The American
Pageant
Chapter 12
The Second War
for Independence
and the Upsurge
of Nationalism,
1812-1824
1
Gerrymandering
Elections of 1808 and 1812
Causes of War of 1812
War of 1812
2
President James Madison
• Born in Virginia, 1751
•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small
•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.
•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.
•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency
•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US
Neutrality during the War of
1812.
3
Gerrymandering
Elbridge Gerry, signer of the
Declaration of Independence
and Articles of Confederation,
founding father who refused to
sign the Constitution because it
did not include a Bill of Rights,
governor of Massachusetts,
and vice president, introduced
a political term that is still used
today: gerrymandering.
Cartoon shows
the misshapen
districts in
Massachusetts
as a
salamander
Defined as drawing voting
district boundaries to benefit
the party in power by
increasing the number of
districts controlled by the party
in power and decreasing the
impact of oppositional voters.
4
The elections of 1808 and 1812
Although Madison won the
elections, the Republican
Party lost support in New
England over the Embargo
Act.
5
The presidency of James Madison: 1809-1817
Madison’s two terms were dominated by foreign
problems that eventually led to the outbreak of fullscale war with Great Britain in 1812.
James Madison
Dolly Madison
6
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the
Embargo, which forbade American trade with all
foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France
and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or
French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced
by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but
offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its
neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly
changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S.
resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
7
Dupe of Napoleon
•August, 1810: in response,
Napoleon (lying) announced
decrees (stop impressing US ships)
had been repealed
• November, 1810: Madison announces
nonimportation against Britain
• Results in political ties with France
• Major foreign policy mistake
8
Napoleon
Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley were
unhappy with the peace treaty terms
The Treaty of Greenville, signed in
1795 at the end of the Little Turtle’s War,
left many upset. Much of the land they
were forced to surrender later became
Ohio.
As white settlers continued to
encroach on Indian land, two Shawnee
Indian leaders emerged. These leaders
were Tecumseh and his brother, known as
the “Prophet.”
The Prophet, after winning his battle
against alcoholism, became a religious
leader who taught that white Americans
were children of the Great Serpent, the
source of evil in the world. He forbade his
people to use European American foods,
clothing, manufactured goods, or alcohol.
9
Quotes from Tecumseh
“Where today are the Pequot? Where are
the Narragansett, the Mohican, the
Pokanoket, and many other once powerful
tribes of our people? They have vanished
before the avarice and the oppression of
the White Man, as snow before a summer
sun.
The whites have driven us from the great
salt water, forced us over the mountains.
The way, the only way, to check and stop
this evil is for all red men to unite in
claiming a common equal right in the land
Let us form one body, one heart, and
defend to the last warrior our country, our
homes, our liberty, and the graves of our
fathers.”
10
Tecumseh
Tecumseh reflected bitterly
on the white man’s
treatment of his people.
“We gave them forest-clad
mountains and valleys full
of game and in return what
did they give our warriors
and our women? Rum,
trinkets (jewelry) and death”
12
Harrison said of Tecumseh,
“One of those uncommon
geniuses who spring up
occasionally to produce
revolutions and overturn the
established ordered of things.
William Henry Harrison
If it were not for the vicinity of
the U.S., he would perhaps be
the founder of an Empire that
would rival in glory that of
Mexico.”
13
Tecumseh and his brother built a community called Prophet Town
along Tippecanoe Creek in the Indiana Territory in 1808. They hoped it
would become the Indian Washington D.C.
Their goal was to organize the many tribes into one vast Indian
confederation with the Prophet as the religious leader and Tecumseh as
the political leader. They had some success and soon white settlers in the
region demanded something be done to stop them.
In 1809, the Treaty of Fort Wayne was signed between several tribes
and Governor of the Indiana Territory William Henry Harrison. This treaty
sold two million acres of Native American land in Ohio and Indiana for 2¢
per acre. Tecumseh strongly opposed the treaty and warned Americans
not to settle on the purchased land.
Tecumseh traveled widely to gain Indian support. On one of his trips a
small American army under Governor Harrison moved toward Prophet
Town. The Prophet attacked Harrison’s army at night and after a confused
battle, Harrison claimed victory. Prophet Town was destroyed by the
Americans and the brothers’ dream of an Indian Confederation died.
Many Americans believed that the British were giving weapons and
supplies to the Indians and encouraging them to attack American
settlements.
The Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison famous and helped him win
the presidency in 1840.
