International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences.
Available online at www.ijagcs.com
IJACS/2013/5-8/868-874
ISSN 2227-670X ©2013 IJACS Journal
1
2
3
3
4
1. Department of Horticulture of Jahad Keshavarzi, Lorestan, Iran.
2. PH.D.Student in Hourticulte, Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University Sciences
Researchers Branch, Tehran, Iran.
3. Department of Horticulture, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.
4. Young Researchers Club, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran .
* Corresponding author’s email : lolaei.abolfazl@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Apple is one of the most important fruits in temperate zones and it is the third most important fruit crop in the world. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of Calcium chloride (Ca
2+
) and Urea (N) pre harvest treatments on the fruit quality and quantity of apples (Red
Delicious). The experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications .
The effect of Ca
2+
and N application on the quality and volatile production of ‘Red
Delicious’ apples, grown in Khoram abad, Iran, were evaluated. Ca
2+
(0, 2/5 and 5 g l ¹) and three levels of N (0, 5 and 10 g l ¹) with three replications in all 24 trees was applied on apple trees four weeks before harvesting with 2 phase. Total yield, fruit size distribution, number of fruit, and fruit weight were recorded. Fruit quality parameters including total soluble solids concentration (T.S.S),
PH, TA and flesh firmness were also measured. Results indicated that quality of fruit was increased with CaCl
2
. The results showed the different level of CaCl
2 of level (2.5) g l ¹ and CaCl
2 of level (5) g l ¹ showed the greatest effect on the amount of solid solution. The different level of CaCl
2 of level (5) g l ¹ and CaCl
2 of level (10) g l ¹ showed the greatest effect on the vegetative growth. There is signification difference of quality the effects of Ca
2+
applied of strawberry plants. The content of soluble solids, fruit firmness and PH were influenced by Ca
2+
-supply. The ended CaCl
2 and N caused signification difference on quality, yield and vegetative growth of apple.
Key Words: Apple, Calcium, Nitrogen, Quality, Quantity.
INTRODUCTION
Apples (Rosaceae Malus sp.) have been one of the human diets since ancient times and are one of the most commonly consumed fruits in worldwide. Apple is one of the most important fruits in temperate zones and it is the third most important fruit crop (64.3 million t/year) in the world following bananas (81.3 million t/year) and grapes (66.3 million t/year) (FAO, 2009). Calcium is an essential and major plant nutrient, which fulfils a fundamental role in plant membrane stability, cell wall stabilization (Hirschi, 2004). Since increasing Ca
2+ concentration in the nutrient solution increased leaf area/fruit fresh weight (Rubio et al , 2009). Calcium ions perform multiple roles in plant cell physiology. They are important intracellular messengers, mediating responses to hormones, biotic and abiotic stress signals and a variety of developmental processes (Reddy and
Reddy, 2004). The multiple roles of Ca
2+
associated with the plant cell have been well documented (Ferguson and Drobak, 1988; Bush, 1995). Ca
2+
supply in the irrigation water probably had a positive effect on protection of the cell wall and the plasmatic membrane and regulates the selectivity of ionic uptake (Melgar et al., 2006;

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (8), 868-874, 201
Tattini and Traversi. 2008). Postharvest Ca
2+
treatments used to increase Ca
2+
content of the cell wall were effective in delaying senescence, resulting in firmer, higher quality fruit (Sams et al , 1993) that were less susceptible to disease during storage (Conway et al., 1991). In the case of Ca
2+
deficiency, fruit quality and yield are reduced. Calcium is an essential and micro nutrient, which fulfills a fundamental role in plant membrane stability and cell wall stabilization (Hirschi, 2004).As bitter pit is generally associated with low calcium content in the fruit flesh (Ferguson and Watkins, 1989), calcium dips have become a standard practice in the fruit industry. Whereas the role of calcium in the promotion of nutritional quality (Goldberg, 1984) and in preservation of firmness and cell wall structure (Saftner et al , 1998; Abbott et al., 2000) has been explored in previous work, little information has been reported to date on the effects of calcium treatments on fruit flavor.
