Table demonstrating the social and scientific changes between the 18th and 21st Centuries with the UK
which have led to the development of personal health and public health services
Introduction to Table
This table demonstrates the range of social and scientific changes in events, legislation and documentation affecting personal and public
health services between the 18th and 21st Centuries. The lists are not definitive but provide a focus upon the broad scope of
developments. The table is divided into two main areas defined in blue text and italic font for changes in Personal Health Services and
Red regular font for changes in Public Health services. Sometimes the columns are collapsed in each area, just for ease of
presentation and there is no significance attached to this style. The date column represents the particular examples highlighted.
Definitions
The following definitions will help to read the table:
An Act:
An Act of Parliament is a statute (commonly called a law) enacted as primary legislation by a national or sub-national parliament. Acts
are Acts of Parliament which have been given Royal Assent.
A Draft Act:
A draft Act of Parliament is known as a Bill
A Bill:
A draft piece of legislation is called a Bill that is still going through the parliamentary process. When a Bill is passed by parliament it
becomes an Act and part of statute law. There are two types of Bill and Act, public and private. Public Acts apply to the whole of the
UK or a number of its constituent countries - England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Private Acts are local and personal in
their effect, giving special powers to bodies such as local authorities or making exceptions to the law in particular geographic areas
In territories within the Westminster system, most Bills that have any possibility of becoming law are introduced into parliament by the
government. This will usually happen following the publication of a "white paper", setting out the issues and the way in which the
proposed new law is intended to deal with them. A Bill may also be introduced into parliament without formal government backing; this
is known as a private member's bill.
Date/Year
Context
Personal Health
Policy/Reports/
Discoveries
Change
Context
Death amongst poor
children, decades of
severe epidemics /
Gin Craze disastrous:
approx 7 gallons of
gin per adult
consumed each year
1723-1753
Disease caused by
miasma –
emanations from
decaying human
wastes
1768-1775
Care of the
vulnerable & sick,
nursing care in the
union workhouse
was invariably in
the hands of female
inmates who would
often not be able to
read
Cavendish isolated
hydrogen in (1768) as
well as the discoveries of
nitrogen (1772) and
oxygen (1774).
Thomas Gilbert 1782
established Poor
Houses Act solely for
aged and infirm
Parochial
workhouses
with grants for
parish poor with
infirmary room
for the care of
sick inmates.
Poor Law
Unions obliged
to employ
qualified
medical officers
The prohibition of the
shipment of slaves in
British ships or to
British colonies was
rapidly followed by
the Slave Trade Act
Public Health
Policy/Reports/
Discoveries
(Early
Elizabethan Poor
Laws)
Workhouse Test
Act 1723
John Pringle’s
“ Sanitary Idea”
1742
James Lind
Treatise on
Scurvy 1753
The Crappers
WC was
invented in 1775
Percival Pott
links scrotal
cancer with
chimney
sweeping 1775
Change
A system of
outdoor relief
established for
able bodied,
although no
established
framework for
matters of public
health and
disease
Citrus fruits
described as
effective
prevention
against scurvy
Edward Jenner
gave the first
vaccination
against smallpox
in 1783
The first cancer
associated with
an occupational
exposure
1796
Stethoscope in 1816
First description of
Parkinson’s Disease
1817
The first human to
human blood
transfusion was carried
1819
1816-1824
1832/1834
Hospitals were
based on volunteer
contributions.
The word hospital
simply indicating
the institution's
"hospitality" to
those less
fortunate.
1842-1847
Anatomy Act 1832
Early hospitals were
developed 1834
Although it
wasn’t until
1840 that the
first successful
whole blood
transfusion to
treat hemophilia
was
undertaken.
Unclaimed
bodies of dead
to go to medical
school for
dissection
In the early
years some
medical officers
even took on
the post without
payment
Association for the
abolition of the Slave
Trade was formed in
1787
Cholera arrives in
Europe
Jenner initiates
vaccination with
smallpox
vaccine
Slave Trade Act
in 1824.
James Phipps
immunised with
cowpox virus
New Poor Law
1832
Saw the start of the 'Hungry 40s', beginning with a trade depression. Industrial workers feared the workhouse which they called
the Poor Law 'Bastilles'.
