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Sci-Fi and CHI, HCI, UX:
Past, Present, Future
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Aaron Marcus, President, Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc.
1196 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1F, Berkeley, California 94708-1640,USA
Tel: +1-510-601-0994, Fax: +1-510-527-1994
Email: Aaron.Marcus@AMandA.com, Web: www.AMandA.com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/AMandAssociates
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/company/aaron-marcus-and-associates-incYouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/AMandAssociates
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/amandaberkeley
Ebook: http://www.amanda.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/AM+A.SciFi+HCI.eBook.17Aug12.pdf
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 2
Lecture Objective and Agenda:
Mission Impossible!
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Objectives: Survey topic, Discuss issue
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Agenda:
My personal connection to Sci-Fi
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HCI and Sci-Fi taxonomies
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Early Sci-Fi/HCI cinema and video
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Tour of recent cinema
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Further issues and some conclusions
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 3
Future Vision from the Distant Past:
Roger Bacon, c. 1260 CE/AD
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“Machines may be made by which the largest
ships, with only one man steering them, will be
moved faster than if they were filled with rowers;
wagons may be built which will move with
incredible speed and without the aid of beasts;
flying machines can be constructed in which a
man…may beat the air with wings like a
bird…machines will make it possible to go to the
bottom of seas and rivers.”
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[De secretis operibus, c. 4. ed. Cit. 533; cf. L. Thorndike, History of Magic and Expermental Science,
ii (1929), 654-5; F. Boll, “Technische Träume des Mittelalters”, Die Umschau, xxi (1917, 678-80, all
cited in White, Lynn, Jr. (1962). Medieval Technology and Social Change. London: Oxford, p. 134.]
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 4
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Optimistic vision; robots rule
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Sci-Fi in the 1950s: Post
WW2 Utopian Kitsch
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 5
Personal Credentials and History:
Sci-Fi in the 1950s
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Radical, hydroscopic, lunar-dimensional, superspectrum,
sinusoidal tabulating- operating-system communication-radio
Short nickname: the Goo-goo machine
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Dreaming of the future in Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 6
Personal Credentials and History:
Sci-Fi in the 1950s
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Drawing HCI images for high-tech rocketry
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 7
Personal Credentials and History:
CHI 92, CHI 99, Cyberpunk to CHI
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Bruce Sterling, Verner Vinge, etc. imagine future
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 8
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Hardware
Software
User community
Content
Metaphors
Mental models
Navigation
Interaction
Appearance
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Taxonomy of HCI
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 9
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Genre
Story narrative
Technology
Society
Temporal view
Culture
Hardware
Software
Medium
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Taxonomy of Sci-Fi
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 10
Combining HCI and Sci-Fi Analysis
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Analyzing HCI and Sci-Fi taxonomies combined ->
too much complexity (work for future PhDs)
Limited lecture objective: Examine selected
examples of what science fiction movies (and
some videos) have chosen to show of world of HCI
and “our” HCI issues, objectives, and technologies
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Movie challenge: must design/build full perceptual
experience of hardware and “imply” software
Verbal literature: focus more easily on thoughts,
physical details; movies must show backgound
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 11
Selected Sci-Fi/HCI Topics
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Assumptions about “users”
Connection
Control panels
Cultural diversity
Hardware: phones, display terminals, heads-up
displays, body suits, etc.
Information visualization
Speech/audio
User-centered design
Visual displays: transparency
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AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 12
Themes to Consider
What seems futuristic? Past vs. future?
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What masculine vs. feminine issues emerge?
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What people vs. machines issues emerge
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What positive vs. negative views of technology
emerge?
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 13
Selected Historical Examples
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Earliest Sci-Fi films, 1895-1907
Metropolis, 1927
Flash Gordon, 1936
Superman: The Mechanical Monsters, 1941
Captain Video, 1951
Journey to the Center of Time, 1967
Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women, 1968
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 14
Earliest Sci-Fi Films: French
[via Wikipedia]
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La Charcuterie mécanique, Lumière Bros, FR,1895
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Gugusse et l'Automate, Georges Méliès, Director,
starring Georges Méliès, France, 1897
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A Trip to the Moon, Georges Méliès, Director,
starring Georges Méliès, France, 1902
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Early “sci-fi” ; circus performer makes, fights with automaton
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“First” sci-fi film, according to some; machine turns pig into pork
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“First” sci-fi film, uses innovative animation and special effects
20.000 Lieues Sous les Mers, Georges Méliès,
Director, starring Georges Méliès, France,1907
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One of first color film; female factory workers hand-tinted frames
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 15
Friz Lang’s Metropolis, 1927, Most
Expensive Silent Film Ever Made
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Social themes, robots, classic controls, and TV!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 16
Early Examples: Flash Gordon,
1930s “Videophones on the Wall”
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1936 vision of wall TVs vs. 2001’s from 1968
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 17
“Mechanical Monsters,” 1941,
Second Superman Animation
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Superman saves Lois, battles robots
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 18
Early Examples:
Captain Video, 1950s
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1950s TV rocket-ship space-captain’s adventures
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 19
Journey to the Center of Time, 1967
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“Classic” dials and gauges, and ritual inspections!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 20
Mensch und Komputer, 2011
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Even in 2011, 1950s MMI stereotypes persist
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 21
Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric
Women: 1968, Peter Bogdanovich, Dir.