Additionally, Ca
2+
storage of apples, widely used for fruit quality preservation and shelf-life extension, has been shown consistently to reduce the production of some volatiles, with concomitant detrimental effects on flavour
(Streif and Bangerth, 1988; Dixon and Hewett, 2000; Mattheis et al.
, 2005). Fruit quality is particularly important in this regard. It has been observed recently that calcium treatment led to increased production of volatiles after mid-term storage of ‘Fuji’ apples (Ortiz et al.
, 2009). N fertilization together with abundant supply of water strongly promotes vegetative growth (Webster, 2005). Excess N-supply is likely to reduce the yield and enhance vegetative growth (Drake et al., 2002), although unfertilized trees will also tend to produce smaller fruit
(Wargo et al., 2003). Fruit quality is influenced by the N supply, excess N supply results in green fruit and N deficiency promotes colour development (Tromp and Wertheim, 2005). The form of N source has been shown to modify the growth, yield, fruit quality, and chemical composition of the plant tissues in strawberry and other plants (Kotsiras et al.
, 2002; Tabatabaei et al.
, 2006). Therefore, in order to obtain the maximum yield in crops, the form of N supply and light intensity should be balanced (Tabatabaei, et al.
, 2008). Therefore, the purpose of this work was to assess the responses of ‘Red Delicise’ apples to the calcium and nitrogen applications widely used for cultivars in the ‘Red Delicise’ group, with special focus on the biosynthesis of quality-contributing volatile compounds. Based on these studies, the present investigation was conducted to discover the effect of
CaCl
2
and N tolerance in ‘Red Delicise’, and to determine the interactive effects of treatments on yield and quality of fruits and their possible role in apple.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material, calcium and nitrogen treatment and storage conditions
The experiment was laid out in completely randomized factorial design, having three Calcium chloride levels (0, 2/5 and 5 g l ¹) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 5 and 10 g l ¹) with three replications in during time
2010-2011 was used.
Different Ca
2+
concentrations were prepared by dissolving powdered Ca in hot water and then applied on plants and fruits in different combinations of Ca
2+
concentration and time of application. A complete nutrient solution (CaCl
2
and fruit set) was supplied twice with distance 2 week. Control trees were given water without treatments. An N treatment in 2 states after full bloom was used. Apple ( Malus×domestica
Borkh.
, cv. Red Delicise) fruit were harvested in 2011 at commercial maturity (139 d after full bloom), from 9year-old trees in the area of khoram abad (Iran).
Quality characters
Three replicates for cultivar, each consisting of 30 apples were collected randomly from different trees, which included fruits from the center of trees.
TA, T.S.S and PH
Apple juice samples were obtained from eight apples and Ten ml of extracted fruit juice was dilu ted to
100 ml with distilled water and were titrated with 0.1N sodium hydroxide to a pH of 8.1. Acidity was expressed as % of malic acid Titratable acidity was calculated as percentage of citric acid (Shafiee et al., 2010). For contain ph with ph meter. Total soluble solid in the extracted juice of fruits was measured by a refract meter
(ATAGO (Brix = 0–32%)) and the results were expressed as 8Brix. ph contain with ph meter. (Cheour et al .,
1991).

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (8), 868-874, 201
Firmness measurements
Ten fruits per treatment were used to evaluate firmness. Apple firmness was determined with a Texture
Analyzer TA-XT2i (Stable Micro Systems, YL, England), equipped with an 11mm diameter cylindrical probe.
The maximum force needed to penetrate the peeled flesh over a distance of 10mm at a speed of 10mmseg
−1 was measured (Salas et al ., 2011).
Fruit yield
At the time of commercial harvest, fruits from the different experiments were picked, the yield was weighed, and the fruits counted on per tree basis. The mean fruit weight, crop-load and productivity were determined from these data. A sample of 40 fruits per tree was randomly selected, to evaluate fruit quality parameters. (Medjdoub and Blanco, 2004). Fruit were picked at commercial harvest fruit weight t were revealed for each tree (2010–2011). Fruit size was calculated as an average weight per fruit. Crop load was regulated by hand thinning on all experimental trees in 2010- 2011 due to excessive cropping tagged and recorded.
