Outcomes of project BMWI C-PMSE and
ETSI STF386 standardisation work on
cognitive radio technology for PMSE
WM08 - Current and Future Use of Spectrum by PMSE
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Fischer
Institute of Electronics Engineering
Chairman ETSI STF386 on C-PMSE
The Birthplace of mp3
Content
1.
PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
2.
Cognitive Radio Technology
3.
Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
4.
Practical Proof - Demonstration
5.
Spectrum impacts
6.
Conclusions
EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015
2
Speakers Background
Experience
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Fischer (geb. 1965)
1986-1992
Study of Electrical Engineering at RWTH Aachen (Aix La Chapelle)
Focus on Communications , Radio Technology, Field Theory
1993-1996
Research assistant at University of Paderborn
1997
Dr.-Ing. (summa cum laude),
Thesis „Adaptive Antenna Arrays for mobile satellite reception“
1996-2008
Lucent, later Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs Research
Research on Basestation RF Technology
2000 Bell Labs DMTS (Distinguished Member of Technical Staff)
2001 Bell Labs CMTS (Consulting Member of Technical Staff)
Chairman of ETSI SMG2 WPB EDGE
2001-2007
Part time Lecturer at University of Paderborn
April 2008
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Prof. for Electronics Engineering
Research on Cognitive Radio, Frequency Agile Radio, Analog-Digital Balance
Since 2010
ETSI STF 386 Chairman „Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive
interference mitigation techniques for use by PMSE devices”
Since 2010
Reviewer for EC FP7, COST, DFG, NSERC, IWT Flandern, Helmholtz Society
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Speakers Background
Roots of MP3
Chair is the birthplace of mp3 Audio Compression, commercialized by Fraunhofer
Commercialized by
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Speakers Background
Audio Labs
Audio Labs
• A joined activity of Fraunhofer IIS and FAU
• 6 Professors
Campus Radio
Run by students
DRM+ at Shortwave
DAB+
DAB surround
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Founded July 2008
5
1. PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
6
PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
UHF view
What’s going on?
• Digital dividend means that TV spectrum is moved to cellular
• Some people think in future 400…6000 MHz could all be Cellular…
GSM
TV primary, PMSE secondary
UL
DL
f/MHz
470
502
694
Further Digital
Dividend -8%
PSS Public Safety and
Security
e.g. TETRA, PPDR
790
862 880
LTE&TV co-primary
Digital Dividend
-20%
LTE&TV co-primary
Digital Dividend II
-24%
915 925
960
If primary assignment (TV) is lost,
secondary (PMSE) is also
immediately lost
In total 52% Spectrum lost for PMSE!
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Status of assignment
Content
& Event
production
• Production companies
• Need for PMSE
Content
management
• Broadcaster’s
core business!
Content
distribution
•
•
•
•
•
Public address
TV/Radio
Internet
Mediathek
CD/DVD
•
•
•
•
•
Downloads
Internet
Satellite
Cable
Shop...
Situation has changed
• Broadcasters no longer are present throughout the whole business chain
• Broadcasters focus on core business content management
• Broadcasters no longer represent PMSE and Broadcast spectrum inside one institution
Classical Model for PMSE coexistence with Broadcast
no longer works
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Why is PMSE so unique?
Availability
• Drop-outs not acceptable, 100% reliable (!?)
cellular networks intentionally designed for 95% availability
• Historic events cannot be repeated “Daß Ihre Ausreise…(Genscher)”
• No Clicks acceptable, especially in quiet periods (e.g. Digital out of sync…)
Quality
• High quality must be captured in production archive as otherwise it is not possible to
derive the various quality levels in distribution
• Large compression is thus not possible on production, only on distribution
Latency
• The “drummer problem”, roundtrip from wireless mic to wireless IEM should be < 5ms
Telephone 200ms, Cellular 20ms, Satcom 500ms
• Communication theory wise: Information source and information sink are collocated!
Spectrum consumption by PMSE cannot be massively reduced by digitization
Fade margins, headroom needed
Expectations regarding spectrum savings from digitization of PMSE too high
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Wireless links involved
Production
Distribution
wireless
PMSE
wireless
Broadcast
Roundtrip
Latency?
wireless
CD/DVD
wireless
IEM
High Quality Audio
Archive
(Former Master Tape)
Internet
MP3 download
Music streaming
Findings
• Wireless Technology on Production 2x (MIC+IEM)
• Wireless Technology on Distribution
• Large variety of distribution CODECs
• Life productions – it must work reliable!
