Amy Cottini
4/21/14
APUSH
68­82 National Women’s Suffrage Association(NWSA): The National Women's Suffrage Association was created in response to American Equal Rights Association over the issue of if the fifteenth amendment should be supported. ● May 15th, 1869 in New York City ● founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton ● opposed 15th amendment unless it included the right to vote ● used state by state campaigning ● The split of the suffrage movement was made when African American men were given more rights than women after the Civil War. ● created a new constitution This Association created a great deal of controversy. Women eventually achieved their rights after a lot of work, and the founders passing away. (links­ Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Women’s rights, Equal Rights, Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, 19th amendment, women’s suffrage) Thomas Dewey and Public Education: Dewey was an American Philosopher, psychologist , and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. ● Oct.1859­ June 1951 ● Known for his advocacy of democracy ● Dewey considered two fundamental elements schools and civil society as being major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. ● was in favor of public education because that would make the public able to have an opinion. ● started off teaching elementary school in oil country. ● K­8 standard education by 1900. Dewey asserted that complete democracy was to be obtained not just by extending voting rights but also by ensuring that there exists a fully formed public opinion, accomplished by effective communication among citizens, experts, and politicians, with the latter being accountable for the policies they adopt. (links: Public Education, libraries, democracy, public opinion) Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." ● “separate but equal” was being called into question ● Plessy was one­eighth African American ● On June 7, 1892, Plessy bought a first class ticket at the Press Street Depot and boarded a "whites only" car of the East Louisiana Railroad in New Orleans, Louisiana, bound for Covington, Louisiana. ● The railroad company, which opposed the law on the grounds that it would require the purchase of more railcars, had been previously informed of Plessy's racial lineage, and the intent to challenge the law. In a 7 to 1 decision handed down on May 18, 1896 the Court rejected Plessy's arguments based on the Fourteenth Amendment, seeing no way in which the Louisiana statute violated it. In addition, the majority of the Court rejected the view that the Louisiana law implied any inferiority of blacks, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Instead, it contended that the law separated the two races as a matter of public policy. He also argued 13th amendment of banned slavery. John Marshall Harlan's court ruled 7­1 in favor of Ferguson. (links: Segregation, Fourteenth Amendment, African American rights, Railroads) Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 The Morrill Land­Grant Acts are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land­grant colleges, including the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Morrill Act of 1890 (the Agricultural College Act of 1890). ● Several land grants were rejected before this one. ● Was pushed for especially right after the Civil War. ● Morrill Act allocated 17,400,000 acres ● Under the act, each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres ● Iowa was the first state to accept. ● Cornell University, Iowa State, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Kansas State, and Michigan State were the colleges added by the land­grant act. The Morrill Act was first proposed in 1857, and was passed by Congress in 1859, but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan. In 1861, Morrill resubmitted the act with the amendment that the proposed institutions would teach military tactics as well as engineering and agriculture. Aided by the secession of many states that did not support the plans, this reconfigured Morrill Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 2, 1862. (links: Lincoln, Agriculture, Higher Education, westward expansion) Private Universities: Private universities are universities not operated by governments, although many receive tax breaks, public student loans, and grants. Depending on their location, private universities may be subject to government regulation. This is in contrast to public universities and national universities. Some universities are non­profit and some are for­profit. ● About 20 percent of American Colleges are Private Universities ● Most are liberal arts schools. ● Legally, private universities may not discriminate, but generally have a somewhat free hand in setting admissions policies. Universities base their selections on many secondary factors other than academic performance ● 1635 first “free” school opened ● 1636 Harvard opened Private Universities are now across the world, but back when they first started they were revolutionary. Many people succeed because of them. (links: Harvard, public school, Dewey, taxes) Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee Institute: Born April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, Booker Taliaferro was the son of an unknown White man and Jane, an enslaved cook. Washington was an African­American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African­American community. ● Was part of the last generation of successful people coming out of slavery. ● Helped significantly with the Tuskegee Institute and all black school in the south ● Was an influential part of the civil rights movement Washington was born a slave in Virginia. After emancipation, his family resettled in West Virginia. He worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (now Hampton University) and attended college at Wayland Seminary (now Virginia Union University). In 1881 he was named as the first leader of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. (links: Public Education, Equal Rights, Civil Rights) W.E.B. Dubois and “the Niagara Movement”: February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963 Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After graduating from Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the co­founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. ● Du Bois rose to national prominence as the leader of the Niagara Movement, a group of African­American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. ● Racism was the main target of Du Bois's polemics, and he strongly protested against lynching, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination in education and employment. ● attended Fisk Universities ● was strongly influenced by Alexander Crummell, who believed that ideas and morals are necessary tools to