First Report of the Royal Commission on the State of Large Towns and Populous District 1842
The Health of Towns Association is established to put pressure on the government to bring about sanitary reform
Edwin Chadwick publishes his Report 1847 Chadwick on Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain
Semmelweiss shows prevention of child birth fever 1847 By medical attendants washing their hands with chloride of lime
1848/59
1853/60
Crimean War 185356
Before 1863, not a
single trained nurse
existed in any
workhouse infirmary
outside London
John Simon as the
First Medical Officer to
the General Board of
Health 1848
The Lancet began a
series of detailed
reports about
conditions in London's
workhouse infirmaries.
Florence Nightingale
reforms of nursing
practice 1854
Pressure began
for
improvements
in workhouse
medical care by
Joseph Rogers,
medical officer
(and severe
critic) of the
Strand
workhouse,
The Metropolitan
Sanitary Association
is established to
campaign for
adequate public
health provision for
London (not covered
by the Public Health
Act of 1848).
The Public
Health Act 1848
establishing a
Central Board of
Health, although
it was abolished
10 years later
Nightingale’s
reforms reduce
death rates of
soldiers in
Crimean War
Britain suffers
another outbreak of
cholera. 10,000
people die in three
months in London
alone.
John Snow
publishes On
the Mode of
Communication
of Cholera 1849
Vaccinations were
made compulsory
although no one was
given the power to
enforce them.
Nuisances
Removal and
Diseases
Prevention
Consolidation
and Amendment
1855
The Burial Act
1859
The Act also
encouraged
local Boards of
Health to be set
up to appoint a
Medical Officer,
provide sewers,
inspect lodging
houses and
check food
which was
offered for sale.
The Morning
Chronicle begins
a series of
letters and
articles looking
at the issue of
sanitary reform.
These are
published daily
until the end of
1850.
An Act more
effectively to
prevent Danger
to the Public
Health from
Places of Burial
Henri Dunant found the Red Cross 1864
1860s
The Factory Act 1864: This made unhealthy conditions in
factories illegal.
The Sanitary Act 1866: This made local authorities
responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning
Metropolitan Poor Act 1867:
Population of London began to spiral out of control, driving
the city limits ever further outward
Expansion of towns imposed complex sanitary discipline
upon inhabitants and local authorities alike
Required London workhouses to locate their hospital facilities
on separate sites from the workhouse.
Asylums Board took over the provision of care for the sick
poor across the whole of the capital.
Metropolitan Poor Act 1867: This Act was a means by
which finance could be raised for building larger infirmaries
Metropolitan Streets Act 1867: An Act for regulating the
Traffic in the Metropolis, and for making Provision for the
greater Security of Persons passing through the streets, and
for other purposes.
1869
Standards in
Nursing care began
The Evelina Children’s
Hospital was opened
Providing
Southwark with
Guy's was the
first hospital in
to improve
1870-89
the most up-todate child care
facilities.
London to adopt
Lister's
antiseptic
methods
Pasteur devises the process for killing bacteria in milk
Vaccinations Act Ensured that the previous Vaccinations Act was obeyed.
Pensions Commutation Act: Extended the provisions of the Pension Commutation Acts 1869 and 1870, to certain Public Civil
Officers, and to consolidate and amend the said Acts.
Dogs Act: Provided further protection against dogs.
1875:
Artisans Dwelling Act: This made the house owners responsible for keeping their properties in good order and gave local
authorities the right to buy and demolish slums if they were not improved.
Public Health Act: This brought together a range of Acts covering sewerage and drains, water supply, housing and disease.
Local authorities had to appoint Medical Officers in charge of public health. Local sanitary inspectors were appointed to look after
slaughterhouses and prevent contaminated food being sold. Local authorities were ordered to cover sewers, keep them in good
condition, supply fresh water to their citizens, collect rubbish and provide street lighting.
Koch discovers tuberculosis bacillus 1882 Other diseases and their causes subsequently discovered including cholera,
diphtheria and pneumonia
1894-99
The Infectious Disease (Notification) Act 1989
Notice of Accidents Act: An Act for providing notice of and inquiry into accidents occurring in certain employments and
industries
Cleansing of Persons Act: An Act to permit Local Authorities to provide cleansing and disinfection for persons infested with
vermin.
Inebriates Act: An Act to provide for the treatment of habitual inebriates
1902-05
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine founded 1899
A Central Midwives
1902 Midwives Act:
This Act made it
Board was formed
law that all
to set the standards
midwives should
that midwives would
be trained and
have to work to.
registered.
1906-07
The annual report
received by the
Chief Medical
Officer clearly
showed the lack of
good health
amongst children
from poor
backgrounds.