What’s not captured in the archive cannot be distributed
later!
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Cascade of compression Codecs
Problems
• Cascade of different CODEC (compression schemes) leads to artefacts
• High compression factors come at large delay
• Archive must contain high quality
Link: MIC-mixing-IEM
• Two wireless links involved
• Roundtrip path, total latency critical
• Different codecs would lead to artefacts
Link: MIC-mixing-Distribution
• Two wireless links involved
• Large variety of codecs in distribution
• Different codecs would lead to artefacts
Conclusion
• Use uncompressed plain Audio or near lossless codec on PMSE Mic
• Avoids cascade of lossy codecs (Cellular neither likes cascades of codecs!)
Good reasons for low compression PMSE!
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Wireless links involved – Mobile2Mobile Call
Findings
• Also two wireless Links
• But cellular industry routes compressed
voice throughout the network, avoiding
cascade of two Codecs!
Phone
Compre
ssion
Basestation
Basestation
Controller
Switching
Center
Phone
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
Basestation
Controller
Decompr
ession
Basestation
The cellular industry does not accept two compression
schemes in cascade – why should PMSE?
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Typical data rates and compression factors
Audio Business
• Studio Quality (32 bit at 192 kbit/s)
• Studio Quality (24 bit @ 192 kSa/s)
• CD Quality (16 bit @ 44,1 kSa/s)
• Qobuz Stream (FLAC compressor)
• Digital PMSE
6.1 Mbit/s
4.6 MBit/s
700 kbit/s
≈350 kbit/s
200…400 kbit/s (typ 2:1 till 4:1 compression)
Cellular Business
• GSM raw voice (13 bit @ 8 kSa/s)
• GSM standard voice (FR)
• GSM AMR voice
• UMTS AMR Wideband (HD voice)
104 kbit/s
12.2 kbit/s
4.75 kbit/s (22:1 compression)
23.85 kbit/s (4:1 compression)
For comparison
• CD
• Assuming 10 Tracks
• Download mp3 file
• Effective Compression
500 Mbyte
50 Mbyte per Track
5 Mbyte
10:1
The cellular industry uses 4:1 compression for HD Voice –Why
should PMSE accept more compression for Studio quality?
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Information theoretical view
Model
• Information from information source (microphone) is sent to information sink
(mixing console, archive, distribution, IEM)
• Goal is to minimize transinformation, it defines spectrum need
• Redundancy: we can strip this off without loss of quality
• Irrelevance: Who decides what is irrelevant? Big brother? The receiver should..
• The more irrelevance is identified, the less transinformation, the less spectrum
need…
Redundancy
Information
source
Irrelevance
Transinformation
Information
sink
Error
Spectrum need defined by transinformation
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Information theoretical view
Consequence for PMSE?
• What quality level/compression level is therefore appropriate?
• If an artist exercised details for very long, can we simply strip these details off?
• The more detail rich the performance, the less opportunity for compression…
• Is the excellence by an artist simply irrelevant?
David Gerret, Geigenkünstler
By compression the excellence of artist is shaded to the
listeners (and also not captured in archive…)
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Digital wireless transmission system
Information Source coding Channel Coding
source
Compression
Protection
Channel Sounding
Training sequence
Overhead
Transmitter
Synchronisation
information
Protocol
Signalling
Multiplexer
Digital Transmission comes at the cost of overhead
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Price to pay for digital – overhead with digital
Common misunderstanding
• Digital is better! – wrong!
• It can be better, but it also can be worse, digital just allows for scalable quality
Digital transmission
Raw
data
Coded data
including
overhead
source
coded
data
Channel
coded
data
Digital only pays off if we gain more by compression,
than we pay by overhead
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PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics
Price to pay for digital – overhead with digital
Overhead
• Example VoIP (Voice over IP)
• VoIP=raw voice data x33
Factor 33 overhead !
3% net voice!
What an overhead with VoIP!
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2. Cognitive Radio Technology
Cognitive Radio Technology
Cognitive cycle
Predict
Nonlinear including IM !