14
15
Tecumseh was killed in 1813 while fighting for the British
during the War of 1812. The impact of Tecumseh on
Americans of the time is evidenced by the many prints and
paintings that were created showing his death
16
17
Death of Tecumseh:
Battle of the Thames Oct. 1813
18
War of 1812
“Mr. Madison’s War”
“To Great Britain the War of 1812 was simply a
burdensome adjunct of its greater struggle
against Napoleonic France. To the Canadians it
was clearly a case of naked American aggression.
But to the Americans it was neither simple nor
clear. The United States entered the war with
confused objectives and divided loyalties and
made peace without settling any of the issues that
had induced the nation to go to war.” (Army Historical
Series: Volume One)
A significant weakness in the American position
was the disunity of the country. In the New
England states, public opinion ranged from apathy
to actively expressed opposition to the war.
19
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality
•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into
this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
Would this be a violation of
President Washington’s policy of
President James Madison
keeping the US out of war and
20
neutral?
Causes of the War of 1812
Maritime grievances: Impressment and interference
with American merchant ships by Britain.
War hawks: Group of pro-war congressmen elected in
1810.
“Land Hunger”: Desire for more land in the Northwest
and Spanish-held territories.
Canada: Many Americans wanted to conquer Canada
and make it part of the U.S.
Indian attacks: Widespread belief that the British
were encouraging and supporting Indian attacks on
Americans.
War in Europe: Britain was in a life-and-death
struggle with France and would have few resources to
use against the Americans.
Diplomatic confusion: American diplomatic failures led
21
to a war declaration.
U.S. tried to protect its neutral trading
rights
The U.S. wanted to be free from British
interference with U.S. merchant ships.
In May of 1810, Congress passed Macon's
Bill Number Two. This was a "carrot and stick"
approach, meaning reward and punishment.
The bill stated that if either France or Britain
stopped violating the neutral trading rights of
the United States, the U.S. would stop trading
with the other.
Napoleon quickly agreed to the terms and
the U.S. imposed a trade embargo on Britain
only. Later Napoleon resumed France’s
violation of American neutrality.
22
War Hawks
Pro-war congressmen, many elected in 1810
Represented a new generation that grew up after
the American Revolution
Mainly from the South and West
Goal was a “glorious” war to expand the U.S. into
Canada, Florida, Mexico, and other places
Strong sense of pride and nationalism in the U.S.
Wanted to create a larger and stronger nation
Believed Britain was treating Americans as colonial
subjects
President Madison made a deal with them. In
return for their support for his second run for
president in 1812, he promised to ask Congress for
war
23
Peter B. Porter:
New York
Langdon Cheves:
South Carolina
Richard M.
Johnson:
Kentucky, man
who killed
Tecumseh
Felix Grundy:
Tennessee
War Hawks
Henry Clay:
Kentucky
John C. Calhoun:
South Carolina
24
British Minister Erskine’s broken promise
pushed the U.S. closer to war
Erskine met with President
Madison and promised the
British would stop seizing U.S.
ships if the U.S. repealed the
Non-Intercourse Act
President Madison agreed and
announced to the nation that
trading would resume with Great
Britain and that war was averted
The British government rejected
the agreement Erskine made
Madison was shocked and trade
was halted once again with
Britain
President Madison
25
In June of 1812, President Madison sent a war message
to Congress. The vote in the House was 79 for the war
and 49 against war. In the Senate the vote was 19 to 13
in favor of war. New England, which suffered the most
from British trade restrictions and impressment, was
mostly against the war, while Westerners, far from the
sea, were for the war.
80
70
60
50
40
House
Senate
30
20
10
0
vote for war
vote against
war
John Randolph of
Virginia was
strongly against
the war and
believed it would
drag America “at
the wheels 26
of
Bonaparte.”
On June 16, 1812 the British decided to relax
their blockade, a major cause of the conflict
between the U.S. and Britain. Unfortunately, by
the time the news reached across the Atlantic
Ocean, the U.S. Congress had already declared
war on June 18th.
27
At the beginning of the war, both sides were evenly
matched in warships and soldiers. Britain was much more
powerful, but the majority of her military forces were tied
up in the war against Napoleon in Europe. There was little
to spare to fight the United States. This changed, however,
with the defeat of Napoleon in 1813 at the Battle of Leipzig.
28
American soldiers and officers from the War of 1812
29
Light artillery
Rifle regiment
30
Baltimore Riots: July 1812
An anti-war Federalist newspaper editor and supporters
who had spoken out against the war were attacked and
tortured by a mob of Democrat-Republicans, who took
them from a jail where they were being held for their own
protection.