1907 Education
(Administrative
Provisions) Act
1909-11
In some industries
where there was a
history of
1911 National
Insurance Act
This Act
introduced a
schools medical
service. School
children were to
be medically
inspected on a
regular basis and
minor ailments
were to be
treated.
All those who
worked and
earned less than
Towns were now
expected to form
committees to help
the unemployed
find jobs.
1905
Unemployed
Workmen Act:
Up to this Act, the
provision of school
meals had been
haphazard and
many schools
relied on voluntary
work to provide
meals to children
from poor
backgrounds.
1906: Education
(Provision of
Meals) Act
This Act forbade
the building of any
more back-to-back
1909 Town
Planning Act
This lead to
labour
exchanges
opening up in
some parts of
the country and
it was their task
to ensure that
the unemployed
knew if and
when work was
available
This Act gave
local authorities
the right to assist
those providing
voluntary meals
services to
schools
Local authorities
had to prepare
schemes of town
unemployment
among certain
tradesmen, men
who became
unemployed could
draw money from
the scheme when
they became
unemployed
1919/28
Lack of advice to
voluntary hospitals,
which provided
most of the medical
training at the time
until the MoH was
established
Maternity and Child
Welfare Act 1918
Ministry of Health Act
1919
£160 a year, had
to join a
compulsory
insurance
scheme. If they
fell ill, they
received money
as a result of the
scheme so that
the worker and
his family were
not too badly
hindered by his
illness/injury
First steps
towards a better
organised health
care system
Blind Persons Act 1920
Royal Commission on
Lunacy and Mental
Disorder
National Health
Insurance Act 1924
Brought together
the medical and
public health
functions of central
Royal Commission on
National Health
Insurance 1926
The co-ordinated
emergency
hospital service
set up during
houses – these had
become almost
symbolic of the
poverty of industrial
cities.
1918-19 Spanish
Influenza pandemic
1913 Public
Health
(prevention &
Treatment of
Disease) Act
planning.
Builders were
now obligated to
build homes to
certain
standards.
Ministry of
It made
Health
improvements in
established 1919 areas such as
adoption,
Housing Act
tackling
1919
smoking,
housing, public
Public Health
health, food and
(Tuberculosis)
medicines
Act 1921
Gave the
Marie Stopes
Ministry of
establishes birth Health authority
control clinic
to approve the
1921
design of houses
Poor Law
(Consolidation)
This act
introduced a five
government, and
co-ordinate and
supervise local
health services in
England and Wales.
1930-1939
Designed around a
central swimming
pool which could be
viewed from a selfservice cafeteria.
There was a
theatre, crèche, and
meeting rooms. The
aim was to provide
an environment in
which health could
be both cultivated
and observed.
Members were also
entitled to
contraceptive
advice, ante-natal
First Health White
Paper in 1928
Mental Treatment Act
1930
Pioneering Peckham
Health Centre 1935
Emergency medical
Service established
World War II,
further provided a
blueprint for the
National Health
Service.
Between 1919 and
1939 over four
million new homes
were built, the
majority on green
fields
A new form of
By 1919, more
community health tobacco was sold
and well being
as cigarettes than
through the
in any other form of
development of a tobacco.. At first
'family club',
only men smoked
which wasn’t
cigarettes and their
simply for the
consumption rose
sick. Condition of steadily until 1945,
membership was when it peaked at
that families
12 manufactured
agreed to a
cigarettes per adult
periodic 'overhaul' male per day.
within the centre's
specially
equipped
laboratory.
Act 1927
Flemming
discovered the
antibacterial
effect of
penicillin 1928
Housing Act
1930
Poor Law Act
1930
Public Health
Act 1936
Publication by
Dr Muller of link
between
cigarette
smoking and
lung cancer
1939
year programme
for the clearance
of slums in
towns with
designated
Improvement
Areas. Local
authorities were
forced to provide
housing for
those who lost
their homes
during slum
clearance.
1940-49
and post-natal care,
infant welfare, sex
education, and
careers advice
The right to medical
treatment for
everyone under a
new national health
service was first
proposed
Long-held ideal that
good healthcare
should be available
to all, regardless of
wealth
The health service
would be available
to all and financed
entirely from
taxation, which
means that people
pay into it according
to their means.