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Low-budget film with 50s tech but men vs.
women!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 22
Recent Sci-Fi Cinema and HCI
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Lets look at more recent Cinema
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 23
Again: Selected Sci-Fi/HCI Topics
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Control panels
Cultural diversity, species diversity
Hardware: phones, display terminals, heads-up
displays, body suits, etc.
Information visualization
Speech/audio
User-centered design
Visual displays: transparency
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AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 24
Again: Themes to Consider
What seems futuristic? Past vs. future?
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What masculine vs. feminine issues emerge?
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What people vs. machines issues emerge
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What positive vs. negative views of technology
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 25
Blah
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Blah
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 26
Star Wars Series, 1977-2008
Director: George Lucas
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Dirty rockets, robots; HW, characters; not HCI
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 27
Terminator Series, 1984-2009
Action Hero: Arnold Schwarzenegger
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Robot vision impressive, HRI usually speech, faces
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 28
StarTrek (2366), TV 1966-69, Film 79Creator: Gene Roddenberry
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Voice Communicator, HCIs copied in Galaxy Quest
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 29
2001
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Movie scene
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 30
2001, 1968 (2001), 1/2, Writer: Clark,
Director Stanley Kubrick
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Epic, sci realism, effects, min dalogue, no mobis!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 31
2001, 1968 (2001), 2/2
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1960s styling, many conventional displays
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 32
Tron Legacy
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Screen image
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 33
Tron, Tron Legacy, 1982, 2010
Writer, Director: Steven Lisberger
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Retro replay of original, little HCI, mostly action
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 34
Brazil
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Sceen Image
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 35
Brazil, 1985
Director: Terry Giliam
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19th/21st century dystopian hi-tech tubes and HCIs
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 36
Total Recall
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Screen Image
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 37
Total Recall, 1990; Author: P.K. Dick
Director: Paul Verhoeven
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Tech innovation, memorable scenes, if not HCI
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 38
Matrix
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Matrix full-screen scene
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 39
Matrix Trilogy, 1999 and 2003
Writer, Director: Wachowski Brothers
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Plugging in, industrial HW, fantasy wetware
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 40
eXistenZ
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Screen image
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 41
eXistenZ, 1999, 1/2
Director: David Cronenberg
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Video game worlds, biomorphic tech, bloody tech!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 42
eXistenZ, 1999, 2/2
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Video game worlds, biomorphic tech, bloody tech!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 43
21st Century Sci-Fi Cinema and HCI
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Present time catches up with the future!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 44
Again: Selected Sci-Fi/HCI Topics
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Assumptions about “users”
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Control panels
Cultural diversity, species diversity
Hardware: phones, display terminals, heads-up
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Information visualization
Speech/audio
User-centered design
Visual displays: transparency
国
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AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 45
Again: Themes to Consider
What seems futuristic? Past vs. future?
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What masculine vs. feminine issues emerge?
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What people vs. machines issues emerge
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What positive vs. negative views of technology
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AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 46
Minority Report (2054), 2002
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Screen image
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 47
Minority Report (2054), 2002; Author:
P. K. Dick; Director: Steven Spielberg
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Hand gestures! Transparent displays!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 48
Aeon Flux
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Movie scene
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 49
Aeon Flux (post-2011 virus), 2005
Director: Karyn Kusama
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Skin displays, M2M pills, whistles, drug worlds!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 50
Ultraviolet
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Movie scene
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 51
Ultraviolet (2078), 2006
Writer, Director: Kurt Wimmer
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Paper phones, diagrams, innovative HCI!
