Instructions for use Title Performance Tests of a Centrifugal Pump

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Performance Tests of a Centrifugal Pump
Fukusako, Shoichiro; Arie, Mikio
北海道大學工學部研究報告 = Bulletin of the Faculty of
Engineering, Hokkaido University, 49: 45-58
1968-09-25
DOI
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http://hdl.handle.net/2115/40894
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Instructions for use
Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP
Performanee Tests of a Centrifugal Pump“
Shoichiro FUKUsAKO**
and
Mikio ARIE“*
Abstract
The results of performance tests of a centrifugal pump in the cavitation region
were presented in terms of the variation in head, driving power and eflicieney. The
effect of air leakage in the suction system was also examined. lt was found, in the
present experiments, that the existence of a prerotation showed its effect of im−
proving the cavitation performance of a pump.
1. lntroduction
The present paper presents some experimental results on the performance test
of a centrifugal pump installed in the system of a cavitation tunnel recently con−
structed at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the Hol〈kaido University.
Cavitation characteristics of the pump were first examined in terms of the
reduction of total heacl and efficiency as well as a trend of increasing the driving
shaft horse power in the cavitation region under a constant load of discharge
quantlty.
It is generally accepted, these days, that an introduction of a certain amount
of air to the upper part of the draft tube of a reaction type of turbine, diminishes
unfavorable features of the cavitation phenomena. On the other hand, the leakage
of air in the suction system of a pump causes considerab1e hindrance in the
maintainance of its function in raising liquid to the requirecl level. With special
regarcl to this, the infiuence of air leakage in the suction system on the perform一
.ance of the pump was examined as a second step. lt was demonstrated that air
leakage is invariably accompanied by an unfavorable effect which results in a
drop in head, an increase in the required shaft horse power which leads to a low一
・ering of efliciency.
Finally, the prerotation at the suction eye of the impeller was estimated, basecl
on an ideal ve1ocity triangle at the inlet of the vane to investigate the relation
between cavitation characteristics and tlie valute of prerotation.
The majority of the results were preparecl in acceptable dimensionless forms
for the purpose of providing material for the model study of a pump.
*The original paper was正,resented at the Japan−U. S. Seminar on Similitude in Fluid Mech−
anics at The lowa lnstitute of Hyclraulics Research, University of lowa, lowa City on
September 25, 1967.
”・ *’ Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
46
Shoichiro FUKusAKo and Mikio ARIE
Nomenclature
Ga:
flow rate of air (gr.fsec)
Giv:
flow rate of water (kg/sec)
H:
total head of pump (mAq.)
Ha:
total head of pump when air is introduced into the suction system
(mAq.)
瓦.:
net positive suctive head (mAq.)
瓦:
shaft horse power (horse power)
2:
capacity of pump (m3/sec)
g:
acceleration of gravity (m/sec2)
n:
revolution of impeller (r.p.m.)
p:
density of fluid (kg・sec2/m‘)
77 :
efliciency of pump (r2H!75 N,)
Z{1 :
peripheral velocity at the inlet (m/sec)
Zt2 :
peripheral velocity at the exit of impeller (m/sec)
刀?ノ己0:
avera.cre velocity of fluicl in suction pipe (m/sec)
¢:
capacity coeflicient definecl at the inlet (v,.o/zti)
ipft :
fiow rate ratio between air and water (G./G,.)
φ,‘。乙;
capacity coethcient for the mixed liquid of water ancl air (¢,,.,,==¢.・¢>
g/T :
head coefficient (H!u:/2g)
gba :
head ratio (H./H)
c:
shaft horse power coefficieRt (Ni/PA2u;/75)
・・縄薦・
suction specific speed
Z. Experimenta1 apparatus
A schematic view of the circulation type of water system is given in Fig. 1
to show the arrangement of water tank, centrifugal pump to be tested, electric
dynamometer, vacuum pump, pipe lines and manometers. The capacity of tank is
6.63 m3, which is suthcient to fill the tap water available at the laboratory for the
whole system. The water level in the tank was carefully watched to maintain
a free surface in such a way that the vacuum pressure there evacuated by a wet
type vacuum pump could be adjustecl to give various values of tlie net positive
suction head to the pump. BaMe plates are provided in the tank in order to
avoid the direct infiow of the cavitation bubbles into the suction system. The
specifications of the 150 mm single suction type of centrifugal pump are H:==7m,
Q :2・8m3/min, n=960 r.pm, and n,,(m・m3/sec)=47.6. The shroud of impeller
and the casing cover at the suction side were transparent so that the cavitation
bubbles in impeller coulcl be observed by the aid of a stroboscopic flash light.