1951-57
1939
Cancer Act 1939
The Beveridge Report
The Social Insurance
and Allied Services
report 1942
These proposals
were followed by
the publication of
the NHS Act
National Health Service
Act in 1946
The first time
hospitals,
doctors, nurses,
pharmacists,
opticians and
dentists are
brought together
under one
umbrella
organisation that
is free for all at
the point of
delivery
The NHS is born on
5thJuly 1948
Children Act 1948
1949 – powers to
introduce prescription
charges
Framingham Study on
heart disease 1959
Collings Report on general practice 1950
1940/1 Clause in a Public Health Act gave local
authorities the power to immunise
Local authorities, spurred by Wilson Jameson, launched a
major campaign in the UK for whooping cough, tetanus and
polio. As new vaccines were introduced, each was usually
given three times; the schedule for infants became
increasingly complex until ‘triple’ vaccines improved
matters.
Foods fortified with various vitamins
USA & Britain add vitamins, calcium, iron etc to margarine
and flour
Fluoridation intervention trial 1945
Fluoridation of water to reduce dental caries
Constitution of the World Health Organisation
approved 1946
John Bowlby Maternal Care and Mental Health (WHO)
1946
Was highly influential in causing widespread changes in the
practices and prevalence of institutional care for infants and
children, and in changing practices relating to the visiting of
infants and small children in hospitals by parents.
1950s, the
Health education
Messages were
diagnosis of
had been pursued
didactic and
Ceiling on NHS expenditure imposed 1951
Bradbeer Committee appointed on internal administration of
hospitals 1954
during the years of
war. The approach
remained mass
publicity on all
fronts.
Midwives Act 1951
1950s-
Before the second
world war many
drugs had no effect,
for good or ill.
Placebo prescribing
was commonplace,
with a reliance on
the patient’s faith.
Penicillin and
streptomycin were
available when the
NHS began but it
was not known how
they worked.
Tetracyclines and
First decade of the NHS
saw the discovery of an
array of new and potent
drugs
Chloramphenicol
was isolated and
worked in typhus
and typhoid
1956:
Guillebaud Report:
Cost of the National
Health Service
Chlorpromazine
was introduced in
1952 for the
treatment of
psychiatric
illness.
Jameson Report on
Field of Work, Training
and Recruitment of
Health Visitors
In 1956:
A variant of
penicillin,
penicillin V,
cancer of the
breast and
cervix.
Watson and
Crick discover
DNA 1953
Report on the
mental health of
homeless children
in post-war Europe
BMRC formally
accepted the
causal
connection
between
smoking and
cancer in 1957
Before this
programme, cases
of polio could climb
as high as 8,000 in
epidemic years,
with cases of
diphtheria as high
as 70,000, leading
to 5,000 deaths.
Introduction of
the polio 1954
and diphtheria
vaccine was a
key part of the
NHS’s plans in
1958
Spread of hepatitis
associated with the
reuse of syringes
WHO launches
Eradication of
Smallpox
Program 1958
concentrated on
the dangers in
the home,
infectious
disease,
accident
prevention
A clear link
between
smoking and
lung cancer was
established
following Doll
and Hill’s
research
One of the
primary aims of
the NHS is to
promote good
health, not
simply to treat
illness
cortisone were not
available on GP
prescription until
1954/5 when
industrial-scale
production facilities
had been created.
1960s
Medical Act
became available
for oral use
Dentists Act
Prednisone and
prednisolone,
Optician Act 1958
were found to be
Mental Health Act 1959 life-saving in
severe asthma.
First UK transplant takes place at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
Platt Report -Joint Working Party on the Medical Staffing
Structure in the Hospital Service 1961
The contraceptive pill was hailed as a breakthrough of
the 20th Century
Between 1962 and 1969, the number of women taking the
Pill rose dramatically, from approximately 50,000 to 1m.
By 1962 his of a low-friction hip replacement, becomes a
practical reality
In 1958, hip replacements were so unusual that the surgeon who
invented them asked patients to agree to return them post-mortem.
Seatbelts for motor vehicles show developments in
injury control 1960s
Improvements in total hip replacements by Charnley,
Bradford Hill publishes criteria for epidemiological
assessment of the cause of disease 1965
The NHS now carries out 1,000 of these hip replacements every
week.