One victim reported, “I had left my coat in
the gaol, and they tore my shirt and other
clothing, and put the tar on my bare body,
upon which they put feathers. They drew me
along in the cart in this condition, and calling
me traitor and tory and other scandalous
names.” As they danced around the
prisoners the mob sang, “We'll feather and
tar every d—d British tory. And this is the
way for American glory. When the victims
cried for mercy, the women bawled out kill
the tories.”
One witness noted, “During this whole time
the Mob continued to torture their mangled
bodies, by beating first one and then the
other; sticking penknives into their faces
and hands, and opening their eyes and
dropping hot candle grease into them.”
31
The War of 1812 was fought in three stages.
1. The first lasted to the spring of 1813. In this stage
England concentrated on Europe, so the U.S. was able
to be on the offensive: they invaded Canada and sent
cruisers and privateers against enemy shipping.
2. The second stage lasted from early 1813 to early
1814. England established a tight blockade of U.S. ports
but could send only a few additional troops to Canada.
During this stage the American army, now experienced,
won its first successes.
3. The third stage, from 1814 to 1815 saw the arrival of
a large British army and navy reinforcements, even
though some British military was left in Europe to
continue fighting against France (although the war was
officially over). British forces raided the coast at
numerous locations and began several land offensives.
32
Chronology and major battles of the War of 1812
August 15, 1812, Fort Dearborn Massacre
August 16, 1812, fall of Fort Detroit
The war at sea
October 13, 1812, Battle of Queenston Heights
April 1813, Battle of York, Canada
September 1813, Battle of Lake Erie
October 1813, Battle of the Thames
March 1814, Battle of Horseshoe Bend
1814, British three-part invasion of U.S.
July 1814, Battle of Lundy’s Lane
September 1814, Battle of Plattsburg Bay
December 15 1815, Hartford Convention
December 24, 1814, Peace Treaty of Ghent
January 1815, Battle of New Orleans
33
•US unprepared for
war.
•Failed invasion into
Canada.
•Blockade hurt US
economy…
34
The American goal for the War of 1812 was the
conquest of Canada.
35
The war began with a series of disasters for
American armies.
General Hull, governor of the
Michigan Territory and officer during
the American Revolutionary War, was
ordered to invade Canada.
He made a few small raids into
Canada but quickly retreated back to
Detroit.
A small British, Canadian and Indian
force under the command of General
Brock approached Detroit, and Hull
quickly surrendered without a fight on
August 15, 1812. A large quantity of
military supplies plus Hull’s army was
captured.
Soon forts Mackinac and Dearborn
surrendered, and the British controlled
the entire territory north and west of
the Ohio River.
General Hull surrendering
36
Detroit to General Brock
Detroit
Brock
Hull
1812 Canadian
37
newspaper article
on fall of Detroit
Fort Dearborn,
present-day Chicago
Site of a massacre of
American soldiers and their
families in August 1812
Heavily outnumbered
and ordered to surrender
by a message sent from
General Hull, they were
brutally murdered with
only a few of the women
surviving to be later
ransomed.
Mrs. Heald and Mrs.
Holt, wives of soldiers,
fought bravely but were
wounded and taken
captive. Both were later
ransomed.
38
Anti-British cartoon shows Native Americans accepting
money from the British for scalps of American soldiers
during the war.
39
The Americans launched their last 1812 invasion of
Canada in October. They were defeated at the Battle
of Queenston Heights where British General Brock,
victor at Fort Detroit, was killed.
Death of British General Brock
40
Battle of York: April 1813
An American attack on Fort York, today the city of
Toronto, succeeded. U.S. soldiers looted and vandalized
private homes. Public buildings were burned, which later
gave invading British troops justification for burning
public buildings in Washington D.C. The Americans did
not follow through on their success and abandoned York
five days later.
Fort York: Toronto
41
Battle of Lake Erie
The unsuccessful American
campaigns to take Canada in 1812
demonstrated that a successful attack
would require, as a first step, gaining
control of Lake Erie.
Commander Oliver Hazard Perry was
assigned the job of building a fleet and
winning control of Lake Erie. He
prepared throughout the spring and
summer of 1813.
By the beginning of August of 1813,
his force was larger than that of the
British. He anchored his ships in Put-inBay, near General Harrison’s army near
Forts Meigs and Stephenson. On
September 10, Perry met the British
fleet, defeated it in battle, and gained
control of Lake Erie.
42
Battle of Lake Erie: Perry transfers to another ship after
his flagship was disabled by British cannon fire
43
After the battle Perry wrote
a now famous letter to Major
General William Henry
Harrison, commander of the
army of the Northwest. The
letter was scrawled in pencil
on the back of an old
envelope. Perry’s victory
secured the Great Lakes
region for the United States
and ended the threat of a
British invasion from
Canada.
