Linear Algebra 2: Final test exam (Sample) Solve, justifying your answers, the following exercises. Exercise 1. Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field F and T : V −→ V a linear transformation. 1. Give the definition of eigenvalue λ of T and eigenvector v associated to λ. 2. Let V = R3 and T : R3 −→ R3 the linear map defined by the matrix (with respect to the canonical basis B): MBB (T ) = 2 1 0 1 0 2 −1 −2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 (a) find the eigenvalues of T ; (b) is T diagonalizable? Justify your answer. Solution Exercise 1. Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field F and T : V −→ V a linear transformation. 1. An element λ ∈ F is an eigenvalue of T if and only if it exists a vector v ∈ V , v 6= 0 such that T (v) = λv. The vector v is called eigenvector associated to λ. 2. Let V = R3 and T : R3 −→ R3 the linear map defined by the matrix (with respect to the canonical basis B): MBB (T ) = 2 1 0 1 0 2 −1 −2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 . (a) Eigenvalues of T are zero of the characteristic polynomial pT (t) =detMBB (T )− tI, where I is the identity matrix. From an easy computation we get that pT (t) = (3−t)(2−t)(t2 +3). That is T has only 2 real eigenvalues λ1 = 3 and λ2 = 2 (b) T is NON diagonalizable as his characteristic polynomial is not totally decomposable in R. Exercise 2. Bases of Vector Spaces. 1. Give the definition of basis of a vector space. 2. Answer if the following vectors in R4 are linearly independent: {(1, 2, 0, 3), (0, 0, 3, 5), (1, 1, 1, 0)}; 3. are they a basis for R4 ? 4. If we add the vector (0, 0, 0, 1) the set {(1, 2, 0, 3), (0, 0, 3, 5), (1, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)} is a basis of R4 ? Solution Exercise 2. Let T : R3 −→ R3 the linear map defined by the matrix (with respect to the canonical basis B): −1 2 2 B 1 1 1 MB (T ) = −1 −2 −2 1. Eigenvalues of T are zero of the characteristic polynomial pT (t) =detMBB (T )− tI, where I is the identity matrix. From an easy computation we get that pT (t) = (−1 − t)(t − 1)(t + 2). That is T has 3 distinct eigenvalues 1,−1 and −2. 2. T is diagonalizable as it has 3 distinct eigenvalues. 3. Eigenvector associated to the eigenvalue 1 are vectors in the kernel of MBB (T ) − 1I, that is vetors (x1 , x2 , x3 ) that satisfies: x1 −1 − 1 2 2 0 1 1−1 1 x2 = 0 . −1 −2 −2 − 1 x3 0 Solving the system we get vectors of the form (x1 , 2x1 , −x1 ). A generator is (1, 2, −1). Performing the same computations for eigenvalues −1 and −2 we get eigenvectors (−1, 1, −1) and (−2, 1, −1). These three vectors are linearly independent and form a basis of eigenvectors. 4. The matrix P such that P −1 MBB (T )P is diagonal is the matrix of change of basis P = MBC (id). It is the inverse of the matrix MCB (id) that can be easily computed and it is equal to 1 −1 −2 B 1 1 MC (id) = 2 . −1 −1 −1 Exercise 3. Find the space orthogonal to the following subspaces: 1. W1 =< (1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0) > in R3 ; 2. W2 =< (1, 2, 4, 0), (2, 2, 3, 1) > in R4 ; 3. W3 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x − y + z = 0} in R3 . Solution Exercise 3. Find the space orthogonal to the following subspaces: 1. the orthogonal to W1 =< (1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0) > in R3 is the subspace of vectors (x1 , x2 , x3 ) such that the inner products (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∗ (1, 1, 0) = 0 and (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∗ (2, 1, 0) = 0 are both zero. We get a system of two equations ( x1 + x 2 = 0 2x1 + x2 = 0 from which we get solutions (0, 0, x3 ). Hence W1⊥ =< (0, 0, 1) >; 2. the orthogonal to W2 =< (1, 2, 4, 0), (2, 2, 3, 1) > in R4 is the subspace of vectors (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) such that the inner products (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∗ (1, 2, 4, 0) = 0 and (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∗ (2, 2, , 3, 1) = 0 are both zero. We get a system of two equations ( x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 = 0 2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + x4 = 0 from which we get solutions (2x2 + 4x3 , x2 , x3 , 4x2 + 7x3 ). Hence W2⊥ =< (2, 1, 0, 4), (4, 0, 1, 7) >; 3. By definition, W3 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x − y + z = 0} in R3 is the space of all vectors (x, y, z) such that (1, −1, 1) ∗ (x, y, z) = 0 hence it follows that W3⊥ =< (1, −1, 1) >.