Vegetative growth
Shoot length was measured on several occasions during the growing season. In experiments five randomly selected shoots were tagged at the start of the growing season, and measured thereafter. In winter, after leaf fall, 10 shoots per tree, randomly selected, were cut and their length, fresh and dry weight, and node number and internode length recorded (Medjdoub and Blanco, 2004).
Nutrient contents in leaf DM
Leaf samples (one per plot) were collected in Mid-August 1999, 2000 and 2001 where 25 leaves positioned on the middle part of annual shoot were analyzed for content of nitrogen (N) (Kjeldahl analysis), potassium (K
+
), calcium (Ca
2+
), and Sodium (Na
+
) (ICP analysis) (Falk Kühn et al.,2011).
Statistical analysis
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on storage data to test for main effects and interactions.
The ANOVA F-test values at 5% level of significance also indicated that strawberry. Percentage values were arcsine square root transformed before variance analysis. Duncan’s new multiple range tests was used to separate the treatment means where appropriate.
RESULTS
The use of different CaCl
2
and N affected production and fruit quality. In general, preharvest Ca
2+
and N application had a significant effect on the main quality and quantity parameters: PH, TA, Firmness, TSS, Yield,
Shoot length, weight of fruit of apples.
TA, TSS and PH
The most abundant organic acid in apple is malic acid. Malic acid levels were higher in Ca
2+
-treated fruits than in control fruit at harvest time and throughout storage, with the exception of day 21 th
where significant differences were found between treatments (p 0.05)(Table 1). These results suggest a delay in apple ripening when Ca
2+
was applied. Malic acid content increased throughout storage in control. The results showed CaCl
2 alone and combined with N, significantly increased TA of fruit compared to control. T.S.S was decreased in cultivar after a new application of Ca
2+
optimum concentration of Ca
2+
as compared to control. Postharvest treatments and addition of Ca to nutrient solution could change PH fruit of juice fruit in comparison with control
(Table 3).
Firmness

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (8), 868-874, 201
In this study Ca
2+
and N application had significant effect on firmness of fruit (p 0.05 significant differences in Firmness emission were found on treated (Table 1). Firmness in Ca
2+
-treated apples increased at the end of the storage time with respect to initial values (Table 3).
Fruit weight
Fruit weight was higher by calcium and Nitrogen application rather than control. Significant differences on fruit weight per plant were observed (Table 1).
Addition of CaCl
2
and N to nutrient solution, significantly increased fruit weight in per plant from 62.3 (control) to 69.5. (Table 3) .
Vegetative growth parameter
Measurements made in the following winter on a larger sample size showed significant effects of the chemical on shoot length (Table 1). Total growth, per plant increased significantly by treatments. The increased in shoot length is due to a shortening of the internodes. According to the analysis in which all recording dates are taken into account, a significant increase of growth occurred in the CaCl
2
and N treated trees ( P 0 .
05)
(Table 1). The greatest effect on the vegetative growth by treatments (Ca=5 × N=10 g l ¹) (Table 3).
Ion concentration
The data obtained from leaf ion concentration of the plants related to Ca
2+
and N levels are presented.
Results showed significant difference (p 0.05) in the ion concentration treated with N and CaCl
2
(Table 2).On the other hand, addition of Ca
2+
to nutrient solutions containing, increased Ca concentration. When Ca
2+
was added, Ca
2+
concentration increased from 2.14 of (control) to 2.43 mg / g dry matter in 5 gl decreased K
+
and Na
+
1
Ca
2+ treatment and
concentration. Addition of N to nutrient solutions containing, increased N concentration on leaf of apple. N was added, N concentration increased from 1.61 of (control) to 1.85 mg / g dry matter in 5 gl
1
Ca
2+ treatment (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
Fruit quality is a basic factor inside the fruit production and there is considerable influence of the rootstock in this aspect. (Corelli-Grappadelli and Coston, 1991; Remorini et al , 2006). The quality and quantity characteristics of apple plants were affected by the ratio of CaCl
2
and N in the nutrient solution and shading.