Dear General:
We have met the enemy and
they are ours. Two ships,
two brigs, one schooner and
one sloop. Yours with great
respect and esteem,
O.H. Perry
44
Battle of the Thames: October
1813
With Lake Erie secured, General
Harrison was determined to destroy
the British forces and their Indian
allies.
On October 5, the two armies met
on the banks of the Thames River.
The Americans had 3,500 men,
versus 900 British and 2,000 Native
Americans under Tecumseh.
Harrison ordered his Kentucky
cavalry to assault the enemy.
Unable to withstand the charging
Kentuckians, the British and
Indians surrendered. Tecumseh
was killed.
It was a complete victory and
there was no more fighting in that
area for the rest of the war.
Tecumseh was killed by
“war hawk” William
Johnson of Kentucky45
The war at sea
46
When the war began, Britain sent warships to cripple the
U.S. economy by blockading ports. American merchant
ships could no longer trade with other nations. The small
U.S. Navy was unable to break the blockade.
The two charts below show the effect of the blockade on
the U.S. economy.
U.S. government import
revenues in millions
U.S. exports in millions
140
14
120
12
100
10
80
8
60
6
4
40
2
20
0
1811
0
1807
1813
1814
1814
47
The U.S. Navy was tiny compared to the
mighty British fleet.
9
U.S.
7
0
374
Britain
116
Other
warships
Frigates 32
to 44 guns
Ships of the
line 74 guns
120
0
200
400
48
At the beginning of the war, the American navy
consisted of about 16 major vessels, while the
British navy had over 1,500. But during the fall
and winter of 1812-13, American privateers,
swarming the Atlantic, captured 500 British
vessels.
# of ships
# of ships captured
1500
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
517
254
16
US Navy
Privateers
49
Privateers made huge profits, sometimes as
much as a hundred million in today’s dollars.
50
Privateers played an important role in the
war at sea
U.S. Navy
U.S. Privateers
Total ships
16
517
Total
cannon
Enemy
ships
captured
556
2893
254
1500
51
New inventions during the war
The damaging effects of the
British blockade inspired
steamboat inventor Robert
Fulton to construct the
Demologos, a heavy steam
powered warship, the first
one ever built.
Fulton also invented the
torpedo, named for a fish
called a torpedo fish that
emits an electric ray.
52
The small American navy scored several successes in
individual ship-to-ship battles early in the war. Although
these were morale boosters for the nation, they had little
impact on the outcome of the war.
53
One of the most famous sea battles was between the USS
Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) and the British frigate
Guerriere.
Captain of the
USS
Constitution,
Isaac Hull
The Constitution defeats the Guerriere
54
USS
Constitution in
Boston Harbor
in 2006
55
Lucy Brewer enlisted in
the Marine Corps under
the name “George
Baker” and served
aboard the USS
Constitution. After the
war she became famous
through her memoirs,
“The Female Marine” and
“The Adventures of Miss
Lucy Brewer.”
Although she enlisted as
a man, she was the first
female Marine and the
first woman Marine in
combat.
56
War in the
South
Fighting broke out
in 1813 in the
South.
Major General
Andrew Jackson
led a force against
an uprising by
Creek Indians who
were killing
American settlers.
It wasn’t until
March 1814 that
Jackson felt he had
enough troops to
go on the
offensive.
57
The worst Indian
massacre occurred on
August 30, 1813, at
Fort Mimms, Alabama.
The fort was hit by a
surprise attack of
1,000 Creek Red Stick
warriors. Inside the
fort were 245 soldiers
and 308 women,
children, slaves and
friendly Indians. Less
than fifty people
escaped, and the fort
was totally destroyed.
General Jackson
raised a force of
volunteers and
attacked several
Indian towns, killing
hundreds of warriors.
Massacre at Fort Mimms, 1813
58
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
On March 27, 1814, General Jackson's army, with
Cherokee and Creek Indian allies, defeated the Red
Sticks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on the Tallapoosa
River in Alabama.
On August 9, 1814, the Creeks were forced to sign the
Treaty of Fort Jackson, which ceded 23 million acres to
the U.S. government. Jackson went on to defeat the
British at the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815.
59
The northern front
The war in Europe ended with Napoleon’s defeat at the
Battle of Leipzig in October of 1813. Britain transferred
reinforcements from Europe to Canada and went on the
offensive against the Americans.
Lundy’s Lane July 25, 1814
Chippewa July 3, 1814
60
“Regulars, by God”
On July 5, 1814, General Scott took his trained men up against
the British Army in New York. Fooled by the gray uniforms
American militia units usually wore, the British realized they
had encountered regular troops. The U.S. soldiers steadily
advanced toward their opponents, ignoring the musket volleys
that tore through their ranks. The British commanding general
said, “Those are Regulars, by God!” The cadets at West Point
today still wear grey uniforms.
