US and the World
 1880
Chapter 21
An Emerging
World Power

Roots of Expansion
– 2nd to Britain
 Diplomacy
 industry


France – Mexico (1863)
Britain - Alabama
Latin America
 post
post--Civil
War
navy deteriorated
 Arthur upgraded navy

 foreign


 interest
Grant – Santo Domingo
Haiti,, Cuba,, Venezuela (bases?)
(
)
 canal?


affairs
little influence abroad
missionaries
• France – Panama (1880)

Hawaii
 Economy
sugar plantations
 US planters
p

 1875
 1887

in region
– US sugar trade (tax(tax-free)
– US naval rights
Pearl Harbor
other interests
Pan--Americanism
Pan
 Pan
Pan--American

Tariff – cancelled “tax
“tax--free”
sugar planters upset
 p
plotted US takeover

 1893
– Queen Liliuokalani
overthrown
 appealed for annexation
 denied by US
Conference
goodwill in Latin Am.
 1891
– Chile
mob riot against US sailors
 threat of war
 Chile paid $75,000

Hawaiian Takeover
 1890
– 50 million people
stood with Great Powers
Other Pacific Gains
 1867

– Alaska purchased
$7.2 million
 1867
– annexed Midway
 1878 – Samoan Islands
fueling station at Pago Pago
 triple protectorate – Ger., Brit., US

1
Economic Expansionism
 US

 1868
GDP
quadrupled from 1870 – 1900
 90%
home consumption
– 20% exports
 industry
 agriculture


1880 – 15%
1900 – 30%
Trade Balance
Business Abroad
– Singer (Scotland)
 Standard Oil – Europe branches
 foreign trade – popular names
Kodak
 McCormick
 Ford

 foreign
investments into US
 US needed to export more than it
imported
 OVERPRODUCTION!!
 economy slowed
 farm prices dropped
 Answer = foreign markets!
Alfred Mahan
Foreign Markets
 late

1800s

Europe and Canada
 looked
l k d
 Berlin
tto A
Asia,
i L
Latin
ti A
America
i
new markets
 China

Africa carved up
 spheres



– navy to strike blow
2-ocean navy
 1890
– funding approved
 Cleveland
hesitant at 1st
 became more accepting

of influence
China
Latin America
• US, Germany, Britain, France
New Navy
 Mahan
Conference – 1884
 The
canal – C. America
 bases in Caribbean
 annex Hawaii
 stronger navy
 support from TR
Henry Cabot Lodge
Social Darwinism
Venezuela Crisis
 1895


British Guiana
Britain,, Venezuela
 US

– border dispute
– demanded arbitration
invoked Monroe Doctrine
 Anglo
Anglo--Saxon


accepted US demands
fear of Germany
superiority
US, Europe - spread ideas all over world
 US
– manifest destiny
1890 – census
 “frontier” was closed


 Britain
Influence of Sea Power upon History
 advocated
Frederick Jackson Turner – Frontier Thesis
 justified
expansionism
2
Rebellion
 1895
– Jose Marti
led revolution against Spain
 died early on
Jingoism
 public

Spanish
Spanishp
-American
War
 1896
– Gen. Valeriano Weyler
“The Butcher”
reconcentration camps
 200,000 died – starvation, dysentery
 1.6 million total people


 sugar
 yellow


US Involvement
 US
diplomat in Spain (Sept. 1897)
“stop
p war or else”
 Oct. 1897 – Weyler recalled

 Cuba
– some selfself-rule

USS Maine
 riots
in Havana
 sent to Havana – Jan. 1898
 de Lome letter – Feb. 1898
 Feb. 15
explosion
 cause?

– Manila Harbor
George Dewey defeated Spanish
fleet
 no US casualties!