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 52
Idiocracy
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Screen image
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 53
Idiocracy (2506), 2006:
Director: Mike Judge
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Devolution of HCI: hilarious, appalling, scary
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 54
Blah
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Blah
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 55
Avatar (c. 2150), 2009
Writer, Director: James Cameron
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Male, metal, destruction vs. blue, female, connection
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 56
District 9
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Screen image
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 57
District 9, 2009
Director: Neill Blomkamp
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Inventive alien HCI, or ACI
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 58
Not Only Hollywood: Computer
Industry Markets Demos of Future
SciFi: limited UCD and realistic HCI
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HCI futurists also sometimes limited
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Benefit of increased contact with others side in
development teams
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Examples:
Apple’s “Knowledge Navigator” demo (1992)
AT+T’s Connections (1993)
DARPA’s “Augmented Cognition” demo (2005)
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 59
Apple K-Navigator
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Fullscreen scene
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 60
Apple’s Knowledge Navigator, 1992
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Envisioning Steve, AI-speak, ethical controversy
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 61
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Flexible, extended surfaces
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AT+T Connections, 1993
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 62
DoD: Augmented Cognition
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 63
DoD: Augmented Cognition, 2005
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Brain channel-overload sensors, auto media-shifting
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 64
Other Cultures: India and China
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among Western, Chinese, or Indian cultures?
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Cross-Cultural Sci-Fi/HCI trends, patterns
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Hollywood influenced by Bollywood
danding/songs and Hong-Kong action cinema,
oriented to ex-USA sales
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Future Hollywood SciFi may be affected in future
decades.
Where will cross-cultural Sci-Fi/HCI go in future?
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 65
India: Rise of Cultural Icons
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New interest in local comix heroes/heroines
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 66
India: Selected Sci-Fi Films, since
1952, 1/2
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Kaadu (The Jungle), 1952, Tamil-American
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Kalai Arasi, c. 1960, Tamil
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First Sci-Fi film in Tamil Nadu tells of expedition finding cause of
strange behavior of animals: invasion of woolly mammoths
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Aliens kidnap Earth girl to teach arts; hero rescues her
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Karutha Rathrikal, 1967, Malayam
Doctor takes revenge on uncle’s death with medicine he invented
that creates split personality; first Malayam sci-fi film
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Jaithra Yaathra, 1987, Malayalam
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Scientist invents locket to make one invisible,battles villain.
Koi... Mil Gaya, 2003, Bollywood
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Alien visits, a la E.T and Indian “ The Alien”
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 67
India: Selected Sci-Fi Films, since
1952, 2/3
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Ailen visits India
Mr. India, Hindi
Superhero film, with super-hero Indian stars
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Krrish, Hindi
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Patalghar, Bengali
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Alien Mr. Ang visits Bengali urbanite
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The Alien, late 1960s, canceled
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Superhero film
Dasavathaaram, Tamil
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3rd highest grossing Indian film, USA virus threatens earth
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 68
India: Selected Sci-Fi Films, since
1952, 3/3
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Enthiran, Tamil
Scientist makesRobot, lives with it, adds emotions; robo tfalls in
love with his girlfirend; most expensive India film, highest grossing
Action Replayy, Hindi
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Rudraksh, 2004, Hindi
Action-adventure film based on Ramayana classical literature
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Bharathan, Malayam
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Aditya 369 , Tulugu
[Source: Wikipedia, with apoloties to academia]
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 69
China: Brief, Selected History of
Sci-Fi
AL
"Yueqiu Zhimindi Xiaoshuo" (月球殖民地小說),
("Lunar Colony"), 1904
FI
D
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Jules Verne imported during late 19th, early 20th
EN
TI
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N
Earliest original Chinese Sci-Fi writing
国
Zheng Wenguang, father of Chi Sci-Fi, wrote in 50s,
70s, e.g., "Flying to the Centaur"
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U
PA
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C
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Tong Enzheng wrote "Death Ray on a Coral Island”
made into China's first Sci-Fi movie, 1980
[Source: Wikipedia, with apologies to academia]
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 70
Death Ray on Coral Island
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Movie scene
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AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 71
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First Chi Sci-Fi, traditional HCI
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Death Ray On Coral Island, 1980
Author: Tong, Enzheng
[Dean Pickles: http://outthereasia.blogspot.com/search/label/movies?\\max-results=20]
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 72
Raise the Red Lantern, 1991
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Cited as like a Chinese Sci-Fi-like film
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AM+A
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 73
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 74
Japanese Sci-Fi Films: A Selection
中
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Ghost in the Shell (film)
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence
Godzilla 2000
Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla
Godzilla vs. Biollante
Godzilla vs. Destoroyah
Godzilla vs. Gigan
Godzilla vs. Hedorah
Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla
Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II
Godzilla vs. Megalon
Godzilla and Mothra: The Battle for Earth
Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla
Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters
All-Out Attack
Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S.