The main dimensions of the impeller are shown in Table !. All pressures were
read on the mercury co!umns of various manometers, and the capacity of pump
was measured on an orifice meter. Fig. 2 shows the main dimensions of the
impeller tested.
2
3
47
Performance Tests of a Centrifugal Pump
MO VACUUM PU}([P
o噂
1860
1
寸
ou
OR工F工CE
BAFFIiE
PULTE
肛晶
一il 一一一
o酷
DELIVERY VA工,VE
頃
ゼ
d
oい
o
oり
ひ
.副68・tiI
TA.eHO)E]EWER i MESM PUMP
250
:E}玉EC田R工C DYNAMO琵:E歴ER
Fig. 1. A schematic view of experimental apparatus.
Table 1. Mean dimensions of the impeller testecl.
exist diameter
1)?. == 270.0 mm
inner di”c meter ( g: lllg 111 Sta:”.,S:ii:,ShrO”d
Die= 152.0 mm
Dl,・ =:: 1OO.O mm
urjdth of exist’
b2 一一 45.0 mm
width at inlet
bi =65.0 mm
vane angle at the exist
β2=20。0/
ノ量鑑∵h…d
25。30/
32027,
39。25/
number o/f vane
6
ijト…45.謂
i
slxh.y..{. mp. e
/
ノ
;/一 一一、
1
イ/
t
i
1
1鼠
ト
.卒....
’
ttt
狽狽狽煤@ttttttttl
o
.巾一
@トGD qD
oc LA
l
l
E
i
l
Fig. 2.
鵡モ oo
−uへト
マー マ楢
ト…9Q_…’T
Dimension of impeller.
s.
48
4
Shoichiro FuKusAKo and Mikio ARIE
3. Cavitation performance
Six series of experiments were first undertaken for different constant speeds
of 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200 r.p.m. by changing the discharge quantity
to examine the nature of similarity in performance curves in the cavitation−free
region of practical operation. The results are plotted in Fig. 3 in terms of head
coefficient, capacity coeMcient, power coefficient and pump ethciency. As may be
O.6
,1’
サ
?
’sO.
O.5
1。轟麟・紳麟
O.06
e
鴎璽寧。
厨・ββ
e8
O.4
O.05
麟需螺曽
評
を〆
調ヂ
e
Oe5
慰6Cb
.6
ノ
o n =
Oe2
O.1
O.04
礒讃講
Zkaps”
が
e
e
o
・癖
700エ・.pe】臼コ。
800
900
1000
0.0う
M OO
1200
ee
O.02
包
O.o
o
Fig. 3.
o.ol
Oel
.o
Oe2
0。う
005
Oo4
¢
Head−capacity, power−capacSty and eesciency−capacity curves
in normai operation,
seen in this figure, the similarity of performance can be accepted for various speeds
of pump now selected. Therefore, any further results to be obtained for these
pump speeds by changing the parameter concernecl was expected to show the
effect of this particular parameter.
