asmanano@gmail.com, esadafhameed@gmail.com, falitahir696@gmail.com,
g
peter.lieberzeit@univie.ac.at
2
The detection of biological and chemical entities is imperative for many areas such as
healthcare, life sciences and biotechnology. Nanomaterials offer astounding
properties due to their small size and unique morphologies and their properties can be
harnessed to develop new intelligent biosensors. For this purpose, these materials can
be combined with different transducers from microelectronics, mass fabrication on
chip etc. which enable direct, sensitive, and rapid detection of target substrate.
Furthermore, such biosensors are able to perform measurements in a simpler and
inexpensive manner. In this respect, this work describes advance material structuring
platform to design a range of versatile applications. Biomimetic approaches are
utilized to design cost-effective and smart nanosensor to detect microbes with
selectively factor of more than 5. Microelectrode based sensors can be combined with
ion imprinted materials for the selective detection of metal ions in aqueous solutions.
This sensors exhibit almost four fold selectivity toward other interfering bivalent ions,
such as Ni2+, Zn2+ and Co2+,and nearly seven-fold selectivity toward Na+.
Furthermore, electrochemical transduction when combined with carbon nanotube and
metal nnaoparticles composite it provides very sensitive platform for the evaluation of
vitamin c in pharmaceutical products. Similarly materials are fabricated for the
diagnosis of viral DNA. New aspects for creating a laboratory-on-chip approach has
been developed for creating sensing systems for metabolic parameters based on
affinity or imprinted systems for screening purposes.
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15-208
Electromechanical Properties of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Particles Synthesized
by Different Methods
A. Hussain1,, R. A. Malik1,, M. H. Kim1,, T. K. Song1,, W. J. Kim2
1
School of Advanced Materials Engineering
Changwon National University, Gyeongnam 641-773, South Korea
2
Department of Physics, Changwon National University
Gyeongnam 641-773, South Korea
alihussain_phy@yahoo.com
In this work, sodium bismuth titanate, Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) particles were
synthesized by different methods; conventional mixed-oxide (CMO) route, molten
salt synthesis (MSS) and topochemical microcrystal conversion (TMC) and their
electromechanical properties were investigated. All NBT particles synthesized by the
three different techniques have similar crystal structure, however different
orientations. NBT particles prepared by TMC method show (100) strong intensity
peaks indicating (100) grain orientation, while CMO and MSS processed samples
show strong (110) peak suggesting random orientation. The NBT particles
synthesized by TMC method show high aspect ratio plate-like grains. However, NBT
particles synthesized by CMO and MSS methods show equaxial grains of size
approximately less than one micron. The crystal structure results were further
confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, which also show
(100) grain growth for NBT particles synthesized by TMC and along (110) for the
same NBT compositions synthesized by MSS and CMO methods. The NBT particles
synthesized by the TMC method show slightly better dielectric, ferroelectric and field
induced strain response as compared with CMO and MSS synthesized particles.
15-209
Effect of Crucible Materials on the Manufacturing of Borosilicate
Glasses and their Characterization
S. Tahira, S. Aminb, S. U. Khosac
1
a
ATCOP, Islamabad, Pakistan
tahir.aani@yahoo.com, bshahidamins@gmail.com, csukhosa@gmail.com
Vitrification has been recognized as one of the popular methods for the
immobilization of the long lived radioactive and toxic waste. Waste elements are
introduced into the structure of chemically durable glasses (waste glass) to be macro
and micro encapsulation. SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3-Na2O glass is one of the most commonly
used waste glasses. In the present study, through the literature review it is observed
that effect on crucible materials in air and inert environment were investigated during
the manufacturing of such glasses using resistance furnace. Different crucibles such
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as stainless steel, Haste alloy, graphite and alumina were used and their behavior and
effects on the manufacturing of different borosilicate glasses were evaluated.
Crucibles and prepared glasses were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDXRF.
15-210
Detection and Quantification of Plant Viruses using
DNA Nano Biosensors
M. A. Tahir1,a, S. Z. Bajwa2,b, S. Mansoor1,c, R. W. Briddon1,d, W. S.
Khan1,e, I. Amin1,f
1
National Institute for biotechnology and genetic engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
ATCOP Islamabad, Pakistan
a
alitahir696@gmail.com, bsadya2002pk@yahoo.co.uk, cshahidmansoor7@gmail.com,
d
rob.briddon@gmail.com, ewaheedskhan@yahoo.com, fimranamin1@yahoo.com
Economy of Pakistan is mainly dependent on agricultural products and among those
cotton holds major portion. Unfortunately, cotton production in Pakistan is
compromised by the infection of cotton leaf curl disease which is caused by a
complex of viruses belonging to genera Begomovirus of family Geminiviradae. These
viruses are single stranded DNA circular viruses with a genome size ranging from 2.6
to 2.8 Kb. The complex also include satellite molecules referred to as betasatellite and
alphasatellite which are half of the size of begomoviruses i.e 1.4 Kb. Betasatellite is
required for pathogenicity and is dependent on begomovirus for its replication and
encapsidation. Alphasatellites are self replicating molecules and their role in the
disease is not fully understood but, they are present in all cases of the disease. Cotton
leaf curl disease complex is associated with several begomoviruses however, Cotton
leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) is the most abundant. Here we have designed
carbon nanotube lateral flow biosenors and potentio-galvanostat based method for the
rapid detection and quantification of CLCuBuV. Nano structured copper (Cu)
composite has been fabricated on the electrode by nafion to immobilize probe DNA
specific to CLCuBuV and also by strong electrostatic interaction between negatively
charged DNA and positively charged Cu composite. Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) studies revealed that nano
structured Cu-carbon nanotube increased the electro-active surface area for the
detection of DNA molecules. The DNA-Cu composite modified electrodes exhibited
interesting results such as it can detect upto 10x10-21 (zepto gram) DNA, while most
sensitive available method of real-time quantitative PCR shows detection limit up to
10x10-15 (femto gram). Furthermore, in carbon nanotube based lateral flow biosensor
amine modified detection probes were designed based on CLCuBuV. These were
covalently immobilized on short multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). DNA
hybridization reaction conducted with test and control probes exhibited characteristic
black bands. Thus two types of DNA nano biosensors have been established with
nanostructured materials possessing higher sensitivity than other available methods.
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15-211
A Facile Approach towards Fabrication of Super Hydrophobic
Surface from Functionalized Silica Particles
M. Awaisa, M. Jalilb, U. Zulfiqarc, S. W. Hussaind
a
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
afmc26@gmail.com, bk_mohsinrox@yahoo.com, cusamazulfiqar@live.com,
d
dr_swh@live.com
A facile and cost effective method for fabrication of super hydrophobic surface on a
glass substrate is reported in this study. A super hydrophobic surface is fabricated
from surface functionalized silica nanoparticles, synthesized by sol-gel process in the
size range of 300nm. These particles were functionalized to induce hydrophobicity
followed by coating on a glass substrate. After coating, substrate was dried to remove
excessive solvent. Moreover, drying time and temperature were optimized and their
effect on contact angle and roll of angle of hydrophobic surface was studied. It was
observed that surface exhibits low contact angle and roll of angle at low drying
temperatures while both angles increased with increased drying temperature. Silica
nanoparticles were characterized by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) while the coated surface was studied by using SEM,
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Contact Angle (CA) measurement.
15-212
Mechanical, Vulcanization, Viscoelastic and Flame Retardant
Characteristics of Elastomeric Based Composites with
Variant Filler Loadings
M. A. Bashira, M. Shahidb
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
arshadbashir@scme.nust.edu.pk, bmshahid@scme.nust.edu.pk
The demand of elastomeric based flame retardant composites has remarkably
increased in recent years for the power plants and other industrial projects. Due to the
high thermal environment, wires and cables used in the plants suffer ageing and slow
oxidation which deteriorates the insulating composites. In the current research five
types of formulations with different base elastomers i.e. Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
(NBR-3345), NBR-32 and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) by the
variation of fillers are used to develop maximum flame retardant composite. It is
observed that vulcanization, viscoelastic, mechanical properties are influenced along
with the flame retardancy of the developed composites.
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15-213
Indigenous Development of the Advanced Functional Nanomaterials
and Structural Analysis
Y. F. Joyaa, H. Mohsinb, U. Sultanc, S. Ahmedd, G. Jamale, K. Alif,
M. Ahmadg, K. Alamh, A. Sohaili, M. Fareedj
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
Topi, Swabi, 23640, KPK, Pakistan
a
yasir.joya@giki.edu.pk, bhamzamohsin118@gmail.com, cumair-sultan@outlook.com,
d
saad93aquarius@gmail.com, eghazanfarjamal5786@gmail.com,
f
kashifalimse21@gmail.com, gahmadgcck@yahoo.com, hitskhurshedgiki@gmail.com,
i
amirandsohail@gmail.com, jmustafa.fareed09@gmail.com
Nanomaterials are finding numerous applications in diverse engineering domains.
The functionality of materials can be enhanced to new extremes by changing the
particle size and increasing the surface area. Titania nanotubes (TNT) are one of the
most interesting materials in this respect. Titania owing to its stable and nontoxic
nature finds applications in photocatalytic, water splitting, solar cells, organic
decompositions etc. In the present research, we have grown anatase nanotubes on Ti
substrate by electrochemical anodization. The effect of temperature, electrolyte
concentration and pH on growth and morphology of nanotubes were studied. Uniform
TNTs were obtained at an applied potential of 30v in a glycerol based electrolyte.
SEM coupled with EDX results indicated the typical nanotubes morphology of titania
and uniform distribution of the nanotubes on Ti substrate. A tube diameter of 50-60
nm and length of approximately 5 um was achieved. XRD results exhibited anatase
phase formation after annealing the titania films at 450°C for 2 hrs. Apart from
strutrual appeal, nanoscale coatings can drastically change the surface properties of a
glass substrate mimicking a lotus leaf. Cobalt based self assembled nanostructures
have been grown on glass substrate by a low cost CBD process. The coatings changed
the water interaction with the glass by producing a superhydrophbic layer. A contact
angle of 153 degrees was achieved after a special treatment. XRD results indicate the
presence of cobalt hydroxide with a hexagonal crystal structure. SEM images show
the presence of a flower like morphology composed of nano-pins that play a crucial
role in imparting super-hydrophobicity.
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15-215
Nano-Characterization of Advanced Materials with Transmission
Electron Microscopy
D. H. Anjum
King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Saudi Arabia
Dalaver.Anjum@kaust.edu.sa
Microscopes of all types enable us to see things (‘acquire images’) with higher
resolving power than the unassisted human-eye. The wavelength of light puts an
upper limit on the spatial resolution of optical microscopes to about 0.2 micrometer.
Electron microscopes use electron beams of much smaller wavelengths than visible
light enabling much higher spatial resolutions. For instance, Scanning Electron
Microscopes (SEM) give 3-dimensional images of samples with a resolution of 1-5
nanometers range. Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) requires elaborate
sample preparation but are capable of resolution typically in deep sub-nanometer
range and the best instruments can resolve down to atomic-scale lengths. In this
presentation, it will be demonstrated that high quality TEM instruments at KAUST
are used for characterizing a range of materials in micrometer to nanometer range in
both real and reciprocal spaces. The nature of atomic and structural arrangements in
materials is essential for research in different fields such as catalysis, optoelectronics,
energy-storage, photovoltaics, membranes and porous materials. It will be
demonstrated that TEM characterization is very useful extracting information on such
atomic arrangements in various types of advanced materials. Moreover TEMs also
allow spectroscopic analysis of materials in both radiative and non-radiative ways in
the form of X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Energy Loss
Spectroscopy (EELS), respectively. Both EDS and EELS techniques can be combined
with a TEM technique to acquire datasets in the form of ‘spectrum images’ which
allow researchers to acquire elemental information with a nanometer to
sub-nanometer spatial resolution. The various examples will be presented in order to
clarify and illustrate the research value of these techniques. Last but not least, the
method of TEM imaging essentially works like a ‘slide projector’; showing
2-dimenstional shadows of 3-dimensional samples. The complete 3-dimensional
image can be reconstructed by performing Electron Tomography (ET) analysis in a
TEM. The key principles of ET technique along with some worked examples will be
presented.
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15-216
Production of Carbon Nanomaterials via Catalytic Chemical
Vapour Deposition Method and their Corrosion Protection
Performance in Epoxy Based Coatings
M. A. Raza1,a, M. S. Awan2,b, A. Farooq1,c, R. Ahmad1,d, A. Inam1,e
1
Univeristy of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
a
mohsin.ceet@pu.edu.pk, bsss_awan@yahoo.com, cameeq.farooq@gmail.com,
d
principal.ceet@pu.edu.pk, eaqil.ceet@pu.edu.pk
2
Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanoparticles
(carbon black) and carbon nanofibers are remarkable nanomaterials as they have
excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. CNTs are outstanding among
carbon nanomaterials due to their superior properties which enabled their applications
in many fields such as batteries, conducting composites, electromagnetic shielding,
reinforcement of armor, corrosion protection materials, super capacitors,
microelectronics, thermal management, etc. Production of carbon nanomaterials,
particularly CNTs, with good quality and high yield is a challenging task. Various
methods used for the production of CNTs include laser ablation, arc discharge method
and catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD). CCVD method is well recognized
method for a large scale production of CNTs but this requires optimization of various
parameters such as reactor size, catalyst amount, gas flow rates, time of reaction, etc
to multiply yield of CNTs. The present work aimed at developing a simple CCVD
setup for the production of CNTs with high yield. The product of CCVD experiments
was dispersed in an epoxy resin to produce corrosion protection coatings for stainless
steels. The CCVD was carried out using ferrocene as a catalyst and two different
sources of hydrocarbons, acetylene and xylene along with nitrogen, were used. The
processes were carried out at 900 °C for a period of 15-60 min. The effects of amount
of catalyst, reaction time and flow rate of gases on the yield of CNTs were
investigated. CCVD reaction products were characterized using field emission
gun-scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The
SEM analysis showed that the product obtained using acetylene source was consisted
of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and carbon black with diameters ~27, 150 and
40 nm, respectively, while the product obtained from xylene source was mainly
comprised of carbon black particles with sizes ~0.6-1 μm. The energy dispersion
x-ray analysis of the former showed high percentage of carbon in the product than the
later. The XRD analysis showed (002) peaks confirming presence of graphitic planes.
CCVD reaction product (powder consisting of mixture of CNTs, carbon nanofibers
and carbon black) was dispersed in an epoxy resin by sonication to produce coatings
which were applied on stainless steel samples. The cured-coated stainless steel
samples were tested in simulated sea water using Potentiostat. The results showed that
corrosion potential of stainless steel shifted to much noble potential due to coatings
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and the pitting of stainless steel by chloride ions was almost inhibited when coatings
containing 1 % of carbon nanomaterial powder were used.
15-217
Analytical and Numerical Analysis of Ballistic Performance on
Composites Material Kevlar 129
U. Manzoora, Kamranb, A. Sattarc
a
HITEC University, Pakistan
usman.manzoor@hitecuni.edu.pk, bkamran.afaq@hitecuni.edu.pk,
c
amer.sattar@hitecuni.edu.pk
The importance of penetration and perforation into composites materials targets,
armored vehicles and bunkers is a challenging military task. The current research is
focused on the ballistic performance of Kevlar 129 under impact by a 7.62×51 mm
projectile with the velocity of 830 m/s. An analytical model for the ballistic limit
velocity from the work done for target based on the numerical simulation observations
has been done. Discussions of results are presented in terms of the failure causing
modes. The failure is studied for perforation at different thicknesses. The effect of
target thickness on the velocity is then discussed. In the end, the analytical as well as
numerical simulation results have been discussed. Both show sufficient coherence
with each other.
15-218
Probabilistic Analysis of Structures
S. K. Afaq1,a, W. Ahmed2,b
1
HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan
Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Pakistan
a
kamran.afaq@hitecuni.edu.pk, bwaleed.ahmed@hitecuni.edu.pk
2
Reliability of a structure depends on variability in loads, material properties and
quality of manufacturing. Ensuring a reliable structure requires accounting these
variations in structural design process. Monte Carlo Simulation is widely used to
analyse the variation of such factors i.e. force, elasticity modulus and yield strength on
strength properties of the structure. In present study, effects of variation of these
parameters are studied on reliability of a cantilever beam structure under two loading
scenarios i.e. concentrated force at free end of beam and uniform loading along beam
span. A code based on Monte Carlo method is developed to evaluate the cantilever
beam structure reliability under each loading scenario. Afterwards a Monte Carlo
simulation is performed on similar loadings scenarios using finite element software.
Results of the developed code are compared with the results of numerical simulation
which shows a very good agreement. The developed Monte Carlo code and finite
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element model sensitivity analysis is carried out in which effect of variation in each
parameter is simulated on reliability of a structure.
15-219
Phase Stability Investigation of High Entropy Alloys and their
Magnetic Properties
H. Asgara, K. M. Deenb, A. Farooqc, U. Hafeezd, M. A. Razae, R. Ahmadf
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
a
hassnain313@hotmail.com, bkmdeen.ceet@pu.edu.pk, cameeq.farooq@gmail.com,
d
umairhafeez545@gmail.com, emohsin.ceet@pu.edu.pk, fprincipal.ceet@pu.edu.pk
The equi-atomic multicomponent Ni-Fe-Cr-Cu-Al and Ni-Fe-Cr-Co-Cu-Al high
entropy alloys (HEAs) were synthesized by arc melting. The alloys design strategy
was built thermodynamically to corroborate microstructural and phase distributions.
Thermodynamic parameters calculated for these alloys exhibited the formation of
stable solid solutions, having mixed BCC and FCC, and intermetallic compounds.
The micro-hardness of alloys also validated the formation of different phases. X-ray
analysis of these alloys exhibited several peaks in the patterns confirming the
presence of intermetallic compounds. Both alloys also exhibited soft ferro-magnetic
behavior.
15-220
Current Status of Inorganic Solar Cells Research
A. Ceylan
SNTG Lab., Physics Eng. Department, Hacettepe University, Turkey
aceylanabd@yahoo.com
This lecture will provide an overview of the current status of inorganic solar cells
research. The highlights will be on the new techniques for the improvement of
conversion efficiencies of Si based solar cells as well as next generation thin film
solar cells with CdTe, CIGS, and CZTS absorber layers.
