Study Guide – Test #4
Jan 2016 Revolutions
Scientific Revolution 1543-1700 [or so]
*remember for individuals listed you need to know their IDEAS
Aristotelian / Ptolemaic system [geocentrism]
Copernicus [heliocentrism]
Kepler
Galileo
or DISCOVERIES
The Letter to the Grand Duchess
…and his trial [The Dialogue and insulting the pope]
Sir Isaac Newton
Vesalius
William Harvey
microscope – Leeuwenhoek
institutionalization (acceptance) of science by late 17th century…royal academies
Carl Linnaeus
… and philosophy
Francis Bacon - knowledge is power
scientific method
René Descartes
Rationalism
cogito, ergo sum
dualism
Empiricism
John Locke - tabula rasa (On Human Understanding)
Hume
Berkeley
Blaise Pascal - Pensees, dogmatics and skeptics, The Wager
“The heart has its reasons that reason knows not of…”
“Human dignity is in thought…endeavor to think well…thinking reed”
18th century philosophy
the [French] ENLIGHTENMENT
French Philosophes
MODERNIST WORLDVIEW… Voltaire
Truth = human reason and physical evidence
Humans are MATTER [spirit is private opinion]
Good=logic / Evil is what is irrational or superstitious [“passion” is bad]
We can fix the broken world through progress brought about by human reason/science
Scientists and intellectuals are heroes/wizards – rule of the wise - Condorcet (optimism and progress)
Deism [Voltaire] and anticlericalism
salons
Diderot Encyclopedia
Scottish “Common Sense” Enlightenment [Hutcheson, Smith]
(empathy is common to all; wisdom is moral sense; reason is excellent but it isn’t what makes us, ultimately,
human… ergo equality, freedom are possible if the “moral muscle” is developed by social institutions; God
is an active and necessary providence, though human religion may be suspect or may be useful)
18th century politics
social contract
state of nature
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
John Locke [yes, again!] 2d Treatise on Gov’t.
man is free, equal, right to LIFE, LIBERTY and PROPERTY
right to revolt
source of evil in state of nature (property)
Baron d’Montesquieu
Enlightened despotism
Rousseau – Confessions, Social Contract, Emile WORLDVIEW
On human nature
On freedom and “nature” as superior to civilization
On the general will and the superiority of the state
On individualism
the Great Awakening
John Wesley & “Methodists” … Evangelicalism
Social reform, equality, abolitionism
The American Revolution 1775-83 and Constitution 1789
Causes
French role
Washington
Yorktown
George III and Effect on England of the loss of American colonies
Effect on French finances and society
French Revolution (1789-1799)
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
CAUSES and RESULTS of the French REVOLUTION
libertie, egalitie, fraternitie
the THREE estates
Estates General
Phases of the French Revolution
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (somewhat revolutionary “English style” government)
Age of Montesquieu
Tennis Court Oath
Bastille
Sans culottes
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Olympie deGouges
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Marquis d’Lafayette
Jacobins
Girondins (center left)
THREATS TO THE REVOLUTION
The Vendee (counter revolution)
Flight to Varennes
Guillotine
NATIONAL CONVENTION (radical, violent, Terror)
Age of Rousseau
G. Danton
Maxmillien Robespierre
Marat
Hebert and De-Christianization [Cult of Reason]
Committee of Public Safety
Law of Suspects
Murder of Marat
The Terror
reaction [Thermidor] against Robespierre
THE DIRECTORY (reaction back to rule of the rich)
Age of Voltaire
Napoleon (1799-1815)
Rise of Bonaparte
Egyptian campaign
The Consulate period [1799-1804]
Joseph Fouché and restrictions on political liberty
meritocracy
causes for rise of Napoleon
why he was welcomed at first
policies
Code Napoleon
The Empire [1804-1815]
War of 1812
causes for Napoleon’s downfall
invasion of Russia
invasion of Spain - guerillas
Trafalgar & Admiral Nelson
Alexander I
Waterloo & Duke of Wellington
Continental System
the Congress of Vienna
what did it DO?
Count Klemens von Metternich
Effects of Napoleonic conquests
Essay Test 25 points
You have 60 minutes to write an essay. You can bring in a SINGLE, 3x5 inch index card with
notes; front and back ok; typed and pasted ok. You will have THREE choices from the FIVE
choices below. You will pick ONE to write about.
For your essay be sure to…
* Have a clear thesis that answers all parts of the question at the end of your introductory
paragraph.
* Have three main points and use specific evidence from the course throughout your essay to
prove your thesis.
* Write in a formal, academic style
A. You will consider four quotes about science and religion from the Scientific Revolution and
answer the question: How did Scientific Revolution scientists feel about God and
the church as they proposed new ideas. Use both the quotes and information
learned from the class.
(Hint: to prepare you might read Sources Letter to the Grand Duchess of Tuscany [Galileo],
Introduction to On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres [Copernicus] and Newton on God at
the end of the selection from Principia Mathematica.] Actual quotes will be on the test for to you
use.
B. Compare and contrast the THREE phases of the French Revolution
between 1789 and 1799 [National Assembly 1789-92; National Convention &
Committee of Public Safety 1792-1794; The Directory 1794-1799].
C. Compare and contrast the ideas about the social contract and human
nature found in the work of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques
Rousseau.
D. Was Napoleon merely a tyrant or a heroic figure who tried to maintain
many ideas of the revolution?
E. By 1815, France was once again under the rule of the Bourbon dynasty. Why
did the French Revolution ultimately fail to deliver liberty and equality to
France?