The cavitation and its effect on the function of a pump may be defined in
several ways: the production of cavitation bubbles somewhere insicle the pump,
the generation of cavitation sound and vibration, the degree of cavitation erosion
on the material, the drop in head and capacity, etc. However, there is no doubt
that the value of suction head governs a larger part of the initiation o’f these
cavitation features. Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b) are give to illustrate the change of
Performahce Tests of a Centrifugal Pump
5
49
15.O
H(mAq)
2
1う。0
11.0
1.0
9.0
O.8
7.0
O.6
5.0
O.4
0.2
4.O
o.o
1.0 2.0 5.0 4.0
5.0 6.0 7.O
Hsv (mAq)
(a)
9.0
Ni(HP)
8.0
D
7.0
」瓦。
c
B
6.0
1
5.O
O.O 1.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.O
Hsv(田Aq)
(b)
Fig. zlt. Definition of the chac rac cteristic points in cavitation region
(ノド1!00r.p.m.,(2=32.5331it/sec>.
characteristics, based on the interests of mechaRical performance of the pump,
obtainable by loacling the same capacity of discharge for a constaBt speed of
impeller and by changing only the suction head for the purpose of clearly exag−
gerating the effect of cavitation. Fig. 4(a) is a plot of heacl against various
values of net positive suction head. As may be seen in this figure, the head starts
to lower at A when the suction heacl increases to a certain value and finally it
falls suddenly at B where the pump fails to lift water any more. Since all the
operating parametrs except the suction head are kept constant, AH. may be con−
sidered to be the head loss due to cavitation. ln the same way, the shaft horse
power begins to increase at C in Fig. 4(b) and attains its maximum value at
D, and the pump efficiency begins to decrease at E. AN. in Fig.4(b) may be
considered to be the increase of shaft horse power due to cavitation in the same
way as AH.. A series of experiments were undertaken to reveal the general trend
of these characteristic pojnts for four different speeds of 900, 1000, 1!00 and
1200r.p.m. (The experiments for 700 and 800 r.p.m. are discarded, because these
50
6
Shoichiro FUKusAlsco and Mikio ARIE
15.0
H(m)
15.0
Q
=
17・469(lit/$ee)
19.808
22.819
26.227
11.0
29e157
32.359
55eO77
9.0
37.641
7.0
5.0
o.o
1.0
2.0
5eO
4.0
5.0
6.0 7.O
H。v(皿Aq>
Fig. 5・
HeadTINPSH relation (n = !200 r,p,m.).
10.0
mat37641(lit/sec)
Nl(HP)
う5.077
52.159
9.0
29.15
26e227
8.0
22p819
19.808
7.0
17.64
E
6.O
o.o
1.0
2eO
3.0
4eO
5.0
6.0
7.0
H..(mAq)
Fig. 6.
Shaft horse pox・ver−NPSH relation (n := !200 r.p,m.).
characteristic points could not clearly be detecteet in the present installation). The
results for !200 r.p.m. are shown in Figs. 5, 6 and 7, as an example.
Two characteristic natures were founcl in these experiments in the cavitation
region produced by decreasing the net positive suction head. One is a decrease
in total head AH. in Fig.4(a) that gives the loss of power AN.h wt raH. Q/75 in
the cavitation region, ancl the other is an increase in shaft horse power inclicated
by dN. in Fig.4(b>. The sum of these two powers dNi may be considered to
be the loss of power due to cavitation:
7
51
Performance Tests of a Centrifugal Pump
1.0
Q 冨 う7.641(1it/sec) 35.077
?
@ う2.159
O.8
O.6
Q = 29。157(:Li七/sec) 26.227 22.819 19.808
O.4
O.2
@ 17.469
o.o
o.o
1
1
1.0
2.0
5eO
4.0
Z5 ,O
6.e 7.o
Hs.(mAq)
Fig. 7.
Efficiency−NPSH relation (n=1200 r.p.m.).
¢=
O.008
A NI
A・茎/75
O.1427
0.1259
0.1644
0.1890
0.2う17
O.006
0.2527
0.2712
O.004
O.002
o
o
o.ooo
Q.o
O.2
O.4
O.6
O.8
1.0 1.2
1.4
Hsv/(u?/2g)
Fig. & Dimensionless plot of power loss vs, NPSH (n= 1200 r,p.m.).