Goke, Body Snatcher from Hell
Gunhed (film)
Invasion of Astro-Monster
Meatball Machine
Memories (film)
Message from Space
Metropolis (anime)
Mirai Ninja
Neo Tokyo (film)
Paprika (2006 film)
Patlabor 2: The Movie
Patlabor: The Movie
Planzet
Prophecies of Nostradamus
Pyrokinesis (film)
Redline (2009 film)
The Return of Godzilla
Returner
RoboGeisha
Rubber's Lover
Sayonara Jupiter (film)
Screamers (1995 film)
U
PA
1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife
20th Century Boys
The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army
964 Pinocchio
A.LI.CE
Akira (film)
Alien vs Ninja
Andromedia
Appleseed (film)
Appleseed Ex Machina
Arcadia of My Youth
Assault Girls
Avalon (2001 film)
Battle in Outer Space
Be Forever Yamato
Casshern (film)
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie
Cyclops (1987 film)
Daijōbu, My Friend
Darkside Blues
Dead Leaves
Dead or Alive: Final
Death Powder
Dirty Pair: Project Eden
Electric Dragon 80.000 V
The End of Evangelion
Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo
The Face of Another (film)
Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children
Final Yamato
Full Metal Yakuza
G.I. Samurai
Gamera 2: Attack of Legion
Gamera 3: Awakening of Irys
Gamera vs. Zigra
Gamera: Guardian of the Universe
Gantz (live action films)
Seth et Holth
The Sky Crawlers (film)
Solar Crisis (film)
Sonic the Hedgehog: The Movie
Space Amoeba
Space Battleship Yamato (2010 film)
Space Battleship Yamato: Resurrection
Space Brothers (manga)
Specter (film)
Starship Troopers: Invasion
Steamboy
StrayDog: Kerberos Panzer Cops
Summer Time Machine Blues
Taitei no Ken
Tamala 2010: A Punk Cat in Space
Teito Monogatari Gaiden
Terror of Mechagodzilla
Tetsuo II: Body Hammer
Tetsuo: The Bullet Man
Time Traveller: The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
Toki o Kakeru Shōjo (1997 film)
Toki o Kakeru Shōjo (1983 film)
Tokyo: The Last War
Venus Wars
Vexille
Virus (1980 film)
The War in Space
The War of the Gargantuas
Wicked City (film)
WXIII: Patlabor the Movie 3
Yakuza Weapon
Yamato: The New Voyage
Zeiram
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 75
Sci-Fi and HCI: Closing Thoughts
Sci-Fi lit/media have innovated and inspired HCI
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HCI usually a minor theme of Sci-Fi storytelling
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Sci-Fi cinema often avoids UCD issues, extremes
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C
Cross-Cultural Sci-Fi/HCI trends, patterns
unexplored
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Tech world and film world can both benefit by
listening, looking, and learning across boundaries
Much to analyze, compare, contrast in detail,
e.g., films vs. animations, social themes, etc.
AM+A
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 76
References, Selected/Suggested
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EN
TI
中
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Google Images, with apologies to academia.
Heads-up and GUIs of the Future: http://hudsandguis.com/tag/guis/
Marcus, Aaron. Personal collection of drawings, science-fiction books,
magazines, videotapes and DVDs, 1950s-2010s.
Robertson, Frank M. (2002). Art of Imagination: 20th Century Visions of
Science Fiction, Horror, and Fantasy. Portland, Oregon: Collectors
Press.
Science-fiction book trailers taxonomy: “Hogan, Ron [2008]. “Towards a
Taxonomy of Science Fiction Book Trailers”
http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/towards-a-taxonomy-of-sciencefiction-book-trailers_b7440. [Checked 17 June 2011]
Wikipedia, with apologies to academia.
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Emchowicz, Antoni, and Nunneley, Paul (1999). Future Toys: Robots,
Astronauts, Spaceships, Ray Guns. London. UK: New Cavendish Books.
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Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc., www.AMandA.com, 77
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Sci-Fi and CHI, HCI, UX:
Past, Present, Future
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Aaron Marcus, President, Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc.
1196 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1F, Berkeley, California 94708-1640,USA
Tel: +1-510-601-0994, Fax: +1-510-527-1994
Email: Aaron.Marcus@AMandA.com, Web: www.AMandA.com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/AMandAssociates
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/company/aaron-marcus-and-associates-incYouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/AMandAssociates
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/amandaberkeley
Ebook: http://www.amanda.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/AM+A.SciFi+HCI.eBook.17Aug12.pdf