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15-221
Formation of ST12 Phase Ge Nanoparticles in ZnO Thin Films
A. Ceylan
SNTG Lab., Physics Eng. Department, Hacettepe University, Turkey
aceylanabd@yahoo.com
In this talk, I will discuss the structural, optical and electrical properties of Ge
nanoparticles (Ge-np) embedded ZnO multilayered thin films. Specifically the effects
of reactive and nonreactive growth of ZnO layers on the rapid thermal annealing
(RTA) induced formation of ST12 Ge-np will beexplained based on the results
obtained viaXRD, Raman scattering, SIMS, and SEM techniques.
15-222
Development of Mechanically Robust Sol-Gel Coatings for
Self-Cleaning and Icephobic Applications
Z. Chen
School of Materials Science and Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
ASZChen@ntu.edu.sg
Self-cleaning and icephobiccoatings with excellent water-repellence and good
mechanical properties are in high demand. However, producing such coatings with
resistance to mechanical abrasion, erosion and environmental weathering remains a
great challenge. In our group, we focus on the development of mechanically durable
coatings that could be potentially applied to large outdoor structures under harsh
working conditions, such as the ones encountered in aerospace, wind energy, power
transmission, and some sports sectors.There are two main aspects of the study. One is
on the fundamentals behind self-cleaning and icephobicity. Towards this end, we
have systematically investigated the effect of surface roughness and surface energy on
self-cleaning efficiency and ice formation and adhesion to the coated surfaces.
Wetting modes are studied at ambient condition, as well as at temperatures below zero
degreeCentigrade. Another is from the engineering aspect, which is how to
incorporate the functional requirements into “bulk” coatings rather than on the surface
only (as most of the existing commercial products do). Sel-gel technology offers a
potential solution as it can be produced at a low cost (non-reliance on complex
facilities and can be processed in ambient condition), easily scalable, applicable to
complex shapes, and is easy to incorporating functional additives (e.g. for water
repellency, mechanical properties). In this talk, several examples will be provided to
illustrate the basic requirements as well as how to engineering the requirements into
practical coating formulations. Discuss will also be made on some outstanding issues
in the field.
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15-223
Novel Semiconductor and Epitaxial Nanocomposite Materials for
Electronic and Photonic Applications: the Science
and Engineering Views
J. M. O. Zide
Materials Science and Engineering Department
University of Delaware, USA
zide@udel.edu
One of the most interesting challenges of advanced materials is the need to transition
from a scientific view, in which new materials are understood, to an engineering
viewpoint, in which scaling is critically important. In this talk, I will present some
perspectives on this important transition using examples primarily from the work
within my research group.Advances in electronic materials (specifically,
semiconductors and nanocomposites) enable new device technologies and improve
the properties of existing technologies. I will discuss several new materialsthat offer a
path towards advances in solar cells, thermoelectrics, and optoelectronics.
Specifically, I will discuss two material systems: (1) nanocomposites consisting of
metallic nanoparticles (such as ErAs and TbAs) within III-V semiconductors (such as
InGaAs and GaAs), and (2) dilute bismuthide semiconductors in which bismuth is
incorporated into III-V materials to reduce the bandgap significantly, with unique
band alignments that cannot be easily achieved in other materials. In the former, the
nanoparticles serve as buried Schottky junctions, pinning the Fermi level and
significantly altering carrier dynamics. In the latter, we focus on In(Ga/Al)BiAs,
where compositional variations permits independent tuning of valence and
conduction bands. Although these materials are built upon relatively mature III-V
systems, electronic, thermal, and optical properties can be quite different from those
of conventional materials, with significant promise for applications in a variety of
technologies. Understanding the properties of these materials enables the creation of
designer semiconductors for particular applications of interest. At the same time,
growing these materials by molecular beam epitaxy limits these materials for certain
applications, so new approaches to transfer this knowledge to other synthesis
approaches or material systems will be discussed.
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15-224
Photon Upconversion for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion
J. M. O. Zide, D. G. Sellers, J. Zhang, E. Chen, Y. Zhong, M. F. Doty
Materials Science and Engineering Department
University of Delaware, USA
zide@udel.edu
Solar energy conversion efficiency depends on the efficient utilization of the AM1.5
solar spectrum. Although multijunction solar cells have achieved record high
efficiencies, significant challenges remain, such as changes in spectrum with cloud
cover. Although intermediate band solar cells (IBSC) have been considered as an
alternative, fundamental relaxation pathways make efficiency gains difficult or
impossible to realize. We propose separating the inherent upconversion process in
IBSC from the photovoltaic to allow efficient photon upconversion and improved
efficiency. We present a scheme to achieve high upconversion efficiency, discuss
the implications, and consider materials to implement this process. Advanced
materials and nanostructures are required for the implementation as described below.
Once implemented, this technology permits high efficiency conversion of
lower-energy photons to high-energy photons with only modest energy sacrifices. We
present both our theoretical work on the prospects for this upconversion device and
also our progress on the enabling materials. Dilute bismuthides (a/k/a dilute
bismides) offer significant opportunities for tailoring the band structure (and therefore
optical, electronic, and thermal properties) of III-V semiconductors. The
incorporation of bismuth results primarily in perturbation of the valence band, and so
with quaternary alloys (i.e. InGaBiAs or InAlBiAs), the conduction and valence
bands can be tuned independently. Previously, we have reported on the growth and
optimization of InGaBiAs, its room temperature thermoelectric properties, and its use
as a transparent contact. We believe the closely related materialInAlBiAs will permit
efficient photon upconversion and discuss its growth and implementation. Keeping
with the theme established in our keynote, we also discuss scaling approaches for this
technology.
15-225
Microdevices for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Biomarkers by
Combining Electrochemical and Optical Detection Techniques
S. Rauf
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
biosensor_nibge@yahoo.com
Biomarkers are a critical tool for early and sensitive detection of disease and give
information about the onset, existence or progression.1 Biomarkers such as DNA,
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RNA and secreted proteins offer a unique opportunity for fluid based detection of
disease.2 Therefore, the development of next generation miniaturized point-of-care
devices is required for rapid, sensitive and highly multiplexed detection of
biomarkers. Several research groups have developed new and/or modification of
existing biological assays for biomarkers detection using different analytical
techniques. These techniques include colorimetric, fluorescence, bioluminescence,
enzyme based reaction, capillary electrophoresis, etc. Although these methods are
sensitive to detect biomarkers, their applicability in the point-of-care devices is
mainly limited due to the sophisticated and bulky hardware set-up. Moreover,
detection of biomarkers is constrained by several factors including: (i) biomarkers are
present at very low concentrations in body fluids which results in long assay times due
to slow diffusion to the sensor surface; (ii) current methods require multiple
purification and isolation steps to process a sample prior to analysis; (iii) non-specific
adsorption of non-targets on the sensor surface can significantly affect sensor
performance; and (iv) most extant assays have no multiplexing capability.
Microdevices based methods use simple hardware as compared to other techniques
and provide a great potential for the development of point-of-care devices.3,4In this
talk, I will present recent developments in rapid preconcentration, multiplexed
detection of biomarkers by enhanced micromixing and removal of non-specific
adsorption by alternating current electrohydrodynamics (ac-EHD).
15-226
Epitaxial Lifted-Off Micron Sized Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for
Optoelectronic Integration
S. Rauf1,a, A. B. Slimane2,b, H. Liao2,b, M. Z. M. Khan2,b
1
CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,
Saudi Arabia
2
Photonics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,
Thuwal 21534, Saudi Arabia
a
biosensor_nibge@yahoo.com, bboon.ooi@kaust.edu.sa
In this talk, we will present our recent work on exfoliation of micro-disk
light-emitting diodes from sapphire and gallium arsenide substrates using
microelectronic fabrication processes and chemical/UV-assisted electro-chemical
etching techniques. Using UV-assisted electro-chemical etching technique, we have
developed a novel process to lift-off micro-disk light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from
sapphire substrate. The micro-disk light-emitting diode (LED) has a diameter of tens
of micrometers, and readily lighted up after p- and n-contact formation. As compared
to the laser lift-off (LLO) process which is based on dissociating GaN into nitrogen
gas and liquid gallium using high energy laser with local substrate heating reaching
1000oC, we prepared these inorganic LED materials at room temperature using
microelectronic fabrication processes and ultra-violet (UV) electro-less chemical
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etching processes. In case of gallium arsenide substrate we exfoliated sub-ten micron
diameter LEDs using microfabrication and wet chemical etching processes. The small
size of micro-disk LEDs can allow superior integration capability to form pixelated
red, green, blue (RGB) display on flexible and transparent substrate. The exfoliation
of micron size LEDs breaks the rigidity limitation of light emitting materials
conventionally grown on sapphire or silicon carbide substrates or LLO transferred
sub-millimeter size LEDs. In addition, these inorganic, micrometer size light-emitters
offer better performance in brightness, lifetime, and efficiency than existing
organic-LEDs.
15-227
Materials and Devices for Organic Electronics
M. Ullah
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Australia
mujeeb.ullah@uq.edu.au
Organic materials has become frontier of worldwide multidisciplinary research in last
two decades, offering nearly unlimited variety of molecules are available by chemical
synthesis leading to a broad spectrum of applications i.e. energy harvesting devices,
light emitting devices, logic devices and sensors1-5. The possibility to manufacture
organic electronic products at very low costs combined with the availability of
flexible substrates opens niches which are not occupied by silicon-based
electronics4-7. Many electronic devices based on organic semiconductors are in
market, such as smart phones built with organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays,
often without even being aware of the organic nature of the electronic technology in
hand. Today, the major focus of research and development in organic electronic is on
three main types of existing applications: displays and lighting, transistors, and solar
cells. The vision for the future is to move beyond these already existing applications
and explore new realms of electronic use. The intention is not that organic electronics,
or any specific type of organic electronics, will replace silicon-based electronics. The
vision for the future for expanded electronic landscape, one filled with new materials
that make electronics more functional, accessible, and sustainable.
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15-228
Universal Enhancement in RGB Organic Light Emitting Transistors
M. Ullah1,, K. Tandy2,, S. D. Yambem2,, P. L. Burn2,,
P. Meredith2,, E. B. Namdas2,
1
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Australia
2
Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
School of Mathematics and Physics and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
mujeeb.ullah@uq.edu.au
Light emitting field effect transistors (LEFETs) based upon organic semiconductors
are an emerging new class of optoelectronic devices. LEFETs are advantageous as
they can simultaneously execute light-emission and the standard logic functions of a
transistor in a single device architecture1-2. However, current LEFET device
architecture delivers either high brightness or high efficiency but not both
simultaneously, thus limits their use in technological applications. In this presentation
we introduce a non-planar electrode device strategy that significantly improves the
three key performance parameters, namely brightness, quantum efficiency and
switching, in a simultaneous fashion for the RGB (red, green blue) colour gamut. We
demonstrate that a separate control over charge transport and emissive properties
through hetero-junction LEFETs is advantageous for active matrix display
pixellation. The result metrics are higher by a factor of 20 compared to traditional top
contact LEFETs and also exceed the best reported LEFETs
15-229
Properties, Applications, and Modeling of Shape Memory Alloys
R. A. U. Rahman1,, D. Juhre1,, M. K. Khalid2,
1
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, OvGU, Germany
Institute of Process Engineering, OvGU, Magdeburg, Germany
rana.ibneadam@gmail.com
Due to excellent characteristics of different types of shape memory alloys (SMA) as
well as its excellent role in medical field, the applications of SMA are increasing day
by day in almost all disciplines of engineering as well. Pseudo-elasticity is one of the
excellent characteristics of SMA which enables it for use in a large number of
engineering components in a very good manner. On the other hand there is a lot of
research required to optimize stresses, wear resistance, fracture & fatigue of SMA
components. In this paper we would like to discuss a review of properties of SMA.
We will also discuss applications of SMA in different engineering disciplines
especially in medical instruments. Furtheron, we propose a material model for SMA,
which is capable to reproduce the special properties like Pseudo-elasticity and shape
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memory effect. By implementing this model into the finite element method, it is
possible to optimize complex SMA components via FE Simulations, like Medical
Staples and Stents.
15-230
Implementing Green Manufacturing Concept for Thermosetting
Epoxy of Various Automotive Parts
B. Islam
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology (NINVAST), Pakistan
bilalislam9999@gmail.com
In this research an attempt has been made to reuse the thermosetting epoxy which
causes environmental issues when burnt. The reason of the burning of these epoxy
insulated parts is that epoxy is thermosetting and cannot be reused when heated.
Therefore, this relays and rectifiers have been placed inside milling machine and
cured epoxy has been converted into small cubes of blocks. These blocks have been
grinded and attempted to be converted into small pieces. These pieces have been
poured at different ratios in the newly cured epoxy in insulation of rectifiers and
relays.
15-231
Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells: Modelling and Interfaces
S. I. Shah
Physics and Astronomy Materials Science and Engineering
University of Delaware, USA
ismat@udel.edu
Solution-processed organic solar cells (OSC) could possibly be an economical
alternative to the conventional photovoltaic technology owing primarily to the fact
that a totally non-vacuum technology could be developed. However, there are still
performance and stability issues that currently limit OSC application. These issues are
related to the device materials and processing. Since phase separation between the
electron donor and electron acceptor is a required step during fabrication, achieved by
annealing the films, the device efficiency is limited by domain sizes which affects
carrier collection. Collection, in turn, is controlled by the life time and mobility of the
carriers. This talk will focus on the morphology evolution of the active layer of
organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells in connection with the carrier collection and
efficiency optimization. Interdiffusion is also a critical factor determining OSC
device performance. I will describe how we can quantitatively determine
interdiffusion, particularly that of the contacts material and the active layer.
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15-232
Anion Doping of Large Band Gap Oxides
S. I. Shah
Physics and Astronomy Materials Science and Engineering
University of Delaware, USA
ismat@udel.edu
TiO2 is useful for many applications due to its cost, durability, abundance, etc.
However, its lager band gap limits its use in optoelectronic or photocatalytic
applications. I will present results of our theoretical and experimental studies on the
band structure modifications of TiO2 nanoparticles and thin films. Both cation and
anion doping are possible. Whereas the cation dopants are several, there are only a
few anion dopants that work efficiently. I will define the criteria for selection of these
dopants and give a comparative picture of the efficacy for photocatalytic uses of anion
doped TiO2.
15-233
Effects of Nano-Sized Boron Nitride (BN) Reinforcement in
Expandable Graphite based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating
E. Syaheraaa, F. Ahmadb, Q. F. Gilalnic
a
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
ezasyahera@gmail.com, bfaizahmad@petronas.com.my, cqandeelgillani@gmail.com
The purpose of intumescent fire retardant coating (IFRC) is to protect substrate from
fire attack by limiting heat transfer. The coating had been prepared using Bisphenol A
epoxy resin BE-188 and polyamide solidifier H-2310 as two-part binder, ammonium
polyphosphate (APP) as acid source, melamine (MEL) as the blowing agent,
expandable graphite (EG) as carbon source and nano-boron nitride (BN) as inorganic
nano filler. The filler was used to improve the performances of the APP-EG-MEL
coating. The effects of nano-BN on the char morphology and thermal degradation
were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The
results showed that by adding 4% weight percentage of nano-BN, residual weight of
the coating increases by 23.82% compared to APP-EG-MEL coating without filler,
higher carbon content was obtained and improved char surface was produced. The
results indicated that nano-BN could be used as a filler to improve thermal stability of
the APP-EG-MEL coating.
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15-234
Characterization of Multi-Layer Structure Produced Through Laser
Treatment on the Surface of Porous ZrB2-SiC Mixed Ceramic
Substrates
D. S. Abang Mahmod1,, A. A. Khan2,, N. Glandut3,, J. C. Labbe3,
1
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
2
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Malaysia
3
SPCTS, UMR 7315, CNRS, Centre Européen de la Céramique, 12 Rue Atlantis
Université de Limoges, 87068 Limoges, France
amirazamkhan@lycos.com
Laser has offered a large number of benefits for surface treatment of ceramics due to
possibility of localized heating, very high heating/cooling rates and possibility of
growth of structural configurations only produced under non-equilibrium high
temperature conditions. The present work investigates oxidation of porous ZrB2-SiC
sintered ceramic substrates through treatment by a 970 nm ytterbium fiber laser. A
multi-layer structure is hence produced showing successively oxygen rich distinct
layers. The porous bulk beneath these layers remained unaffected as this laser-formed
oxide scale protected the substrate from oxidation. A glassy SiO2 structure thus
obtained on the surface of the substrate becomes subject of further research for
utilization as ionic conductor for electrodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.
15-235
Sn-Pb and Lead Free Solders Containing
Nano Active Carbon Particles
S. Talasa, B. Gokceb, M. Cakmakkayac
Afyon Kocatepe University,Faculty of Technology
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey
a
stalas@aku.edu.tr, bbgokce@aku.edu.tr, ccakmakkaya@aku.edu.tr
Upon the legislations issued by the governmental agencies, many companies are in
effort of using lead free solders for their electronic products. Many researchers have
also focused on lead free solders and determined their physical properties to the merit
of their desired strength and conductivity which turns out to be a potentially
advantageous after all. The addition of nano particles into the solder alloys has been
attempted to investigate the property change caused by such addition from which a
main outcome was a limited improved mechanical and physical properties such as
lowering the melting temperature. In this study, the addition of nano active carbon
particles in the lead containing and lead free solder alloys has been made and
characterization studies were conducted to determine their basic properties such as
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electrical conductivity, microstructural study and thermal properties. The results
indicate that the addition of active carbon particles results in the change of thermal
properties more markedly than other properties with respect to the type of addition.
15-236
Electronic and Magnetic Structure of Rare-Earth Diboride
Compounds RB2: DFT+U Calculations
A. Zaoui
Laboratoire de Physique Computationnelle des Matériaux
Université Djillali Liabès de Sidi Bel-Abbès, Algeria
ali_zaoui@yahoo.fr
The electronic structure and magnetic behavior of hexagonal rare-earth diboride RB2
are studied using ab-initio density functional theory in the DFT+U approach. At zero
pressure the hexagonal (P6/mmm) structure is energetically stable and at high
pressure these materials prefer to keep the same structure. The five different elastic
constants, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and hardness of all the hexagonal
compounds have been calculated. The pressure dependence of the volumes is
determined. The calculated large bulk modulus and high hardness reveal that they are
incompressible and hard materials. The structural parameters and magnetic phase
stability for RB2 (R=Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) compare quite well with
experimental results. For the others rare earth materials, our results are predictions.