61
At the Battle of
Lundy's Lane in
Canada in July
1814, the last
American
invasion was
defeated in a
vicious six-hour
battle.
62
North Point
Fighting in
Maryland and
Washington
D.C.
Patuxent River
63
On August 19, 1814, 4,000 British troops landed on the
Patuxent River. At the Battle of Bladensburg, five days
later, the British easily defeated an American army of
5,000. The British then entered Washington D.C. and
burned the Capitol building, the White House, and other
public buildings before returning to their ships.
64
65
First Lady Dolly Madison packed White House
possessions, including Gilbert Stuart's full-length
portrait of George Washington. Upon entering the city,
the British set fire to the White House, the Capitol, and
many other public buildings.
Stuart’s painting66
Ruins of the U.S. Capitol building
67
President James Madison and probably John Armstrong,
his Secretary of War, with bundles of papers, fleeing
from Washington, with burning buildings behind them
68
On September 12, 1814, a British force of 9,000 men
landed at North Point, Maryland, to capture Baltimore.
The Americans were able to prevent the British from
capturing Baltimore by land and sea at Fort McHenry.
The British retreated in defeat, which built up the
confidence of the Americans.
69
On Sept. 13, 1814, Francis Scott Key negotiated the release of Dr.
William Beanes, a prisoner after the burning of Washington D.C. Key
was detained on ship overnight during the shelling of Fort McHenry,
one of the forts defending Baltimore. In the morning, he was so happy
to see the American flag still flying over the fort that he wrote a poem.
Author of “Star
Spangled Banner”
70
The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of
Lake Champlain, was one of the final battles in the war.
The American victory secured U.S. rights to the Great
Lakes in the peace treaty.
71
Hartford Convention December 1814–January 1815
Many in New England were unhappy with the
war and President Madison.
The war and previous embargoes had hurt
their maritime-based businesses.
Federalist Party delegates from five New
England states met in Hartford, Connecticut, to
discuss their opposition to the war.
They came up with a list of demands and
threatened to leave (secede) the U.S. if their
demands were not met by the federal
government.
When the war ended the
Convention delegates went
home with nothing accomplished.
One result was that their party,
the Federalists, fell apart as they
were branded anti-American.
72
Cartoon shows Rhode Island, Connecticut, and
Massachusetts, three of the states threatening to
secede, being lured by King George
73
The War Ended
The Treaty of Ghent was signed
on December 24, 1814.
The peace treaty essentially left
everything unchanged between
the two nations. The U.S. was
unsuccessful in taking over
Canada.
74
Battle of New Orleans
75
New orleans
76
Battle of New Orleans
Due to poor communication, it was not known to the
armies fighting in the U.S. that a peace treaty had been
signed.
The day after the treaty was signed, 10,000 British
troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River in
Louisiana to capture the port city of New Orleans and
were threaten the Louisiana Purchase.
General Jackson, with 4,500 U.S. troops, including the
regular army and militia soldiers plus battalions of free
African Americans, Choctaw Indians, pirates and
members of the New Orleans aristocracy, defeated the
British on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
Jackson became a national hero and was later elected
president in 1828.
77
The battlefield today
An account of the battle
written by Andrew Jackson
78
•Considered greatest
U.S. victory to that
time
•Defeated British’s
best without help
from any country
•Countries gained
respect for the U.S.
after this battle.
•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the
control of the U.S.
79
The War’s Legacy
• U.S. gained the respect of other nations
• U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a
part of the British Empire
• The Federalist party came to an end as a national
force
• Talk of nullification and secession in New England
set a precedent that would later be used by the
South
• Gained our neutrality and became isolated from
Europe
80
The War’s Legacy
• Native Americans in the West were forced to
surrender large areas of land and move west.
• More U.S. factories were built
• War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William
Henry Harrison would eventually become
Presidents.
• Growth of American nationalism
• Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of
Good Feelings”
81
The War of 1812 won new respect for
America among many British. Michael Scott,
a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,
“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never
shall like them…..I have no wish to eat with
them, drink with them, deal with, or consort
with them in any way; but let me tell the whole
truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the
laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an
enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in
every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they have
always proved.
82
Respect from the Europeans
 Hartford Convention
 Elections of 1816 and 1820
 Three new sectional leaders emerged
 National Bank
 Tariffs
 Erie Canal
 Cumberland Road
 John Marshall’s Supreme Court decisions
 Panic of 1819
 Missouri Compromise of 1820
 Foreign affairs
83
Monroe easily won the 1816 election against a
Federalist Party discredited by its support of the
Hartford Convention. In 1820 the Federalist
Party was gone and Monroe faced almost no
opposition.
