INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION
ITTO
PROJECT PROPOSAL
TITLE
PROMOTING SELECTED NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS
BASED ON COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION APPROACH TO
SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
SERIAL NUMBER
PD 277/04 (I)
COMMITTEE
FOREST INDUSTRY
SUBMITTED BY
GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA
ORIGINAL
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
The proposed Project (follow-up of the Pre-Project PPD No. 55/02 Rev. 1) is intended
to increase contribution of NTFP to the forest sector in East Kalimantan economic
development. The increase would happen when small-scale industry of NTFP and its
marketing network have been established, supported by the respective stakeholders. Onstation and on-farm demonstration plots that directly involve the community would serve as
initial stage in establishing the production subsystem. Sustainability of the Project could be
expected from the sustainability of cultivation, processing, market system, and national policy.
If the NTFP business as alternative source of income is developed, the surrounding
community would have better welfare and therefore, less damage to the forest due to
decreasing illegal logging and forest encroachment.
EXECUTING AGENCY
FOREST PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE,
FORDA
IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
BIOPHARMACA RESEARCH CENTER, BOGOR
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
DURATION
36 MONTHS
APPROXIMATE STARTING DATE
UPON APPROVAL
PROPOSED BUDGET AND OTHER
FUNDING SOURCES
Source
IITO
Gov't of Indonesia
TOTAL
Contribution in (US$)
388,027
62,047
450,074
Table of Content
PART I: CONTEXT
1. Origin
2. Sectoral Policies
3. Programmes and Operational Activities
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PART 11: THE PROJECT
1. Project Objectives
1.1. Development Objective
1.2. Specific Objectives
2. Justification
2.1. Problem to be Addressed
2.2. Intended Situation after Project Completion
2.3. Project Strategy
2.4. Target Beneficiaries
2.5. Technical and Scientific Aspects
2.6. Economic Aspects
2.7. Environmental Aspects
2.8. Social Aspects
2.9. Risks
3. Outputs
3.1. Specific Objective 1
- Output 1.1.
- Output 1.2.
- Output 1.3.
3.2. Specific Objective 2
- Output 2.1.
- Output 2.2.
- Output 2.3.
4. Activities
4.1. Output 1.1.
- Activity 1.1.1.
- Activity 1.1.2.
- Activity 1.1.3.
- Activity 1.1.4.
- Activity 1.1.5.
4.2. Output 1.2.
- Activity 1.2.1.
- Activity 1.2.2.
- Activity 1.2.3.
4.3. Output 1.3.
- Activity 1.3.1.
- Activity 1.3.2.
- Activity 1.3.3.
4.4. Output 2.1.
- Activity 2.1.1.
- Activity 2.1.2.
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4.5. Output 2.2.
- Activity 2.2.1.
- Activity 2.2.2.
4.6. Output 2.3.
- Activity 2.3.1.
- Activity 2.3.2.
- Activity 2.3.3.
- Activity 2.3.4.
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5. Logical Framework Worksheets
6. Work Plan
7. Budget
7.1. Overall Project Budget by Activity
7.2. Yearly Budget by Source-GOI
7.3. Consolidated Yearly Project Budget
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PART Ill: OPERATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
1. Management Structure
2. Monitoring, Reporting, and Evaluation
3. Future Operation and Maintenance
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PART IV: TROPICAL TIMBER FRAMEWORK
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1. Compliance with ITTA 1994 Objectives
2. Compliance with ITTO Action Plan
ANNEXES
A. Profile of the Executing & Implementing Agencies
B. Curricula Vitae of the Key Staff
C. Location Map of the Proposed Project
D. Description of the Selected NTFP to be Developed Through Community Participation
A-I
B-1
C-l
D-l
3
Ringkasan
MENGANGKAT HASIL HUTAN NON-KAYU MELALUI PENDEKATAN
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT UNTUK MENUNJANG PENGELOLAAN
HUTANLESTARI
(Promoting Selected Non-Timber Forest Products Based On Community
Participation Approach To Support Sustainable Forest Management)
Pohon masalah (Problem Tree)
Hasil hutan selama ini dianggap hanya berupa kayu baik oleh masyarakat umum
maupun praktisi kehutanan. Sementara hutan dimengerti sebagai kesatuan
ekosistem yang terdiri atas berbagai macam flora dan fauna dengan peran, fungsi,
dan manfaatnya masing-masing. Oleh karenanya semestinya mudah dimengerti
pula jika hutan tidak hanya menghasilkan kayu, tetapi dapat menghasilkan
berbagai macam jenis hasil. Menurut kategori manfaat, setidaknya dalam manfaat
langsung telah ada pemisahan hasil hutan berupa kayu dan non-kayu. Terlepas
dari istilah non-kayu yang masih sering menjadi kontroversi, jenis hasil hutan
tersebut telah tercantum dalam statistik kehutanan, yang berarti telah diakui nilai
manfaatnya. Namun demikian nilai tersebut selama ini masih merupakan bagian
kecil dari total nilai yang diterima, sementara itu secara ilmiah telah terbukti
bahwa nilai hutan berupa kayu sesungguhnya hanya ±5% saja dari total nilai
hutan (Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, 1996). Atas dasar hal tersebut maka untuk
merealisasikan total nilai hutan non-kayu diperlukan adanya upaya mengelola
hasil hutan non-kayu secara lebih intensif.
Dipandang dari disiplin ilmu ekonomi, untuk menghasilkan manfaat maksimum,
maka pemanfaatan hutan seharusnya dilakukan dengan cara menentukan
kombinasi hasil kayu dan non-kayu secara optimum. Hal ini teIjadi karena
keduanya dalam satu ekosistem yang dapat saling meniadakan dan saling
mendukung, dengan demikian jika pengelolaan hutan hanya memutuskan satu
j enis produksi maka kebij akan tersebut j elas tidak tepat.
Pengalaman pengelolaan hutan di Indonesia selama ini masih terus condong
kepada hasil kayu saj a. Walaupun paradigma telah berubah, dalam pelaksanaan
pengelolaan seperti itu belum dapat direalisasikan. Oleh karena itu kontribusi
hasil hut an non-kayu tetap terus akan kecil sampai setelah benar-benar teIjadi
perubahan dalam pelakasanaan di lapangan. Untuk itu diperlukan upaya nyata
untuk "mengangkat" hasil hutan non-kayu agar dapat memberikan kontribusi hasil
secara nyata. Salah satu hasil hutan non-kayu ialah tumbuhan obat yang dapat
diusahakan dalam satu sistem penanaman hutan. Pada hutan alam, tumbuhan obat
ini sangat besar potensinya baik ditinjau dari jenis dan jumlahnya. Sementara itu
pemanfaatannya sampai saat ini masih sangat terbatas, dalam arti belum
merupakan suatu usaha intensif baik ditinjau dari integrasinya di dalam
pengusahaan hutan maupun produk-produk olahan yang dihasilkannya serta
sistem pasamya pun belum berkembang. Sifat yang lebih penting lagi ialah
bahwa tumbuhan obat ini dapat diusahakan dalam bentuk usaha skala kecil baik
budi daya maupun proses pengolahannya.
Dari uraian tersebut jelas bahwa kontribusi hasil hutan non-kayu, dalam hal ini
tumbuhan obat, bagi sektor kahutanan di Indonesia pada umumnya dan di
Kalimantan Timur pada khususnya masih relatif keci!. Hal tersebut disebabkan
tidak lain karena belum terbangunnya suatu sistem usahalindustri yang mapan
dalam arti merupakan suatu rangkaian subsistem budi daya, pengolahan, dan
pemasaran dalam suatu aktivitas bisnis yang kuat dan mandiri.
Untuk mewujudkan hal tersebut sangat tepat jika usaha yang dimaksud dimulai
dalam suatu sistem penge10laan hutan, dengan melibatkan masyarakat dengan
harapan mereka menjadi pelaku utama dalam usaha tanaman obat. Di samping
itu, bentuk usaha seperti ini dapat pula diintroduksikan kepada masyarakat sekitar
hutan untuk dapat dilakukan pada lahan-Iahan miliknya, dengan membentuk
kelompok-kelompok usaha.
Pohon tujuan (Objective Tree)
Atas dasar permasalahan tersebut maka tujuan umum dari proyek ini ialah
meningkatkan kontribusi hasil hutan non-kayu (tumbuhan obat) terhadap
sektor kehutanan dalam pengembangan ekonomi di wilayah Kalimantan
Timur.
Selanjutnya, tujuan spesifik proyek ialah (1) Membangun dan
mengorganisasikan suatu usaha kecil tumbuhan obat yang terdiri atas rangkaian
usaha budi daya, proses pengolahan, dalam suatu desain manajemen usaha kecil,
dan (2) membangun suatu sistem pemasaran yang sehat dan adil yang terwujud
dalam suatu jaringan pemasaran yang kuat.
Dari kedua tujuan spesifik tersebut diharapkan terbentuk suatu sistem usahalbisnis
yang terdiri atas subsistem produksi (budi daya), subsistem pengolahan, subsistem
pemasaran dan subsistem kelembagaan dalam suatu tatanan usaha skala kecil
yang kuat. Dengan terbentuknya usaha yang dimaksud maka se1ain akan
meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat secara langsung, juga berkontribusi dalam
pembangunan ekonomi setempat. Dampak lanjutan yang diharapkan adalah dapat
mengurangi kerusakan hutan, karena masyarakat telah dapat memiliki sumber
paendapatan dari usaha tersebut.
Strategi Proyek (Project Strategy)
Strategi proyek yang dimaksud disini adalah meliputi langkah-Iangkah yang akan
dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan proyek tersebut. Langkah-Iangkah yang
dimaksud ialah
1. Mengembangkan usaha ini pada dua areal sekaligus, yaitu pada hutan
negara yang dikelola PT Inhutani I yang selanjutnya disebut on-station dan
pada lahan masyarakat yang selanjutnya disebut on-farm, dengan masingmasing masyarakat setempat sebagai pelaku utamanya
2. Menerapkan teknologi tepat guna (appropriate technology) dalam bidang
budi daya, pemanenan, dan pengolahannya.