The effect of the spin–orbit coupling is also investigated and it is found to be a
necessary requirement for the accurate description of the magnetic moment. In
addition, we study the electronic structure of RB2 compounds; the band structure and
the density of state (DOS) results prove that the coulomb potential and the spin– orbit
interaction are keys factors to understand the magnetic properties of these series of
materials. We also explain the behavior of a chemical bond of RB2 compounds
through the analysis of the DOS and of the charge density.
15-237
The Study and the Use of the Bifunctional Catalyst Pt / Re for
Obtaining High Octane Number of the Gasoline
M. Hanafi
University of Science and the Technology of Oran
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Algeria
hanafi951@yahoo.com
The original function of the process of platforming is to develop heavy naphtha
(HSRN), coming from the atmospheric unit of distillation with a weak octane number
(NO = 44), to obtain a mixture of fuels â number octane raised by catalytically
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supporting specific groups of chemical reactions. The installation is divided into two
sections: Section hydrobon. Section platforming. The rafinat coming from the bottom
of column 12C2 to feed the section platforming, is divided into two parts whose flows
are controlled and mixed with gas rich in hydrogen. Bottom of the column, we obtain
stabilized reformat which is aspired by there pump to ensure the heating of the column
whereas a part is sent towards storage after being cooled by the air cooler and the
condenser. In catalytic catalyst of reforming, there is voluntarily associated a
hydrogenating function - dehydrogenating, brought by platinum deposited, with an
acid function brought by the alumina support (Al2O3). The mechanism of action of
this bifunctionnal catalyst depends on the severity of the operation, of the quality of
the load and the type of catalyst. The catalyst used in the catalytic process of
reforming is a very elaborate bifunctional catalyst whose performances are constantly
improved thanks to the experimental research supported on an increasingly large
comprehension of the phenomena. The American company Universel 0i1 petroleum
(UOP) marketed several series of bimetallic catalysts such as R16, R20, R30 and R62
consisted Platinum / Rhenium on an acid support consisted the alumina added with a
halogenous compound (chlorine).
15-238
Challenges in Biomaterials World, Where Do We Go from Here?
W. Haider
School of Engineering and Technology
Central Michigan University, USA
haide1w@cmich.edu
Biomedical industry is heading towards an era of innovative advanced biomaterials.
The demand for these biomaterials is soaring,especially in cardiovascular and
orthopedic industry. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide.
Development of cardiovascular biomaterials with improved hemocompatibility is an
essential to developing advanced cardiovascular medical devices aimed at servicing
this medical need. Similarly, an aging demography is driving the demand for
replacement of failed skeleton and joints with biomaterials and artificial devices. To
meet this demand, a wide variety of biomaterials comprising of metals,polymers and
ceramics are being developed. This talk will focus on current trends and challenges in
biomedical materials and vision for advanced biomaterials.
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15-239
Magnesium Alloys as Biodegradable Medical Implants
W. Haider1,, Z. U. Rahman2,, L. Pomp3,
1
School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, USA
2
School of Engineering and Technology
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
3
Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Pan American, Edinburg, TX, USA
haide1w@cmich.edu
Magnesium alloys have raised an immense amount of interest to many researchers
because of their evolution as a new kind of third generation materials. Due to their
biocompatibility, density, and mechanical properties, magnesium alloys are
frequently reported as prospective biodegradable implant materials. Moreover,
magnesium alloys experience a natural phenomenon to biodegrade in aqueous
solutions due to its corrosion activity, which is excellent for orthopedic and
cardiovascular applications. However, a major concern with such alloys is fast and
non-uniform corrosion degradation. Controlling the degradation rate in the
physiological environment determines the success of biodegradable implants. In this
investigation, three different grades of magnesium alloys: AZ31B, AZ91E and
ZK60A were studied for their corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Scanning
electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and
contact angle meter are used to study surface morphology, chemistry, roughness and
wettability, respectively. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the leached metal ions was
evaluated by using a tetrazolium based bio-assay, MTS.
15-240
Material Characterization of Galvanized Steel Wire Rope
used in Oil Drilling
A. W. Khana, N. Khanb, A. Junaidc, K. Alid, A. Rehmane
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
wasaykhana1993@gmail.com, bNoumankhattak7@gmail.com,
c
muhammadasadjunaid@gmail.com, dkashifali865@gmail.com, easferrehman@gmail.com
a
The study is focused on the material characterization of a drilling wire rope composed
of different wires. The wire rope basically consists of a copper wire in the core(used in
wire logging for providing the electrical signal) which is supported by steel wire rope
from the outside .The paper aims at basically characterizing this steel used. For this
purpose laboratory testing (Elemental,Mechanical, metallographic & Thermal ) of
representative wire rope samples was done.Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy along
with mapping was carried out for elemental analysis of the wire rope .To Know about
the accurate carbon percentage in the steel sample ,Chemical wet analysis was
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employed.In addition Spark tests were used as well . Tensile tests were conducted on
both the wire and the wire rope as a whole. Hardness of the steel was judged by a
suitable hardness test. Scanning electron microscope was employed for metallurgical
investigations.The effect of temperature (from 100° C to 866.40° C) on the weight of
wire rope was also investigated by Thermogravimetric analysis. Differential Thermal
Analysis was also used to know about any transformations that can occur with
increasing temperature.
15-241
Prospects of Ferromanganese and Silicomanganese
Production in Pakistan
Waheed-ur-Rehman
PCSIR Peshawar, Pakistan
contactwaheed@hotmail.com
Ferroalloys play a vital role in adjusting the final properties of steel. Among these
alloys ferromanganese and silicomanganese are the major alloys which perform their
function as deoxidizer, desulphurizer and strength enhancer in the production of steel.
Pakistan currently imports these commodities and every year huge bills are paid to the
foreign vendors. In the present study, importance of the two alloys has been
highlighted. Statistical figures are provided for the consumption of these alloys in
Pakistan during the last five years. A detailed analysis has also been provided about
the availability of raw materials for the indigenous production of ferromanganese and
silicomanganese in Pakistan.
15-242
A Lubricant Monitoring System of Metallic Automobile Engine
R. Dad, M. A. Khan
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
International Islamic University of Islamabad, Pakistan
drmafzalkhan@gmail.com
The good quality oils lubrication of automotive engine and attached parts minimizes
internal friction of piston and other mechanical moving parts to enhance the efficiency
and performance of automobile vehicles. The lubricant monitoring system of
automobile engine and parts has to be continuously determined, checked for the
degradation level of used lubricants for reducing maintenance costs, power loss of
engine and down times. This watching and condition of monitoring system of the
engine lubrication system has been applied for the classification and evaluation of
existing monitoring system for better results, longer life of engine and reducing the
maintenance costs. The four categories of monitoring degradation of lubrication
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system in cars are classified into physical, electrical, optical and chemical techniques
by applying modern devices and equipment. The sensing techniques are assessed with
a set of properties which are vital for monitoring of oils used in the cars for
lubrication.
15-243
Study of Impact Loading on Coefficient of Friction in Wheel
M. H. Saggua, M. A. Khanb
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
International Islamic University of Islamabad, Pakistan
a
mustansar.hayat@iiu.edu.pk, bdrmafzalkhan@gmail.com
The wheel is one of the oldest machines part used by humans. It is commonly used in
all types of industries and moving systems. The one particular area of this study is the
landing gear mechanism of aero planes there is a significant impact forces acting on
the plane wheels. The designed friction in the wheel and brakes system plays a
significant role in stopping the moving plane from very high speeds to full stop in
motion thus saving of human lives. An optimum relationship between impact loading
and coefficient of friction on the selected brake and wheel materials are important to
understand the tribological mechanisms for controlling the planes motions. This study
is carried out between the impact loads acting on the wheels during landing and the
coefficient of friction of advance composite materials which can work efficiently for
temperatures rising at the wheel drums, base material of tires and slipping of tires on
the runways.
15-244
A Review on Friction Stir Welding of Steel
Habibullaha, M. A. Khanb
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
International Islamic University of Islamabad, Pakistan
a
engr_habib01@yahoo.com, bdrmafzalkhan@gmail.com
The friction stir welding is a solid state materials technology used for low melting
point metals, such as Al, Mg and its alloys. This welding technique was also
conducted on dissimilar metals which produced better defect free joints. The tool
design and welding parameters contributed major role for producing a better and
defects free welded joint. The material flow and friction created the heat that is an
internal factor for the formation of a weld. At present the research on friction stir
welding of different types of steels is under study because of the major use of steels in
industries rather than other metals. This paper gives the details on the concepts of
friction stir welding on tool design, mode of metal transfer and the friction welding
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process parameters. The mechanical and metallurgical properties on the welded steel
materials are also discussed.
15-245
Equal Channel Angular Pressing for Material Characterization
M. Hussaina, M. A. Khanb
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
International Islamic University of Islamabad, Islambad, Pakistan.
a
mechengr58@gmail.com, bdrmafzalkhan@gmail.com
The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for material is applied to create ultra-fine
grained metals with a technique such as severe plastic deformation (SPD) for the
enhancement of its mechanical properties. This method is used for strengthening the
selected material such as a low aluminum alloy 6061 (Al Mg1SiCu) with magnesium
0.8 - 1.2 % and copper 0.15-0.40 % as major alloying elements. Different mechanical
properties testing procedures were applied on samples such as impact testing for
fracture toughness, tensile strength testing and fatigue strength testing of AA-6061
material. The study was conducted by making this material with obtaining
deformation mode in the die which was made from Teflon polymer material. In this
case the strengthening of AA-6061 aluminum alloy by severe plastic deformation
(SPD) through the equal channel angular pressing process was studied and its effect
on the material mechanical properties was improved with better results.
15-246
Chrome like Finish on Metal and Non-Metals without the use of
Hazardous Hexavalent Chromium Ions
F. A. Khilji
Diamond Paint Industries (Pvt.) Limited, Pakistan
khilji@live.com
Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6) is a well-established occupational carcinogen
associated with lungs cancer and nasal and sinus cancer. Some of the industries in
which the largest numbers of workers are exposed to high concentrations of Cr+6
compounds include electroplating, welding & painting. NIOSH (National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health) considers all Cr+6 compounds to be occupational
carcinogens and rec­ommends that airborne exposure to all Cr+6 compounds be
limited to a concentration of 0.2 μg Cr+6/m3 for an 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA)
exposure, during a 40-hr workweek. A hierarchy of controls including elimina­tion,
substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and the use of personal
protective equipment should be followed to control workplace exposures. As an
environment friendly coating options there might be two methods for similar metallic
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effect finishes. One way is to deposit Nano-Coating of silver by spray metallization
process on organic base coating’ and the other is vacuum metallization of aluminium
on adherent selected organic base coating. Both of these techniques were processed to
get desired ‘Chrome like Finish’ without the use of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr+6).
15-247
Emerging Potential of Nitride Based Nanomaterials
in Bio-Related Areas
W. S. Khan1,, G. Nabi2,, C. B. Cao3,
1
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan
3D-Nanostructure Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
3
Centre of Materials Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
waheedskhan@yahoo.com
2
Among the long list of nitride based binary nanomaterials with semiconductor
characteristics, important ones are Gallium Nitride (GaN), Aluminum Nitride (AlN),
Boron Nitride (BN), Silicon Nitride (Si3N4), TitaniumNitride (TiN) and Zinc Nitride
(Zn3N2). First five materials have some striking features such as wide band gaps, high
mechanical strength, large thermal stability, high exciton binding energy which make
them quite attractive for numerous useful applications while fifth material (zinc
nitride) is a new and least studied material in this category. Mostly explored aspects of
these materials are optical, field emission, electronic, optoelectronic, lasers, light
emitting diodes, display devices, etc but investigation of these important materials
from bio-related aspects is quite scarce. In this talk, we will highlight some important
aspects of biotechnology and biomedical research where these materials can be
identified as good and emerging alternate compounds. Recent research has shown that
these materials are non-toxic and biocompatible with human cells, so can be used in
biomedical implant technologies. Their anticorrosion nature exhibits their application
in marine corrosion protection i.e blue biotechnology.
15-248
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Chararcterization of Fluorine and
Manganese Co-Doped PZT Based Cuboidal Shaped Nano Powder
H. Nawaz1,a, M. Shuaib2,b, M. A. Aleem2,c, A. Rauf2,d
1
Institute of Industrial Control Systems Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
a
nicerana_qau@yahoo.com, brayyans@hotmail.com, cadeel713@yahoo.com,
d
abdulrauf2971@yahoo.com
2
Nano sized cuboidal shaped powder of PZT based composition
Pb0.89(Ba,SR)0.11Zr0.52Ti0.48O3 co-doped with 1 mol% manganese and 2 mol% fluorine
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was prepared by hydrothermal route. The morphology, particle size and chemical
compostion of synthesized powder was studies by FEG-SEM coupled with EDS.
Phase and crystallite size was evaluated by XRD. It was revealed that the synthesized
ceramic powder consisted of single pervoskite phase with cuboidal particles of
200-250nm size. The resultant powder was spray dried, uniaxially pressed and
sintered, empolying different combinations of temperature and time interval to
achieve 98% of theoretical density. Microstructural properties and grain size was
observed by SEM whereas density was measured by Archimides principle.
15-249
Study of Polyolefins as Polymeric Matrix for Conductive and
Magnetic Nanocomposites
M. Nisar1,a, G. B. Galland2,b
1
Universadade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
2
UFRGS, Brazil
a
nisarchem1984@gmail.com, bgriselda.barrera@ufrgs.br
Polymer matrices filled with nanoparticles with improve properties, is been an area of
growing scientific interest. Polyolefins are excellent matrices for nanocomposites due
to their low cost, recyclability, processability and good mechanical properties. Carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) are interesting fillers for their excellent mechanical, thermal and
electrical properties. On the other hand the magnetic performances of iron nano
particles (NPs) have aroused extensive attention. In this work, magnetic and
conducting polyethylene nanocomposites with different loading of carbon nanotubes
and carbon nanotubes contains iron (synthesis from ferrocene as precursor) were
fabricated by in-situ polymerization. Polymerization reactions were performed in a
350-ml reactor; toluene was used as the solvent, nBu-Cp2ZrCl2 (5x10-6mol) as
catalyst and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the co-catalyst (Al/Zr=1000). The
reactions were performed at 25 °C using a 3.0-bar ethylene pressure for 30 min.The
nanofillers were well dispersed into the polyethylene matrix even at high loading 3.5
wt. % as shown by TEM analysis. The SEM micrographs evidenced the homogenous
distribution of the fillers and exhibit a significant morphological change with the
increase in the filler loading. The improve conducting properties of nanocomposites
were obtained with the increase of nanofillers. The magnetic properties were analysed
by vibrating sample magnetometer, which reveal the coercivity increase as the
particle loading increase. The thermal stability was also significantly improved as
shown by thermo gravimetric analysis.
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15-250
Experimental Thermal Transport Evaluation of Silane Activated
Nanoclay Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Elastomeric
Nanocomposites
S. S. Iqbal1,a, N. Iqbal2,b
1
Department of Polymer Engineering & Technology,
CEET, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
2
University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
a
sadiasagariqbal.pu@gmail.com, bnadeem.pet.ceet@pu.edu.pk
In this study, silane activated nanoclay was reinforced in styrene butadiene rubber
(SBR) to enhance the thermal resistance/stability and mechanical properties of SBR.
Silane activated nanoclay with variant concentrations was impregnated in the rubber
matrix to fabricate polymer nanocomposites under control processing conditions.
Experimental thermal transport, thermal oxidation, phase transition study, and
mechanical properties of the nanocomposite specimens were carried out. Thermal
insulation, thermal stability, and heat flow response were remarkably enhanced with
the addition of nanokaolinite in the polymer matrix. Phase transition temperatures,
their corresponding enthalpies, % crystallinity, tensile strength, elastic modulus,
elongation at break and hardness of the rubber composites were positively influenced
with the filler incorporation into the host matrix. The Even dispersion of
nanoreinforcements, morphological and compositional analyses of the thermal
transport tested specimens were performed using scanning electron microscopy and
energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively.
15-251
Three-Dimensional and Surface Functional Nanostructures for
High-Performance Device Applications
Y. Lei
Institute of Physics & IMN MacroNano,
Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany
yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de
With the progress of device miniaturization, functional nanostructures become the
main foundation of modern and future devices. Especially, three-dimensional (3D)
and surface nanostructures have large surface areas and highly improved structure
densities, hence the realization of 3D and surface nanostructures presents an
important task for nanotechnology research. To address this challenging point,
efficient template-based 3D and surface nano-structuring techniques with scalable,
parallel and fast fabrication processes have been developed in our group. Using these
techniques, different 3D and surface nanostructures are achieved with advantageous
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features including perfect regularity of large-scale nanostructure arrays, high
structural density, scalable and parallel fabrication processes, and cost-effectiveness,
which are highly desirable for device applications. More importantly, the obtained
functional nanostructures have high structural controllability, which makes these
nanostructures good systems for investigating and optimizing their physical
properties. Using these well-defined semiconductor nanostructures, high performance
devices have been realized, mainly for energy-related applications including
supercapacitors and solar water splitting devices. These achievements indicate the
high potential and importance of the template-based nano-structuring techniques both
for basic research and for device applications.
15-252
Glass Fibers Impregnated Polymer Composites: Ablation, Thermal
Conductivity/Decomposition and Mechanical Investigation
N. Iqbal1,a, S. S. Iqbal2,b
1
Univeristy of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Polymer Engineering & Technology,
CEET, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
a
nadeem.pet.ceet@pu.edu.pk, bsadiasagariqbal.pu@gmail.com
2
Minced glass fibers are incorporated into acrylonitrile butadiene rubber to fabricate
novel charring elastomeric ablative composites for ultrahigh temperature application.
Ablation characteristics of the ablative composites were evaluated using ASTM
E285-08 in which oxy–acetylene torch was used as a high temperature source. The
utmost incorporation of glass fibers in the base composite formulation has reduced the
backface temperature evolution, erosion rates percent char yield and enhanced the
insulation indexes of the composite specimens. Thermal stability and endothermic
capability of the fabricated composites was augmented with increasing chopped fiber
contents in the rubber matrix. Experimental thermal conductivity measurement results
elucidate that it reduces with 7wt% addition of glass fibers in the polymer matrix. A
remarkable progress was scrutinized in the tensile strength and rubber hardness with
increasing fiber to matrix ratio. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the
composite specimens was revealed the uniform dispersion of fibers in the polymer
matrix; voids formation during ablation; char-reinforcement interaction; and
composition of the charred ablators and the impregnated fibers.