∠1!>}=∠12\L,+∠1八1,i、,=∠3Nc+γ、イ.H,,(2/75
where, AN. is positive when it increases and r(2AH./75 is positive when it
decreases. The power loss of cavitation thus computed for n== 1200 r.p.m. is
shown in Fig. 8, as an example. lt may be seen in this figure that the loss in
the cavitation region shows a trend to increase with the decrease of the net posi−
tive suction head vLThen the load of discharge is positively kept constant. This
fact may be unclerstood in two ways :
52
8
Shoichiro Ful〈usAI〈o and Milcio ARIE
(a) The production of cavitation bubbles resulted in an increase of the
apparent specific volume of the fiuid, and hence the velocity triangles at the inlet
and exit of the impeller were deformed to be accompanied by a reduction of the
hydraulic efllciency.
(b) lnsofar as insistance of the experimental technique of keeping the dis−
charge of the pump constant, the increment of the power exceeding the drop in
head must be consumed in some way directly related with the production of
cavitation bubbles.
2000
10000
F
・穫
可,。。。
礪
1000 d
1100 0
1200 e
5000
1000 ct
sv
1100 e
l200 e
500
n ; gOOエ㌧p,皿・0
朝
n = 900r.p.m. 0
2000
1000
200
500
O.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
O.2
Hsv/(u?/2g)
0。う
O.5 .0.6 O.7
O.4
Hsv/(u9/2g)
(a) The point where the head beging
to drop.(A)
(b) The point where the
pu:ロping ac七ion
s七〇ps。(B)
・凡
可
sv
2000
1000
n = 900r.p.m. 0
礪
1000r.p。皿. d
sy
10000
BS/.4
n; 900r.p.m. 0
5000
1000 づ
2000
llOO e
1200 e
1100r.p.m. c
500
o
1200r.p.m. e
1000
200
O.5
1.0
1.5 2.0 2.5
H../〈u?/2g)
500
O.4 O.6 O.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
H,./(u?/2g)
(c) The point where the shaft borse power
begins to increase.(C)
(d) The point where the shaft horse pover
attains i t$ maximum value.(D)
蠣
藩
2000
n = 900r.p.m.
1000
500
o
1000
d
葡100
o
1200
e
o
200
O.5
1.0
1.5 2.0 2.5
Hsv/(u?/2g)
(e) The point where the effieieney
begins to lower.(E)
Fig. 9.
Suction specific speed vs. characteristic points,
9 Performance Tests of ftc Centrifugal Pump 53
Perhaps, these two processes of energy dissipation may be combined together
to increase the loss of power in the cavitation region w1th the decrease of the
net positive suction head.
The distribution of the characteristic points indicated by A, B, C, D and E is
shown玉n Fig.90n a plane of dimensionless net posi伽e suction head.砿,ノ(凶2σ)
and suction speci五。 speed /2へ/一瓦7(私の髪。 since the characterist三。 po玉nts on the
characteristics iR the cavitation region represented by A, B, C, D and E are fairly
well distributecl respectively on one curve, as may be seen in these figures, the
mode of the plots may be useful in the estimation of the limiting value of the
suction height to be given to a centrifugal pump.
4. 〕B任ect of air leakage in the suctioh system of
a centrifugal pump on its performance
Fig. 10 shows a schematic view of the air injection clevice at the suction
pipe. Thirteen holes of 4 mm diameter were drMecl as the air injection ports in
a brass tube of 9.8 mm diameter inserted in£o the suction pipe along its diameter.
The clischarge load and the speed of the pump were again kept constant as in the
previous case of cavitation test ancl a certain amount of constant weight of air
was given through these holes from the surrounding atrnosphere into the pump
for each seyies of experiments to measure the total head and the driving horse.
power for various values of suction head.
The experimental results obtainecl for n==!200 r.p.m. are sbown in Figs. 11,
!2 ancl !3, as examples with respect to the variations of head, shaft horse power
.and ediciency, respectively. The relation between the head ratio H,,/H and the
瓶
。
い
s一“
69
ORIFICE
10
璽
」乙_。A工R SUPPLY
4夢
Fig. 10. Air injection device.
54
10
Shoichiro FUKusAI〈O and Mikio ARIE
15.O
1
H(mAq)
15.0
,ノノ
11.0
G = o.ooo(g/s)
a
O;079
o
0.147
0.185
9.0
0.255 一
7.0
0.399
0.480
0.546
0.629
〇。う24
0.754,
5.0
o.o
1
1.0
2.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Hsv(mAq)
Fig. 11.