3. Menganalisis zat bioaktif yang terkandung dalam tumbuhan obat yang
akan dikembangkan yang selama ini telah diyakini bermanfaat namun
belum dianalisis melalui standar laboratorium modem
4. Membangun kelompok-kelompok usaha yang beranggotakan para petani
sehingga dapat menjadi satuan-satuan usaha yang kuat dan mandiri
5. Membangun sistem pasar melalui pengembanganjaringan pasar yang kuat
baik pada pasar lokal sampai regional
Atas dasar 5 strategi yang akan ditempuh, maka dibuat sejumlah aktivitas dan dari
kelompok-kelompok aktivitas tersebut akan dihasilkan 6 output. Output dalam
tujuan spesifik ke-l ialah (1) memapankan sistem budi daya termasuk
pemanenannya, (2) memapankan sistem pengolahan, dan (3) membangun suatu
rancangan manajemen usaha skala kecil. Selanjutnya output dalam tujuan
spesifik ke-2 ialah (1) memapankan strategi bisnis kelompok, (2) memapankan
pasar tujuan, dan (3) membangun jaringan pemasaran yang kuat.
Target Pemanfaat (Target Beneficiaries)
Pemanfaat langsung dari proyek ini adalah masyarakat yang terlibat pada empat
desa. Pemanfaat berikutnya adalah pemerintah dalam bentuk model manajemen,
upaya pelestarian hutan; para pakar, peneliti, pihak perguruan tinggi, LSM dan
pihak-pihak lain terkait dapat melakukan proses pembelajaran dari seluruh
aktivitas dalam proyek ini.
Gambaran Keberhasilan Usulan Kegiatan dengan Dana ITTO
Usulan ini diharapkan dapat disetujui oleh ITTO karena prakegiatannya telah
dilaksanakan (Pre-Project PPD No. 55/02 Rev. 1) selama 6 bulan (Mei-Oktober
2003). Stakeholders yang telah menyatakan komitmennya antara lain PT Inhutani
I, Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan setempat, LSM Bioma, peneliti di Universitas
Mulawarman, dan masyarakat di keempat desa.
Bogor, 11 November 2003
Tim Peneliti
Pus at Studi Biofarmaka, Institut Pertanian Bogor
PARTI: CONTEXT
1. Origin
A Project proposal is prepared as a follow-up of the Pre-Project PPD No. 55/02 Rev. 1
entitled Assessing the Contribution of Selected Non-Timber Forest Products Based on Community
Participation Approach to Support Sustainable Forest Management that has been completed on the
area of Industrial Timber Plantation (HT!) Batu Ampar Unit of the PT Inhutani I, East Kalimantan
Province. The Proposal is submitted to ITTO in conjunction to fulfill ITTO priorities, i.e.
conservation of tropical forest biodiversity. Discovery of an anticancer compound from forest plant,
efficacy of medicinal plants from forest area in therapy for various diseases, and biodiversity of
Indonesian tropical forest that consists up to 30,000 species from the total of 40,000 species in the
world, implies that medicinal plants in the tropical forest in Indonesia would contribute to the
wealth of tropical forest. Therefore, the existence of medicinal plants in the tropical forest of
Indonesia must be conserved. The Pre-Project that has been completed was aimed to gather the
necessary baseline data, including potential of medicinal plants on the intended location, condition
of the community social and culture, and the potential market.
The Pre-Project recorded 201 species of forest trees on the natural forest of Batu Ampar that
have medicinal potential. From hereinafter, these species will be called collectively as non-timber
forest products (NTFP). Four villages surrounding the forest area are Sungai Merdeka, Mentawir,
Semoi I, and Semoi N. These community members are willing to develop NTFP as a side job to
their family income. The accessibility of these areas is very good to Balikpapan market, with the
average distance of 62 km, good road condition and transportation. Demand on medicinal raw
material by the Balikpapan main market is 8.19 tons/annum, consists of pasak bumi 3.21 tons, kayu
kuning 1.17 tons, tabat barito 0.72 tons, and kayu sapang 0.64 tons. Demand on these Kalimantan
commodities in Java Island is 490.23 tons/annum; among others are pulasari (129.81 tons),
kedawung (88.01 tons),pasak bumi (74.61 tons), andpulai (26.46 tons).
Stakeholders that would be involved in the development of NTFP are the local government
(Agency for Regional Planning, Agricultural Office), a private sector (PT Inhutani I), the local
university (Mulawarman University), NGO (Bioma), the villagers (Sungai Merdeka, Mentawir,
Semoi I, and Semoi N). In the initial step, routine guidance would be given to the villagers,
rendered by the stakeholders according to their respective roles.
The NTFP would be developed as follows. Initially, the NTFP would be produced in smallscale quantity by taungya system in the villages of Desa Sungai Merdeka, Semoi I, and Semoi N;
but for Desa Mentawir it would be developed in the village forest (hutan adat). Medicinal plants
that are on great demand by the villagers and therefore would be developed on these areas are Pasak
Bumi, Kayu Kuning, Tabat Barito, Ginger, and Turmeric. Locations proposed by the villagers to
develop NTFP are as the following: for Sungai Merdeka and Mentawir villages would be on the
garden and the agricultural field, and for Desa Semoi I and Semoi N would be on the garden and
Transmigration Land I. The NTFP development should reduce the pressures to the natural forests,
primarily those exerted by the surrounding communities. NTFP development should involve
community participation of the four villages surrounding Bukit Bangkirai forest; therefore, it should
support the natural forest conservation. Involvement of the community should be initiated by a
socio-cultural survey, focus group discussion, and workshops in the targeted four villages.
2. Sectoral Policies
In accordance with implementation of decentralization of the governance (Law No. 22,
1999) to raise autonomy and to push regional development, the NTFP development would be one of
community empowerment through wise utilization of natural resources. Increasing income and
welfare of the community would be the main goal of the government policies in implementing the
regional autonomy, which is in effective since the year 2001.
NTFP development shall increase forest value, and in turn shall be beneficial to the natural
forest resource conservation. The development shall also contribute to increasing income and
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welfare of the villager's household, which in turn shall improve the economic condition of the
corresponding villages and the regional economic condition as well. NTFP development shall also
aim to support one of the ITTO's priorities in management of tropical natural forest through
biodiversity conservation of the tropical natural forests.
This Proposal also supports the national programs in Indonesian forest development as
implemented by the Ministry of Forestry (Directorate for Non-Timber Forest Products), Directorate
General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry). In this regard, NTFP are characterized by their
woody parts (trees) and could be cultivated under forest canopy.
3. Programmes and Operational Activities
The NTFP development proposal is aimed to support various development programs, i.e. (1)
ITTO's programs in tropical natural forest management in the form ofbiodiversity conservation, (2)
Indonesian forestry program in the form of NTFP enrichment by planting the appropriate trees and
the under storey plants, (3) program of regional autonomy in the form of improving community
welfare, and (4) community empowerment program through establishment of NTFP business.
Community participation and roles of stakeholders would be a key factor for the successful NTFP
development as being proposed.
Since 1993, an NGO so-called LATIN (Lembaga Alam Tropika Indonesia) and KAIL
(Konservasi Alam Indonesia Lestari), has performed a development programme on traditional
medicinal plants, taking place in the Meru Betiri National Park in East Java Province since 1993.
The activities include (1) delving community knowledge on medicinal plants, (2) gathering
information regarding medicinal plants, (3) processing/formulating medicines, and (4) therapy on
common diseases among the community. In 1999, after 6 years of commencement, the program has
shown significant results. At the beginning, there were only 43 households involved with the area of
only 7 hectares, but in 1999 the number of household participated in the program increased to 2500
households, involving an area of no less than 1500 hectares. The proposed activities for East
Kalimantan Province would be very much similar to those in East Java, except that it would be
more challenging. However, it is hoped that the results would be relatively similar as those
successfully developed in Meru Betiri National Park.
The Proposal on NTFP development is intended as a follow-up for the PPD No. 55/02 Rev.
1. In the previous pre-project, the Team has collected and analyzed rigorously pertinent data
regarding resource potential, socio-cultural condition, and market for the NTFP. This proposal
contains an effort to empower the community through development of NTFP that would be in
agreement with the sustainable forest management.
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PART 11: THE PROJECT
1. Project Objectives
1.1. Development Objective
Objective of the proposed Project is to increase contribution of NTFP to the forest sector in
East Kalimantan economic development. In 10 years to come, the contribution should increase
5% of the district forestry sector in Pasir Penajam dan Kutai Kartanegara districts. The
increase would happen when small-scale industry of NTFP and its marketing network have
been established, supported by the respective stakeholders.
1.2. Specific Objectives
The specific objectives ofthe Project are as follows:
1.2.1: To establish small-scale NTFP industry
1.2.2: To establish marketing system ofNTFP
2. Justification
2.1
Problems to be Addressed
As shown in Figure 1 that is formulated based on PPD 52/02 Rev.l, the main problem in
promoting NTFP is its low contribution from this part of forestry sector to economic development
in East Kalimantan in particular, and in Indonesia in general. The problem is due to the fact that
NTFP is not considered as commodities that are continuously traded and could share some benefit
to the economic development, especially in increasing the community income through strong small
enterprises. So far, the NTFP -including those having medicinal potential- were gathered from the
nearby natural forests and directly consumed or processed in simple ways to be sold in limited
quantities, while the demand of such medicine national and internationally is growing. A result of
this prevailing utilization pattern is that the sustainability of resources and its utilization are unlikely
to happen. In other words, the existing utilization would not support the sustainable forest
management and the sustainability of its utilization.