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15-253
Applications of Computational Mechanics to Study the Behavior of
for Real World Structures and Materials
M. Abid
Interdisciplinary Research Center, Mechanical Engineering,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan
drabid@ciitwah.edu.pk
The current capabilities and resources of Pakistan in computational mechanics related
areas are at best limited. The present practices are generally based on limited and
simplified data and empirical models developed over years of experience. Such
manufacturing and design practices fail to take advantage of the modern virtual
prototyping technologies, thus making it difficult to optimize the design of products.
In order for the Pakistani industry to become competitive in the emerging global
economy that is taking shape under the umbrella of World Trade Organization, it is
essential to modernize our design practices and procedures. In this paper some
applications of computational mechanics i.e. finite element analysis/methods is
presented to highlight its use and importance for real world problems solving. This
highlights potential of research in Pakistan and invites researchers for
interdisciplinary research to benefit the community for tangible outcomes. Some of
the case studies presented are regarding; bolted pipe joints for petrochemical, nuclear,
and process industries to analyses and optimize their performance for no leak
conditions addressing environmental impacts; simulate and optimize welding
procedures to control deformations and residual stresses during pipe flange joint
during single and multipass welding; Simulation and optimization of
Environmentally controlled poultry sheds; water and sediment flow simulations
through tunnels and reservoirs for their life predictions; simulations of renewable
energy systems for optimized performances; applications of high performance
computing for large scale problems; industrial products such as overhead cranes,
industrial trusses and others.
15-254
Polymeric Auxetic Materials for Aerospace and Defense
Applications
M. Shahid, M. A. Bashir
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering,
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
mshahid@scme.nust.edu.pk
Auxetic materials exhibit negative Poisson’s ratios; i.e. they become thicker when
stretched perpendicular to the applied force and vice versa. This happens due to their
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hinge-like structures, which flex when stretched. Auxetic materials can be single
molecules or a particular structure of macroscopic matter. Such materials are expected
to have better mechanical properties such as high impact energy absorption and
fracture resistance, shear modulus, plane strain fracture toughness and indentation
resistance. Therefore, studying these non-conventional materials is indeed important
from the point of view of fundamental research and practical applications, particularly
in medical, aerospace and defense industries. In fact, some materials with such
anomalous negative Poisson’s ratio (i.e. NPR) properties have been used in
applications such as pyrolytic graphite for thermal protection in aerospace, large
single crystals of Ni3Al in vanes for aircraft gas turbine engines, and so on. Polymeric
materials are lightweight, have high strength to weight ratio and are relatively easily
processed. The method used for the manufacturing of auxetic samples contains four
stages: (1) compression; (2) heating; (3) cooling and (4) relaxation. To transform
conventional foam into an auxetic one using this technique requires that the foam
must be simultaneously compressed in three dimensions to force the cell ribs to
buckle. Auxetic fibers are manufactured on the base of melt spinning techniques by
varying temperatures and pressures at different locations of extruder to get the auxetic
structures. In one of our recent study, several diverse compositions were synthesized
with incorporation of carbon black nano particles, with varying blending ratios of
natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and nitrile butadiene rubber
(NBR) in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). Mechanical characteristics
were executed using Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Dynamic Mechanical
Thermal Analyzer (DMTA) and rubber hardness tester. SEM coupled with EDS was
employed to evaluate sponge and auxetic composite structures. The synthesized
auxetic materials were verified by SEM images and Poisson’s ratio measurement
using processing images with Matlab software. With the advances in the fabrication
and synthesis of a wider range of these thrilling materials, there is enormous potential
for applications in industrial and commercial sectors. Key Words: Auxetic material,
Negative Poisson’s ratio, Mechanical Elastomeric polymers, Viscoelasticty
15-255
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Film on Ti6Al4V Alloy
with Alumina Buffer Layer
M. Khalid1,a, M. Mujahid2,b
1
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
School of Chemical and Material Engineering, NUST, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
semelkhalid@hotmail.com, bprincipal@scme.edu.pk
2
In current study, the hydroxyapatite (HA) film was deposited by pulsed lase
deposition (PLD) on Ti6Al4V alloy with alumina buffer layer. The buffer layer was
produced using plasma spraying. The HA film would be helpful in making a
biological bond between implant and surrounding bone while buffer layer is expected
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to resist diffusion of harmful ions from Ti alloy. The HA film was deposited by
varying process parameters like chamber pressure and stand-off distance. The
characterization of film was carried out using SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy.
The SEM analysis showed that the HA film covered the underneath rough alumina
surface completely. However, some droplets/particulates were also found on the
surface. The number density of these droplets decreased as the pressure in the
chamber was increased. Heat treatment of PLD film at 800 °C on rough alumina
surface exhibited some cracks in the film. However, the extent of these cracks was
much less on rough alumina surface compared to the cracks observed in the same film
on smooth Si substrate. The presence of HA in the film was established by XRD
analysis. The occurrence of γ alumina reflections in XRD indicated limited film
thickness even after firing of 60,000 shots using Nd-YAG laser (λ = 532 nm). The
Raman spectra of the film also demonstrated the existence of HA in the film.
15-256
An Optical Bifunctional Cloaking Device
M. Razaa, Y. Liub, M. Yunguic
a
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
mreza06@gmail.com, bliuyichao@zju.edu.cn, cyungui@zju.edu.cn
Invisibility cloak is the most rapidly growing topic of the time. It has attracted the
attention of electromagnetic researchers throughout the world due to its magical
properties and marvelous applications in applied physics and engineering. Recently, a
multiphysics cloaking has put the new spirit into this field. For this, artificial materials
(metamaterials) are designed in a multishell structure. Each shell simultaneously act
as a concentrator to one physical phenomenon and an invisibility cloak to another one.
In this paper we have introduced the multi-cloaking bifunctional device. Our device
consists of multishells and each shell works as an invisibility cloak for a specific
physical phenomenon. Following this technique a number of cloaks can be
constructed for distinct physical phenomena in a single structure. Here we restrict
ourselves for the case of two physical behaviors: thermal and electrical conductivities.
This type of multi-cloaking structure can be best used in mechanically designed
structures to better control heating and electrical effects.
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15-257
Single and Double Shock Initiation Modeling for High Explosive
Materials in Last Three Decades
T. Hussain
Beijing Institute of Technology, China
hushan@bit.edu.cn
The explosives materials are normally in an energetically metastable state. These can
undergo rapid chemical decomposition only if sufficient energy has first been added
to get the process started. Such energy can be provided by shocks. To predict the
response of these materials under impacts of shocks of different strengths and
durations and at various conditions, mathematical models are used. During the last
three decades, a lot of research has been carried out and several shock initiation
models have been presented. The models can be divided into continuum based and
physics based models. In this study the the single and double shock initiation models
presented in last three decades have been reviewed and the ranges of their application
has been discussed. Finally the present trend s and future modeling is discussed.
15-258
Review of Power Harvesting Techniques Based on Vibration using
Piezoelectric Materials and their Practical Applications
M. S. Abbasa, M. Z. Abbasb, R. A. Pashac
Department of Metallurgy& Materials Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
a
saqlain.abbas26@yahoo.com, bzulkarnain.abbas25@yahoo.com,
c
asim.pasha@uettaxila.edu.pk
The method to obtain the energy that surround a system and converting it into useful
electrical charge is classified as power harvesting. In the previous decades, a lot of
research has been done in the field of power harvesting. The enhancement in this
research has revolutionized in wireless technology and electronic devices like micro
electromechanical systems. Numerous doors are opened to harvest the power in
sensible real-world applications with the help of this advanced research. Piezoelectric
sensors based on the ambient vibrations that surround a system is a technique that
initiated reasonable rise in use for energy harvesting. The piezoelectric materials
contain a crystalline structure which gives them the ability to convert strain energy
produced by applied mechanical force into electrical potential and in the similar way
to convert applied electrical charge in mechanical strain energy. So, that property
enhances the ability of these materials to absorb mechanical energy available in form
of ambient vibrations surrounding a system and change it into electrical charge that is
used to power different electronic devices. Piezoelectric materials are the main
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technique of energy harvesting, alternative conventional techniques also exist; as an
example, one of them is the use of magnetic force devices. This paper reviews the
work done by researchers during previous five years and also practical applications
are stressed upon to acquire the energy via Piezoelectric Windmill, increased
Bandwidth Piezoelectric Crystal, parasitic shoes, wireless sensors on tires and
piezoelectric generator harvesting bike The enhancements in experimental results
with in MEMS piezoelectric energy harvesters based on vibration show a superb
future for piezoelectric energy harvester.
15-259
A Review: Parametric Effects on Mechanical Properties,
Microstructural Change and Corrosion Mechanism of Gas Tungsten
Arc Welded Aluminum Alloys
K. Ghafoora, F. Mahmoodb, Z. Jamil, R.A.Pasha
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
a
kamranghafooraka@hotmail.com, bfahad_mahmood2002@hotmail.com
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is high quality and high precision joining
process in which prevention of weld bead from air, dust and other contaminations in
done by using Helium and Argon as shielding gas. There are many parameters in
welding process that effect on the quality of weldments in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
(GTAW). Welding current, gas flow rate, specimen thickness, heat input, arc voltage,
gun angle, welding speed, depth of penetration and weld bead geometry are the
significant process parameters which primarily influence the weld quality. Welding
speed effect the Depth of penetration and weld bead geometry. There have been a
number of studies highlighting influence of plastic deformation and heat associated
with welding on the microstructures of weldments and Heat Effected Zone (HAZ).
The formation of wide precipitate-Free zone as well as dissolution and coarsening of
strengthening precipitates have been found in welding region. The amount of heat
input causes mechanical failure of the welds in Heat Effected Zone (HAZ) which can
be minimize by controlling welding parameter such as travel speed. This review
presents the effect on mechanical properties, microstructure and Electrochemical
behavior of Aluminum alloys due to variation in welding parameters. The role of
microstructural change and intermetallic phases on the corrosion behavior of
aluminum alloys has been studied in detail and the results have been discussed.
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15-261
Bioleaching of Low Grade Bauxite Using a Variety of Fungal Strains
with Low Cost Glucose as Growth Medium
S. S. Shah1,a, D. Bevilaqua2,b
1
Instituto de Quimica, UNESP, Brazil
Instituto de Quimica, UNESP, Arararquara, Brazil
a
shah_afridi666@yahoo.com, bdenibevi@gmail.com
2
Aluminum leaching/extraction from the low and lean grade ores is an attractive route
for the industries, because the worldwide reserves of high grade ores are diminishing.
Bioleaching is much more effective as conventional techniques are not desired due to
the use of expensive technology, high energy consumption, and environmental costs
due to high levels of pollution. The Bauxite ore was collected from nearby aluminum
processing industry. It was crushed, ground and sieved to obtain the size fraction of 50
– 80 µ mesh. The surface morphology and characterization of the metals in the ore
was carried out using SEM and EDX analysis respectively. The fungal strains
(Penicillum simplicissimum and Aspergillus niger) were obtained from
Biotechnology department, UNESP, Araraquara. These strains were grown using a
variety of agar growth media to obtain their maximum growth at possible conditions.
The cultivated cultures were then counted in Neubaur chamber and about 1×107
spores per mL were added to the flask containig liquid medium. The concentration of
organic acids produced by these strains was determined by High Performance Liquid
chromatography (HPLC). Bioleaching experiments was carried out using 250 ml
Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of metabolite having Bauxite pulp density of
5% with the initial pH range of 2 - 2.5. All flasks were incubated at 150 rpm for 24h in
a shaker. Soluble metal contents were determined using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS). The effects of the various parameters like pH, temperature,
Bauxite pulp density, leaching time and stirring speed were optimized for maximum
aluminum extraction. The expensive refined sugars as a glucose energy source for the
growth of these fungal strains were replaced by low cost organic waste products from
animal or food processing, pulp and beverage industries located at Araraquara, SP,
Brasil.
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15-262
Effect of Welding Parameters on the Mechanical and
Microstructural Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA-2014 Joints
R. Khan1,a, M. B. Bhatty1,b, A. Riaz1,c, F. Iqbal3,d, H. Zaigham2,e
1
Institute of Industrial Control Systems,Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Ibn e Sina Institute of Technonlogy, Pakistan
a
rizkhan3942@gmail.com, bmustasim63@gmail.com, ckhan47pk@gmail.com,
d
enginodendrite@gmail.com, ehamidzaigham@gmail.com
In this study, the effect of processing parameters on the mechanical and
microstructural properties of aluminum AA 2014 joints produced by friction stir
welding was analyzed. Friction stir welding was carried out on conventional milling
machine. Different samples were produced by varying the tool rotational rates (710,
1000rpm) and welding speeds (83.8 and 116.8mm/min).Micro hardness and tensile
tests performed at room temperature were used to evaluate the mechanical properties
of joints. In order to analyze the microstructural evolution of the material, the welds’
cross section were observed optically and by scanning electron microscope. The
results shows that weld efficiency improved by increasing rotational speed and
transverse speed of tool.
15-263
Influence of Tool Pin Profile and Welding Speed on Mechanical
Properties of Friction Stir Welded 6061 Aluminium Alloy
R. Khana, A. Alib, M. B. Bhattyc, H. Zaighamd
a
Institute of Industrial Control Systems,Rawalpindi, Pakistan
rizkhan3942@gmail.com, basifisb@icloud.com, cmustasim63@gmail.com,
d
hamidzaigham@gmail.com
In this investigation, an attempt has been made to understand the effect of welding
speed and tool pin profile on mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6061
aluminum alloy in T-6 condition. Three different tool pin profiles (cylindrical, square
and triangular) have been used to fabricate the joints at two different welding speeds.
The formation of Friction Stir Welding zone has been analyzed microscopically.
Tensile properties of the joints have been evaluated and correlated with the FSP zone
formation. From the investigation it is found that the square pin profiled tool produces
mechanically sound and metallurgically defect free welds compared to other tool pin
profiles.
176
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15-264
Microstructure and Compressive Properties of CoCrCuFeNi High
Entropy Alloys
R. Khan1,a, M. B. Bhatty1,b, A. Riaz2,c, F. Iqbal3,d
1
Institute of Industrial Control Systems Rawalpindi, Pakistan
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
Ibn e sina Institute of Technonlogy, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
rizkhan3942@gmail.com, bmustasim63@gmail.com, ckhan47pk@gmail.com,
d
enginodendrite@gmail.com
2
The equi-molar multicomponent CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy was developed by
vacuum induction melting and casting method. Microstructure and mechanical
properties of as cast alloy was investigated. The diffraction peaks of this alloy
correspond to FCC crystal structure.The microstructure shows typical dendritic
morphology with interdendritic segregation. The dendritic regions are rich in
Co,Cr,Fe, Ni while interdendritic region was rich in Cu. DSC analysis indicated no
significant change during heating and cooling cycles upto 1000C showing good
thermal stability. The alloy exhibits excellent compressive strength approaching to
4GPa in as cast condition. The high compressive strength and thermal stability make
this alloy suitable for high temperature structural and aerospace applications
15-265
Evaluation on Properties of B2O3-SiO2 and B2O3-P2O5-SiO2 Glass
Rods Fabricated by Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition
M. G. Anwar, S. Gardezi, M. Asim, N. Ahmad
Center of Excellence in Science and Applied Technologies, Islamabad, Pakistan
gulanwar@ymail.com
Doped silica rods with high thermal expansion are employed as stress applying parts
to induce birefringence in polarization preserving optical fibers. We investigated the
properties of two different glass systems; binary B2O3 doped and tertiary B2O3-P2O5
codoped in silica, fabricated with different doping compositions via modified
chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) technique. Further, the elemental composition of
developed doped rods were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy and
inductive coupled plasma techniques while their optical property of refractive index
was attained by preform refractive index profiler. Thermal properties of coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE) and glass transition temperature (Tg) were evaluated by
dilatometric analysis. Finally, a relationship between the doping compositions and the
optical and thermal properties is presented. And the experimental results of CTE are
compared with theoretical studies.
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15-266
Investigation of Thermo Mechanical Processing of AgCuMnNiZn
Brazing Alloy
A. Riaza, R. Khanb, M. F. Iqbalc
a
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
khan47pk@gmail.com, brizziuetian@gmail.com, cenginodendrite@gmail.com
A variety of silver base alloys are commonly used for vacuum brazing of stainless
steels and other materials. In the present work thermo mechanical behavior of
Ag18.7Cu7.74Mn5.82Ni24.5Zn alloy is investigated. The alloy was developed in
vacuum induction melting furnace and subjected to different percentage reductions in
rolling. Results show variation in microstructure and hardness of as rolled samples. It
is observed that the alloy can be deformed to as low as 0.1mm thickness by optimizing
the annealing cycle and percentage reduction.
15-267
Temperature Dependent Magnetic and Microwave Absorption
Properties of Doubly Substituted Nanosized Material
I. Sadiq
Center of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab,
Lahore 54560, Pakistan, Pakistan
khanphysics@yahoo.com
The sol gel method has been adopted to synthesize a series of X-type hexagonal
ferrites with concentration Sr2-x Gdx Ni2 Fe28-yCdyO46 (x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08,
0.10 and y=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5). The XRD analysis reveals the single phase of the
prepared material and the lattice constants a (Å) and c (Å) varies with additives. The
crystallite size of the present investigated ferrite is found in the range of 20-30 nm
measured from TEM image. The enhancement in the magnetic properties (saturation
magnetization, remanance magnetization and coercivity) can be observed with the
increase of dopping concentration and the coercivity lies in the range of
(484.22-887.47) G. The saturation and remanance magnetization decreases
monotonically with the temperature which is the characteristic of the hexagonal
ferrites. The Gd-Cd substituted sample possesses low values of complex relative
permittivity and permeability than the pure samples. The material exhibits maximum
microwave absorption -23dB at 11.87 GHz and attenuation peak is in good agreement
with the reflection loss value. The microwave absorption properties reflect the
applications of this material in super high frequency devices (SHF).