Storage Quality attributes such as fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and PH are also important drivers of consumer preference for apples (Hoehn et al., 2003; Harker et al., 2008). The calcium ion is not only an essential structural element that strengthens plant cell walls and membranes but is also a wellknown secondary messenger in cell signaling processes (White and Broadley, 2003). The most abundant organic acid in apple is malic acid. Since organic acids are used as substrates for the respiratory process, it has been observed that the percentage of malic acid may decline up to 50% in pome fruits during ripening
(Knee, 1993).
This result is matched to other persons result. Purpose was experiment increase T.S.S and quality of fruit. Firmness is an important indicator of fruit quality. This quality attribute naturally declines during ripening due to an increase in soluble pectin, which causes structural changes in cell walls. Furthermore, apple internal air space increases during storage while tissue strength decreases, permitting cell separation when force is applied (DeEll et al., 2001). Flesh firmness is a major quality attribute of apple and is particularly important on fruit (Stow et al., 2000). Foliar applications of calcium chloride have been reported to delay ripening on strawberries (Wojcik and Lewandowski, 2003). Postharvest treatments with calcium salts include dipping, vacuum and pressure infiltration which can be combined with other treatments. Calcium dips alone, or in combination with heat treatments or modified atmosphere, have resulted in improved strawberry shelf-life and fruit quality (Garcia, Herrera, and Morilla, 1996). Purpose was experiment increase Flesh firmness and shelf life of fruit. Increasing of Ca
2+
concentration in the plant medium increased the number of fruits per plant and total yield fruit was affected because the fruit weight was increased (Rubio et al , 2009). Therefore CaCl
2 applied to increase fruit number, size and quality and Ca
2+ is
permits normal development of new leaves
(Abdollahi et al., 2010). Our findings are similar to result of Lolaei et al (2012), they reported that yield of olive increased by application of CaCl
2
. Addition of Ca and N caused increased total vegetative growth per plant.

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (8), 868-874, 201
Meena (2010) reported the increase in vegetative growth of tomato which could be attributed to physiological role of boron and its involvement in the metabolism of protein, synthesis of pectin, maintaining the correct water relation within the plant, re synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and translocation of sugar at development of the flowering and fruiting stages. Lolaei et al (2011) reported with applications of Ca
2+
and N caused increased total yield on strawberry. Lolaei (2012b) reported that the number of fruit per plant increased by application of Ca
2+
and N in strawberry. Lolaei (2012a) reported similar results in tomato. The most recognizable Ca
2+
deficiency that affects fruit production is little. (Saure, 2001). In tomato Ca
2+
caused to increased yield total plant. (Lolaei, 2012). Ca
2+ in the irrigation water is thought to decrease Na
+ uptake and transport to the shoot and caused increased vegetative growth (Marschner, 1995). Lolaei et al (2011) reported with application Ca
2+
caused increased plant growth on strawberry. Lolaei (2012) reported that vegetative growth of strawberry increased by application of N. Results also show that leaf Ca
2+
concentration was increased when Ca
2+
rises in the solution, and this increase seemed to be related with a notable decrease in leaf Na
+
concentration that, consequently, may also be regulated by leaf Ca the concentration of leaf Na
+
, Ca
2+
and K
+
2+
concentration. CaCl
2
affected on
in olive plants irrigated with N. Ca
2+
supply in the irrigation water reduced uptake and transport of Na
+
to the shoot and leaf (Melgar et al., 2009). lolaei et al (2012) reported The increase of Ca
2+
concentration in leaf of plant medium under CaCl
2
and decreased of Na
+
concentration in leaf of plant. Ca
2+
increased N concentration markedly in leaf of tomato and they had reported application of Ca
2+ caused decreased K
+
concentration in leaf of tomato (lolaei, 2012). Calcium has been shown to ameliorate the adverse effects of salinity and Na
+
on plants (Ehret et al., 1990). Marschner (1995) reported similar results.
