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Learnin
ng Outcomes
Chapter 4
Attitudes, Values, and Ethics
1
1.
Explain the ABC model of an attitude.
2.
Describe how attitudes are formed.
f
3.
Identify sources of job satisfaction and commitment.
4.
Distinguish between organizational citizenship and workplace deviance
behaviors.
5.
Identify the characteristics of the source, target, and message that affect
persuasion.
6.
Discuss the definition and importance of emotions at work.
7.
Contrast the effects of individual and organizational influences on ethical
behavior.
8.
Identify the factors that affect ethical behavior.
Learning Outcome
Explain the ABC model of an
attitude
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2
1
2/16/2011
Attitude
a psychological tendency expressed by
evaluating an entity with some degree
of favor or disfavor
Should poor
performance
be blamed
on “bad
attitude”?
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3
Beyond the Book:
Bad Attitude
Larry Johnson is a highly accomplished football player for the
Kansas City Chiefs – a former number one pick, a two-time Pro
Bowl participant,
participant and one of the most accomplished running backs
in 2005 and 2006.
In 2007 and 2008, Johnson had two relatively unproductive, injurymarred seasons. And yet, it was his attitude, not his productivity,
that led to his release the Chiefs. Constant complaints about salary,
personal attacks on the coach, slurs against homosexuals, mocking
f
fans,
charges
h
off abusing
b i women – allll off these
h
actions
i
iinsured
d that
h
Johnson would no longer be welcome in the Kansas City
organization.
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4
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Model of an Attitude
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5
Cognitive Dissonance
a state of tension that is produced
when an individual experiences
conflict between attitudes and
behavior
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6
3
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2
Learning Outcome
Describe how attitudes are
formed.
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7
Two Influences on Attitude
Formation
Direct Experience
Social Learning
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8
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Learning by
Observing a Model
The learner must:
• Focus on the model
• Retain what was
observed
• Reproduce the
behavior through
practice
• Be motivated
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9
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Attitude–Behavior
Correspondence Requirements
• Attitude Specificity
• Attitude Relevance
• Measurement Timing
• Personality Factors
• Social Constraints
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10
5
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3&4
Learning Outcomes
Identify sources of job satisfaction
and commitment.
Distinguish between
organizational citizenship and
workplace deviance behaviors.
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rights reserved.
11
Job Satisfaction
a pleasurable or positive emotional
state resulting from the appraisal of
one’s job or job experience
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12
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JOB (DIS)SATISFACTION
Most believe that happy or satisfied
employees are more productive at
work…
work
…but the relationship between job
satisfaction and performance is
more complex.
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13
Work Attitudes
Organizational
Citizenship
Behavior
Job satisfaction
Job
dissatisfaction
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Workplace
W
k l
deviance
behavior
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7
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Learning Outcome
5
Identify the characteristics of the
source, target, and message that
affect persuasion.
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15
Process of Persuasion
Source
New Attitude
Target
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Characteristics
Source: expertise,
expertise trustworthiness
trustworthiness,attractiveness
attractiveness
Target: high or low self-esteem?
Message: biased or balance?
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6
17
Learning Outcome
Discuss the definition and
importance of emotions at work.
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rights reserved.
18
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JOB (DIS)SATISFACTION
[Positive Emotions]
• Improve cognitive
functioning
• Improve health and
coping mechanisms
• Enhance creativity
[Negative Emotions]
• Lead to workplace
deviance.
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EMOTIONAL CONTAGION
Emotional contagion is
the dynamic process
through which emotions are transferred
f
from one person to another. It occurs
primarily through nonverbal cues and
tendency for mimicry.
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20
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7
Learning Outcome
Contrast the effects of individual
and organizational influences on
ethical behavior.
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rights reserved.
21
Ethical Behavior
acting in ways consistent with one’s
personal values and the commonly held
values of the organization and society
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22
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Ethics and the Workplace
Violations of the public trust are costly
costly….
g the right
g thing
g can
…But, doing
have a positive effect on performance.
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rights reserved.
23
Beyond the Book:
No Consequences?
•
On October 1, 2009 David Letterman announced that
he had been having sexual affairs with junior members
of his staff.
•
There appears, however, to be little fallout from the
admission.
•
There has been no sanction or warning from CBS, and
Letterman’s ratings are higher than ever.
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24
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Learning Outcome
8
Identify the factors that affect
ethical behavior.
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rights reserved.
25
Values
enduring beliefs that a specific mode of
conduct or end state of existence is
personally or socially preferable to an
opposite or converse mode of conduct
or end state of existence.
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Ethics and the Individual
Ethical decision making
requires three qualities of
individuals
Competence to identify ethical issues and
evaluate the consequences of alternate actions.
Self-confidence to seek out different
opinions and decide what is right.
Willingness to make decisions when there
is no unambiguous solution.
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27
Values
Instrumental – values that represent the
acceptable behaviors to be used in
achieving some end state.
Terminal – values that represent the goals
to be achieved, or the end states of
existence
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28
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Work Values
Influence individual’s
individual s perceptions of
right and wrong in the workplace.
•
•
•
•
Achievement
Concern for others
Honesty
Fairness
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Cultural Differences in Values
Doing business in a
global marketplace
g
p
often
Means encountering a
clash of values among
different cultures.
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Locus of Control
[Internal]
[External ]
belief in
personal control
and personal
responsibility
belief in control
by outside
forces (fate,
chance, other
people)
Generally, internals make more ethical
decisions than externals.
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31
Machiavellianism
a personality characteristic indicating
one’s willingness to do whatever it
takes to get one’s own way
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32
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Machiavellianism
[High-Machs]
[Low-Machs ]
better to be
feared than
loved; the ends
justify the
means.
value loyalty and
relationships;
concerned with
other opinions.
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33
Cognitive Moral Development
The process of moving through stages of maturity in terms of
making ethical decisions
Level I – Premoral Level
Stage 1 – avoid punishment
Stage 2 – serve immediate interest
Level Il – Conventional Level
Stage 3 – live up to
friends’ expectations
Stage 4 – observe
societal laws
Level llI – Principled Level
Stage 5 – principles of
justice/right
Stage 6 – self-selected
ethical principles
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Beyond the Book:
Where Does Kiva Money Go?
•
Kiva is an organization that promises individuals that
theyy will be able to make micro-loans directlyy to
entrepreneurs in emerging economies.
•
As discovered by David Roodman, a fellow at the
Center for Global Development, people in fact cannot
make direct loans through Kiva; there is no person-toperson connection.
•
Money “lent”
“
through Kiva’s website goes to
microlending organizations, and not individual
lenders.
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rights reserved.
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1. Does William Hundert describe a
specific type of life that one
should lead? If so, what are its
elements?
The Emperor’s
Club
2. Does Sedgewick Bell lead that type
of life? At what level of cognitive moral
development do you perceive
Sedgewick Bell?
3. What consequences or effects do
you predict for Sedgewick Bell
because of the way he chooses to live
his life?
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36
rights reserved.
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