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15-268
An Integrated Experimental and Computational Approach to
Material Selection for Sound Proof Thermally Insulted Enclosure of
a Power Generation System
R. Waheed
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
rehanwaheed107@hotmail.com
Sound proof canopies for diesel power generators are fabricated with a layer of sound
absorbing material applied to all the inner walls. The physical properties of the
majority of commercially available sound proofing materials reveal that a material
with high sound absorption coefficient has very low thermal conductivity.
Consequently a good sound absorbing material is also a good heat insulator. In this
research it has been found through various experiments that ordinary sound proofing
materials tend to rise the inside temperature of sound proof enclosure by capturing the
heat produced by engine and not allowing it to be transferred to atmosphere. The same
phenomenon is studied by creating a finite element model of the sound proof
enclosure and performing a steady state and transient thermal analysis. The prospects
of using aluminum foam as sound proofing material has been studied and it is found
that inside temperature of sound proof enclosure can be cut down to safe working
temperature of power generator engine without compromise on sound proofing.
Literature review Sound proofing of diesel generators has been a topic of interest for
researchers in the past. Pish et al developed a sound proof enclosure for a 0.3KW
military purpose small engine. There are many engineering applications in which both
sound proofing and thermal insulation needs to be treated simultaneously one such
application is the automotive exhaust system. The exhaust pipe of automotive exhaust
system passes through intricate spaces beneath the chassis. Berbner et al developed a
sound proof thermal shield to protect heat and sound from entering the automotive
inner environment. Previously the sound thermal shield of exhaust system was made
from two aluminum foil layers with a rock wool or glass wool layer sandwiched in
between. Berbner et al used a special knit aluminum wire pressed in two layers of
perforated aluminum foil. The added advantage of their design was that it can be
reinstalled multiple times during repair works. A similar attempt has been made by
Muller et al. They use a perforated aluminum support layer that is placed such that it
does not come in contact with the automotive body thus preventing the heat from
exhaust system to be transferred to automotive main frame. Use of aluminum foam as
sound proofing material in automobile has also been studied. Ilgaz Akseli in his
research work has used aluminum foam under the front hood of different automobiles
and analyzed its effectiveness in terms of thermal conductivity and sound absorption
coefficient against other commercially available sound proofing materials. Jorge P.
Arenas and Malcom J. Crocker have discussed in detail the latest trends in use of
porous sound absorption material. They concluded that with the use of piezoelectric
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ISAM-2015
actuators a hybrid smart foam can be produced which utilizes both active and passive
noise control techniques and covers a broad spectrum of sound waves. Jorge et al also
concluded that new sound proofing materials are lighter, safer, environment friendly
and can be recycled. Francois Xavier et al in their research have developed a
composite porous sound absorbing material by filling the perforations of a sound
absorbing material with another porous material. One of the major disadvantages of
fibrous sound proofing materials developed in early 1960 was their handling. These
fibrous materials cause severe irritation when touched by a person also their fibers
pollute the air in form of fine particles during installation. The environmental effect of
various sound absorbing materials has been discussed by Francesco et al. Another
disadvantage of using fibrous material is the resistance to flow of air especially when
the sound proofing material is applied to an area where air flow rate is of prime
importance. Massimo et al developed an empirical relation for the friction on
polyester fiber materials.
15-269
Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters: Sensitive Environmental Probes
and Efficeint Anitmicrobial Agents
A. Ihsan
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan
aishaehsan@gmail.com
Protein stabilized fluorescent metal (gold and silver) nanoclusters (MNCs) can be
used as sensitive and selective sensors for heavy metal ions (Hg+2, Pb+2, Cu+2, Cd+2),
through fluorescence quenching by the metallophilic interaction of heavy metal ions
with MNC core. Protein acts as polyvalent scaffold due to its sulfur containing
aminoacid residues to sequester the metal ions. The ultimate concentration of these
fluorescent NCs depends on the number of –S- containing aminoacid present in a
particular protein which may vary the sensing results. These clusters can also be used
to develop fluorescent turn on sensor for pollutants having selective interaction with
quenching species. At our lab, we have developed highly fluorescnet metal
nanoclsuters using differnet proteins with different emission wavelengths. We have
also evaluated their potential for developing fluorescence turn off sensor for heavy
metals while on the other hand same nanoclsuters performed verywell as fluorescent
turn on sensors for noxious pollutnat like pesticides. Another important aspect of
these fluorescnet clusters is their antimicorbial potential agaisnt microbes. Silver at
smaller dimensions (<1nm) is supposed to be very active antimicrobial agent as
compared to other silver nanoparticles. In collaboration with health biotechnology
division, NIBGE, these clusters were evaluated against multidrug resistant bacterial
strains and showed remarkable activity against multidrugresistant bacterial strains as
compared to antibiotics and silver nanoparticles.
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15-270
Annealing Effects on Cd0.81Zn0.19S Thin Films Fabricated Through
Mechanical Mixing and Sublimation Technique
A. Bakhsha, I. H. Gulb
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
allah_bakhsh@scme.nust.edu.pk, biftikhar.gul@scme.nust.edu.pk
Cd0.81Zn0.19S Nano-Crystalline thin films are deposited on ITO coated glass slides
using mechanical mixing and sublimation technique. The effects of annealing
temperature on structure, morphology and optical properties of these films are
studied. The fabricated thin films show polycrystalline nature with hexagonal crystal
structure. Increase in crystallite size and emergent of a new peak along (103) direction
is observed after annealing process. The sample annealed at 4000C shows that large
grains are made up of smaller grains with average size of 20nm. These tinier grains
are invisible in as deposited and sample annealed at 2000C. The optical properties
such as optical constants and band gap energy of the films are examined using
spectroscopic ellipsometer and room temperature Photoluminescence. Time-resolved
photoluminescence of the thin film reveals the existence of near band edge and
defect-related state, which induces a red band in Photoluminescence spectra. The
vibrational phonon bands in the thin film are investigated using Raman spectroscopy.
High optical transmission and increased band gap suggest the potential use of
Cd0.81Zn0.19S thin film as a window layer in solar cells and optoelectronic devices.
15-271
High Temperature Oxidation Study of Laser Treated Air Plasma
Sprayed Ni-20Cr Coating
M.Mudassar Rauf1,a, M.Shahid1,b, A.Nusair Khan2,c
1
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Institute of Industrial and Control System, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
a
mudassar.79@hotmail.com,bmshahid@scme.nust.edu.pk, caamer.nusair@gmail.com
Ni-20Cr coating offers superior resistance against high temperature oxidation and
corrosive salts. Therefore it is widely used in several industries for the protection of
metallic components. In present study, continuous wave CO2 laser is utilized to
re-melt air plasma sprayed Ni-20Cr coating. The uncoated, air plasma sprayed and
laser re-melted specimens, were exposed to cyclic oxidation at 900°C for a hundred
cycles run. The oxidation products were characterized using XRD and SEM. Weight
changes were measured after every 4th cycle; Uncoated samples illustrated severe
oxidation indicated by substantial weight loss, while air plasma coated samples
demonstrated noticeable weight gain. However, oxidation resistance of laser-cladded
samples was found to be significantly improved as the samples showed negligible
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weight change; porosity within the coating was minimized with an improvement in
interface quality causing reduction in delamination damage.
15-272
An unusual Partial A–B Cationic Site Exchange in
EuCrO3Nano-Crystalline Perovskite Particles Prepared by
MechanosynthesisMethod: A Combined X-Ray Diffraction and
Mössbauer Spectroscopystudy
A. M. Gismelseed, H. M. Widatallah
Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
abbasher@squ.edu.om
The structural phase evolution during the formation process of theEuCrO3
nanoparticles perovskite prepared by pre-milling a 1:1 molar mixture of Eu2O3 and
Cr2O3 for 60 h followed by sintering at 700 ◦C (12 h) is systematically explored. X-ray
powder diffraction, magnetic measurementsand 151Eu Mössbauer measurements are
then combined to explore their crystal structure and magnetic properties.Rietveld
analysis of the x-ray powder diffraction pattern of the EuCrO3nanoparticles favors a
structural model involving a slight degree of cationic exchange where∼11% of the
Eu3+ and Cr3+ ions exchange their normal dodecahedral A- and octahedralB-sites,
respectively, in the perovskite-related structure. This cationic site exchange, which
isunusual in a perovskite structure, has been well supported by the
correspondingroom-temperature 151Eu Mössbauer spectrum of the nanoparticles that
in addition todisplaying a distribution in the principal component of the EFG tensor
(Vzz) at the usualA-sites of the 151Eu nuclei, also revealed the presence of a
subcomponent with ∼11% areafraction and a considerably increased |Vzz| value that
was associated with Eu3+ ions atoctahedral B-sites.
15-273
Environmentally Friendly Iron and Silver Impregnated Carbon
Materials as Atibacterial Agent Carrier with Catalytic Potential
I.Shah, R.Adnan, W.W. Ngah, N.Mohamed
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
irfan.shahg2015@gmail.com, irfan_physchem@yahoo.com
Herein, we report the preparation of iron and silver impregnated carbon materials
following a foreign material impregnation and surface oxidation method. Different
carbon based materials were prepared and characterized by using techniques such as
SEM, EDX, FTIR, TPR and TPD. The prepared materials were applied for the
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adsorptive removal of dyes from aqueous media and the treated waste waters were
used to investigate the germination of Mung beans seeds in different aqueous media.
A faster growth of healthy Mung beans plants was observed in the treated dye water as
compared to the other media. Furthermore, the silver incorporation in the iron
impregnated carbon materials was tested as antimicrobial agent carrier and the results
indicated that the material have similar activity as the positive control. When the iron
impregnated carbon materials were applied in the catalytic production of biodiesel
from waste cooking oil the materials show up to 78% yield and were reusable up to
three consecutive cycles with a slight change (±2%) in the percent yield of biodiesel.
It can be stated that the carbon materials prepared via a simple approach are multi
purpose and environmentally friendly carbon based materials and can be utilized in a
number of applications.
15-274
Photocatalytic Activity of CuO Nanoparticles Synthesized
by Green Route
F.T.Minhas1,2,3,4, A.Aljabour2,5,M.Ersöz1,2,M. Kus2,5
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Selçuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
2
Advanced Technology Research and Application Center,
Selçuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
3
National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry,
University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
4
Govternment Intermediate College, Nasarpur, Pakistan
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, Selçuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey
tabasumfouzia@yahoo.com
In the present investigation, the photocatalytic degradation ability of biologically
formed copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) was enlighten for methylene blue
(MB) chosen as a model dye. The selected green source for the synthesis of CuO-NPs
was ‘Kiwifruit ’juice. The sequential study for the degradation of MB was furnished
in a proper photocatalytic setup and the reaction was monitored under UV-Vis
spectrophotometer. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of MB was devised
and discussed in detail. Different types of structural properties of CuO-NPs were
analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM),
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), particle size distribution and zeta potential
measurements. The band gap of CuO-NPs was calculated by UV-visible absorption
spectrum. The reaction kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of MB was estimated as
well. Conclusively, this study offers facile and eco-friendly method for the
preparation of CuO-NPs with their subsequent use in the photocatalytic degradation
of dyes.
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15-275
Experimental Investigation of Various Layouts of Silica and Carbon
Phenolic Composites for High Temperature Applications
I. Aziz1,a, F. Ahmad1,b, V. Akhtar2,c, M. A. Noor2,d
1
National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
imran_9697@hotmail.com, bf_farrukh01@yahoo.com, cvaqar_akhtar@hotmail.com,
d
m.arifnoor@yahoo.com
Composites are widely used throughout the world in defense, aerospace,
transportation and industrial sector. Their ability to sustain very high temperatures
made them very useful materials for short duration high temperature applications in
chambers and nozzles of aircrafts. Over the years, engineers and researchers have
made continuous efforts to make light weight, high strength materials for high
temperature applications but there is still room for improvement. In the present
research, an experimental study has been performed to see the effect of various
winding patterns on ablation and delamination behavior of composite nozzles.
Nozzles used are made of three types of materials i.e. silica phenolic, carbon phenolic
and Inconel steel of same weight and dimensions. The composite nozzles were made
using the filament winding machine with phenol as the matrix material. The Inconel
nozzle is made using the machining processes. Ater fabrication, nozzles are exposed
to very high temperatures under oxyacetylene flame for short durations. The ablation
rates of the composite nozzles are calculated and their performance is compared with
the Inconel steel nozzle. The experimental setup used is the infrared camera with the
emissivity of the substrate material set to measure the temperature at the substrate
wall. It was observed that the silica phenolic composite without coating has shown
better ablation and delamination resistance than carbon fiber composite. In silica
phenolic composite, the delamination of the initial layers was observed, however the
nozzle remained integrated with minimum loss in thickness. The experiment was
repeated with zirconium carbide coating in order to improve delamination resistance.
The situation gets worse as the coating layer gets destroyed because of decomposition
of the coating and silica substrate interface due to matrix decomposition at high
temperature. Except for first layer delamination, the whole composite cloth remained
integrated. The carbon fiber composite without coating suffered maximum ablation
because of its ability to get oxidized under open atmosphere. Further investigation has
been performed to analyze the effect of alternate layers of fabric and fiber on
temperature resistance and delamination behavior in silica phenolic composite nozzle.
The nozzle layup was made by winding the 0-90 silica cloth at an angle on mandrel.
The alternate layers were made of 1mm cloth and 0.5mm fiber layers respectively
until the desired thickness was achieved. It was observed that, the alternate fabric
fiber layout nozzle showed better resistance in delamination and ablation properties.
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The study provides a useful knowledge of the effect of various fiber fabric layouts on
delamination and ablation resistance in composites for high temperature applications.
15-276
Setup for Biodiesel Production using Hydrodynamic
Cavitation Reaction
M. Zubaira, H. B. Usmanb, M. Tallalc, H. Ahmedd
a
G.I.K Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Pakistan
muhammadzubairirshad@gmail.com, bhumbal15@gmail.com, cmtallalbutt@outlook.com,
d
haseebahmed_gik@hotmail.com
Transesterification process is the widely used technology for production of biodiesel
from vegetable oils and animal fats. The effectiveness of this technology depends on
the rate of transesterification reaction and can be increased by its intensification; the
existing technology i.e. conventional method is time and energy consuming. Goal of
this research was the development and testing the setup for biodiesel production using
the hydrodynamic cavitation for intensification of the transesterification process. The
hydrodynamic cavitation of the reactants was achieved by installation of the orifice
plate. To study and improve the design of cavitator, CFX simulation of the flow
through the orifice was carried out; parameters such as number and position of holes
in the multiperforated orifice and the shape of orifice were studied and the best design
was selected and tested. Test results shows that time of transesterification reaction and
energy consumption per unit mass of the biodiesel produced have been significantly
reduced. The technology tested in this research can be recommended for large scale
production of biodesel in Pakistan.
15-277
High Resolution Optical System using IR Materials
M. M. Talha, F. Nasim, A. N. Khan, A. Gul
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
talhamtalha@gmail.com
Light spectrum is divided into three regions corresponding to wavelength of light i.e.
UV, VIS, and Infrared regions. Various optical systems are designed to work in these
regions depending upon the choice of optical materials. Optical systems designed in
Infrared range are called IR optical systems. IR optical industry always demands for
high resolution, wide FOV and compact IR optical systems .To meet the requirements
of today’s industry we are presenting a design concept of high resolution IR
catadioptric optical system that has 3° FOV with geometrical spot radius ~ 17µm in
the image space which is suitable for small pixel size FPA detectors . It is compact
with total size: 82mm, EPD: 90mm, and EFL: 190mm. The proposed design works
efficiently in the spectral range of 0.8 – 1.4µm and 1.064µm as a reference
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wavelength. Cassegrain telescope concept has been employed in this design and
discussed in detail. All components used in this design are spherically symmetric i.e.,
on axis system except one component which is a simple aspheric with zero values of
deforming coefficients, thereby its fabrication as well as assembly are trouble-free
and low cost. Exotic materials are avoided in this design and all materials are
commercially available. Such designs may be used for imaging systems, measuring
systems, detection, acquisition, seeker and tracking systems, communication systems,
optical security systems, infrared sources and countermeasures etc.
15-278
High Temperature Wear Behavior of Ni3Al Coatings Deposited by
Air Plasma Spraying System
K.Mehmood, M.Asif, A.N.Khan
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute of Industrial and Control System, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
engrkhalid80@yahoo.com
Air plasma spraying system was utilized to deposit Ni3Al coatings on AISI 321 steel
samples. After thermal spraying, the nickel aluminide intermetallic coatings were
isothermal heat treated at various temperatures. In this regard, temperatures from 500
ºC to 800 ºC were selected. The coatings were soaked for 10, 30, 60 and 100 hours at
the mentioned temperatures. The as sprayed and exposed coatings were then
characterized by using techniques such as X-Ray diffraction analysis, optical and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Micro hardness tester and Differential scanning
Calorimetery (DSC). X-Ray diffraction analysis shows that the formation of NiO
increases drastically with increasing time and temperature. Further, the formation of
NiO causes the increase in hardness. The DSC test was conducted to assess the
transformation temperature of minor phases formed during thermal spraying and
isothermal treatment. High temperature wear characteristics were assessed indirectly
in this study. The coatings were firstly isothermally heat treated at different
temperatures and for different times. The exposed samples were then subjected to
wear tests.
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15-279
Conversion of Cement Kiln Dust/RHA or Quartz into valuable
Ceramic Products
E. M. M. Ewais1,, A. A. M. El-Amir2,, Y. M. Z. Ahmed3,
1
Refractory and Ceramic Materials Division, Advanced Materials Department, Central
Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Egypt
2
Refractory and Ceramic Materials Division (RCMD), Central Metallurgical R&D Institute,
P.O.87 Helwan, 11421 Cairo, Egypt
3
Refractory and Ceramic Materials Division (RCMD), Central Metallurgical R&D Institute,
P.O.87 Helwan, 11421 Cairo, Egypt, Egypt
dr_ewais@hotmail.com
The present work aims at exploitation of CKD in presence of quartz sand or RHA by
its conversion into eco-friendly valuable ceramic products. Different batch
compositions of cement kiln dust (CKD) with 30 to 55 wt% quartz or RHA with an
increment of 5 wt% were designed to prepare wollastonite and its composites. These
batches were wet mixed, dried at 100°C for 24 h, grounded, sieved, uniaxially pressed
and fired at different temperatures. Phase composition, microstructure, densification
parameters, and mechanical properties of the obtained fired specimens were
investigated. The results showed that wollastonite polymorphs and their composites
were synthesized successfully at lower temperatures without addition of any
mineralizers. The output of this work might be considered as a real solution for the
Environmental problem relevant to cement industry and agrowastes. Conversion the
CKD into useful wollastonite-based ceramics with appropriate technology allows the
potential application in several fields. Hence, economic benefits will get to the
producers and thus to the national economy.