84
madwar
President James Madison
• Born in Virginia, 1751
•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small
•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.
•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.
•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency
•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US
Neutrality during the War of
1812.
85
Monroe built a government of national unity,
choosing men from both parties and all regions for
his cabinet.
To celebrate his election victory in 1816, Monroe
went on a 15-week tour through New England and
later toured the South and West. A Boston
newspaper called his reception in Massachusetts
the start of an "era of good feelings."
President Monroe
Secretary of State
John Quincy Adams,
Northerner
Secretary of War
John C. Calhoun,
Southerner 86
Elizabeth Monroe
became internationally
popular when she
helped rescue
Lafayette’s wife from
the guillotine while the
Monroes were in
France during the
French Revolution.
Lafayette
87
Three new leaders emerged during the
Monroe administration. These three played
vital roles in the nation and in Congress for
the next 30 years.
John C. Calhoun:
1782-1850
Henry Clay:
1777-1852
Daniel Webster:
1782-1852
Represented the
Southern states
Represented the
Western states
Represented the
Northern states
Served in Congress,
presidential
Cabinet, and as vice
president
Served in state
legislature, the
Senate, and House
of Representatives
Argued before the
Supreme Court,
senator, presidential
88
Cabinet member
Henry Clay’s American System
This was an economic plan to improve the
nation’s infrastructure and make the U.S. a
stronger nation. There were three
components:
National bank
Tariff on imported goods to protect
American manufacturers
National system of roads and
canals
89
National Bank
The charter for the first Bank
of the United States expired in
1811. With no central bank the
U.S. economy was unstable.
State banks issued paper
money, which led to inflation.
Inflation is when the value of
money goes down and prices go
up.
The Republican Party had
opposed the first Bank, but now
supported chartering a second
National Bank in 1816.
The Bank helped stabilize
the currency, although opposition
grew to its power and influence.
90
Tariff of 1816
The War of 1812 and the various
earlier trade restrictions stopped the
flow of goods from British factories.
Americans began building their own
factories to manufacture goods.
After the war, British manufacturers
flooded the U.S. market with cheap
factory goods. This threatened to
destroy American “infant” industries
that could not compete with the older,
more cost-effective British factories.
The Tariff of 1816 was different from
the earlier Tariff of 1789, which had
rates of 8% and was intended to raise
revenue for the new government. The
Tariff of 1816 had rates as high as 20%
and was designed to help domestic
industries compete with foreign
competition.
Rate
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Tariff of 1789
Tariff of 1816
Clay supported the
91
tariff
Erie Canal
A canal is a man-made
waterway
The Erie Canal connects the
Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
from Lake Erie to the Hudson River
Construction took eight years
The system works with locks,
where a boat goes into a gated
area which fills with water so the
boat can travel to the next higher
water level
Made transportation of goods
faster and cheaper
Encouraged settlement along
the route and in the western
territory
92
The canal runs from Buffalo to the Hudson River
93
Cumberland Road
Referred to as the National
Road or Cumberland Road
One of the first major
improved highways in the U.S.
built by the federal
government
Construction began in
1811 at Cumberland,
Maryland
Reached Wheeling, West
Virginia, in 1818
Although the road was
planned to end in Jefferson
City, Missouri, funding ran out
and it stopped at Vandalia,
Illinois, in 1839
94
Cumberland Road
95
Marshall Court
Chief Justice John Marshall
presided over 1,127 decisions
from 1801-1835
Supported national supremacy,
economic competition and
judicial power
Marbury v. Madison, 1803
established judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
established national supremacy
when the Court ruled that a state
could not tax the national
government
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
established Congress’ supremacy
over the states in the regulation
of commerce
96
Panic of 1819
During the European wars and the War
of 1812, American industries filled the gap
created by various blockades and embargoes.
However, after the wars ended, the growth
stopped.
Unemployment went up, banks failed,
people lost their property, agricultural prices
fell by half, and real estate investment in
western lands collapsed.
97
Expansion created both new free and new slave states.
Most agreed that new states should not upset the
existing balance between the 11 free and 11 slave
states. The proposed admission of Missouri in 1819 as a
slave state would create an imbalance.
State
year admitted total slave states total free states
Ohio
1803
9
Louisiana
1812
9
Indiana
1816
10
Mississippi
1817
10
Illinois
1818
11
Alabama
1819
11
Maine
1820
12states98
1819
11 slave states
11 free
Missouri Compromise, 1820
Northerners were opposed to
Missouri's entry as a slave state
and protests were held.