Decide
Goal reliable links
Understand
Processing
Act
Observe
New setting of PMSE
frequency & power
Scanning grid
Initialize
Parameter entry
Cognitive cycle runs continuously
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Cognitive Radio Technology
Starting point
Actions performed so far manually
• Cognitive behaviour not totally new, already cognitive manual actions by today
• Initial frequency plan by calculating IM products up to IM5..7
• Spectrum supervision by handheld scanning receivers
• Link Quality supervision by audio engineers listening
• Frequency change by handing new microphone to artist
• Power set in static manner
Consequence
• Move manual actions to automated ones, get more dynamic
Technology assets
• Cognitive engine, proactive and reactive behaviour, analyse trends
• ABT: Link to geolocation database, LBT: Local spectrum sensing grid
• Automatic frequency changes and transmit power control
• Prerequisite: in situ link quality supervision
For analogue PMSE based on FM - C/I equivalent, not signal strength
digital PMSE is not a must for Cognitive-PMSE !
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Cognitive Radio Technology
Architecture standardised and practically proofed
Ask before talk
Listen before talk
Information
acquisition
ETSI STF386
architecture
implemented
and studied
intensively
during BMWI
C-PMSE
Cognitive
PMSE
Standardised architecture for C-PMSE
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3. Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Time Lines
Industry identified need
for new research and
standardisation work
ETSI full
standardisation
Delayed
Start
Phase 1
2009
Start
28. Sept
Experimental Platform
BMWI Research Project C-PMSE
Phase 2
Phase 3
2010
Technical
Report
TR102799
research work
using demo
platform
at own costs
2011
Technical
Report
TR102800
2012
2013
2014 time
Technical
Report
TR102801
Industry trigger - research - proof - standardisation
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Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Objectives
Scope of STF386
• Set by ToR (Terms of reference): “Methods, parameters and test procedures for
cognitive interference mitigation techniques for use by PMSE devices
(Programme Making and Special Events)”
• Purpose: Achieve co-existence of high audio quality PMSE devices using often
a 100% transmitter duty cycle emission profile with victim radio services such
as Services in L-Band or Broadcast Services and future Land Mobile Services
and applications in the UHF frequency range that is currently under
investigation under the “Digital Dividend” discussions in EC, ECC and ETSI
fora.
Aims
• Understand potentials of CR (Cognitive Radio) Technology
• Assess benefits of CR technology with PMSE
• Study spectrum impact
Clear Objective setting with STF
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ETProjects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Deliverables
Phase 1 deliverable - Technical Report ETSI TR 102 799
• “Operation methods and principles for spectrum access systems
and quality control of used spectrum for PMSE technologies
utilising cognitive interference mitigation techniques”
• Describes main architectural concepts and procedures

Phase 2 deliverable - Technical Report ETSI TS 102 800
• “Protocols for spectrum access and sound quality control systems
using cognitive interference mitigation techniques”
• Describes recommended spectrum access technique

Phase 3 deliverable - Technical Report ETSI TR 102 801
• “Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive
interference mitigation techniques for use by PMSE devices”
• Contains architecture and interface definitions and test procedures

Official Standards Documents generated
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Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Experts
Dr. Sven Dortmund
(UNI Bochum)
Edgar Reihl P.E.
(Shure US)
Wolfgang Bilz
(Shure EU)
Chairman
Clemens Kunert
(IRT)
Prof.Dr. Georg Fischer
(UNI ErlangenNürnberg)
Chairman
Dr. Radu Circa
(Bosch conference
systems)
Artur Nalobin
(UNI Bochum)
Matthias Fehr
(APWPT)
Johannes Brendel
(UNI ErlangenNürnberg)
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Dr. Axel Schmidt
(Sennheiser) Dr. Maria Dolores
Perez-Guario
(UNI Hannover)
Dr. Andreas Wilzeck
(Wisesense)
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Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Experts
Industry
• Shure: Wolfgang Bilz (EU), Edgar Reihl (US)
• Sennheiser: Dr. Axel Schmidt
• Bosch: Dr. Radu Circa
SME
• WiseSense: Dr. Andreas Wilzeck
Research Institute
• IRT: Clemens Kunert
Academia
• University of Hannover:
Dr. Maria-Dolores Perez-Guario
• Ruhr University Bochum:
Dr. Sven Dortmund, Artur Nalobin
• FAU, University of Erlangen Nürnberg:
Prof. Dr. Georg Fischer, Johannes Brendel
Association
• APWPT: Matthias Fehr
Solid commitment from industry and research side
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Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Project overview
Project Overview
• Duration 26 month, April 2011 - May 2013.
• 9 partners from industry, research institutes and universities.
• Budget about 7.5 million EUR.
• funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and
Technology (BMWi)
• Project keeper German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne
• Goal: The project goal is the design, development, test and
research on a cognitive PMSE system which provides cooperative
coexistence with other C-PMSE systems, white space devices,
broadcasting and mobile radio
• Basic requirements are automation of the frequency utilization
within the assigned frequency spectrum, securing a coordinated
coexistence of different user in the same frequency range and
efficient frequency utilization.