15-280
Eco-Friendly Porous Products from the Water Drinking Sludge
E. M. M. Ewais1, M. Wally2, B. E. H. Al-anadouli3, R. M. Elsaadany4,
N. H. Shalaby5
1
Refractory and Ceramic Materials Division, Advanced Materials Department, Central
Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Egypt
2
Cairo Company for Drinking Water, Cairo, Egypt
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt, Giza, Egypt
4
El-korimate power station, El-Giza, Egypt
5
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City 11727, Cairo, Egypt
dr_ewais@hotmail.com
Various types of soft and light insulating fire bricks were processed from Egyptian
water treatment sludge as new alternatives for diatomaceous insulation bricks. The
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quantity of sludge is estimated by 59000 tones /year. Two factors termed; firing
temperature and the content of silica dust or RHA added were taken into consideration
in the developments. Filter-pressed sludge as a technological route was considered.
IFBs produced have different structure and chemistry, which in turn deliver different
performance characteristics. Apparent porosity and bulk density of the produced
bricks were recorded 40-74% and 0.35-0.95kg/cm3, respectively while the cold
crushing strength and modulus of rupture were recorded 14-60 kg/cm2 and 3-7kg/cm2
respectively. The refractoriness of these types is around 1250oC. These bricks can be
easily cut by handheld hack saw or any other hand tool like chisel or even drill bit.
Color of insulating bricks is usually light brown. Based on these results, IFBs
produced have a unique position within the category of high temperature insulation
products, in that they offer a unique combination of insulating properties with load
bearing ability. Therefore, these types from IFBs are particularly suited to
applications as back lining for industrial furnaces up to 1100°C, where their structural
integrity capable of dealing with erosive and abrasive environments. These products
are expected to offer big energy savings for customers in the ceramics, power
generation, chemical/petrochemical, lime, aluminium, Iron & Steel sectors…etc.
According to the initial norms, the production process is cost effective and energy
efficient. The available sludge allows producing the most complete range of IFB
products on the market today. Also, the ground bricks based sludge fabricated at
900oC were successfully used as removal of the most common pollutants in water
such as rosaniline dye, residual chlorine, Pb+2 and Ni+2. Since these materials are low
cost adsorbents, therefore, it can be used as an alternative to the expenses ones in
water and wastewater treatment processes.
15-281
High-Alumina Phosphate-Bonded Castable Refractories as a
Potential Replacement for Cement-Bonded Castables Used in Boiler
Burners
E. M. M. Ewais
Refractory and Ceramic Materials Division, Advanced Materials Department, Central
Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Egypt
dr_ewais@hotmail.com
It is well known that drying out of cement-bonded refractory castables are one of the
critical factors that affect on their performance. Drying out of these castables and their
flame impingent has negative repercussions on their physico-mechanical and thermal
properties if it has not been completed in a good way suitable with each refractory
castable type. Heating schedule involves the raising of temperature with very slow
rate and indirect heating source to avoid abrupt evaporization of water with high
speed and crack formations. Such kind of heat schedule needs long time to be applied
and in turn causes high consumption of energy in term of fuels or electricity. In this
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context and to minimize the cost, strenuous efforts were made to reduce cement ratios
in refractory castables and in turn to reduce water-added ratio. Recently, low-cement,
ultra low-cement, and no-cement castables were developed, where refractory cement
used as a binder is progressively brought down to withstand high temperatures
without weakening the lining. Nevertheless, the cost of a heating schedule of these
brands was reduced compared with conventional cement bonded castables but still
high. For these reasons, the success in processing of cement free refractory castables
of the following criteria; 1-it can be thermally treated using short-term heating
schedule, 2-it cannot be affected by direct flame impingement, and 3-their
physcio-mechanical and thermal properties improves during raising of heating during
the schedule, is a huge development in this area. This research will address the
manufacture of phosphate-bonded refractory castables as potential replacement as
well as a crack repair for cement-bonded castables of the burner boiler used in
refining and petrochemical industry. Also, phosphate bonded castables overview will
be presented in brief.
15-282
The Role of Transmission Electron Microscopy in Material Science
Y. Iqbal
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
yaseeniqbal@upesh.edu.pk
This talk will begin with a brief introduction to the engineering of materials which has
taken the shape of a multidisciplinary applied science related to the designing and
processing of compositions with tailored properties for specific applications.
Materials with the desired properties are engineered via modifications in the phase,
structure, composition and microstructure at micron, atomic or molecular scale for
applications ranging from construction industry to nano-technokogy. We need
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for direct examination of micro- and
nano-scale features. The introduction of TEM in materials characterization played a
key role in the rapid development of the science and hence technology of materials.
Various techniques and potentials of TEM in characterizing micro- and nano-scale
features will be discussed with the help of images and diffraction patterns and their
impact on the properties of the final product will be highlighted. It will be a useful talk
for young researchers interested in the practical use and interpretation of TEM. At the
end, a brief account of the research activities at the Materials Research Laboratory,
Peshawar will be presented.
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15-283
Processing, Device Fabrication and Electrical Characterization of
LaMnO3 Nanofibers
K. Com1,a, S. S. Shah2,b, M. Yousaf2,b, M. J. Iqbal2,b, M. Ali2,b, S. Ali2,b,
M. Ajmal3,b, Y. Iqbal2,b
1
Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,
23200 Mardan, Pakistan
2
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics,
University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
3
Department of Physics, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
a
khizar3@gmail.com, byaseeniqbal@upesh.edu.pk
The focus of this talk will be on the synthesis of lanthanum manganite (LaMnO3)
nanofibers using the in-house developed electrospinning facility at the Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Peshawar. The size and uniformity of these
nanofibers were optimized by varying PVP concentration. X-ray diffraction analysis
revealed the formation of single phase LaMnO3 nanofibers and their diameter was
confirmed to be ~ 400 nm when the composite nanofibers were calcined at 600 °C.
M′′ and Z′′ spectroscopic plots of impedance spectroscopy data confirmed the
presence of two distinct electro-active regions (referred to as the grain and grain
boundary regions) in these fibers. The activation energies of the grain and grain
boundary regions were measured to be 0.27 eV and 0.41 eV, respectively; which
suggested two different transport mechanisms in these fibers.
15-284
BaTiO3–Bi(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3 Ceramics for High Temperature
Capacitor Applications
R. Muhammad1,, Y. Iqbal2,, I. M. Reaney3,
1
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics,
University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
2
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics,
University of Peshawar, Pakistan
3
Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
University of Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
yaseeniqbal@upesh.edu.pk
The focus of this talk will be on the preparation of single phase, dense solid solutions
of BaTiO3–Bi(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3¬, via a standard mixed-oxide solid state sintering
route and investigation of its potential for high-temperature capacitor applications.
The authors were successful in achieving several compositions exhibiting almost flat
relative permittivity versus temperature curves over a broad temperature range
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indicating their potential for high temperature capacitor applications. The x = 0.5
samples exhibited a broad and stable relative permittivity up to ~ 937±15% over a
broad temperature range (~ 25°C–550°C) and the corresponding loss tangent was less
than 3% at temperatures ranging from 100 to 530°C. Impedance spectroscopy
analysis revealed the highly insulating behavior of the samples with x ≥ 0.2 below
600°C. The resistivity of the samples increased with increasing Bi(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3
content. The activation energies of the bulk were observed to increase from 1.24 to
2.25 eV with an increase in x from 0 to 0.6. These ceramics exhibited excellent
dielectric properties and could be promising candidate materials for high temperature
multilayer ceramic capacitors.
15-285
Local Order and Chemical State of a Doped-Nanoparticle by X-Ray
Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy
S. Ali1,, E. Cattaruzza2,, F. Gonella2,, G. Aquilanti3,
1
Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venezia, via
Torino 155/b, I-30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
3
Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, s.s. 14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
sayphysics@gmail.com
2
Local and electronic structure of the doped-nanoparticles in glass or other matrices
plays an important role in understanding the diffusion mechanism and modifications
in the host matrix. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is a suitable technique that
gives detailed information regarding the structural modifications induced by the
dopant and its diffusion can be very accurately confirmed by Secondary Ion Mass
Spectrometry (SIMS). As a special case for understanding the technique, Cr and
Cu-Zn doped silicate glasses were studied at the Cr, Cu and Zn K-edges. The X-ray
Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) analysis showed that after diffusion into
the glass matrix, Cr achieved two oxidation states i.e. Cr3+ and Cr6+ in sodalime
glasses, while one oxidation state i.e. Cr3+ in the borosilicate glass. In the case of
diffusion of Cu-Zn co-doped glasses, XANES analyses showed that the distribution of
Cu inside the glass matrix was quite complex due to the existence of two possible
oxidation states, namely; Cu+ and Cu2+, depending on the nature of the host matrix as
well on the fabrication parameters. Moreover, longer diffusion duration converted
much of the Cu+ to Cu2+ inside the glass matrix. Due to no or very little diffusion of Zn
into the glass matrix, the absorption profile was plotted as a linear combination of Zn
and ZnO. This study provided an insight into the diffusion of various nanoparticles
into the glass matrix, which is useful to study its effects on optical properties.
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15-286
Pakistan a Favorable Land of Sisal, the Wonder Fiber
M.A.Shaikh, M.Shoaib, Sanaullah, M.Saeed Ashraf
Fiber Crops, Directorate of Agronomy,
Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad, Pakistan
agronomistfc@gmail.com
Sisal (Agave sisalana) germplasm was acclimatized under Faisalabad environmental
conditions for a period exceeding 1.5 decade under three different conditions viz;
rainfed condition, irrigated condition and high temperature with half sunlight
conditions. All the acclimatized plants developed successfully and produced sucker
4-5 years under the three distinct conditions. The new generation of the treatments
were transplanted in the field for multiplication. The parent plants in rainfed
conditions produced 180 to 200 leaves having 1.58 cm length and 7.33 cm width to
reach their growth span. Leaf count per plant of 16.5 leaves year-1 were harvested
from plants grown in high temperature with half sunlight availability attained length
of 125 cm and width of 3.8 cm after fourth years of transplanting. The plants
cultivated in irrigated conditions starts emerging new leaf after 4 months of
transplanting and on an average produce 12 leaves per plant per year. Leaves emerged
after transplanting in field developed to a length of 38 cm and width of 2.5 cm after a
period of six months. On an average, over the first 4 years, two harvesting were
obtained annually. In the following years only one cut was made per year, until the
flower stalks begin to develop. It was further observed that sisal did not show
sustainable growth under water lodged, marshy land, riverine areas where water
remains available during the whole year and water saturated soil. It is concluded that
sisal has a potential to grow successfully under irrigated and rainfed conditions as
well as in site having high temperature with half sunlight.
15-287
Forecasting of Indirect Consumables in Job Shop
M. Shakeela, S. Khanb, W. A. Khanc, N. Hanifd
a
G.I.K Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Pakistan
gme1510@giki.edu.pk, bgme1512@giki.edu.pk, cwasim@giki.edu.pk,
d
hanif.nauman@yahoo.com
Humans for a very long time are trying to predict future to get some clues about
unknown. The concept presented in the paper shows how forecasting will be carried
out in a job shop. A job shop has an arrangement having different types of machines.
The job shop is used by several users at a time so it becomes an important issue to
provide direct and indirect consumables to all the users. Direct consumables include
machine tools and electricity etc. Indirect consumables include sand papers, tools,
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ISAM-2015
working materials, blades, lubricants etc. Forecasting is also needed to manage lead
time, inventory cost and stock outs. The objective of this research is to estimate the
forecasting for indirect consumables. The purpose of forecasting is to determine
quantity of the indirect consumables. The paper shows how job shop can manage their
indirect consumables by using modern techniques of forecasting. This results in
profitable use of job shop by multiple users.
15-288
Design, Fabrication and a Novel Control of Segmented Shape
Memory Alloy based Dexterous Robotic Hand
M. M. Khan1,a, A. Rehman2,a, M. I. Khan3,b, S. F. Abbas4,a
1
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Topi,
Swabi, KPK, 23640, Pakistan
2
Korea Institute for Rare Metals and Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Songdo-Dong,
Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
a
mudassergikian@yahoo.com, bimrankhan@giki.edu.pk
In this paper the design, fabrication and a novel control of a lightweight and dexterous
five-fingered robotic hand driven by an array of Nitinol shape memory alloy actuators
is presented. The SMA wires are activated via Joule heating and a series flow of
current is implemented. Segmentation approach is adopted to control the movement
of each segment in a finger. For that purpose each SMA actuator wire is divided into
two segments and each can be individually activated. For any configuration or
movement of the hand, a current path is established between the aluminium poles. For
the purpose of fast switching between different configurations or movements of the
hand, a circuit is designed in which Mosfet switches are used. The switches can be
controlled through a Microcontroller. The Microcontroller along with a keypad is
coded for five different configurations that can be easily achieved and switched with
no risk of over-heating by pressing the buttons from 1 to 5 on the keypad. Sixty four
(64) different configurations or movements can be programmed using the (8 x 8)
matrix of the keypad.
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15-289
Evaluation of Performance Parameters of Indigenously Developed
Roots Pumping System
M. Maqsood1, A. Usman1, M. F. Bodla2, J. Ali1
1
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
maqsood@ninvast.edu.pk
Roots pumping systems are widely used in industries to generate vacuum with high
pumping speed. In the present work, the performance parameters of indigenously
developed Roots pumping system have been studied. The performance parameters
being studied are the ultimate pressure, working temperature, compression ratio and
pumping speed. Ultimate pressure of the Roots pump after continuous running of
eight hours is found to be 1.1×10-3 mbar. The most important parameter of the roots
pump is the zero-gas flow compression Ratio (Ko)whichis found to be 18 for the
pumping system under study. Efficiencyof Roots pump is found to be 76% which is in
good agreement as reported in the literature.
15-290
Temperature Dependence and uncertainty Estimation for Helium
Leak Artefacts
J. Ali1,, M. Maqsood1,, A. Usman1,, T. Sattar1,, W. Khan1,,
S. Muhammad2
1
National Institute of Vacuum Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
maqsood@ninvast.edu.pk
Helium leak elements also known as “leak calibrators” of various leak rates/ designs
are globally available for use in different vacuum installations. Although for proper
use of these calibrators, the manufacturers provide recommended temperature along
with the leak rate. However, temperature in vacuum installations is usually reported to
raise upto 60 oC which ultimately affects the leak rates of such artefacts. This paper
aims at the temperature dependence of leak rate in the range of 10-8 mbar.l/s and 10-9
mbar.l/s for two randomly selected leak elements. The behaviour of leak rate was
studied at various temperature set points in the range from 25oC to 60oC. A change in
leak rate of one order of ten in the manufacturer value has been recorded in the current
temperature range. Uncertainties have also been estimated in the observed values.
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15-291
The Ergonomics of Man Machine Interface
M. A. Zeba, M. A. Khalidb
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Topi, Swabi,
KPK, 23640, Pakistan
a
aamirzeb@gmail.com, babdullahkhalid_00@hotmail.com
In the field of manufacturing machines play a very vital role .The efficiency and
output not only depends on machine but also humans. If machines are designed
keeping in view the human being then it can have a positive effect on over all outcome
of a manufacturing organization. Keeping in view these human factors when
designing the machines are called Ergonomics. Ergonomics include all the physical
and cognitive attributes of human when designing anything on which a human will
work. The point at which Man and machine meet is called man machine interface
(MMI) or human machine interface (HMI). This case study focuses on MMI Of
machines that are present in mechanical workshop and applies science of ergonomics
on it. These machines include milling, lathe and drilling machine.
15-292
To Investigate the Latest Power Trends in Wireless Sensor Network
for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges/Structures
I. Ahmad, N. Iqbal
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology,
Topi, Swabi, N.W.F.P, 23640, Pakistan
iftikharahmad@giki.edu.pk
Civil infrastructures such as bridges, dams, buildings, pipelines, road tunnels are
mostly subjected to harsh environmental conditions such as strong winds, heavy rains,
and high humidity, huge temperature variations that can severely affect their health
and can pose life-threatening conditions. Structural health monitoring (SHM) can
prevent these tragic incidents by using Wireless Sensor Networks as a monitoring
system. A wireless sensor network consists of spatially distributed autonomous
sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as
temperature, sound, vibration, pressure and motion. WSN use battery as a power
source and the limited shelf life of battery is a big problem. The power problem has
been discussed and a proposed solution has also been provided in the form of different
vibration energy harvesters. This paper will focus on the latest power trends in WSN.
Moreover different vibration energy harvesters have been illustrated and compared
for bridges and structural vibration.
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15-293
Scheduling a Job Shop - A Case Study
A. Abbasa, M. Abas, W.A.Khanb
GIK Institute of Engineering Science and Technology,
Topi, Swabi, KPK, 23640, Pakistan
a
ahmad_abbas926@yahoo.com, bahmad@giki.edu.pk
In manufacturing industry scheduling of job shop is very important for effective
utilization of the available machines. Depending on the available manufacturing
processes; available machine tools; available indirect consumables and the jobs to be
processed; different algorithms can be used to schedule the job shop. This paper
presents a case study of a job shop where different parts are processed on different
machines. First depending on the manufacturing facility available and assuming
indirect consumables are also available, setup and operation times are measured
through time motion study on different sample products for different manufacturing
processes. An ideal job scheduling is performed. Considering the measured operation
time, the time for new products are estimated and for effective utilization of machines
an optimized scheduling algorithm is proposed.