Enoch Powell's plan for the development of District General
Hospitals
Health and Welfare: The Development of Community Care
Nursing Homes Act 1963
Prescription Charges abolished 1965
A Charter for Family Doctors 1965
US Surgeon General’s report Smoking and Health 1964
The Abortion Act 1967
Made abortion legal up to 28 weeks if carried out by a
registered physician and if two other doctors agreed that
the termination was in the best mental and physical
interests of the woman
Health Services and Public Health Act 1968
New GP Contract 1966
Salmon Report on Nursing 1966
Ross - The first UK heart transplant patient in 1968
Heart transplant only survived 46 days. The procedure is now
routine enough for two dozen to be carried out in the same period
1968:
Seebohm Report on Social Services
Prescription charges re-introduced
Ministry of health and Ministry of Social Security joined to form
DHSS
1970s
Hospital Advisory Service established 1970
Yaws largely eliminated by massive treatment
programs with penicillin 1970
Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970
“Better services for the mentally handicapped” 1971
National Health Service Reorganisation 1971
Briggs Report on Nursing 1972
National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973
1974:
Establishment of Regional Health Authorities and Area Health
Authorities
Ambulance Services become part of the NHS
Health Ombudsman
Community Health Councils
1975
Nursing Homes Act
The Separation of private practice from NHS Hospitals
Lalonde Report, launches a worldwide effort for health
promotion 1974
WHO launches Expanded program of Immunisation to
protect all children of the world from six diseases 1974
Swine flu outbreak in USA (only 1 confirmed death)
1976
1977
WHO declared worldwide eradication of smallpox
WHO Resolution “Health for All by the year 2000”
Black Report in 1977 by David Ennals,
Then secretary of state, aimed to investigate the inequality
of healthcare that still exists despite the foundation of the
NHS
1976
Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP)
Health Services Act
“Priorities for health and personal social services in England”
Alma Ata declaration to protect and promote the health
of all the people of the world through primary health
care 1978
1977
National Health Services Act
1978
The first test-tube baby
6,000 test-tube babies are now born here annually.
1979
New consultant contract
“Patients First”
Nurse, Midwives and Health Visitors Act
Royal Commission on the National Health Service
1980s
Health Service Act 1980
Care in the Community 1980
Isolation then culture of the human immunodeficiency
virus 1983
Abolition of health authorities and restructuring of district
health authorities 1982
United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and
Health Visiting established 1982
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 1986
Mental Health Act 1983
Griffiths Report – NHS general management 1983
With general managers appointed throughout the NHS by 1984
1985:
Project 2000 transforms nursing education
Whitehead Report in 1987
The breast-screening programme introduced in 1988
Now saves the lives of 1,400 women a year.
QALYs
90 Family Practitioner Committee in England and 8 in Wales
become autonomous authorities
Hospital Complaints Procedure Act
1986:
NHS Management Board established
Crown immunity from the NHS in respect of food and health
and safety legislation removed
Health and Social Service Journal becomes Health Service
Journal
Cumberlege Report -Neighbourhood nursing
Primary health care - an agenda for discussion
National Health Service (Amendment) Act
A National Strategic Framework for Information Management in
the Hospital and Community Health Services
1987:
Disablement Services Authority established as a special health
authority
Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) introduced, based on
finished consultant inpatient episodes
Promoting better health
Access to Medical Reports Act
1988:
Department of Health and the Department of Social Security
split
Charges for eye tests and dental check-ups
Community Health Councils (Access to Information) Act
Health and Medicines Act
1990s
1989
Children Act
Working for Patients: The Health Service Caring for the 1990's
Caring for People: Community Care in the Next Decade and
Beyond
National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990
Access to Health Records Act 1990
1991:
Establishment of 57 NHS Trusts (more in waves over 5 years),
eventually 270, with boards of executive and non-executive
directors
Reconfiguration of district health authorities as health
authorities
GP Fundholding - 306 practices
Patients Charter
Abolition of family practitioner committees: establishment of
family health services authorities
Purchaser/provider split
Tomlinson report on London hospitals 1992
Calman report: Hospital doctors' training for the future 1993
Developing NHS Purchasing and GP Fundholding 1994
1995:
Towards a Primary Care Led NHS
Health Authorities Act
A Policy Framework for Commissioning Cancer Services
Decline in infant death syndrome following educational
campaigns about unsafe sleeping positions 1990s
Cochrane Collaboration established to undertake
systematic reviews of all aspects of health care 1993
Jakarta Declaration – re-affirming Ottawa Charter 1997
Acheson Report in 1998
WHO launches global tobacco-free initiatives 1999
1996:
Choice and opportunity
Health Service Commissioners (Amendment) Act
Community Care (Direct Payments) Act
The National Health Service: A Service with Ambitions
Primary Care: Delivering the Future
Community Fundholding
Reorganization of regional health authorities to reduce
numbers from 14 to 8 regions.