Henry Clay, Speaker of the
House, negotiated the Missouri
Compromise: Missouri was
admitted as a slave state and
Maine as a free state.
The Missouri Compromise also
contained a clause that forever
prohibited slavery north of 36° 30'
in all the territory acquired from
France by the Louisiana Purchase.
In addition, Congress banned
slavery from the territory acquired
by the Louisiana Purchase north of
Missouri's southern boundary.
99
Areas that were free and slave, 1820
100
Jefferson felt the slave versus free state
issue was not fully put to rest by the
Missouri Compromise
“But this momentous question, like a
fire bell in the night, awakened and
filled me with terror. I considered it at
once as the knell of the Union. It is
hushed, indeed, for the moment. But
this is a reprieve only, not a final
sentence. A geographical line,
coinciding with a marked principle,
moral and political, once conceived and
held up to the angry passions of men,
will never be obliterated; and every
new irritation will mark it deeper and
deeper…But as it is, we have the wolf
by the ears, and we can neither hold
him, nor safely let him go.”
Thomas Jefferson, April 1820,
Monticello, Virginia.
101
Foreign Affairs under President Monroe
Latin America
Florida
Monroe Doctrine
John Quincy Adams
Serving under President Monroe, Adams was one of
America's great Secretaries of State, arranging with England
for the joint occupation of the Oregon country, obtaining
from Spain the cession of the Floridas, and formulating with
102
the president the Monroe Doctrine.
Latin America
The 300-year Spanish
rule of Mexico and Latin
America came to an end in
the 1820s.
Two priests in Mexico,
Miguel Hidalgo and Jose
Morelos, led their nation to
independence.
In South America,
Simon Bolivar and Jose de
San Martin led the fight for
freedom.
Central America gained
independence in 1821.
By 1825 only Puerto
Rico and Cuba remained
103
under Spanish rule.
The U.S. wanted Latin America
to remain free
Once Latin America freed
itself from Spanish rule,
Americans worried other
European nations might help
Spain reconquer her lost colonies.
Great Britain was also
concerned and wanted to partner
with the U.S. in issuing a joint
document guaranteeing the
freedom of the new nations.
President Monroe and his
Secretary of State John Q. Adams
decided to issue a statement from
the U.S. alone, rejecting Britain's
offer. Britain backed up U.S.
efforts with her fleet and army.
Mural depicts discussion
among the president and
members of his Cabinet;
from left to right are
President James Monroe,
Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams, Attorney
General William Wirt,
Secretary of War John
Calhoun, and Secretary of
the Navy Samuel L.
Southard.
104
The U.S. issued the Monroe Doctrine which
stated:
The United States would not get
involved in European affairs.
The United States would not
interfere with existing European
colonies in the Western Hemisphere.
If a European nation tried to
control or interfere with a nation in
the Western Hemisphere, the United
States would view it as a hostile act.
No other nation could form a
new colony in the Western
Hemisphere. The peoples of the
West “are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European
powers.”
Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams helped
author the document
105
Florida becomes part of the U.S.
President Madison unsuccessfully tried to
take over West Florida from Spain in 1810.
Many Southerners were angry that
Spanish officials protected runaway slaves
from coastal South Carolina and Georgia.
Many ex-slaves were allowed to live and
work with Seminole Indians in exchange for
part of their crops.
Florida
In 1816, General Andrew Jackson
invaded Florida and destroyed the “Negro
fort” that protected Black Seminole
settlements.
In 1818, Jackson again invaded Florida
and claimed it for the U.S.
In 1819, Spain, involved with revolts
throughout Latin America, sold Florida to
the U.S. for $5 million ($80 million in 2005
dollars) under the Adams-Onis Treaty.
Black Seminoles 106
107
The Monroe Doctrine has been called the
“cornerstone” of American foreign policy in
the western hemisphere. How did the
following events influence the Monroe
Administration to issue the Monroe Doctrine?
•Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation,
1793
•Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796
•XYZ Affair
•Louisiana Purchase
•Chesapeake Affair
•Embargo Act 1807
•War of 1812
108
The American Pageant - Chapter 12
•The primary reason that American
strategy in the War of 1812 focused on
invading and conquering Canada was
– 1. the Canadians were already in rebellion
against British rule.
– 2. the U.S. expected support from France,
which hoped to recover its lost colony of
Québec.
– 3. Britain was weakest and most
vulnerable there.
– 4. the United States considered complete
control of the Great Lakes the key to the
future of North America.
109
•The primary reason that American
strategy in the War of 1812 focused on
invading and conquering Canada was
– 3. Britain was weakest and most
vulnerable there.