15-294
Mineral Processing Experiments on an
RE-Nb Ore of Inner Mongolia
Z. Yunhai, Wangzhongming, Z. Jie, H. Zhengfeng
State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing;
Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing, 102628, China
bradleyzhang@163.com
The ore we studied in the topic is from Inner Mongolia，China, characterized by RE(
mainly as Ce and Y) and Nb. It contains Zr, Hf, U and Th too, which can be recovered
comprehensively. The valuable minerals in the ore can be divided into six kinds:
RE-minerals, Nb-minerals, Zr-minerals, Be-minerals, Th-minerals and
Ti-minerals.RE-minerals exist mainly as xinganite,pyrochlore, bastnaesite, monazite
and yttrium synchysite; Nb-minerals mainly as columbite,mangancolumbite and
pyrochlore; Zr-mineral mostly as zircon; Be-minerals mostly as xinganite, secondly
as Zinc sunlight garnet and phenacite; Th-mineral mainly as thorianite; Ti-minerals
mostly as manganese ilmenite, followed by rutile and sphene. Gangue minerals
appear as quartz, orthoclase, albite, microcline, followed by chlorite and
arfvedsonite.Trace pyrite, sphalerite, galena, white barite etc can be seen too. How to
make good use of the ore becomes hardest from 1975 to now. The difficulty lies in
such aspects:1)the specific gravity of the valuable minerals is similar; so it’s possible
to get rough concentrate just by gravity separation; but it’s impossible to get
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individual qualified concentrate in this way;2)hematite,ilmenite,niobium iron
ore-niobium manganese ore,ilmenorutile and arfvedsonite, xinganite and hamartite
would be collected together just by wet high-intensity magnetic separation;3)most
valuable minerals disseminate too fine, so it’s hardest to liberate them fully by normal
grinding machines;4)some minerals, such as limonite and chlorite are easy to be slime
to pollute the final concentrates. The combined flowsheets,whether gravity
separation-high intensity magnetic separation or high-intensity magnetic
separation-gravity separation proved to invalid to get qualified concentrates finally.
The combined flowsheet of recovering RE minerals by direct flotation at first,
recovering Nb minerals by wet high-intensity magnetic separation from the flotation
tailing secondly, recovering Zr minerals by gravity separation at last. In this way, such
indexes are obtained: the flotation concentrate: REO 8.68%, recovery of REO
73.46%; the concentrate of HIMS: Nb2O5 1.53%，recovery of Nb2O529.37%; the
concentrate of gravity separation: ZrO2 52.46%，recovery of ZrO234.55%. From
above indexes, greater progresses can be seen by the suggested flowsheet.
15-295
Evaluation of Drug Delivery System for Human Lung Cancer by
Water Soluble Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles Congugated with
Methotrexate
Noamanul-haq1, M. Ajmal2, U. Yunus2, A. Matin3
1
Department of Chemical Engineering,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan
2
Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad-44000, Pakistan.
3
Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur-22620, Pakistan
noamanulhaq@ciitlahore.edu.pk
In 2004 during purification of of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by
preparative electrophoresis a new class of carbon nano materials i.e. carbon
nanoparticles (CNPs) were discovered. Carbon nanoparticles are easy to prepare and
low cost materials that is why they are getting much attention of researchers. The
unique properties of these carbon nanoparticles are flourence and water solubility
unlike other carbon material. Also C13 NMR results illustrated that these particles
were sp2 hybridized, which indicates that these particles can be conjugated. As these
particles are flouresent, chemically inert, resistance to photobleaching, highly water
soluble, easy to functionalize, low toxic and biocompatible, they are being used in
drug delivery, bioimaging and biological labeling. In drug delivery systems among
other drug carriers nanoparticles gain more attention as they can remain in circular
system for longer time to reach infected sites and can pass easily through cell
membrane. Fluorescent carbon nano particles with high water solubility, has been
prepared from sucrose and glucose by acid assisted ultrasonic method. These particles
has been characterized using UV/Vis, Flourescent spectroscopy, FT-IR, TGA and
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ISAM-2015
SEM. Anticancer drug Methotrexate was used to conjugate these paticles. These
CNPs can be used as fluorescent nano-carriers for drug delivery. The in-vitro
bioactivity of CNPs-Methotrexate conjugates was investigated by Sulforhodamine B
assay, cells adhesion assay and Lactate dehydrogenase assay in human lung
carcinoma cell line (H157). These CNPs-MTX conjugates are highly cytotoxic and
possess strong anticancer activities in H157.
15-296
Particle Interaction of Alumina Ceramics in Wet Ceramic
Processing - Effect of Dispersant
A. U. Khan, M. Hussain, N. ul-haq
Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Lahore-54000, Pakistan
asadkhan@ciitlahore.cedu.pk
In this research we have studied the influence of adsorbing two different types
dispersant with varying amount on the rheology of Alumina ceramic. The dispersant
used in this study are Tiron (sodium salt of 4–5 dihydroxy-1, 3-benzene disulfonic
acid, C6H8Na2O8S2) and Darvan C (an ammonium of poly(methacrylate)). It has been
found that the dispersants adsorbs onto the surface of the Alumia powder particle,
modify the physio-chemical properties of the surface and consequently alter the
rheological characteristics of the suspension. The results of rheological studies are
supported and complemented by the adsorption isotherms of the dispersant and
sediment heights of the particles.
15-297
Spectro-Photometric Determinations of Mn, Fe, and Cu in
Aluminum Master Alloys
R. Ahmad
Soan Enterprises, Islamabad, Pakistan
rehanchatta@gmail.com
Highly reliable, fast, and cost effective methods for the determination of Mn, Fe & Cu
in Aluminum master alloys have been developed. These spectrophotmetric methods
are based on the development of calibration curves using self prepared standards. The
calibration curves are designed in such a way, so that, to induce maximum sensitivity
and minimum human or instrument error (Mn 1ppm-20ppm, Fe 0.1ppm-2ppm, and
Cu 20ppm-100ppm). The developed Spectro-photometric methods produce accurate
results while analyzing Mn, Fe and Cu in certified reference materials. Particularly,
these methods cover all the ranges for analysis of Mn, Fe, and Cu in Aluminum master
alloys. Also, the sampling practice for these methods significantly represents the
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ISAM-2015
whole lot. Successive dilution technique was utilized to meet the calibration curve
range. Further, the workout methods were also found suitable for the analysis of said
elements in ordinary aluminum alloys. However, it was observed that Cu showed a
considerable interference with Fe, latter may not be accurately measured in the
presence of Cu greater than 0.01%.
15-298
Numerical Simulation of Impact Resistance of Alumina and Silicon
Carbide Armor against AP-Projectiles
T. Rashid1,a, M. A. Aleem2,b, S. Akbar1,c, A. Rauf1,d, M. Shuaib1,e
1
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
PIEAS, Islamabad, Pakistan
a
engrtahir1@yahoo.com, badeel713@gmail.com, csam_qau@yahoo.com,
d
abdulrauf2971@yahoo.com, erayyans@hotmail.com
Durability of Alumina and Silicon Carbide armor plates have been tested numerically
against 7.62x51 mm2 AP projectiles. A 2-D problem with axial symmetry had been
proposed and the simulations were carried out in commercial software ANSYS
AUTODYN. Experiments were modeled for Alumina (99.5%), Alumina (99.7%) and
SiC targets with a range of tile thicknesses 5,10,15 and 20 mm. The Projectiles were
chosen as 7.62x51 armor piercing bullet ( initial velocity 809 m/s) with copper casing
and with two different core materials Steel4340 and Tungsten Carbide. Modelling
results show that SiC showed better defense against incident projectile as compared to
Alumina targets.The residual velocity and momentum of the bullet were found to
decrease with increasing tile thickness, for all three materials. SiC targets showed
weaker defense against WC core as compared to Steel4340 core, as 20 mm and 15
mm tile thickness were found ample to completely stop the bullet, respectively.
However, both type of bullets were found to perforate through all types of Alumina
targets.
15-299
Exchange-Bias Effect in Nano-Structured Magnetic Materials
M. F. A. Khan
Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh
fakhan@phy.buet.ac.bd
Exchange bias effect has been experimentally investigated in three different magnetic
oxides namely Fe/CoO , MnO/Mn2O3 and Bi0.9Gd0.1Fe0.9Ti0.1O3 nanoparticles system
prepared in three different techniques. Significant exchange bias effect is observed in
the magnetron sputtered Fe/CoO with the shift in hysteresis loop towards the negative
field when the sample is cooled from below the Curie temperature Tc of ferromagnetic
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ISAM-2015
Fe down to below the Neel temperature TN of the antiferromagnetic CoO. In case of
MnO/Mn2O3 nano-particle system which is fabricated by inert gas condensation
(IGC) technique it is observed that the segregated particles form clusters of core-shell
and hollow structures giving rise to significant exchange bias effect. A tunable
exchange bias effect is observed in Bi0.9Gd0.1Fe0.9Ti0.1O3 where the exchange bias
effect is found to be dependent on the strength of the cooling field. All the three
samples are found to be promising materials for magnetic recording media.
15-300
Synthesis and Characterization of Nb and Sr Co-doped PZT
Piezoelectric Materials
A. Rauf, M. A. Aleem, M. Shoaib, H. Nawaz
Institute of Industrial Control Systems, P.O. Box 1398, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
abdulrauf2971@yahoo.com
Pb0.96 Sr0.04 (Zr0.52 Ti0.48)0.98Nb0.02O3 was developed using powder oxide synthesis
route to study the effect of co-doping of Sr+2 and Nb+5. The pervoskite structure and
tetragonal phase wereconfirmed using the XRD technique. Microstructure was
studied using an SEM which revealed the average grain size around 1 µm. The piezo
and electrical properties were studied using LCR meter, transducer analyzer and
piezometer. The dielectric constant of 1750, the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) up to
390 and the mechanical quality factor (Qm) of approximately 120 were achieved.
Hysteresis study of the PZT disc was performed at room temperature, the magnitude
of remnant polarization (Pr ), Coercive fields (+Ec and -Ec ) and internal bias field
were measured as 72 µC/cm2, +1.28, -1.3 kV and 0.0081 kV, respectively. Higher
dielectric constant and higher d33 were achieved than un-doped PZT as reported in the
literature.
15-301
Effect of Metal Ion Loading on Cr(III) Sorption by Macroporous
Resin Amberlyst.15
K. H. Shah1, S. Mustafa2
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Basic Sciences,
University of Poonch, Pakistan
2
National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry,Peshawar University, Pakistan
khizar_nce787@yahoo.com
The macroporous organic ion exchanger Amberlyst.15 in H, Li, Na, Ca and Al forms
was selected to find the counter-ions effect on Cr(III) sorption and result showed the
maximum exchange capacity for univalent forms of resin followed by di and trivalent
forms. It was observed that the thermodynamic parameter are highly dependent upon
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ISAM-2015
the nature of counter-ions initially present inside the resin like ionic radii,
electronegativity and hydration energy. A perfect linear relationship between
enthalpy and entropy proved the entropy driven nature of ion exchange mechanism.
15-302
Parametric Effect on Growth Mechanism and Size of Carbon
Nanotubeswith and without External Catalyst
S.N. Ahmad, K. Farooq, S. Khan,
S. Saeed, B. Khan
National Institute of Vacuum Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
s_n_ahmad@yahoo.com
We report on the synthesis Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by chemical vapor
deposition. Two different modes were adopted for the growth of CNTs: first on a
catalyzed substrate and second on a stainless steel (SS) plate without application of an
external catalyst. Different reaction parameters such as rate of flow of hydrocarbon
gas, heating cycles, catalyst ratio, growth time, stay time, and surface activation were
varied to study their effect on the morphology and growth mechanism of CNTs.
Optimization of parameters was done systematically and a progression in morphology
of CNTs carbon was observed from nano-particle formation to tubular structure.
Temperature and reaction time play a critical role on the growth and size of CNTs.
Longer tube formation was observed on SS plate whereas smaller diameter (~ 40 nm
and less) CNTs were formed on catalyzed substrate at optimized parameters. These
results will be discussed in terms of transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA/ DSC), and
X-ray diffraction (XRD).
15-303
Study on the Optimized Synthesis of Silica (SiO2) Nanoparticles with
Different Sizes: Lab scale to up Scaled Production
S.N.Ahmad, K.Farooq, S.Khan, S.Saeed, B.Khan
National Institute of Vacuum Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
s_n_ahmad@yahoo.com
The increasing demand for advanced materials with improved thermal, mechanical,
physical, and chemical properties has changed the focus of modern research towards
nanomaterials and their applications. Nanosized silica (SiO2) has been widely used as
filler to enhance different properties of polymers used in engineering composites.
This report focuses on the synthesis of silica nanoparticles, in different size range by
sol gel technique. Ammonia, ethanol, DI water, and tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS)
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were used as precursors with varying concentrations. Series of experiments were
carried out to fine tune the particle size in a narrow distribution and reproduction of
the results. Different size ranges of silica nanoparticles, 50-100 nm, 150-200 nm,
200-260 nm, and 300-400 nm were successfully synthesized. The SEM data showed
that size of silica nanoparticles was controlled and the size distribution was narrow.
The SEM samples were thoroughly investigated and it was ensured that the images of
SEM represent the overall sample and not the good part only. The results show that
reactions were complete and no residual by-products were observed in the SEM
images. The qualitative analysis was done by EDS analysis of the samples.
Furthermore, detailed study was done to optimize reaction parameters and to confirm
the repeatability of reactions for scaled up production of nanoparticles from 2 grams/
reaction to 100 grams/ reaction for use in practical applications.
15-304
MnO2-Graphene Composites Electrodes
forApplication as Supercapacitors
M.Sajjada,b, T.Qureshib, Y.Khana
a
National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus,
45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
b
Deparment of Physics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakisatan
sajjadfisica@gmail.com
Supercapacitor or ultracapacitors have recently received great attention as an energy
storage/conversion device in various applications such as mobile phones, cameras,
laptops,diesel engine starting system, emergency and safety system and hybrid
electric vehicles for their excellent characteristics such as high power density, longer
cycle life and high energy efficiency. In the present study, we synthesized
MnO2-Graphene nanostructure composite that exhibit good cycle performance and
rate capability as electrode for supercapacitors. We prepared δ-MnO2 phase through
low temperature hydrothermal methods at 180 ⁰C for 18 h. However, well crystallized
phase was verified by X-ray diffraction studies. As for graphene, we have used
hummer method from graphite in our experiment. We used glassy carbon which is an
excellent substrate (current collector) material for studying capacitive material for
supercapacitors. It is more desirable than graphite because of glassy carbon’s high
density and hence low porosity that can help to produce a smooth surface after
polishing to give rise to minimize substrate double layer current. As prepared
MnO2-graphene, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry
(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) and galvanostatic charge/discharge.
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15-305
Effects of Nano Particles Inclusions in MgB2Superconductor
Kh. A. Ziq
Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Dhahran, 31261-Saudi Arabia
kaziq@kfupm.edu.sa
Doping effect of Al2O3 and ZnO-nanoparticles on the superconducting properties of MgB2
has been investigated. In particular; critical currents and pinning forces and grain boundary
effects have been investigated. For low concentration (~5%);a slight variation in Tc has
beenobserved, along with significant increase in the critical current and pinning forces.
Magnetization measurements revealed large vortex instabilities (vortex-avalanches)
associated withnano-sized particle doping. Vortex avalanche effect diminishes with
increasing temperature and disappearsnear 15 K. The results are discussed in terms of
local-vortex instabilities caused by doping. Scanning electron microscopy studies show that
the synthesized samples are well adherentand grains are uniformly distributed in the matrix.
15-306
Application of Advance Polymeric Materials in
Controlled Release Pesticides
Muhammad Rahim & Mas Rosemal Hakim Mas Haris
School of Chemical Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia,
USM 11800 Pulau Penang, Malaysia
kpk566@gmail.com & mas1@usm.my
Biocomosite, an advance material was prepared from natural polymers by dispersion
technique. The materials were successfully used for the controlled release pesticides
namely 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene. As expected, the materials
significantly prolonged the biological activity and affective dose. Interestingly, the
active compounds were released over a prolonged period of 85 days. Unlike
conventional pesticides, controlled release pesticides can significantly minimize
public health and environmental problems. The material are strongly recommended
for commercial scale application.
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15-307
Thermal Decomposition and Kinetic Evaluation of Decanted 2,4,6
Trinitrotoluene for Reutilization as Composite Material
M.F. Ahmed, A. Hussain, A.Q. Malik
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering,
National University of Sciences and Technology Islamabad-44000, Pakistan
farooqahmed@scme.nust.edu.pk
Use of energetic materials has long been considered for only military purposes.
However, it is very recent that their practical applications in wide range of
commercial fields such as mining, road building, under water blasting and rocket
propulsion system have been considered. Small quantities of 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene
both in serviceable as well as unserviceable form have been used for their thermal
decomposition and kinetic parameters investigation. Thermo gravimetric/ Differential
Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize different types of 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene.
The Arrhenius kinetic parameters like activation energy and enthalpy of formation of
both serviceable and unserviceable samples of 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene, were determined
from TG/DTA curves with the help of
Horowitz and Metzger Method.
Simultaneously, thermal decomposition range was evaluated from TG/DTA curves as
well. Distinct diffraction peaks showing crystalline nature were obtained from XRD
analysis. SEM results indicated that unserviceable sample contained a variety of
defects like cracks and porosity. On the other hand, it has been observed that thermal
as well as kinetic behavior of both the samples vary to a great extent keeping in view
different aspects such as shelf life, environmental conditions, manufacturing, filling
and formulation processes. Additionally, the decomposition temperature of
unserviceable 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene sample increased substantially. Similarly, a
prominent change in activation energies of both the samples under investigation has
been observed. This in-depth study provided a way forward in finding solutions for
the safe utilization of decanted 2,4,6 Trinitrotoluene into viable commercial
applications as a composite material.