Abolition of Family Health Service Authorities and
incorporation of their responsibilities into those of health
authorities
1997:
The new NHS - Modern, Dependable
NHS (Primary Care) Act
National Health Service (Private Finance) Act
1998:
Scotland Act
Government of Wales Act
Information for Health. An Information Strategy for the Modern
NHS. 1998- 2005
A First Class Service: Quality in the New NHS
Modernising Social Services
Abolition of GP Fundholding
The introduction of NHS Direct in 1998 Pioneering alternative to GP services that currently handles more
500,000 calls a month.
1999:
Health Act
Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation
Primary Care Groups (481)
Clinical Standards Board for Scotland
National Institute for Clinical Excellence
Commission for Health Improvement
Walk-in NHS Centres
National framework for mental health services
Devolution of power to Scotland and Wales
2000
2000
The NHS Plan
National Service Frameworks
Abolition of the NHS Executive
Primary Care Trusts (first wave) - eventually to reach 300
2001
Bristol Royal Infirmary report
Shifting the Balance of Power
Health and Social Care Act
2002
Wanless report: Securing Our Future Health: Taking a LongTerm View
National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions
Act
Delivering the NHS Plan
Abolition of NHS regional offices
Reorganisation of health authorities, from 96 to 28 strategic
health authorities in England,
2000:
WHO announces elimination of polio from the Western
Pacific Region
United Nations Millennium Goals – for improvements in
health, education, environmental sustainability and
reduced poverty
2001
Human Genome project completed
Anthrax spread across US mail system
2003
Sever Acute respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Health Protection Agency Act
2005
Preparations for pandemic influenza accelerate
Health Protection in the 21st Century - Understanding
the Burden of Disease
Patient advisory and liaison services
Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health
2003
Community Health Councils abolished
NHS Modernisation Agency
Regional Directorates of Health and Social Care abolished
The Health and Social Care Bill was introduced into Parliament
on 15 November 2007.
Building on the Best; Choice, Responsiveness and Equity in
the NHS
Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act
2004
NHS Improvement Plan
Draft Mental Health Bill
The NHS Improvement Plan : Putting people at the heart of
public services
Patients Forums
Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection
First wave Foundation Trusts established
Patient Choice Pilots: All patients waiting longer than six months for
an operation are given a choice of an alternative place of treatment.
2005
A Patient-led NHS
Healthcare reform in England, Update and next steps.
Modernisation Agency replaced by NHS Institute for
Improvement and Innovation.
Department of Health - Treatment Centres
Department of Health - Direct Payments
2006
2006
Health Act 2006
The Health Act 2006 received the Royal Assent on 19
July 2006. It is an Act to make provision for the prohibition
of smoking in certain premises, places and vehicles
2007
The Local Government and Public Involvement in
Health Act 2007
2008
Post-2010 strategic review of health inequalities (the
Marmot Review)
2009
The Health Bill 2009
Proposes measures to improve the quality of NHS care, the
performance of NHS services, and to improve public
health.
Tackling health inequalities: 10 years on 2009
Statement on Swine Flu
First step towards Swine Flu vaccine prototype
achieved - The first step towards producing a European
prototype of a swine flu vaccine has been achieved by the
Health Protection Agency (HPA)
Our Health, Our Care, Our Say
Supporting people with long term conditions to Self Care
Department of Health - Payment by Results National tariff
2006/07
Strategic Health Authorities reduced from 28 to 9
PCTs reduced to 151
Supporting practice-based commissioning in 2006/07 by
determining weighted capitation shares at practice level
2007:
The first year since 1993 when major reform was not proposed or
implemented - though it was the year when many earlier reforms
began to bite.
Our NHS Our Future Darzi Report
Mental Health Act 2007
2008
The Health and Social Care Act 2008 received Royal assent on
22 July 2008 - It contains significant measures to modernise and
integrate health and social care.
NHS complaints system reformed again. Healthcare
Commission replaced by Care Quality Commission.
Putting people First – Transforming Adult Social Care
Sources
Puncheon, D, Guest, C, Melzer, D, Muir Gray J.A. (2008) Oxford Handbook for Public Health Practice Oxford University Press
http://www.sochealth.co.uk/news/NHSreform.htm
http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Medical/epihardy.html
http://www.historyworld.net/articles/articles.asp?aid=yaby&pid=100&title=Hospitals,%20clinics%20and%20asylums&type=article&from
=index&back=/index/indexsearch.asp%3Findexsearch%3Dhealth%20services
http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/breastscreen/index.html#save
http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthinequalities/index.htm
http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/DH_4122399
© Sally Markwell 2009