effect social change ● Believed in the talented 10, or the top 10% of truly gifted African­ Americans ● The souls of Black folk. In 1905, Du Bois and several other African­American civil rights activists including Frederick L. McGee, Jesse Max Barber and William Monroe Trotter met in Canada, because no New York hotel would accept a “color folk”, near Niagara Falls. There they wrote a declaration of principles opposing the Atlanta Compromise, and incorporated as the Niagara Movement in 1906. Du Bois and the other "Nigerians" wanted to publicize their ideals to other African Americans, but most black periodicals were owned by publishers sympathetic to Washington, so Du Bois bought a printing press and started publishing Moon Illustrated Weekly in December 1905. (links: NAACP, Civil Rights, Ida B. Wells­ Barnett, Tuskegee Institute) Social Gospel: Salvation Army. YMCA, YWCA: The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada. Organizations to help the less fortunate ● formed organizations such as the boys and girls clubs, the salvation army, the YMCA and the YWCA. ● Was strongest between 1880­1931, but some still going today ● community outreach programs The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. (links: Community outreach, alcoholism,racial tension) The Great Depression of 1893: The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893. Similar to the Panic of 1873, it was marked by the overbuilding and shaky financing of railroads, resulting in a series of bank failures. The Panic of '93 was the worst economic depression the United States had ever experienced at the time. ● Failure in crops, excessive growth and expansion, overbuilding railroads, silver market flooded were a few causes of the Depression. ● Feb. 23rd, 1893 was the first sign of trouble. ● 500 banks closed, 1500 businesses failed ● Soup kitchens were opened to help the high percentage who needed help ● The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, perhaps along with the protectionist McKinley Tariff of that year, has been partially blamed for the panic. The US economy began to recover in 1897. After the election of Republican McKinley, confidence was restored with the Klondike Gold Rush and the economy began 10 years of rapid growth, until the Panic of 1907. (links: crop failure, agriculture,Grover Cleveland, Coxey’s Army business) The Billion Dollar Congress: The Fifty­first United States Congress, referred to by some critics as the Billion Dollar Congress, was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1889 through March 4, 1891, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison. ● Benjamin Harrison was President of the United States ● ruled by Republicans ● Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which required US to print silver money ● June 27, 1890: Dependent Pension Act ● July 2, 1890: Sherman Antitrust Act, ch. 647, 26 Stat. 209 ● July 14, 1890: Sherman Silver Purchase Act, ch. 708, 26 Stat. 289 ● August 30, 1890: Morrill Land­Grant Colleges Act ● October 1, 1890: McKinley Tariff, ch. 1244, 26 Stat. 567 ● March 3, 1891: Forest Reserve Act of 1891 ● March 3, 1891: Land Revision Act of 1891 ● March 3, 1891: Immigration Act of 1891 ● March 3, 1891: Merchant Marine Act of 1891 ● March 3, 1891: International Copyright Act (The Chace Act) The 51st Congress was called the “billion dollar congress” because the extensive amount of money spent by the congress, and the money that was put into the laws being passed. Could have been the reason the United States went into a depression. (links: Immigration, Silver, tariff, Depression) Grover Cleveland the Most Hated Man in America: (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States; as such, he is the only president to serve two non­consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. ● Democrat in a heavily influenced Republican Era. ● fought political corruption he was accused of ● Only President to serve two non­consecutive terms ● Opposed Free Silver, high tariffs, inflation,imperialism, and subsidies to business, farmers, or veterans. ● President through the Depression of 1893 ● Was a native from New York ● Had Cancer Cleveland was a hated president for many different reasons. He had fought some good fights, but they did not outweigh the bad ones. He was also hated because he was President during the Great Depression of 1893, and did nothing to relieve the suffering it caused. Status Quo Politics: (1887­1892) The term frequently refers to the status of a large issue, such as the current culture or social climate of an entire society or nation. ● Both Republican and Democrats have the same agenda. ● Status Quo is a latin term for state of affairs ● Status Quo Politics are when politics stay the same and don’t tend to change. They are all “the status quo.” This Term is used when Politics don’t change, or they stay the same. This tends to be in an economically good time. Status Quo politics replaced by reform politics after 1894. (links: Congress, populist, progressive, end of the Depression) Commision Government: City commission government is a form of local government in the United States. In a city commission government, voters elect a small commission, typically, from five to seven members, on a plurality­at­large voting basis. ● A generally used way to have a local government avoiding machine polotics. ● was corrupt, like everything in this time, because position holders accepted bribes. (Not as Machine Politics) ● not used as much anymore. ● Galveston TX. This was and in some areas still is an effective form of government. Many early forms of this government were corrupt but have been cleaned up for modern day use. (links: government bribes, corruption, agriculture) Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC): a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies. ● 5 members that were appointed ● signed into law by President Cleveland ● regulated the Railroads, which influenced prices and shipping “deals” ● Also regulated “wet carriers” such as fairies and boats ● prohibited pooling ● failed to give adequate forces of power The situation of the ICC began to change after the turn of the century as Congress expanded the ICC's powers through subsequent legislation. (links: Railroads, Transportation, Agriculture) Assassination of James Garfield: July 2nd,1881, In Washington D.C. at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station. He died eleven weeks later, and His Vice President filled his place. ● Chester A. Arthur was the Vice President ● 2nd of 4 presidential assassinations ● lived the longest after his shooting ● Shot with a Bulldog Revolver ● Shot by Charles J. Guiteau ● Suffered a long death Garfield was shot over Political jealousy. His assassin was angered because he did not get a political patronage job. (links: Assassination, Pendleton Act, Lincoln, Arthur)