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Abstract Numbers
A. A. Khan, 234
A. A. M. A. W. A. Khan,
293
A. A. M. El-amir, 279
A. A. Mir, 114
A. Abbas, 293
A. Ahmad, 38
A. Ahmad, 69
A. Ahmed, 70
A. Al-hajry, 117
A. Ali, 16, 12, 11, 10
A. Ali, 186, 180, 181, 174
A. Ali, 263, 132
A. Ali, 9, 8
A. B. Slimane, 226
A. Bakhsh, 270
A. Bano, 97
A. Bashir, 115
A. Ceylan, 221, 220
A. Chaudhary, 76
A. Ehsan, 207
A. Farid, 62
A. Farooq, 216, 38
A. Farooq, 219, 29
A. Gul, 109, 277, 170
A. H. Qureshi, 35
A. H. Siddique, 5, 4
A. Hafeez, 82
A. Haider, 142, 140, 132,
148
A. Hassan, 118
A. Hussain, 105
A. Hussain, 193
A. Hussain, 205
A. Hussain, 208
A. I. O. Zaid, 18, 14, 103,
20, 17, 15, 102, 19, 21, 104,
101
A. Ihsan, 269
A. Inam, 216
A. Ismail, 117
A. J. Khan, 13
A. Junaid, 240
A. Khalid, 184
A. Khan, 92
A. Lateef, 81
A. M. Atieh, 47, 100, 46
A. M. Gismelseed, 272
A. Maqsood, 75, 45, 43
A. Mateen, 149
A. Matin, 295
A. Mukhtar, 83
A. Munir, 75, 45
A. Munir, 90, 93
A. Muqeet, 128
A. N. Khan, 109, 277, 151,
170
A. N. Khan, 271
A. N. Khan, 278
A. N. Khan, 78
A. Qandeel, 19
A. Qandeel, 260
A. Qandil, 104
A. Rauf, 109
A. Rauf, 298, 248, 108, 300
A. Rehman, 207
A. Rehman, 240
A. Rehmanb, 288
A. Riaz, 198
A. Riaz, 266, 262, 264
A. Saeed, 107
A. Sanawar, 7
A. Sattar, 217
A. Shahzad, 113
A. Shahzad, 37, 57
A. Shahzadi, 30
A. Shakoor, 177
A. Sohail, 213
A. Tauqir, 141
A. U. Khan, 296
A. U. My, 118
A. U. Rehman, 87
A. U. Zillohu, 134, 133
A. Usman, 289, 290
A. W. Khan, 240
A. Wadood, 162
A. Waleed, 56
A. Younas, 53
A. Younus, 31
A. Zaoui, 236
Abdullah, 175
Abubakar, 125
Anam, 163
Asma, 147
Azeemullah, 110
B. Ahmad, 92
B. E. H. Al-anadouli, 280
B. Gabbitas, 147
B. Gokce, 235, 187
B. Hanif, 82
B. Hanifa, 171
205
B. Islam, 230
B. Sarler, 167
B. Zia, 197
C. B. Cao, 159, 247
C. Cao, 143
D. Bevilaqua, 261
D. G. Sellers, 224
D. H. Anjum, 215
D. J. Schiffrin, 6
D. Juhre, 229
D. Munir, 175
D. S. Mahmod, 234
D. Zhang, 147
E. Ahmad, 26
E. Alp, 155
E. B. Namdas, 228
E. Cattaruzza, 285
E. Chen, 224
E. M. M. Ewais, 279, 280,
281
E. Syaheraa, 233
F. A. Ghauri, 38
F. A. Khilji, 246
F. Ahmad, 233
F. Ahmad, 275
F. Ahmed, 93
F. Akbar, 54, 55
F. B. Dilek, 155
F. Gonella, 285
F. Huang, 50
F. Iqbal, 262, 264
F. Mahmood, 259
F. Nasim, 277, 170
F. Qayyum, 193, 128
F. Rasheed, 105
F. Sket, 34
F. T. Minhas, 274
F. Tariq, 112
Fatima-tuz-zahra, 169, 156,
90
G. Akhter, 205
G. Aquilanti, 285
G. B. Galland, 249
G. Fatima, 84, 52
G. H. Zahid, 26
G. Husnain, 62
G. Jamal, 213
G. Maden, 155
G. Nabi, 159, 247
G. Requena, 34
G. Sarwar, 183
G. Wu, 63
ISAM-2015
H. A. Saeed, 13
H. Abid, 112
H. Ahmed, 276
H. Akram, 197
H. Anwar, 52, 173, 85, 51,
31, 72, 79
H. Asgar, 219
H. B. Awais, 48
H. B. Melhem, 21
H. B. Usman, 276
H. Bouzaid, 117
H. Hosoda, 121, 162
H. J. Jin, 153
H. Kaylani, 47, 100, 46
H. Khan, 8, 9
H. Liao, 226
H. M. Ahmad, 183
H. M. Saleem, 191
H. M. Widatallah, 272
H. Mohsin, 213
H. Nasir, 39, 83
H. Nasir, 67
H. Nawaz, 248
H. Nawaz, 300
H. Nazir, 138
H. Rashid, 77
H. S. Munir, 113
H. Shim, 121
H. Waqas, 35
H. Zaigham, 263, 262
H. Zhengfeng, 294
Habibullah, 244
Hameedullah, 92
I. A. Abdel-Latif, 139, 124,
117
I. A. Khan, 62
I. A. Salarzai, 205
I. Ahmad, 292
I. Ahmad, 74
I. Ahmed, 189
I. Ambrin, 57, 37
I. Amin, 210
I. Aziz, 275
I. H. Gul, 186
I. H. Gul, 270
I. Husnain, 174, 181, 186
I. Irfan, 31, 84
I. M. Reaney, 284
I. Rahim, 61
I. Rehan, 36
I. Sadiq, 267
I. Shah, 273
I. U. Salam, 141, 32
Iram, 74
J. Afzal, 128
J. Akhtar, 107
J. Ali, 290, 289
J. C. Labbe, 234
J. Kamran, 48
J. M. O. Zide, 223, 224
J. Mughal, 74
J. Zhang, 224
K. Ahmed, 108
K. Ahmed, 109
K. Alam, 213
K. Alamgir, 88
K. Ali, 240, 213
K. Com, 283
K. Dad, 109
K. Ghafoor, 259
K. Gul, 176
K. H. Shah, 301
Kh. A. Ziq, 305
K. Imam, 99
K. M. Akhmedov, 149
K. M. Deen, 219
K. M. Deen, 38, 29
K. Mahmood, 10, 12, 11, 16
K. Mehmood, 278
K. S. Karimov, 149
K. S. Karimov, 39
K. Saleem, 36
K. Tandy, 228
Kamran, 217
L. Kocic, 137
L. Pomp, 239
L. Yan, 50, 257
M. A. A. Al-Matari, 18
M. A. A. Khan, 91
M. A. A. Qattous, 19,
M. A. Akram, 200, 201,
196, 194
M. A. Aleem, 248
M. A. Aleem, 298
M. A. Aleem, 300
M. A. Ali, 43
M. A. Asghar, 88
M. A. Bashir, 254
M. A. Basit, 154
M. A. F. T. I. Khan, 95
M. A. Farrokhzad, 95
M. A. Gondal, 111
M. A. H. Nazzal, 18
M. A. Khalid, 291
206
M. A. Khan, 245, 127, 243,
144, 126, 242, 150, 244,
206
M. A. Nasir, 197
M. A. Noor, 275
M. A. R. Khan, 204
M. A. Rafiq, 278
M. A. Raza, 219, 216
M. A. Raza, 38
M. A. Shaikh, 286
M. A. Tahir, 207, 210
M. A. Zeb, 291
M. Abdullah, 87
M. Abid, 253
M. Adnan, 94
M. Afzal, 151, 198, 202
M. Ahmad, 213
M. Ahmed, 71
M. Ajmal, 295, 283, 120
M. Akram, 60
M. Akram, 97
M. Al-tamimi, 102
M. Ali, 110, 283
M. Ali, 149
M. Anis-ur-rehman, 169,
156
M. Anis-ur-rehman, 45
M. Anis-ur-rehman, 75, 116
M. Anis-ur-rehman, 93, 90
M. Asghar, 16, 10, 11
M. Ashtar, 45
M. Ashtara,, 75
M. Asim, 125
M. Asim, 265
M. Awais, 94, 211
M. B. Bhatti, 255
M. B. Bhatty, 198, 202
M. B. Bhatty, 263, 262, 264
M. B. Chaudhry, 183
M. Barghash, 100, 47, 46
M. Bashir, 192
M. Cakmakkaya, 235
M. Elbahri, 134, 133
M. F. A. Khan, 299
M. F. Ahmed, 172, 307
M. F. Bodla, 289
M. F. Doty, 224
M. F. E. Alam, 53
M. F. Iqbal, 266
M. F. S. Awan, 44
M. Fakhar-e-alam, 54, 55
M. Fareed, 213
ISAM-2015
M. Farooq, 151, 198, 202
M. Farooque, 146
M. G. Anwar, 265
M. H. Ajaib, 161
M. H. Kim, 208
M. H. S. A. Imran, 185
M. H. Saggu, 243
M. Hanafi, 237
M. He, 37, 57
M. Hussain, 245
M. Hussain, 296
M. I. Arshad, 12, 10, 16, 11
M. I. Arshad, 199
M. I. Khan, 171
M. I. Khan, 206
M. I. Khan, 288
M. I. U. Nabi, 10, 16, 11, 12
M. Ikram, 8, 9
M. Iqbal, 2, 3
M. J. Iqbal, 283
M. Jalil, 211
M. Jamil, 186, 174, 180
M. K. Khalid, 229
M. Khalid, 255
M. Khan, 23
M. Khurram, 70, 94
M. L. Hashmi, 87
M. Latif, 99
M. M. Ahmed, 149
M. M. Khan, 288
M. M. Naseer, 107
M. M. Rauf, 271
M. M. Rauf, 278
M. M. Talha, 277
M. Mansoor, 141, 125
M. Maqsood, 289, 290, 92
M. Mehmood, 33
M. Muddassir, 195
M. Mueller, 133
M. Mujahid, 194, 196, 201,
80, 200
M. Mujahid, 205
M. Mujahid, 255
M. N. Sarwar, 140
M. N. U. Shah, 84, 31
M. Nadeem, 171
M. Nisar, 249
M. Omar, 89
M. Q. Zakaria, 105, 85, 82
M. Q. Zakaria, 72
M. Q. Zakria, 31
M. R. Ahmad, 51, 84, 72, 52
M. R. Saleem, 42
M. R. Shah, 76, 81
M. R. Usman, 175
M. Rafique, 74
M. Ramiza, 105
M. Ramiza, 97
M. Rahim, 306
M. Raza, 256, 82
M. S. Abbas, 258
M. S. Ansari, 49
M. S. Ansari, 6
M. S. Arbab, 241
M. S. Awan, 142, 140, 146
M. S. Awan, 191
M. S. Awan, 216
M. S. Khan, 129
M. S. Khan, 176, 177, 178
M. S. Khan, 40
M. S. Mehmood, 8, 7, 9
M. Sadaqat, 69
M. Sajjad, 304
M. Saleem, 79
M. Saqib, 93
M. Shah, 193, 128
M. Shahid, 254, 51, 72, 82
M. Shahid, 271
M. Shahzad, 25, 35
M. Shakeel, 287
M. Shamraiz, 111
M. Shifa, 112
M. Shoaib, 107
M. Shoaib, 300
M. Shuaib, 248, 193
M. Shuaib, 298
M. Sibtain, 96
M. Siddiq, 120
M. Siddiq, 30
M. Siddique, 170
M. Sohail, 129
M. Sohail, 40
M. Tallal, 276
M. Tariq, 115
M. U. Bhutta, 70
M. U. Khan, 149
M. U. Rajput, 60
M. Ullah, 228, 227
M. Umair, 113
M. Umar, 110
M. V. Ribeiro, 157
M. W. Akram, 53, 54, 55
M. Wally, 280
M. Waseem, 135, 53
207
M. Y. Ahmad, 58
M. Yaqoob, 59
M. Yaseen, 72, 31, 79, 85,
68, 82
M. Yasin, 51, 52
M. Yousaf, 283
M. Yungui, 256
M. Z. Abbas, 258
M. Z. Khan, 197
M. Z. M. Khan, 226
M. Z. Sultan, 82
M. Zahid, 81
M. Zubair, 276
Mahmood-ul-hassan, 183
Mehmet, 166
Memoona, 66
N. A. Shah, 119
N. Afzal, 70
N. Ahmad, 265
N. Ahmed, 70, 94
N. Akhtar, 152, 24
N. Ali, 41
N. Amin, 10, 11, 16, 12
N. Amin, 53
N. Bashir, 140
N. Bashir, 148
N. Cakir, 155
N. Dilshad, 6
N. Ejaz, 32
N. Fatima, 149
N. Glandut, 234
N. H. Shalaby, 280
N. Hafeez, 144
N. Hanif, 287
N. Iqbal, 13
N. Iqbal, 180
N. Iqbal, 252, 250
N. Iqbal, 292
N. Jabeen, 5, 4
N. Jamil, 81, 76
N. Kamal, 94
N. Khan, 240
N. Owais, 112
N. Rahman, 127
N. S. Al-hunetti, 15
N. S. Khattak, 129
N. U. H. Tariq, 48
N. Ul-haq, 296
Nayab, 66
Noamanul-haq, 295
O. Adiguzel, 123
O. Farooq, 184
ISAM-2015
O. U. Rauf, 41
P. A. Lieberzeit, 207
P. L. Burn, 228
P. Meredith, 228
P. Pashaei, 138
Q. Ali, 51
Q. F. Gilalni, 233
Q. Mahmood, 68
Q. Zhou, 164
Q. Zia, 110
R. A. Baloch, 112
R. A. Malik, 208
R. A. Mufti, 70
R. A. Pasha, 258, 64
R. A. Qazi, 129
R. A. U. Rahman, 229
R. Abu-mallouh, 19
R. Ahmad, 216
R. Ahmad, 219, 29
R. Ahmad, 297
R. Ahmed, 49, 30
R. Ahmed, 85
R. Allaf, 100, 46, 47
R. Arshad, 179
R. Bajwa, 138
R. Dad, 242
R. Gul, 178
R. Hill, 28
R. Jamil, 49
R. Khan, 202
R. Khan, 262, 266, 264, 263
R. M. Elsaadany, 280
R. Masood, 110
R. Muhammad, 284
R. Muhammad, 36
R. Naseem, 165
R. Nazir, 81, 76
R. S. Hemeimat, 20
R. W. Briddon, 210
R. Waheed, 268
Rafi-ud-din, 35
Ramiza, 73, 82
S. A. A. Naqvi, 106
S. A. Moiz, 39
S. A. Mujahid, 60
S. A. Siddiqi, 161
S. Abbas, 90
S. Ahmed, 174
S. Ahmed, 213
S. Akbar, 115
S. Akbar, 298, 146
S. Akhtar, 142, 132, 140,
148
S. Akram, 119
S. Alam, 81, 76
S. Ali, 283
S. Ali, 285
S. Amin, 209
S. Bashir, 192
S. Batool, 8, 7
S. D. Yambem, 228
S. F. Abbas, 288
S. F. Alam, 168
S. Gardezi, 265
S. Gohar, 77
S. Hameed, 207
S. Hussain, 56
S. I. Shah, 231, 232
S. Iftikhar, 72
S. Imran, 142
S. Iqbal, 55, 54
S. J. Wu, 152, 24, 153
S. Javed, 194, 201, 200, 196
S. Jones, 1
S. K. Afaq, 218
S. K. Durrani, 22, 171, 33
S. Kanwal, 169
S. Khalid, 158
S. Khan, 151
S. Khan, 287
S. M. A. Alqawabah, 17
S. M. Alqawabah, 102
S. M. R. Shah, 197
S. Mansoor, 210
S. Mehmood, 116
S. Muhammad, 290
S. Mustafa, 301
S. N. Ahmad, 302, 303
S. Naseem, 62
S. Nauman, 197
S. Nawaz, 160
S. Naz, 33, 22
S. Ozgen, 123
S. R. B. S. Bakar, 58
S. Rabbani, 36
S. Rauf, 226, 225
S. S. A. Shah, 67
S. S. Iqbal, 250
S. S. Iqbal, 252
S. S. Shah, 261
S. S. Shah, 283
S. Shabbir, 69
S. Shabbir, 91
S. Shifa, 57
208
S. Siddiqui, 65
S. Tahir, 209
S. Talas, 235, 188, 187
S. U. Khosa, 209
S. Ullah, 189
S. W. Bokhari, 4, 5
S. W. Husain, 88
S. W. Hussain, 211
S. W. U. Haq, 86
S. Z. Bajwa, 207, 210
S. Z. Hussain, 22
S. Z. Ramadan, 101
S. Zaman, 125
Sahar, 28
Sirajuddin, 65
T. A. B. Mahmud, 130
T. Ali, 22
T. Areeb, 110
T. Ghani, 80
T. Hussain, 110
T. Hussain, 111, 36
T. Hussain, 50, 257
T. Hussain, 72
T. I. Khan, 130
T. J. Park, 154
T. K. Song, 208
T. Mahmood, 92
T. Manzoor, 26
T. Munir, 145, 113, 37
T. Rashid, 298
T. Sattar, 290
T. Shaikh, 190
T. Subhani, 23
T. Subhani, 41, 98, 44, 87,
69
T. Yasin, 8, 7, 9
T. Zada, 126
T. Zaman, 136
U. A. Khan, 193
U. Hafeez, 219
U. Manzoor, 217
U. Sultan, 213
U. Yetis, 155
U. Yunus, 295
U. Zaheer, 31
U. Zulfiqar, 211, 98
V. Akhtar, 275
V. V. Mitic, 137
W. A. Khan, 66
W. A. Khan, 77, 287
W. A. Tarar, 13
W. Ahmed, 218
ISAM-2015
W. Akram, 86
W. Asghar, 150
W. Aslam, 91
W. Haider, 239, 238
W. Husain, 23, 98
W. Hussain, 87
W. J. Kim, 208
W. Khan, 290
W. Muhammad, 32
W. Mushtaq, 174, 186, 181
W. S. Khan, 163
W. S. Khan, 207
W. S. Khan, 210, 159, 247
W. Sajid, 89
W. U. H. Syed, 94
Waheed-ur-rehman, 241
Wangzhongming, 294
Y. Bilal, 41
Y. F. Joya, 213
Y. Iqbal, 284, 282, 283
Y. Jami, 79
Y. Jamil, 51, 85, 72, 82, 52,
84, 31
Y. Lei, 159, 251
Y. Liu, 256
Y. M. Z. Ahmed, 279
Y. Zhong, 224
Z. Ahmad, 146
Z. Ahmad, 38
Z. Asghar, 34
Z. Batool, 203
Z. Butt, 64
Z. Chen, 222
Z. Faraz, 86
Z. Jie, 294
Z. Khan, 138
209
Z. Khan, 169
Z. Lawrynowicz, 27
Z. Liu, 131, 164
Z. Nazar, 35
Z. Nazeer, 191
Z. Nazir, 78
Z. S. Khan, 174, 181, 78
Z. S. Khan, 180
Z. S. Khan, 186
Z. S. Khan, 191
Z. S. Toor, 189
Z. U. Haq, 82
Z. U. Rahman, 239
Z. Yunhai, 294
Z. Zubair, 110
Zia-ul-haq, 51