Table 1. Variance analysis for effects of iCaCl
2
and nitrogen on for quality, quantity and
Yield of apple
Df
Mean Square f
Firmness
14.156***
T.S.S
(Brix %)
3.730*** ph
0.20
ns
TA (% malic acid)
( - 12) ( - 12) ( - 12) ( - 12)
(1.56 - .110) (4.06 - 1.080) (.03 - 0.168) (0.25 -
0.009)
2.800
***
*** Significance at P 0.05 probability level, ns= non-significant.
Fruit weight
(g)
( - 12)
(417.75 -
15.409)
27.111
***
Shoot lenght
(cm)
( - 12)
(428.13 -
12.435)
21.147
***
Table 2. Variance analyses for effects of CaCl
2
and nitrogen on for Na
+
, N, Ca
2+
and K
+ concentration in leaves of apple
Na
+
(%) N (%) Ca
2+
(%) K
+
(%)
Df
Mean Square f
( - 12) ( - 12)
(2.36 - 0.140) (3.086 -
2.152***
0.080)
3.730***
( - 12)
(1.06 -
0.143)
2.20
***
( - 12)
(1.23 -
0.204)
2.800
***
*** Significance at P 0.05 probability level, ns= non-significant.
Table 3. Effects of CaCl
2 and nutrition of fruit set on the final length, and the fresh and dry weight of shoots, in ‘Red
Delicious’ apple trees
Treatment (mg L
-1
) TA (% malic acid)
T.S.S
(Brix %) ph Firmness Weight of fruit
(g)
Shoot lenght
CaCl
2
0 + N 0
CaCl
2
0 + N 5
CaCl
2
0 + N 10
CaCl
2
2.5 + N 0
CaCl
2
2.5 + N 5
CaCl
2
2.5 + N 10
CaCl
2
5 + N 0
CaCl
2
5 + N 5
CaCl
2
5 + N 10
0.73 d
0.79 c
0.81 c
0.87 c
0.95 b
1.09 ab
1.03 b
1.1 ab
1.17 a
15.13b
15.1b
15.09b
15.2a
15.18b
15.21a
15.14b
15.2a
15.23a
3.93 a
3.85 b
3.83 b
3.9 a
3.93 a
3.76 b
3.9 a
3.85 ab
3.8 b
8 c
8.07 c
8.03 c
8. 3 d
9.03 c
9.73 b
9.82 ab
10.04 a
9.94 a
62.3d
63.4d
65.1c
67.7a
68.2b
69.1a
68.1b
68.5b
69.5a
Within each column, same letter indicates no significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05).
20.3e
21.6d
23.2b
21.8d
22.4c
23.9b
24. 7ab
25.1a
25.4a

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (8), 868-874, 201
Treatments (mg L
-1
) Na
+
(%)
Tables 4. The effect of different concentrations of N and CaCl
2
on Na
+
, N, Ca
2+
and K
+
levels of Apple tree leaf.
N (%) Ca
2+
(%) K
+
(%)
CaCl
2
0 + N 0
CaCl
2
0 + N 5
CaCl
2
0 + N 10
CaCl
2
2.5 + N 0
CaCl
2
2.5 + N 5
CaCl
2
2.5 + N 10
CaCl
2
5 + N 0
CaCl
2
5 + N 5
CaCl
2
5 + N 10
0.11a
0.12a
0.1a
0.9ab
0.7b
0.1a
0.6b
0.7b
0.6 b
1.61e
1.7d
1.85c
1. 68e
1.74d
1.86c
1.83c
1.9b
1.96a
2.14ef
2.18ef
2.25e
2.23e
2.3d
2.35d
2.43bc
2.51b
2. 6a
1.16 a
1.14b
1.1b
1.10b
0.93cd
0.85d
0. 9c
0.82d
0.76e
Within each column, same letter indicates no significant difference among treatments ( P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Purpose was this experiment increase quality of fruit, vegetative growth and yield of apple. Results showed application of Ca
2+
and N caused increased the quality and quantity characteristics of apple. High Ca
2+ and N concentration in nutrition of solution increased crop growth and yield and is one of the major constraints in agricultural production in arid regions. Application of Ca
2+
and N significant effects on ion concentration in leaves.
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