Low contribution ofNTFP to the forest sector
in East Kalimantan economic development
I
I
I
Small-scale NTFP industry is undeveloped
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J
NTFP cultivation
system is
unknown
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Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Management plan
of small-scale
NTFP industry is
undeveloped
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
Activity 1.2.1
Activity 1.2.2
Activity 1.2.3
Marketing system ofNTFP
is undeveloped
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NTFP
processing
system is inappropriate
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Strategy
business
unit is not yet
established
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Activity 1.3.1
Activity 1.3.2
Activity 1.3.3
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I
Marketing
objective is not
yet formulated
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Marketing
network of smallscale NTFP
industry is not
exist
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Activity 2.1.1
Activity 2.1.2
Activity 2.2.1
Activity 2.2.2
Activity 2.3.1
Activity 2.3.2
Activity 2.3.3
Activity 2.3.4
Figure 1. Problem tree for promoting selected non-timber forest products based on community
participation approach to support sustainable forest management
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Many plant species have been known and utilized by the community as their traditional
medicine; some are very popular by Indonesian at large and even by pharmaceutical industries.
However, relation between producers and consumers in various forms of good is not yet established
as an interdependent entity system that is characterized by mutual benefit. The villagers, as
individuals, have acted as producer of medicinal plant by gathering the materials from the forest for
their own needs or sell them to other party, such as processing unit and from thereon, to the
consumer. This activity (as producer) is only performed incidentally by the community and has not
established as an organized commercial enterprises. While the trader has been very few, even single
in each region. Hence, market of the product is categorized as local monopsonistic market structure,
similar to market of agricultural products. In this market system, the villagers as producers have
always had low bargaining position as compared to the buyers. For Indonesia, obstacles in
developing small-scale enterprise system originate from both subsystems, i.e. production subsystem
and marketing subsystem. In the case of promoting NTFP, the production subsystem includes
cultivation, harvesting, and the subsequent processing, while for marketing subsystem, it includes
establishment of market that brings mutual benefit for both the producers and the consumers.
As illustrated in Figure 1, the problem tree diagram shows that the main problems to be
solved are establishing NTFP small-scale industries and fair market system. These two problems
would exert equal important effect on the low contribution to the economic development.
According to the problem tree diagram, the development objective is formulated as promoting
selected NTFP based on community participation approach to support sustainable forest
management through establishment of small-scale industry and the corresponding marketing
system.
2.2
Intended Situation after Project Completion
On-station and on-farm demonstration plots that directly involve the community would serve
as initial stage in establishing the production subsystem, and in the immediate future would be a
model for developing NTFP in small-scale industry throughout all Indonesian regions. During the
three-year Project lifetime, the farmer can earn income from quick yielding medicinal plants such as
ginger and other rhizomes, while other NTFP will contribute later.
Sustainability of the Project could be expected from the sustainability of cultivation,
processing, market system, and policy. When the NTFP is developed as alternative of source
income, the surrounding community would have 'better welfare. This would bring about less
damage to the forest due to decreasing illegal logging and forest encroachment.
Small-scale NTFP industry that are viable and supported by established market would
contribute to the economy and can share knowledge and experience for the govemment(local or
central), in formulating sound and suitable forest management policy. These benefits would result a
maximum total value of both timber and NTFP.
2.3 Project Strategy
Increasing contribution of NTFP to community income would decrease the need for
harvesting timber. In addition, increasing contribution of NTFP to forestry sector would lessen
dependency on government revenue from timber. Hence, the pressure on timber would be
decreased.
NTFP cultivation, small-scale industries based on NTFP, and market establishment would be
integrated and become a strategy of this proposed Project. The strategy would resulted low risk as
compared to NTFP development unintegratedly with processing units and with market
establishment. The risk faced by the farmers when they fail in selling the raw product is their
reluctant in receiving innovation brought by the Project. This integrated Project strategy wich
integrating would need less cost, because the integration of cultivation, processing, and marketing
ofNTFP would reduce transaction cost and transportation cost, meanwhile it would increase greater
added value at local level.
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2.4. Target Beneficiaries
Direct beneficiaries of the Project will be communities in the four villages that can function
as medicinal plant cultivators, processors, gatherers, and merchants. Secondary beneficiaries would
be the local government, NGOs, and universities. The local government will earned knowledge and
experience from this project could develop some similar from this Project in other villages and
districts within the province. The participated NGOs may have some experiences that can be
applied to facilitate other community groups in developing similar project. The surrounding
universities would learn from the Project implementation to develop science and technology. All
stakeholders would get valuable benefits when they directly involved either as implementer,
facilitator, study team members, workshop participants, or parties who are going to receive reports
from this Proj ect.
2.5. Technical and Scientific Aspect
In Indonesia, forest products are categorized into timber and non-timber forest products
(NTFP). At present, the main utilized forest product is timber, meaning that the forest is not giving
maximum total value because of single use, while endowing multi uses of forest. In conjunction
with this matter, the Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University IPB (1996) identified the
value of timber extracted from the forest is only less than 5% of its potential tota value. This study
reveals that it is important to change the forest management toward producing some combinations
of timber and NTFP.
Higher value derived from timber and NTFP, theoretically, can be shown by production
possibility frontier (PPF), as discussed in various resource economic textbooks. Based on this
theory, forest management should be oriented toward the production of these two categories of
forest products. By utilizing the two categorized products, the maximum value of forest could be
achieved, as well as the efficiency of forest resource utilization and environment conservation.
The environmental values of NTFP have direct correlation to the type of forest from which
they are harvested. In natural forest, where diversity is generally much greater than in plantation
forest, the environmental value of NTFP is much higher since these products are part of the forest
ecosystem where every component, living and non-living of the forest, interrelated to each other
(Haeruman 1995).
NTFP are no longer "minor forest product" but major products of great socio-economic
value. They are harvested not only from natural forest, but also from areas under similar use and
plantation. They may be in the form of woody plant such as bark, gum, leaves, fruits, oil, or they
may come from forest ecosystem, such as wildlife or grasses. New NTFP are being developed
continuously, such as medicines and chemicals, genetic materials of flora and fauna to improve
agricultural productivity. Availability of some of these new products depends on the existence of
natural forest habitat and its exploitation poses another threat to the sustainability of the forest.
Sustainability of forest production, including NTFP, requires proper management. Since
NTFP in many areas have traditionally been considered as by-products, their production has not
been managed at all. It has been a "hunter and gatherer" type activity and its sustainability is
questionable. To improve the sustainable management of NTFP, more knowledge is needed,
especially of forest ecology and ecology of NTFP, that is, the role of plant and animal matter in the
intricate and interrelated ecological system.
This proposed Proj ect is intended to develop NTFP both on state land (PT Inhutani I) and
private land. By materializing this endeavor, the household would have new income, so that
dependencies on the traditional income, including illegal logging would be lessened. The
dependency is concerning economic as well as psychological aspects.
8
2.6. Economic Aspects
Successful NTFP business may be evaluated from (1) number of individuals that have
established business, (2) increase income for the farmers and for the region, (3) good impact to the
economic development. A previous study showed that business in kumis kucing (Orthosiphon
spicatus BBS) and kapulaga (cardamom) in Sukabumi, West Java, is certainly profitable, indicated
by B/C > 1, NPV positive, and IRR > higher than the prevailing bank interest (Darusman et al.
2003).
The study may indicate the similar potential and expectation, that the proposed business
developed by this study with the same indicator, can promote financial and economic benefits.
The implementation of small scale industry supported by the ITTO will be developed within
3 years period, hence during the development period community's income will be obtained from the
fast growing medicinal plants such as ginger and other rhizomes, which other slow growing NTFP
will contribute later. The aim of this project is establishing a business system that would relate
subsystems of production, processing, marketing, and institutional support that could sustain, strong
and autonomous.
NTFP business would need appropriate technology which capable to increase productivity
and to business and resources sustainability. Eventualy successful NTFP business would reduce
community dependence on timber utilization as prime source of income, and the NTFP business
would bring about significant impact on forest conservation.
2.7. Environmental Aspect
The proposed Project would result positive impact on the environment, where the secondary
forests or degraded forest and other unproductive land could be covered by high productivity
timber and NTFP. In addition, the proposed Project would contribute to biodiversity enrichment.
Improvement in cultivation technique, harvesting, processing, and marketing as well as
entrepreneurship are likely to contribute in reducing pressure to the forest and various forms of
forest degradation due to the existence of alternative income source. NTFP business would require
more intensive watching and cultivation activity, as compared to timber business; therefore, the
proposed Project would contribute to reduction of forest fire, resulting better environment.
2.8. Social Aspects
Population density in the villages within the Project area is 10-50 personlkm2 , with the
popUlation annual growth of 1-1.4%. Most (90%) of the villagers are involved in agricultural
activities as their main job. Their side jobs are fishing in the nearby rivers and bay and illegally
cutting trees from the surrounding natural forest (illegal operation). The proposed Project would
provide jobs for the new labor force as well as for the old labor force that are currently
unlunderemployed. Therefore, the new side jobs would serve as an alternative for the villagers who
are now working as illegal loggers.
The proposed Project would also introduce an industrial culture and initiate entrepreneurial
behavior to the farmer groups who cultivate the medicinal plants, to the groups who are involved in
raw material gathering and processing, and also to group of merchants. The Project is likely to
increase family income of the farmers, the small-industry holders, raw material collectors, and
merchants. Thus, the aggregate output of this activity would increase the community welfare. Wider
outcome of the Project would be better condition of the respective regional revenue, labor
absorption, reducing unemployment, and loosening the dependence of the villagers on the natural
forests. As a consequence of the potential utilization of the Project, the beneficiary community and
the stakeholders would give positive response and deliberate participation to the Project.
2.9. Risks
The most possible risk of the Project is failure in marketing. Monopsonistic market has
shown a significant decrease of price and therefore would be detrimental to the farmers and the
9
small-industry holders. The risk might be lessened through functioning of the farmer collectives and
cooperatives that are able to organize market and bargain strongly with the monopsonistic market.
The other risk of the Project is low participation, commitment and trust to the farmer
collective and cooperatives. This particular risk could be minimized through facilitating activities
performed by the participated NGOs.
There may be also risk of a low support from the local government. The government function
in providing information services and policies would be very important. Involving
multistakeholders including the respective local government from the very beginning of the Project
could minimize the risk of low support.