Research funds from BMWI – Thanks!
ETSI ERM #54, STF386
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Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE
Project objectives
Project Objectives
• R&D on the cognitive system and procedures for PMSE by
development of system components, like antennas, scan receiver,
scan controller, cognitive engine, data base and so on, measurementand test procedures as well as channel-, interference- and coexisting
models as reference for the standardization and regulation activities.
• Setting up a field trial platform for cognitive PMSE applications at the
fair grounds of Messe Berlin, technical and economical proof of
concept of the cognitive methods for PMSE and realizing an open
and modular R&D platform for future research.
• Supporting frequency regulation and standardization by setting up a
forum to discuss and prioritize necessary actions concerning
cognitive PMSE on national, European and worldwide level as well as
active collaboration with ITU, ETSI, CEPT and Bundesnetzagentur by
using the project results and the preparatory work of the Special Task
Force ETSI STF 386.
From Research to Standardisation & Regulation
ETSI ERM #54, STF386
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4. Practical Proof - Demonstration
31
Practical Proof - Demonstration
Location for demonstration
Location
• Messe Berlin
• Installation date 15.-17. April 2013
• Scanning grid with 21 low cost scanners
spread over halls 18/19/20/Palais
Practical proof of cognitive PMSE
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Practical Proof - Demonstration
Scanning grid
Scanning receivers (SCR)
Scanning subsystem (SCS)
• 21 Scanning Receiver with antennas,
• 1 Scanning controller with database
• Demonstration Monitor
• Scanning band 718-790 MHz every 800ms
J. Brendel testing Scanning receivers
Scanning controller (SCS)
Broadband
Scanning antennas
Low cost Scanning Grid feasible
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Practical Proof - Demonstration
What was demonstrated?
Public Demonstrations
• Public demo on 29th April 2013
• Presentation of the C-PMSE Research Platform
• Short presentation on components and functions
Functionalities demonstrated
• Automatic System Setup and Configuration
• Spectrum Scanning
• Signal Classifications
• Operation Modes (legacy versus cognitive)
• Performance Monitor
• Link Quality Indicator for Analogue FM links
What was demonstrated?
• Walk around equipped halls with PMSE Microphone
• Change of frequency and transmit power due to Interference
Practical proof of C-PMSE successful
C-PMSE presented to the public
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5. Spectrum impacts
35
Spectrum impacts
Results of studies
C-PMSE Technology
• It can only overcome interference scenarios
• But it can not provide additional PMSE capacity
• Will not allow to operate more PMSE links in a given spectrum
Wireless data trend
• Wireless data is growing exponentially, doubling every year (CISCO)
• Spectrum grant only grows linearly – Gap!
• Assigning more spectrum to cellular is not a sustainable approach
Way Out
• Assign primary PMSE Spectrum – “Creative spectrum”
• Stimulate more research in robust PMSE transmission technology, e.g. statistical
multiplex and dynamic link adaptation, considering also spatial sound
• Provide stable long term frame conditions for PMSE – need by industry and users
“Creative spectrum” with PMSE primary is the way out
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Spectrum impacts
Cellular spectrum assignment and wireless data growth
per month
It is impossible to serve an exponential data growth by
linear spectrum assignment!
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6. Conclusions
38
Conclusions
Based on research findings
PMSE Characteristics
• Unique properties (Latency, quality, availability, drop outs, clicks, compression
• PMSE spectrum going down massively
• Spectrum Sharing with other secondary status devices problematic, e.g. WSD
• High operational SNR necessary to provide quality, thus more vulnerable to interference
Cognitive PMSE
• Prepared by ETSI STF386, demonstrator implemented in BMWI C-PMSE
• Successful public demo at Messe Berlin
• C-PMSE can only improve availability and can mitigate interference, but cannot provide
spectral capacity gains, the dilemma of secondary status remains
• PMSE digitalization is not a must for C-PMSE
Digitization
• Compression also present in Analog through Compander, not new
• Spectral benefits of Digitization only present with high compression
• Large Overhead with Digital
• Cascade of different compression schemes leads to artefacts
“Creative Spectrum”
• A dedicated long term assigned primary spectrum for PMSE is needed
• This will stimulate innovative research
• RF Improvements on Sensitivity, selectivity, IM robustness only provide marginal gains
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