Grammar 25: Meaningful-vs-meaningless-words
Gert Webelhuth
University of Frankfurt
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)
1/9
Up to now, our signs have only contained information about phonology and syntax, but no
information about semantics

word

PHONOLOGY
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
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



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SYNTAX
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
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
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word

PHONOLOGY
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






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SYNTAX
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
D
E
Robin
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

HEAD






VALENCE
D
E
you



HEAD






VALENCE
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

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noun

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PRONOUN
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minus
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

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nominative 
CASE


NOUN - AGREEMENT third-singular 


"
#

SPECIFIER
hi


COMPLEMENTS hi
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
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noun
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PRONOUN
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plus
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nominative

CASE
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NOUN - AGREEMENT second-singular 
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"

#

SPECIFIER
hi


COMPLEMENTS hi
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)
2/9
There are a number of contexts where only meaningless or meaningful expressions can occur
Only meaningless expressions:
(1) a.
Itexpl was raining.
b. * The student was raining.
c. * She was raining.
d. * It was raining.
(2) a.
Thereexpl is a fly in my soup.
b. * The student is a fly in my soup.
c. * She is a fly in my soup.
d. * It is a fly in my soup.
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)
3/9
There are a number of contexts where only meaningless or meaningful expressions can occur
Only meaningful expressions:
(3) a. Kim smoked.
b. The student smoked.
c. She smoked.
d. It smoked.
e. * Itexpl smoked.
f. * Thereexpl smoked.
(4) a. Robin likes Kim.
b. Robin likes the student.
c. Robin likes her.
d. Robin likes it.
e. * Robin likes itexpl .
f. * Robin likes thereexpl .
(5) a. Robin is fond of Kim.
b. Robin is fond of the student.
c. Robin is fond of her.
d. Robin is fond of it.
e.Webelhuth
* Robin(University
is fondofof
itexpl .
Frankfurt)
4/9
Examples: depend on


word
D E



PHONOLOGY
it
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



"
#



noun 

SYNTAX
HEAD
CASE

lexeme
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PHONOLOGY
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
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SYNTAX
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
D
E
depend
"

HEAD
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VALENCE
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

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
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verb
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LEXICAL - ID non-selectable
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D
E
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
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NOUN
SPR
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
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*"
#+



preposition
COMPS


LEXICAL - ID on
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)
#
5/9
Examples: look the word up

word
D E

PHONOLOGY
up



"


preposition
SYNTAX
HEAD
LEXICAL - ID
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)


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
#
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
up
6/9
Examples: It rains.

word
D E

PHONOLOGY
it



"


noun
SYNTAX
HEAD
LEXICAL - ID
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)

it-expletive
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

#
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
7/9
Examples: It smokes.

word
D E

PHONOLOGY
it



"


noun
SYNTAX
HEAD
LEXICAL - ID
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)

non-selectable
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
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
#
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
8/9
Excercises
1
Parse the words “on”, “up”, and “in” and inspect the results. Note the different values of the new head feature
LEXICAL - ID !
2
Now check what kind of complement the two words “depend” and “look” require. Again, note the value of the
complement’s head feature LEXICAL - ID!
3
Parse the word “rain”! What is noteworthy about it?
4
Parse the word “it”! Why do you get so many solutions?
5
Parse test items (275)-(294) and explain why you get the results you get and their number!
Webelhuth (University of Frankfurt)
9/9