3. Outputs
3.1. Specific Objective 1: To establish small-scale NTFP industry
The Project would initiate small-scale NTFP industry in each village, producing some kind of
processed NTFP. The raw materials could be acquired from cultivation on-farm and on-station
(on PT Inhutani I forest area), as well as those from outside the villages.
Output 1.1: Established selected-NTFP cultivation system
So far, NTFP cultivation system is not known. Therefore, the Team would do some
experiments on the field regarding cultivation of selected NTFP. Based on the acquired
knowledge, the Team would carry out trainings for villagers regarding the cultivation
techniques. The selected species would be pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.), tabat
barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack.), akar kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L) Merr) , kayu sepang
(Caesalpinia sappan Linn.), seluang bilum (Luvunga eleutherandra Dalz.), kumis kucing
(Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.). Miq.), ginger (Zingiber ofJicinale Roxb.), and ken cur
(Kaempferia galanga L.). The selected NTFP cultivation is established on-station (Unit Bukit
Bangkirai-PT Inhutani l, 50 ha) and on-farm in villages (Sungai Merdeka, Mentawir, Semoi l,
and Semoi IV, 5 ha each). NGO, e.g. Bioma would take part on facilitating the cultivation of
NTFP as well as of other medicinal plants. A workshop on NTFP cultivation system would be
held in order to disseminate the cultivation system, in addition as a monitoring and evaluating
the activities.
Output 1.2: Established appropriate NTFP processing system
Appropriate NTFP processing is established to at least one group in each village. Appropriate
processing degree would be applied according to the existing resources (human, material,
capital, traditional wisdom) that could be in the range of providing dried raw material to
'jamu' formula. The action would be initiated by some laboratory work in order to assure the
quality of products. Following the lab work, the Team would hold some training to the
villagers on establishing a processing unit. Workshop would be convened to demonstrate the
processing system to some neighboring communities.
Output 1.3: Developed management plan of small-scale NTFP industry
The Team would encourage some potential villagers to form business groups, at least by one
group in each village, train these new business institutions, and together discuss and prepare
business management plans.
3.2. Specific Objective 2: To establish marketing system ofNTFP
In order to establish marketing system of NTFP, some strategic business must be introduced
among the stakeholders (farmer-industry-merchandiser).
Output 2.1: Established strategic business unit
Strategic business unit is established by at least one group in each village. The Team would
conduct some training on matters pertaining to business unit. The Team and NGO would be
10
very helpful in facilitating the cooperation among the units, the academic persons, and the
government agencies. Upon the termination of the Project, the respective NGO would play an
important role to be facilitator for these business unit activities.
Output 2.2: Developed marketing objective
Marketing objective would also be implemented by at least one group in each village.
Marketing objective that would be appropriate is Quality-Quantity-Delivery. Initially, the
Team and the NGO take the lead to develop the marketing objective through some training
activities. Again, upon the termination of the Project, the NGO would take care of this matter.
Output 2.3: Established marketing network of small-scale NTFP industry
Business units in the four villages (at least four units) would be trained to establish marketing
network, facilitated by the Team. Together with the corresponding stakeholders, promotion on
NTFP would be carried out. Means of promotion includes leaflet distribution, exhibition, and
workshop on marketing network of small-scale NTFP industry. The workshop also function as
a monitoring and evaluation to the success of the Project.
4. Activities
4.1.
Output 1.1
Activity 1.1.1
Activity 1.1.2
Activity 1.1.3
Activity 1.1.4
Activity 1.1.5
4.2.
Output 1.2
Activity 1.2.1
Activity 1.2.2
Established selected NTFP cultivation system
To train cultivation and harvesting techniques
Actions: (1) select on-farm and on-station area for cultivation, (2) do
some field experiment on cultivation and harvesting ofNTFP, (3) prepare
cultivation manual, (4) train the villagers to cultivate NTFP
To assist cultivation development
Actions: (1) provide seeds and/or seedlings of selected NTFP and other
medicinal plants to be cultivated (2) provide fertilizer and equipment for
cultivation, (3) inspect cultivation practices
To hold workshop on cultivation and harvesting system.
Actions: (1) invite neighboring communities to attend workshop, (2)
invite keynote speakers to disseminate cultivation and harvesting system
for NTFP and other medicinal plants, (3) hold two workshops, (4) prepare
workshop proceedings
To establish on-farm and on-station NT-species cultivation.
Actions: (1) prepare the designated land for cultivation (Sungai Merdeka,
Mentawir, Semoi I, and Semoi IV) and on-station cultivation (Unit Bukit
Bangkirai-PT Inhutani I), (2) build fences surrounding the plots
To monitor and to evaluate cultivation and harvesting
Actions: (1) prepare log book for monitoring, (2) monitor every 6 moths,
(3) analyze progress and failure, (4) remedial work for cultivation and
harvesting techniques
Established appropriate NTFP processing system
To extract bioactive compounds ofNTFP species
Actions: (1) delve indigenous knowledge about traditional medicine
practice, (2) do laboratory work to confirm the efficacy of NTFP, (3)
prepare scientific paper on the efficacy of NTFP, (4) distribute
information to the villagers regarding the efficacy ofNTFP
To train appropriate processing techniques and quality control
Actions: (1) do laboratory work on good practices in producing raw
medicinal material of NTFP, such as moisture content, bioactive content,
contamination level, (2) prepare manuals regarding NTFP post-harvest
and further processing, (3) train the villagers
11
Activity 1.2.3
4.3.
Output 1.3
Activity 1.3.1
Activity 1.3.2
Activity 1.3.3
4.4
Output 2.1
Activity 2.1.1
Activity 2.1.2
4.5.
Output 2.2
Activity 2.2.1
Activity 2.2.2
4.6.
Output 2.3
Activity 2.3.1
Activity 2.3.2
Activity 2.3.3
Activity 2.3.4
To hold workshop on appropriate NTFP processing system
Actions: (1) invite neighboring communities to attend workshop, (2)
invite keynote speakers to disseminate post-harvest and further processing
for NTFP and other medicinal plants, (3) hold two workshops, (4) prepare
workshop proceedings
Developed management plan of small-scale NTFP industry
To train business entrepreneurship
Actions: (1) prepare training materials, (2) invite villagers and homeindustry holders, (3) carry out training
To establish group of small-scale industry
Actions: (1) do laboratory work to prepare appropriate machineries as
necessary for processing NTFP and other medicinal materials, (2) provide
machineries on-site, (3) invite villagers having potential to run home
industry, (4) establish the group of home-industry holders
To promote business group management plan
Actions: (1) prepare manual for planning business management, (2) invite
home-industry holders, NTFP farmers, (3) train to prepare business
management plan.
Established strategic business unit
To train strategic business
Actions: (1) prepare training materials, (2) invite villagers, home-industry
holders, and merchants, (3) carry out training
To facilitate strategic business development.
Actions: (1) invite facilitators: NGOs, Mulawarman University, Bogor
Agricultural University, etc.
Developed marketing objective
To train marketing objective development.
Actions: (1) prepare manual for marketing objectives, (2) invite
merchants, (3) train to prepare marketing objective
To facilitate marketing objective development
Actions: (1) prepare facilitator team of marketing, (2) analyze program,
progress and failure, (3) perform facilitation.
Established marketing network of small-scale NTFP industry
To facilitate marketing meetings
Actions: (1) prepare facilitator team of marketing, (2) prepare manual of
marketing network, (3) hold marketing meeting.
To promote marketing within and beyond East Kalimantan Province
Actions: (1) prepare leaflet, (2) open house/marketing affairs, (3)
industrial visit.
To hold workshop on marketing network of small-scale NTFP industry
Actions: (1) invite marketing stakeholders to attend workshop, (2) invite
keynote speakers to disseminate further purposes of marketing network,
(3) hold two workshops, (4) prepare workshop proceedings
To monitor and to evaluate marketing network
Actions: (1) prepare logbook for monitoring, (2) monitor every 6 moths,
(3) anal yze progress and failure, (4) remedial work for marketing
network.
12
5. Logical Framework W orksheet
OBJECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVE
Increased contribution
ofNTFP to the forest
sector in East
Kalimantan economic
development
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE 1
To establish smallscale NTFP industry
OUTPUT 1.1
Established selected
NTFP cultivation
system
INDICATORS
Contribution ofNTFP
for 10 years IS
increased 5% ofPasir
Panajam and Kutai
Kartanegara districts in
East Kalimantan
through development
of small-scale NTFP
industry and marketing
network
Small-scale NTFP
industry is established,
producing processed
NTFP from cultivation
and harvesting in 4
villages
Selected NTFP
cultivation is
established on-station
(50 ha) and on-farm in
villages (Sungai
Merdeka, Mentawir,
Semoi I, and Semoi
IV, 5 ha each)
OUTPUT 1.2
Established appropriate
NTFP processing
system
Appropriate NTFP
processmg IS
established to at least
one group in each
village
OUTPUT 1.3
Developed
management plan of
small-scale NTFP
industry
Management plan is
implemented at least
by one group in each
village
MEANS of
ASSUMPTION
VERIFICATIONS
• Report of forest sector • Good support
contribution to Districtfrom local
government
East Kalimantan
economic development
• Annual report of
• Good support
cultivation and
from local
harvesting activity
government
• Annual report ofNTFP
processing activity
• Annual report of
cultivation activity onstation (50 ha)
• Annual report of
cultivation activity onfarm, 5 ha at each
village
• Report of training
• Report of workshop
• Workshop proceedings
• Report of group
establishment
• Annual report of group
activity
• Report ofbioactive
compound ofNTspeCIes
• Report of training
• Report of workshop
• Workshop proceedings
• Document of
management plan
• Report of training
• Report of group
establishment
• Annual report of group
activity
• Land status for
cultivation (onstation and onfarm) is clear and
clean of conflict
• Good commitment
of participants
• No fire accident
• Good commitment
of participants to
the group program
• Good support
from local
government
• Good commitment
of participants to
the group program
• Good support
from local
government
13
OBJECTIVE
INDICATORS
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE 2
To establish marketing
system ofNTFP
Marketing system of
NTFP is established
through cooperation
among stakeholders
(farmer-industrymerchandiser)
OUTPUT 2.1.
