I.
Matter - Anything that has mass
and volume
Matter exists in three states
or phases.
a. Solid
i. Matter that has a definite shape and a definite
volume.
ii. The particles in a solid vibrate in place
extremely close together.
1. These particles never completely stop
moving, even in a book, pencil, or a
rock.
iii.
Solids have less energy than liquids and gases
iv.
Examples: rock, ____, _______
b. Liquid
i. Matter that takes the shape of its container and
has a definite volume.
ii. The particles in a liquid stay close together,
but are free to move past one another.
iii. Liquids have more energy than solids but less than gases.
iv. Examples: water, ____, _______
c. Gas
i. Matter that takes the shape and volume of its container.
ii. The particles in a gas move at high speeds in all
directions.
iii. Gases have more energy that solids and liquids.
iv. Examples: helium, ____, _______
II.
Measurement (two systems)
a. Metric system of measurement
i.
Also known as SI System (System International)
ii.
Prefixes can be used with any base unit, a standard system that
is good for mathematical conversions, but is more difficult to
estimate.
b. English System of measurement
i.
Grew out of the creative way people measured for themselves
such as feet, paces (1000 paces is a mile), cup, and galloon
(gallon comes from the word pail, such as a bucket). A system of
measurement that is good for estimating, but has difficult
mathematical conversions.
c. Basic Units:
Quantity
Length
Volume
Mass
Temperature
Time
Metric unit
Meter – m
Liter – L
Gram – g
o Celsius - oC
Seconds - s
English unit(s)
Foot
Gallon
slug
Fahrenheit oF
Seconds - s
Symbol
T
G
M
k
h
da
Value
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
d. Prefixes:
Prefix
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
Base
(no prefix)
1
Deci
d
Centi
c
Milli
m
Micro
µ
Nano
n
Pico
p
Kids hate doing boring dumb crazy metrics!
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000,001
0.000,000,001
0.000,000,000,001
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
Practice prefixes:
•
Kilometer
•
Liter
•
Milliliter
•
Decagram
•
Centiliter
•
Deciliter
•
Hectogram
•
Milligram
III.
Measurement
a. Length is the measurement of distance
between objects or points
i.
Basic metric unit is the meter
ii.
measured with a ruler, meter stick
b. Volume – is the amount of space an object takes up
i.
There are several methods and tools to
measure volume of solids and liquids.
Volume can be determined using
length x width x height
ii.
Basic metric unit is the liter
iii.
A cubic centimeter (cc) is used for solids and is equal to a
milliliter (mL) used for liquids.
1. 1cc = 1mL
iv.
Measuring Volume for liquids - use a graduated
cylinder, measure at the
meniscus (the bottom of the
curve)
1. A graduated cylinder is the
most accurate but you can also
use a beaker, flask, and
measuring cups and spoons.
2. Practice measuring:
v.
Measuring Volume for rectangular shaped objects
1.
Practice:
vi.
Measuring Volume for irregular shaped objects.
1. For this method we use a graduated cylinder
2. This method is called water displacement
1. Volume Before
_________
2. Volume After
_________
3. Total Volume of Object ______________
c. Mass is the amount of matter in a substance
i.
All matter has mass, whether it’s a solid, liquid, or gas.
ii.
Water, air, and
your pencil all
have mass.
iii.
measured with
a triple beam
balance
iv.
Basic metric unit is the gram
v.
1ml of H2O has a mass of 1 g
vi.
****Mass will be a critical factor in many of the experiments we
complete this year. It will be used many times to mathematically
calculate scientific data. Mass is NEVER to be thought of as
weight!
vii.
Mass determines an important concept called inertia
1. Inertia - the tendency of an object to resist a change in its
motion.
d. Temperature – is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance
i.
Measured with a thermometer
ii.
Basic metric unit is oCelsius
e. Density is how close together the molecules of a substance are or how
much mass a substance has in a given
space.
i.
If you have one cup of jelly beans and
one cup of marshmallows, the jelly beans
have more mass, there is more “stuff”
compacted into the same amount of
space, therefore will have a higher
density. While both made with sugar, the
marshmallows are mostly air.
ii.
Density is used to compare objects which are different
iii.
Definition: Density is the amount of mass per unit of volume of
an object.
iv.
Determined as mass divided by volume (m/v)
v.
The density of H2O is 1g/ml
vi.
Objects with a density less than 1g/ml (or 1 g/cc) will float,
while objects with a density greater than 1g/ml will sink
f. Conduction is a property of matter.
i.
Conductor – a material, such as copper or silver, through which
electrons can move easily and electricity passes.
1. Examples: ________________________________________
ii.
Insulator – material, such as wood or glass, through which
electrons cannot move easily and electricity or heat is not
conducted
1. Examples: ________________________________________
IV.
Scientific Method / Experiments
a. There are five steps to the scientific method:
i.
Problem/Question – what we are trying to solve through
experimentation.
ii.
Hypothesis – a testable statement to a problem.
1. The hypothesis should either be a positive statement (Salt
water boils at a higher temperature than fresh water) or a
negative statement (Plants will not grow in the dark).
2. The hypothesis should address the IV and the DV
iii. Procedure – the process you do to complete the experiment
iv. Analyze data – review observations and measurements
v. Conclusion
1. Determine whether the data supports the hypothesis.
2. Develop an explanation for why the results occurred.
a. Use ACE
i.
ii.
iii.
Answer the question
Cite evidence from the data
Explanation – connect the data to the
answer of the question
b. Controlled Experiments
i.
The experiments we do this year will be controlled
experiments. This means we will carefully control things in an
experiment called variables.
ii.
A variable is any anything in an experiment that can change or
be changed; any factor that can have an effect on the outcome
of the experiment.
iii.
There are three kinds of variables in any experiment.
1. Independent Variable – the variable that is changed by
the scientist during the procedure. To ensure a fair test, a
good experiment only has one independent variable.
Known as the “I” change it variable since “I” am the
scientist and Independent starts with “I”
2. Dependent Variable – the variable is the result that is
observed and measured in response to the independent
variable. (“D” for determined or discovered)
3. Controlled variable – any factor that could change but is
intentionally kept constant or the same. (“C” for constant)