110
•Which of the following was not an
American victory in the War of 1812?
– 1. The Battle of Plattsburgh (Lake
Champlain)
– 2. The battle for Washington
(Bladensburg)
– 3. The Battle of the Thames
– 4. The Battle of New Orleans
111
•Which of the following was not an
American victory in the War of 1812?
– 2. The battle for Washington
(Bladensburg)
112
•Andrew Jackson’s victory in the Battle of
New Orleans proved important because
– 1. it enabled American peace negotiators
in Belgium to obtain a more favorable
treaty.
– 2. it convinced the British that they would
be unable to control the Mississippi River
Valley.
– 3. it restored Americans’ sense of military
honor and enabled them to end the war in
a spirit of nationalism and self-confidence.
– 4. it demonstrated the skill and ability of
the professional American army.
113
•Andrew Jackson’s victory in the Battle of
New Orleans proved important because
– 3. it restored Americans’ sense of military
honor and enabled them to end the war in
a spirit of nationalism and self-confidence.
114
•The terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending
the War of 1812 provided
– 1. that there would be a buffer Indian state
between the United States and Canada.
– 2. that Britain would stop impressment of
American sailors.
– 3. that the United States would acquire
western Florida in exchange for
guaranteeing British control of Canada.
– 4. that the two sides would stop fighting
and return to the status quo before the
war.
115
•The terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending
the War of 1812 provided
– 4. that the two sides would stop fighting
and return to the status quo before the
war.
116
•New England suffered great discredit at
the end of the War of 1812 because
– 1. its soldiers and sailors performed so
poorly in battle.
– 2. it failed to support President Madison
for re-election.
– 3. its antiwar dissent led to a flirtation with
disloyalty and secession in the Hartford
Convention.
– 4. it demanded that the war be continued
until the British menace in Canada was
removed.
117
•New England suffered great discredit at
the end of the War of 1812 because
– 3. its antiwar dissent led to a flirtation with
disloyalty and secession in the Hartford
Convention.
118
•The new spirit of nationalism reflected in
American literature found strong
expression in the work of
– 1. Benjamin Franklin and Andrew
Jackson.
– 2. Washington Irving and James Fenimore
Cooper.
– 3. Herman Melville and Nathaniel
Hawthorne.
– 4. Louisa May Alcott and Lyman Beecher.
119
•The new spirit of nationalism reflected in
American literature found strong
expression in the work of
– 2. Washington Irving and James Fenimore
Cooper.
120
•Which of the following was not a
component of Henry Clay’s “American
System”?
– 1. a strong national banking system and
currency
– 2. high tariffs to protect American
manufacturing
– 3. free homesteads for western settlers on
federal land
– 4. a network of federally financed and
controlled roads and canals
121
•Which of the following was not a
component of Henry Clay’s “American
System”?
– 3. free homesteads for western settlers on
federal land
122
•The “Era of Good Feelings” was rudely
interrupted in 1819–1820 by
– 1. a fiercely contested RepublicanFederalist presidential election.
– 2. the Supreme Court’s ruling that
President Monroe’s American System was
unconstitutional.
– 3. an economic recession and a crisis over
slavery in Missouri.
– 4. Andrew Jackson’s aggressive invasion
of Florida.
123
•The “Era of Good Feelings” was rudely
interrupted in 1819–1820 by
– 3. an economic recession and a crisis over
slavery in Missouri.
124
•In exchange for admitting Missouri as a slave
state, the northern members of Congress
received
– 1. the admission of Maine as a free state and a
prohibition on further expansion of slavery
north of the southern boundary of Missouri.
– 2. a prohibition on the expansion of slavery
into any future territory acquired by the United
States.
– 3. a guarantee that the number of free and
slave states (and senators) would always
remain equal.
– 4. a prohibition of the international slave trade
a guarantee that slavery would eventually be
125
eliminated in the District of Columbia.
•In exchange for admitting Missouri as a
slave state, the northern members of
Congress received
– 1. the admission of Maine as a free state
and a prohibition on further expansion of
slavery north of the southern boundary of
Missouri.
126
•In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland,
Justice John Marshall held that
– 1. the states had the right to regulate
commerce within their boundaries.
– 2. the federal Bank of the United States
was constitutional, and no state had a
right to tax it.
– 3. the Supreme Court had the right to
review the decisions of state supreme
courts.
– 4. the Supreme Court had the power to
determine the constitutionality of federal
laws.
127
•In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland,
Justice John Marshall held that
– 2. the federal Bank of the United States
was constitutional, and no state had a
right to tax it.
128