Established strategic
business unit
Strategic business unit
is established by at
least one group in each
village
OUTPUT 2.2.
Developed marketing
objective
Marketing objective is
implemented by at
least one group in each
village
OUTPUT 2.3.
Established marketing
network of small-scale
NTFP industry
Strategic business unit
is established by at
least one group in each
village
MEANS of
ASSUMPTION
VERIFICATIONS
• Document of
• Good commitment
agreement among
of participants to
the group program
stakeholders
• Report of group
• Good support from
establishment
local government
• Annual report of group • No trade barrier
activity
among
district/province
• Document of strategic • Good commitment
business
of participants to
the group program
• Report of training
• Report of facilitation
• Good support
activity
from local
government
• Document of marketing • Good commitment
objective
of participants to
the group program
• Report of training
• Report of facilitation
• Good support
activity
from local
government
• Good commitment
• Document of
agreement among
of participants to
the group program
stakeholders
• Report of marketing
• Good support
meeting
from local
government
• Report of workshop
• Workshop proceedings • No trade barrier
among district and
prOVInce
14
6. Work Plan
OUTPUT I ACTIVITIES
Responsibility
Institution
S~esific
SCHEDULE OF MONTH
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
II
\0
9
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Objective I : To establish small scale based NTFP industry
Output 1. 1. Established selected NTFP cultivation system
Activity I. I. I. To train cultivation and harvesting techniques
Activity 1.1.2. To assist cultivation development
Activity 1.1.3. To hold workshop on cultivation and harvesting system
FORDA,IPB
Activity 1.1.4. To establish on-fann & on station NT-species cultivation
Activity 1.1.5. To monitor and evaluate cultivation and harvesting
Output 1.2. Established appropriate NTFP processing system
PT INHUT ANI I, Local Government
Activity 1.2.1. To extract bioactive compounds crNT-species
~
FORDA,IPB
Local NGO (BIOMA)
FORDA, IPS, Local Government
Activity 1.2.2. To train appropriate processing techniques and quality control
FORDA,IPB
Activity 1.2.3. To hold workshop on appropriate NTFP processing system
Output 1.3. Development management plan of small scale based NTFP
FORDA,IPB
Activity 1.3.1. To train business enterpreneurship
FORDA,IPB
Activity 1.3.2. To establish group of small scale industry
FORDA, IPB, Local Government
Activity 1.3.3. To promote business group management plan
FORDA, IPB, Local Government
I
I
I
Snecific Ob'ective 2 : To establish marketing system ofNTFP
Outout 2.1. Established strategic business unit
Activity 2.1.1. To train strategic business
Activity 2.1.2. To facilitate strategic business development
FORDA,IPB
FORDA, IPB, Local NGO
Ou!ll!!t 2.2. Developed marketing objective
Activity 2.2.1. To train marketing ob·ective develooment
Activitv 2.2.2. To facilitate marketing ob·ective development
OulP-'lt 2.3. Established marketing network of small scale based NTFP industry
Activity 2.3.1. To facilitate marketing meeting
Activity 2.3.2. To promote marketing within and beyond province
Activity 2.3.3. To hold workshop on marketing network
Activity 2.3.4. To monitor and evaluate marketing network
Pro 'ect Management:
Pro 'ect preparation
ITTO Monitor & Evaluation
FORDA,IPB
FORDA, IPB, Local NGO
FORDA,IPB
Local Government, PT INHUTANI
FORDA,IPB
FORDA, IPB, Local Government
FORDA, IPB, PT INHUTANI I
!TTO
-
~
IPB
-
~
I
I
I
-~-
-
~
•
I
I
-
~
~
I
I
I
I
-
•
-•.r-- r--
"-
7. Budget
7.1. Overall Project Budget by Activity
OUTPUT / ACTIVITIES
BUDGET COMPONENT
PROJECT
SUB
DUTY
CAPITAL
PERSONNEL
CONTRACT
TRAVEL
ITEMS
CONSUMABLE MISCELLANOUS
ITEMS
QUARTER
GRAND
YEAR
TOTAL
SQesific Objective I : To establish small scale based NTFP industry
OU!ilut 1.1. Established selected NTFP cultivation system
Activity 1.1.2. To assist cultivation development
10,588
Activity 1.1.3. To hold workshop on cultivation and harvesting system
10,588
-
-
13,235
8,824
-
Activity 1.1.1. To train cultivation and harvesting techniques
Activity 1.1.4. To establish on-farm and on-station NT-species cultivation
Activity 1.1.5. To monitor and evaluate cultivation and harvesting
8,824
7,059
882
1,765
10,588
6,353
2,118
8,824
3,529
3,529
-
-
-
8,824
1,765
1,765
-
QI - YI,Y2,Y3
18,529
QI,Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
29,647
Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
26,471
QI,Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
13,235
Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
21,176
OU!ilut 1.2. Established appropriate NTFP processing system
-
11,765
-
11,765
5,294
5,294
2,647
882
1,765
-
QI-YI
Activity 1.2.2. To train appropriate processing techniques and quality control
Q2 - YI,Y2,Y3
15,882
Activity 1.2.3. To hold workshop on appropriate NTFP processing system
5,294
-
4,412
1,765
1,765
-
Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
13,235
Activity 1.3.1. To train business enterpreneurship
5,294
5,294
2,647
882
1,765
-
Q2 - YI,Y2,Y3
15,882
Activity 1.3.2. To establish group of small scale industry
5,294
-
4,412
2,118
882
-
Q2 - YI,Y2,Y3
12,706
-
2,941
-
-
-
-
Q3-YI
2,941
5,294
8,824
5,294
1,765
5,294
441
6,353
882
2,118
-
Q2 - YI,Y2,Y3
QI,Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
13,676
22,588
5,294
8,824
5,294
-
1,765
5,294
882
6,353
882
2,118
-
02 - YI,Y2,Y3
01,Q2,03 - YI,Y2,Y3
14,118
22,588
8,824
-
5,294
6,353
22,353
-
2,118
-
-
-
-
02 - YI,Y2,Y3
Q2 - YI,Y2,Y3
22,588
22,353
Activity 2.3.3. To hold workshop on marketing network
5,294
1,765
1,765
-
Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
13,235
7,059
-
4,412
Activity 2.3.4. To Monitor and evaluate marketing network
8,824
1,765
1,765
-
Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
19,412
-
-
-
-
-
4,500
Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
4,500
53,603
17,868
71,471
82,059
Activity 1.2.1. To extract bioactive compounds ofNT-species
-
-
OU!ilut 1.3. Development management plan of small scale based NTFP
Activity 1.3.3. To promote business group management plan
Snecific Ob'ective 2: To establish marketing system ofNTFP
Output 2.1. Established strategic business unit
Activity 2.1.1. To train strategic business
Activity 2.1.2. To facilitate strategic business development
Output 2.2. Developed marketing objective
Activity 2.2.1. To train marketing obiective development
Activity 2.2.2. To facilitate marketing obiective development
Output 2.3. Established marketing network of small scale based NTFP industry
Activity 2.3.1. To facilitate marketing meeting
Activity 2.3.2. To promote marketing within and beyond province
Auditing
Sub Total (ITTO):
Sub Total (E. Host Gov.lGOI):
GRAND TOTAL :
82,059
27,353
109,412
-
82,059
42,088
42,088
27,000
27,000
4,500 QI,Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
- 01,02,03 - YI,Y2,Y3
4,500 QI,Q2,Q3 - YI,Y2,Y3
291,309
45,221
336,529
7.2 Yearly Project Budget by Source - GOI
No.
Budget Compoueuts :
7.3. Consilidated Yearly Project Budget
Budget Compouents :
YEARLY PROJECT BUDGET BY SOURCE-GOI
Budget Components:
10. Project Personnel
20. Sub Contracts
30. Duty Travel
40. Capital Items
50. Consumable Items
60. Miscellanous
70. Executing Agency Management Costs (5% x Total Overall)
EXECUTING AGENCY/HOST GOVT. TOTAL:
Annual Disbursements
Total
2003/04
2004/05
27,353
9,118
9,118
6,985
17,868
5,074
2005/06
9,118
5,809
-
-
-
-
16,826
62,047
5,815
21,918
5,432
19,624
5,579
20,506
PART Ill. OPERATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
1. Management Structure:
Appropriate stakeholders would be involved in Project implementation. Simple and effective
organization is needed to support and facilitate the process as shown in Figure 2 .
ITTO
......
Forest Research and Development Agency
(FORDA)
.....
r.. . . . . .
~
-
-
-
Project Steering Committee:
ITTO
MoF, Bureau ofInt. Coop, R & D, RLPS
Local Forestry Service (Dishut) Provincial &
Districts
Head of IPB Research Institute
Fac. of Forestry IPB- Dean
Team Leader
Local Representatives
PT Inhutani
+
Steenng CommIttee
-
-
Research Institute IPB
Executing Body
t
Team Leader
Secretary
•
.
.......
~
.
........
~
Treasurer
"
Cultivation
System
Coordinator
National Experts
•
Industry
IProcessing
Coordinator
Marketing
System
Coordinator
...
I
Experts, Assistants, Technicians, Facilitators
Figure 2. Organization chart ofproject implementation
19
2. Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation:
Arrangement for Reporting
• A progress report will be submitted to ITTO every 6 months (2 times within one year period)
and occasionally as ITTO may require at least 4 weeks before the visits.
• Separated progress and status according to specific activities will also be reported and submitted
to ITTO within one month of the completion of activities.
• Annual financial report audited by independent auditor will be submitted accordingly.
Arrangement for ITTO Monitoring and Review:
• ITTO secretariat will carry out a project review mission at least once within one year period
• The first mission will be focused on the feasibility of project management and project
experiment model in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, at the commencement of the project, on a date
agreed.