McKinley Declares War
 demands

13, 1898 – Manila captured
sent to Spain
ignored
 public
 April
pressure
11, 1898
Congress declared war
 Teller Amendment

Invasion of Cuba
 Hawaii
important location
 annexed July 7, 1898
 citizenship in 1900

 Adm.
Cervera – Santiago Harbor
Army – force Cervera out
 “Rough Riders” – TR
 US


 Aug.
plantations destroyed
journalism
Hearst, Pulitzer
exaggerated stories
Short--Lived War
Short
 Philippines
opinion
extreme support for war
Col. Leonard Wood
July 1 – San Juan Hill
 July
3 – Cervera defeated
3
 Puerto
 War
 Paris
Rico – little resistance

ended q
quickly
y
Results of the War
Aug. 12, 1898 – armistice
 4100 US casualties

 Philippines
Impact on Foreign Relations

debate
Wm. Jennings Bryan
 Ratified
February 1899
 Showed
US was a world power!
 US prestige rose
 A “splendid little war” – John Hay
 Easy path to imperialism
 Eased postpost-Civil War tensions
Americanization
 schools
 roads,
sanitation, health
(sugar)
 resentment of US
 July 4, 1946 - independence
 trade
– paid $20 million
 Anti
Anti--Imperialist

 Congress
Treaty – 1898
US acquisitions
War in the Philippines
 1899
– 1901
 wanted independence from US
 insurrection – Aguinaldo
 Anti
Anti--imperialists
 more brutal fighting than in Cuba
US--Britain Relations
US
TR Policy
 “civilized
powers insist on the
proper policing of the world”

justified US control in Caribbean
 US
responsible to help maintain
balance of power
League
Carnegie, Gompers, Addams, Bryan
 Britain
– fearful of Germany
relations with Russia, France
 turned to US
 Hay
Hay--Pauncefote Treaty – 1901
 poor

Britain gave up canal rights
 led
to positive relations
4
“Big Stick”
 “Speak
Colombia
 Colombia
softly and carry a big stick”
TR – foreign policy
 navy
y

 battleship
Panama Canal
development
controlled Panama
 refused to allow treaty
 Panama Revolution – 1903

1904 – 5th in world
rd in world
 1907 – 3
 need for C. Am. canal (Sp(Sp-Am War)
supported by Roosevelt

 Hay
Hay--BunauBunau-Varilla
Treaty
Completion of the Canal
 Nations
raised eyebrows
with construction
 Problems
Policeman of the
Caribbean
excavation
 labor
 disease

 Finish
in 1914 - $400 million
Cuba
 US
Roosevelt
helped rebuild Cuba
military government
 Dr. Walter Reed – medical advances

 Roosevelt

expanded Monroe Doctrine
 1904
 1902

– US pulled out of Cuba
1901 Platt Amendment
Corollary
– US would act as
“policeman” of the region
US Intervention
 Financial
problems
Dominican Republic
 Nicaragua
 Haiti

 Domestic
disorder
Cuba
 Nicaragua
 Haiti, Dominican Republic

5
Boxer Rebellion
Open Door Policy
 Spheres
of Influence (China)
 Open Door Note – 1899


John Hay
China
 Boxers
killed foreigners
 rebellion stopped
 China – paid $333 million
 US returned $18 million
Japan
 Sino
Sino--Japanese

War (1894(1894-95)
China, Japan
 Russo
Russo--Japanese
War (1904(1904-05)
TR – negotiated peace (NH)
 Nobel Peace Prize

 Japan
 Addition
 1900
territory, commercial interests
 China
 1906
– 70,000
 fear similar to that with Chinese

spared from division
Great White Fleet
Japanese in California
 1907
– 16 battleships
special schools (San Francisco)
 TR
met with Board of Ed.
 “Gentlemen’s Agreement” – 1907
– dominant power in Asia
Taft’s Foreign Policy
 Root
Root–
–Takahira
Agreement
1908
 US and Japan to respect each
other’s Pacific territory
 Open Door in China


to Open Door Note – 1900
 took
office – 1908
 dollar diplomacy – invest abroad


hoped for commercial opportunities
substitute “dollars for bullets”
 hoped
Asia
Wilson’s Foreign Policy
 opposed
imperialism & dollar
diplomacy
 Jones
Act – 1916 (Philippines)
to offset Japan’s power in
 Haiti,

Dominican Republic
had to send troops
6
Problems in Mexico
 Mexican
Revolution – 1913
new president murdered by Huerta
 Mexicans moved
into US
 US threatened
 “Jingoism”

 Pancho
 Gen.
US Involvement
 US

 US
sailors arrested in Tampico
opposed Huerta
Carranza and Pancho Villa
 Navy
sent to seize Vera Cruz – port
 1914
– Huerta replaced by
Carranza
Villa kills Americans
John Pershing sent to Mexico
 failed
to capture
Pancho Villa
 WW
I
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