Head−NPSH relation with air injection
(n =: 1200 r,p.m., G!v =: 29,157 kg/sec).
10.O
Ga 7.8:80,8(g/sec)
Ni(Hp)
O.147
9.0
o
8.0
Ga 二 8:;}含;(9/sec)
0.う24
0.599
0.480
0.546
0.629
7.0
6.0
o.o
1.0
2.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.O
7.0
Hs.(mAq)
Fig. 12.
Power−IXTPSH relation with air injection
(7t 一un !200 r.p.m,, Gzv == 29.!57 kg/sec).
weight ratio of air and vLTater G.IG,. is plotted for n nt!200 r.p.m. to show the
effect of air leakage on pump characteristics. The introduction of air in the suc−
tion system shows no sign of improving the nature of cavitation at least on the
characteristics of a pump. However, it can clearly be seen that even the same
quantity of air leakage gives a different value of effect on the pump performance
depending on the value of the net positive suction head required. This result
must be caused by the difference in volume occupied by the air bubbles−when
the suction head is large, the air bubbles may be considered to expand under the
11
55
Perforrnance Tests of a Centrifugal Purnp
O.7
Ga =
7
W:898(g/sec)
O.1.4
O.6
!ノ 一
b/O
Ga ” 8:Ellg(g/sec)
O.5
O.う24
0.599
0.480
0.546
0.629
0.754
O.4
O.5
o.o
2.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.O
1.0
7.0
Hsv(mAg)
Ecaciency−NPSH relation with air injection
Fig. 13.
(n= 1200 r.p,m., G?v= 29.!57 kg/sec).
1ow pressure of the surrounding water.
The head rat圭。耳、/H obtained in the present investigation is given圭n Figs.
14and!5 to show the effect of air leakage on a pump performance in a piot of
き
(玩/H)vs.(G、/G,v)and(n>G,、φ騙/私冨)・(凡/H)vs.φ,、“、. As may be seen in thls
figure, the effect of air leakage in the suction system of a centrifugal purnp can
be given rather pert三nently in a customar三ly acceptable dlmensionless form. Since
all the parameters to describe the pump operation wlth an a圭r leakage are taklen
into cons量derat圭on, thls manner of expressing the characteristics of a pump can be
used for the estimation of pressure drop when a mixture of air and water is
pumped.
1.00
Ha/H
glsv .= 6・25(mAq)
.90
5.54
.80
4.7
o
,9P
.70
.60
.60
2.84
唱.16
1.481 .66
1.94
.50
.40
2.62
2.48
5・4S
3・18X 5・35
30
.
o.
O.005
O.OIO
O.OG 5
O.020
O.025
Ga/Gw
F圭9・14・
Head ratio vs. fiow rate ratio (n=12eO r.p.m.,
Gv = 29.157 kg/sec).
O.050
56
12
Shoichiro FuKusAKo and Mikio ARIE
150
o
e
el
120
・摩
sv
譜睡憩幕轡●.
H
論
H
o e e
100
e
e g oe
e
蕊
e
¢= 0.14う
e
O.210
o
0.う08
e’ eo
80
eee @o
e
60
40
e
o
O.OOI
O.00う
O.002
O.004
O.005
O.006
¢am
ヨ
Fig. 15.
(ノz》GαφノH謁)(Ha/H)
VS, (PS a7ie一
5+ Qualitative nature of the effect of prerotation on cavitation
characteristics of a centrifugal pump
An lmpeller of pump is usually designed to give ai==900 at its rated capacity
so that the flow of fluid onto the vane would not have the componet of prerota−
tion from the standpoint of an ethcient momentum transmission between the impeller
and fluid. However, there exists a certain amount of prerotation when the oper−
ating point deviates from the design point as will be expected on the velocity
triangle at the lnlet of the impeller: the component of prerotation is ’in the
direction of the rotation of the impel!er when the capacity is less than the rated
discharge, and it is in the reverse direction when the discharge demand exceeds
DES工GN POINM FOR CAPAC工{PY
OPERA〔P工NG PO工N[r FOR SMAL工,ER C.A:PAC工{PY
・{量
Cl Clα1
wl c血雪 F
FOR A SMAエ江ER CAPACI[PY
U1
THAN RATED DISCHARGE
uT
c己1』.