Evaluation:
• ITTO proj ect evaluation is carried out a mission at the nearest period 3 months before the
project completion. However, midterm evaluation will be decided necessary under the
agreement between the ITTO and PIA and the Team Leader. The Term of Reference (TOR)
formulated by the Project Steering Committee (PSC), Project Staff and Monitoring mission
under the auspices of ITTO. The recommendation will be based on the stage of achievement
and future possible program identified during the first establishment of the project.
• Unscheduled mission can be accepted and foreseen for the sudden and unexpected
environmental impacts interfere to the project execution that is considered as complicated in its
nature.
Schedule of monitoring and reporting:
No.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1l.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Description
First Disbursement Request
First Project Progress Report
First Monitoring Mission
First Technical Report
Second Disbursement Request
Second Project Progress Report
Second Monitoring Mission
Second Technical Report
Third Disbursement Request
Third Project Progress Report
Third Monitoring Mission
Third Technical Report
Fourth Disbursement Request
Fourth Project Progress Report
Fourth Monitoring Mission
Fourth Technical Report
Project Completion Report
No.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1l.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Date
January 2005
March 2005
May 2005
June 2005
July 2005
August 2005
November 2005
September 2005
January 2006
March 2006
May 2006
June 2006
July 2006
August 2006
May 2006
June 2006
April 2008
20
3. Future Operation and Maintenance:
The Project would be implemented for 3 consecutive years; however, the goal of the project might
be more completely attainable in 5 years. Therefore, the Project activities should be continued by
the local government and PT Inhutani I, which may also in collaboration with private sectors
concerning 'jamu' or pharmaceutical enterprises, and stakeholder's participation. Dissemination of
methods and approaches in performing a small scale industry models, in the form of training,
workshop, extensions, and formal educations will be offered to the interested parties who are
willing to develop similar activities in the other parts of East Kalimantan.
To support the success of the Project, research and development on cultivation system, processing,
and marketing should be continued after the termination of the Project. Bogor Agricultural
University, Mulawarman University, the local government, PT Inhutani I, should carry out these
activities simultaneously, either individually or in collaboration.
Maintenance of the Project by the local government and PT Inhutani I may be terminated no longer
than 10 years, and the small-scale business enterprises, which is strong and autonomous, might be
exist thereafter.
21
PART IV. TROPICAL TIMBER FRAMEWORK
1. Compliance with ITTA 1994 Objectives
Article 1
Objectives
Recognizing the sovereignty of members over their natural resources, as defined in Principle 1 (a)
of the Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the
Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of all Types of Forests, the objectives of
the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 (hereinafter referred to as "this agreement") are:
(t) To promote and support research and development with a view to improving forest
management and efficiency of wood utilization as well as increasing the capacity to conserve
and enhance other forest values in timber producing tropical forests;
(i)
To promote increased and further processing of tropical timber from sustainable sources in
producing member countries with a view to promoting their industrialization and thereby
increasing their employment opportunities and export earning;
(1)
To encourage members to develop national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and
conservation of timber producing forests and their genetic resources and at maintaining the
ecological balance in the regions concerned, in the context of tropical timber trade
2. ITTO Yokohama Action Plan
3.3. Forest Industry
Goal 2:
Improve Industry's Efficiency of Processing and Utilization of Tropical Timber from
Sustainable Sources
Action 5: To extent possible, given the Organization's primary focus on timber, develop, publish
and disseminate techniques and technologies on product development and on utilization
efficiency of non timber forest product.
Action 6: Promote increased awareness and utilization of existing information on wood properties
and end use requirements.
22
ANNEXES
ANNEX A.1 - PROFILE OF THE EXECUTING AGENCY
FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (FORDA)
FORDA's mISSIOn is to find and to provide science and technology to support sustainable,
diversified uses of forest for the benefit of people. To pursuit the mission, FORDA's research
priorities are
1. Research and development to secure forest resources base
2. Development of harvesting technique and assessment of all type of quality products obtainable
from forest including non-timber forest products and service.
3. Research in environmental management and biodiversity assessment, genetic resources, forest
health, and water resources management.
4. Improving sylviculture techniques and forest management practices to enhance better
socioeconomic conditions of forest dweller and social welfare programs.
5. National forest policy research and assessment of forest practices including institutional aspects
toward achieving Sustainable Forest Management.
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Director General
I
Secretary
I
I
I
I
Program
Personal
Division
1
I
I
Finance
II
I
General Affair
I
I
I
I
Center for Social
Economic Research on
Forestry
Center for Tree
Improvement
Center for Forest
Products Technology
Research and
Development
Center for Forest Nature
Conservation Research
and Development
1
I
Watershed Rehabilitation
Technology Institute (2)
11
1
I
I
Forest research
Institute (6)
Seed Technology
Institute
I
~
I
I
I
Reforestation
Technology Institute
Non-Timber Forest
Products Research
KUDK Laboratory
FORDA's personnel
As of March 1999, FORDA has been supported by 2382 scientists and employees, of which 270
hold post graduates degree and 476 BS degree holders, and the remaining are graduated of either
technical, senior and junior high schools.
A-I
The infrastructure of the Executing Agency
Facilities available at FORDA are
• Libraries;
• Laboratories facilities for forest products ad non-timber forest product research;
• Dry and wet laboratories facilities for forest research;
• Herbarium
• Office building for meeting, wring rooms in Bogor, Jakarta and other cities;
• Experimental Forest in Bogor, Haurbentes, and Samarinda
A- 2
ANNEX A.2 - PROFILE OF THE IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (IPB)
BIOPHARMACA RESEARCH CENTER
Bogor Agricultural University (Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB) is a state university with its core
competence as the leading educational and research institute in the development of science and
innovation of technology anticipates demands and changes in the use of biopharmaca. Within this
context, IPB has established a research center focusing on biopharmaca development and
optimizing efforts to conserve natural resources observing proper policy and bio-prospective
regulation. This center has committed its existence as a networking institution and coordinating
research on biopharmaca-related materials. Biopharmaca is defined as plants, animals, and microbes
that have potential properties as drugs, health food, functional food, and neutraceutical for human,
animal, and plants.
Organizational chart of Bogor Agricultural University with the three functions and the
corresponding units
Sogor Agricultural University
'f
Education
,
T
Research
Study Programs
Research Institute
Community Service
Community Service Institute
Research~~~~-+------L------.
List of main projects and studies conducted in the last three years and donor agencies
(1) Hepatoprotector effect of crude polar extract from Arcangelesia flava and Zingiber
casummunar (PT Indofarma)
(2) Parkia speciosa as an antidiabetic on mice (Ministry of National Education)
(3) In vitro propagation of Ficus deltoidea, Spatipylum, Litsea cubeca, Eurycoma longifolia and
Arcangelesiaflava (Ministry of National Education).
(4) Antimicrobial activity of forest tree Homolanthus populneo and Shorea leprosura (Ministry of
National Education)
(5) Compounds for treatment of obesity and hipercholesterolemia from Guazuma ulmifolia
(National Research Council)
(6) Screening of anticancer compounds using brine shrimp test and cell culture assay from 30
species of forest and horticulture plants (Ministry of National Education)
List of Project and Pre-Project submitted to the ITTO: one Pre-Project, completed
A- 3
Laboratory of Plant Conservation, Department of Forest Resource Conservation; dealing with
exploration, conventional and tissue culture cultivation and conservation of forest medicinal
plant, also education for the community development surrounding the forest area.
Laboratory of Horticulture, Department of Agronomy; dealing with conventional and tissue
culture cultivation and production of domesticated medicinal plants.
Laboratory of Analytical, Organic, Physical, and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry;
dealing with extraction, fractionation, purification, and mechanism study of active compound
from natural resources.
Laboratory of Microbiology and Mycology, Department of Biology; dealing with assays of
microbes in isolation and identification.
Biomedical Laboratory-Primate Research Centre, Physiology and Pharmacology Department,
Integrated Chemical Analysis Laboratory; dealing with in vitro e.g. cell/tissue culture and in
vivo assays, toxicity tests and efficacy assay on non-primate and primate.
Conservation and Cultivation Biopharmaca Station; dealing with display, collection, and
production ofbiopharmaca.
Research budget in 1999,2000, and 2001 were 450 million, 750 million, and 1.1 billion rupiahs
respectively (sallary of university staff not included). There are 40 staff members in our center,
consist of 22 Dr, 14 MS, and 4 BS with various diciplines of science. Biopharmaca Research
Center is a multidiciplinary center. So far, there was no subcontract activity in our center.
Breakdown of budget is as follows: duty travel 15-20%, capital items (not included), consumable
items 60-70%, miscellanous 5-10%, and management cost of 10-15% from total budget.
Personnel in the forestry-related fields
(a) Twelve experts with post graduate degree (Dr. Yadi Setiadi, Prof. Dr. Dudung Darusman, Dr.
Suminar S. Achmadi, Dr. Irdika Mansur , Ir. Ervizal AM Zuhud, MS, Ir. Didik Suhardjito, MS, Ir.
Yulius Hero, MSc, Ir. Siswoyo MS, Ir. Agus Hikmat, MS, Ir. Edhi Sandra, MS, Ir. Dodi Nurohmat,
MS,)
(b) - Experts with graduate degree
(c) Two middle level technicians
(d) - Administrative personnel
(e) Thirteen total number of personnel in the forestry-related fields
A- 4
ANNEX B.I - CURRICULA VITAE OF THE KEY STAFF
1. Name
2. Place and Date of Birth
3. Gender
4. Status
5. Nationality
6. Professional Job
7. Home address
8. Office address
Prof. Dr. Ir. Dudung Darusman, MA.
Ciamis, 14 September 1950
Male
a. Professor of the Natural Resource Economic,
Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University IPB
b. Head of Laboratory Politic, Economic and Social
Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, IPB
Indonesia
Professor
n. Gunung Batu Rt. 04112 No.59 Bogor
Phone: +62 - 251 - 322 937
Kampus IPB Darmaga
PO BOX 168 Bogor
+62 - 251 - 623 805
9. Educational background:
1. Sarjana (Ir) Kehutanan, Faculty of Forestry 1975, majoring in Forest Economic and Forest
Management.
2. Diplome of Post Graduate on Forestry Economics, 1976, Univ. of Gajah Mada,
Y ogyakarta.
3. Master of Art (MA) on Resource Economics, 1984, Department of Agricultural Economics,
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
4. Doctor (Dr) major on Regional Development, 1989, Faculty of Post Graduate, Bogor
Agricultural University (IPB).
10. Work Experiences :
Work experiences, job description and responsibilities
1. Lecturer, at the Faculty of Forestry, IPB
2. Vice Dean III for student affair, Fac. Of Forestry, IPB
3. Dean ofthe Faculty of Forestry, IPB
4. Head of Laboratory Politics, Economics and Social Forestry,
Faculty of Forestry, IPB
5. Head of Research Center IPB
6. Member of Commissary, Perum Perhutani
7. Commissary at PT Fendi Hutan Lestari (joint venture)
8. Advisory Staff of Ministry of Forestry
11. Papers, Reports and Publications :
1. Indonesian Country Study on Biological Diversity
2. Struktur permodalan dan fmplikasinya dalam Pembangunan HTf
(Financial Structure and its implication in the development of
industrial forest plantation)
Year
1976 1979 1989 1992 1989 -
present
1982
1992 and
1996
present
1996 - 1998
1994 - 1998
1995 - 2000
2000
1992
Media Persaki 1991
B-1
3. Kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pemanenan kayu dengan system
Rimba Indonesia 1993
TPTI dan biaya memperbaiki kerusakannya (Damage of the
logged over forest using selective cutting system of TPTI and the
cost for rehabilitation.)
1993
4. Small Scale Forestry & Forest Product Industry ; Jawaban
komprehensive terhadap masalah pembangunan di Propinsi
berlahan marjinal (Small scale forestry & forest product industry ;
the comprehensive answer to the problem of development in the
marginal land province).
1995
5. Manajemen hutan lestari untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat
(Sustainable forest management for people prosperity).
1996
6. Peran serta masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah dalam
pengusahaan hutan di Indonesia (Community and local
government participation on forest management in Indonesia)
1996
7. Sistem nilai hutan alam Indonesia (Value system of natural forest
in Indonesia)
1997
8. Socio economic Dynamics oflndonesian Rain Forest Margins
1997
9. Optimalisasi peran sektor kehutanan dalam usaha peningkatan
kesejahteraan masyarakat di sekitar hutan (Optimalization of
forestry sector role and function in the effort to increase the
properityof people living in/surrounding the forest).
1999
10. Tinjauan keadilan dan kerakyatan dari kebijaksanaan reformasi
dalam hal pelaku ekonomi kehutanan (Perspective on equity and
public interest in reformed policy, based on forestry stakeholders
economic).
1999
11. Langkah-langkah perbaikan pembangunan ekonomi kehutanan
menuju pengelolaan hutan lestari (Improvement strategy of the
economic development towards sustainable forest management)
1999
12. Resiliensi kehutanan masyarakat di Indonesia (Resilience of forest
community in Indonesia)
2001
13. Rasionalisisasi lahan dan hutan di Indonesia (Rasionalization of
forest and land in Indonesia).
2002
14. Tinjauan menyeluruh pungutan usaha sektor kehutanan (General
perspective on business levy in forestry sector)
Bogor, Nopember 10t \ 2003
Prof. Dr. Ir. Dudung Darusman, MA
B-2
ANNEX B.2 - CURRICULA VITAE OF THE KEY STAFF
1. Name
2. Place and Date of Birth
3. Gender
4. Status
5. Nationality
6. Home address
7. Office address
SUMINAR SETIATI ACHMADI, PhD
Blitar, April 27, 1948
Female
a. Professor of the Chemistry, Faculty ofMathematics and
Natural Sciences, IPB
b. Head of Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB
Indonesia
Jln. Bangka No. 27, Bogor 16143
Phone: +62 - 251 - 324 794
E-mail: ssachmadi@cbn.net.id
Department of Chemistry, FMIP A, IPB
Jln. Raya Pajajaran, Bogor 16144
+62 - 251- 312642
8. Educational background:
University and Place
Degree
Insitut Pertanian Bogor,
Bogor
University of Wisconsin,
Madison, USA
University of Wisconsin,
Madison, USA
Sarjana
Kehutanan
MS
PhD
Year of
Graduation
1974
1980
1984
Field of Study
Forest Products
Technology
Forest Products
Chemistry
Forest Products
Chemistry
9. Work Experiences:
Bogor Agricultural University, as an academic staff in the Department of Forest Products
Technology (1974-1980) and in the Department of Chemistry (1980-present); Head of the
Department of Chemistry (1994-2000)
United States National Science Foundation, as an awardee of a research grant for Chemistry
of Mangrove Bark Tannin Project, in collaboration with Prof. ET Choong (Louisiana State
University) and Dr. RW Hemingway (USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station) (4.5 months
altogether in 1992, 1993, and 1994)
University of New South Wales (Australia), as a vIsItmg scholar in the Department of
Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry (4 months, 1990)
10. Membership of Professional Organization
Indonesian Polymer Society
Indonesian Natural Products Society
B-3
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
B- 4
j
j
ANNEX D. DESCRIPTION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCT
TO BE DEVELOPED THROUGH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
PASAK BUMI (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.)
Family: Simaroubaceae. Vernacular Name: pasak bumi (Indonesia), penawar pahit (Sumatera),
bidara laut, memperoleh (Bangka), bidara putih (Java), pasak bumi (Kalimantan), bidara laut,
mempoleh (Madura).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Eurycoma longifoliae radix (root ofpasak bumi).
Botanical Information: Small...,sized tree, up to 20 m. Leaf compound up to 1 m long, comprises of
11-35, lancet form of 2.5-14 x 0.8-4.5 cm, and even edge. Flowers in compounds, pink, furry at entire
part of flower. Fruit of stone-type, up to 1-5, green to yellow in color and black when ripe. Large
straight root, brownish white.
Ecology: Found in lowland forest, primary forest, secondary forest, coastal forest, deciduous
forest, and in mixed Dipterocarpaceae forest, on 0-700 m above sea level. May grow at unfertile land,
acidic land, and sandy ground.
Geographic Distribution: Mainly in Kalimantan and Sumatera.
Growth and Development: Propagated by seeds or cuttings. The seed may be taken from fruit,
dried or directly planted. Seedling may be directly planted in the field or in nursery before planted in
the field. Media for the nursery should contain organic manure and mixed of earth and mature compost.
Planting should be in early rainy season.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological EffectlEmpirical Uses: Specific aroma and slightly bitter.
Chemical Content: Root contains compounds such as euricomalacton, lauricolacton (A and B),
dihydroeuricomalacton, euricomanon, euricomanol, benzoquinon, sterol, saponins, and ester of fatty
acid sterol.
Uses: Useful parts are root, bark, leaf, flower, fruit, or entire part of the plant. The root is good
aphrodisiac, analgesic, headache, malaria, dysentery; the bark is good for analgesic, sprue,
anthelmintic, tonic after childbirth, and bone pain; the leaf is good for as itchy; the fruit and flower are
good for dysentery; while all parts of plant are good for headache, stomachache, and bone pain.
T ABAT BARITO (Ficus deltoidea Jack.)
Family: Moraceae. Synonym: Ficus diversifolia Blume, F. lutescens Descf., F. motleyana Miq.
Vernacular name: tabat barito, lunuk kapit (Kalimantan), tetawar, beringin sunsang, pisang-pisang,
kayu arak sendok (Sumatera), ki centong, cecentongan, darandang (Java), tenap-tenap nabi (Simalur).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Fici deltoideaefolium.
Botanical Information: Bush up to 25-50 cm high. Straight bole, woody, round, lot of branches,
rough surface, exude sap. Single leaf, sparse, green at the surface and brownish yellow at underside, in
form of solet, smooth edge, round tip, sharp-pointed base, 2-5 cm long, short stalk, and slippery
surface. Single flower, reddish brown, at underside of leaf, in form of whirligig, pollen and pistil in
circular form, petal (free, spiky. Berry fruit, circular shape with diameter of 3-5 mm, and rust colored.
Spherical seed, small, and brown. Large straight shoot.
Ecology: Grow limited to the certain place, clayey land, limey land, and sediment of old lava. In
rain forest of lowland in Sumatra and Kalimantan; grow on other plant (epiphytic). Grow better in
relative humidity of 80-94%, and temperature of 24-32°C, tolerant to temperature and humidity
(eurythermal and euryhumidity). Grow on 450-2.400 m above sea level.
Geographic Distribution: Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi.
Growth and Development: Propagated by cuttings or seeds. Cuttings of 5-10 cm long or have 2-3
buds. Cuttings have slanted cut and flat on the top so that the root may heavily grow. The cuttings may
D- 1
be planted on beds containing earth and sand (1:1), and not under direct sunlight (75% intensity. After
1-2 month they may be transferred into plastic bag.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological EffectlEmpirical Uses: No flavor and odorless.
Chemical Content: Leaf and fruit contain saponins, flavonoid, and tannins.
Uses: Mostly for leaves, which is good for leukorrhoea, aphrodisiac, treatment after childbirth
(tightening vagina muscle).
AKAR KUNING (Arcangelisiaflava (L.) Merr.)
Family: Menispermaceae. Synonym: Anamirta flavescens Miq., Menispermum flavum L.,
Arcangelisia lemniscata (Miers) Becc., A. loureiri (Pierre) Diels. Vernacular name: akar kuning
(Indonesia), tali kuning, daun bulan (Palembang), areuy ki koneng (Sunda), oyod sirawan, sirawan
kunyit, peron, peron sapi, sirawan susu, sirawan tai, kayu kuning (Java), uwus, tali kuning, kayu
kuning (Sulawesi), wali bulan, wari bulan, gumi modoka, mololeya gumini (Ambon), gumi modoku,
mololeya (Halmahera utara).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Arcangelisiae flavae cortex, Arcangelisiae flavae radix,
Arcangelisiae flavae lignum.