ヶL1\ COMPONEN〕摩 OF PRE
PRIEROTA or Z ON ltLIHEN THE
DISCHARGE・工S 五ESS 〔EHAN:DES工GN CAPACITY
Fig. 16. Velocity triangle at the inlet.
13
57
Perforrnance Tests of a Centrifugal Pump
1.0
’1.0
.. O’9
O.9
〈rO.8
eNNgoo
7e
0づ
O.7
oS
ミ。・8
や・々P
蕾。.7
や・ta
・7罐・..
O.6
O.6
’・鴫・
O.5
O.5
O.4
O.5
O.4
t.o
0.2
1.5 2.0 2.5
OJ
H../(u?/2g)
O.4 O.5 O.6
H,./(u?/2g)
(a) [the point where the head begins to
(b) rhe point where the pumping action
drop.(A)
stops.(B)
1,0
1.0
rO.9
.一〇・9
×”
.go.s
k’Ngoo
黶Z.8
評
O.7
O.7.
O.6
O.6
O.5
O.5
O,4・
O.4
鳥%・
’e 1/Obさ
1
O.7 1.0 1.5 2.0・ 2.5
O.7 1.0
’カ
1.5
・¢
2,0
2.5
H.,/(u?/2g)
H・v/(u?ノ29)
(’c) Mhe point where the shaft horse power
begins to increase.(C)
(d) The po±nt where the efficiency
begins to lower.(E)
Fig. 17. Effect of prerotation on characteristic points in cavitation region.
the rated capacity as is shown in [Fig. 16. The existence of these types of pre−
rotation can easily be detected by an observation of the fiow in transparent suction
pipe. Since there might occur a certain amount of shock loss at the inlet when
the operating point is different from the design point, a quantitative consideration,
of the prerotation can not be expected in the present experiment. However,
a qualitative effect of prerotation on the pump performance is derivable when the
component of shock velocity at the inlet is neglected.
By constructing the velocity£r三angle at the inlet, the peripheral component of
inflow c.i was estimated for each series of experiments, and the results are shown
in dimensionless form in Fig. 17 to show the relations with the characteristic
points A, B, C and E on cavitation performance. As may be seen in this figure,
the increase of prerotation results in a movement of the characteristic points to
a smaller value of the net positive suction head. Therefore, it may be permissible
to conclude that the existence of a prerotation in the clirection of ui has a trend
to improve the cavitation performance of an impeller of a pump.
58
Shoichiro FuKusAI〈o and Mikio ARIE
References
1)
2)
Krisam, F. : “Neue Erkenntnisse in Kreiselpumpenbau,” V.D,1.一Z., Vol. 95, 320 (1953>.
Kasai, T. and Takamatsu, Y.: “Studies of cavitation aspect and suction performance of
centrifugal pumps, 3rd, 4th and 5th reports,” Gn Japanese), Trans. 」.S.M.E., Vol. 29, 1294
(1963).
3)
Minami, S., Kawaguchi, K. and Homma, T.二“Experimental study on cavitation in centri−
fugal pump impellers,” (in Japanese), Jour. J,S.M.E., Vol. 62, 881 (1959).
4)
Gonger, G. A. : ‘CA theory of cavitation flow in centrifugal pump inducer,” Trans. A.S.M.E.,
Vol. 63, 29 (194!),
5>
Wislicenus, G. F. : “Test stand for centrifugal and propel}er pump,” Trans. A.S.M.E., Voi.
64, 619 (1942).
6)
Siebrecht, W. : “Untersuchungen ttber Regelung, theoretische und wirkliche F6rderh6he von
Kreiselpumpen,” V.D.1.一Z., Vol. 30, 87 (1930).
14
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