Botanical Information: Woody climber, up to 20 m tall. Round stem, twisting, rough, grey-black
bark, and bright yellow wood. Single leaf, sparse, opposite, cylindrical stalk, round base, 10-20 cm
long, oval form, smooth edge.
Ecology: Wild plant, found in rocky coastal or in primary or secondary forest, or in bushes, at
100-1,000 m above sea level. In Sulawesi it is reported on limey area. Flowering in July-September.
Gathering is recommended in dry season. Fruit is eaten and spreaded by primates and arboreal
mammals.
Geographic Distribution: Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya, and Maluku.
Growth and Development: Propagation by seeds and cuttings. For medication of fever and
sprue, the yellow stem is generally cut in the morning for better yield of the sap. One stem generally
yield ± 1 kg berberin.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological Effect/Empirical Uses: Odourless, bitter, and function as
stomakikum, febrifuse, expectorant, tonic, antipyretic, antiseptic, emenagogum, and alterative.
Chemical Content: Wood and leaf contain saponin, flavonoid, and tannins; root, bole, and twig
contain alkaloid berberin, columbamin, palmatin, sobacunin, limasin, homoaromalin,
dehydrocoridalmin, 8-hydroksiberin, picnarin, sabanin, talifendin, jatorizin, columbamin, tobacunin,
while the pulp contains mucous liquid, and the seed contains saponins.
Uses: Taken for its root, flower, stalk, fruit, leaf, or wood. The root is good for curing
bronchitis, anthelminthic, depurative, dysentery, syphilis, diabetes, ulcer, and hepatitis; the flower is
good for dysentery; the stalk is good for chicken pox, fever, and sprue; the fruit is good for sprue, the
leaf is good for anemia and sprue, and the wood is good aphrodisiac, antiseptic, ulcer, anthelminthic,
skin irritation, malaria, enhance digestion enzyme, antiinfection, stomachache, emenagog, desinfectant,
analgesic,demulcent, rheumatism, hepatitis, and sprue.
KAYU SEPANG (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.)
Family: Caesalpiniaceae. Vernacular name: seupeueng, sepang, sopang, sapang, sacang, cacang,
lolang, lacang (Sumatera), sepang, kayu secang, soga java, secang, kaju secang (Java), kayu sepang
(Kalimantan), cang (Bali), sepang, supa, supang, cang, hape, hong, pantar, sepe, sepel (Nusa
Tenggara), pasa, naga, nagel, dolo, sapang, sepang, kayu sema (Sulawesi), and se/en, sawala,
hinianga, sinjianga, sunika, sinyiaga, singiang, sangiang, sunyiha, lalang, spel, sepen, roro (Maluku).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Sappan lignum.
Botanical Information: Bush up to 5-10 tall. Woody bole, round, having lenti cells and spiky,
curvy spike, lot of branches, brownish green on the exterior. Compound leaves, green, 9-15 cm long;
D- 2
leaflets of 10-25 mm long and 3-11 mm wide, elliptical, consist of 10-20 pairs, round tip, smooth edge,
and green color. Compound flower, rust colored, pleasant smell, 10-40 cm long, and located on the tip.
Ecology: Usually found as yard fence and as kampong boundary. Flowering all seasons. Grow
at 1-700 m above sea level on rocky mountain but not too cool.
Geographic Distribution: All over the archipelago.
Growth and Development: May be propagated using seeds, can be planted on various type of
land. The seeds are sowed on nursery, transferred to plastic bag, and kept on seedbed until 10-20 cm
tall before they are transferred to the field. This crop can grow better in rather shaded area on an open
field. Harvest may be started after 1-2 year. Pest: larvae of Mussidia, Salebria parosema, Argyroploce
and Enarmonia palamedes.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological Effect/Empirical Uses: Odorless, bitter, astringent, and also
effective for depurative, disinfectant, haemostatic, analgesic, and chelating agent.
Chemical Content: Stem and leaf contain tannic acid, gallic acid, resin, resorcin, red sapan,
brasilein, alkaloid, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, phytosterols, and brazil in dye. Also contain volatile
oil containing ocimen, and d-f3 phelandrene.
Uses: Harvested for its wood and sold in ground form. Good for bleeding cough, dysentery,
diarrhea, bone pain, depurative, headache, stomachache, and the bloated intestine.
SELUANG BILUM (Luvunga eleutherandra Dalz.)
Family: Rutaceae. Synonym: Luvanga sermentosa (Bl.) Kurz. Vernacular Name: tembesi
(Indonesia, Java), ki racun (Sunda), seluang bilum (Kalimantan).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Luvungae eleutherandrae latex, Luvungae eleutherandrae
cortex, Luvungae eleutherandrae folium.
Botanical Information: Shrub, 5-25 m tall. Leaf in compounds, spiral, stalk of 1.5-10 cm long,
oval with dimensions of 7-25 x 2-10 cm, sharp-pointed tip, smooth edge, green, and the secondary leaf
form fin bone. Flower in compounds, protruding from underside the leaf, short stalk, and pleasant
smell. Hairless calyx, 1.5 mm high, curvy, green and turn pale or turn white, 1-1.5 cm long. White
pistil, furry, 6-7 mm. Fruit of berry type, short stalk, and uncinnate.
Ecology: Growing in mixed forest, roadside, arid garden, and abandoned garden. Grow better on
various type ofland with light shade, on 1-1,700 m above sea level.
Geographic Distribution: Java and Kalimantan.
Growth and Development: Wild and not yet cultivated.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological Effect/Empirical Uses: Chemical Content: Uses: Leaf stalk for toothache and rheumatism.
KUMIS KUCING (Orthosiphon aristatus (BI.) Miq.)
Family: Lamiaceae. Synonym: Orthosiphon stamineus Bold., 0. grandiflorus Benth., 0.
grandiflorum Auct. Non Terrac., 0. spicatus Auct. Non Benth. Vernacular Name: kumis
kucing
(Sumatera), kumis kucing, remuk jung, kumis uching, remujung (Java), se-salaseyan, soengot koceng,
songot koceng, songkot koceng (Madura).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Orthosiponis aristatifolium, Orthosiponis aristati herba
Geographic Distribution: Almost all over archipelago.
Growth and Development: Commonly cultivated for pharmaceutical raw material. Could be
harvested for the leaves after 4-6 weeks of planting.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological Effect/Empirical Uses: Sweet, slightly bitter, demulcent,
anti inflammation, diuretic, analgesic, and treatment for gallblader.
D- 3
Chemical Content: Leaf contain potassium salt, ortosiphon glicoside, essential oil, saponins,
sirsimaritin, mioinositol, ortosiphonin, pilion, ramnasin, salvigenin, karotenoid, flavonoid, glucoside,
cryptoxantin, and terpenoid.
Uses: Commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various illness.
JAHE/GINGER (Zingiher officinale Roxb.)
Family: Zingiberaceae. Synonym: Amomum zingiber L. Vernacular Name:jahe (Indonesia), halia
(Aceh), beuing (Gayo), bahing (Batak Karo) , page (Toba), sipode (Mandailing), lahia (Nias); alia,jae
(Melayu), sipadeh, sipodeh (Minangkabau), pege (Lubu), jahi (Lampung), jahe (Sunda), jae (Java),
jhai (Madura), jae (Kangean), lai (Dayak), jae (Bali), reja (Bima), alia (S umba) , lea (Flores), luya
(Mongondow), melito (Gorontalo), yuyo (Buol), kuya (Baree), laia (Makassar), pese (Bugis), pusu,
seeia, sehi (Ambon), sehil (Nusa Laut), siwei (Buru), geraka (Ternate), gora (Tidore), laian (Aru), leya
(Alfuru), lali, manman (Irian Jaya).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Zingiber officinale rhizoma, Zingiber officinalefolium.
Geographic Distribution: Sumatera, Java, Bali, Madura, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Ternate,
Tidore, Kalimantan, Maluku, Ambon, and Irian Jaya.
Growth and Development: Commonly cultivated for pharmaceutical raw material.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological Effect/Empirical Uses: Aromatic odor, hot and slightly bitter,
having the character to refresh and to warm, appetite enhancer, and expectorant.
Chemical Content: Rhizome contains essential oil 2-3%, zingiberin, zingiberol, phelandrene,
kamphene, limonene, borneol, sitral, sineol, gingerol, zingeton, carbohydrat 20-60%, oleoresin that
contain zingeron, organic acids, oleoresin, and gingerin.
Uses: Commonly used in traditional medicine.
KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga L.)
Family: Zingiberaceae. Vernacular Name: ken cur (Indonesia), ceuko (Aceh), tekur (Gayo),
kaciwer (Batak), kopuk (Mentawai), cakue (Minangkabau), cokur (Lampung), ken cur (Melayu), cikur
(Sunda), ken cur (Java), kencor (Madura), cekor (Kangean), cekuh (Bali), cekur (Sasak), cekir (Sumba),
sokus (Rote), soku (Bima), ken cur, sukung, sikum (Minahasa), humo poto (Gorontalo), tukulo (Buol),
tadosi (Baree), cakuru (Makassar), ceku (Bugis), asuali, sauleh, sahulu, soul, umpa (Ambon), souro
(Haruku), soulo (Nus a Laut), onegai (Buru), bataka (Ternate, Tidore), ukap (Marind).
Name of Raw Material (Simplisia): Kaempferiae galangae rhizoma.
Geographic Distribution: Mainly found in Sumatera, Java, Bali, Madura, Nusa Tenggara,
Sulawesi, Buru, Ternate, Tidore, Maluku, Halmahera, and Ambon.
Growth and Development: Commonly cultivated for pharmaceutical raw material. Fresh rhizome
harvested up to 3-8 tons/hectare.
Organoleptic and Pharmacological EffectlEmpirical Uses: Specific aroma, slightly hot, slightly
bitter, and gradually causes numb, gives warm feeling; and effective for carminative, anti emetic, and
tonic.
Chemical Content: Rhizome contains essential oil 2.4-3.9%, volatile oil that contain cineol,
kamferin, carbohydrate, resin, sugar, gum, and mineral.
Uses: Commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various discomfort.
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