Outcomes of project BMWI C-PMSE and ETSI STF386 standardisation work on cognitive radio technology for PMSE WM08 - Current and Future Use of Spectrum by PMSE Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Fischer Institute of Electronics Engineering Chairman ETSI STF386 on C-PMSE The Birthplace of mp3 Content 1. PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics 2. Cognitive Radio Technology 3. Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE 4. Practical Proof - Demonstration 5. Spectrum impacts 6. Conclusions EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 2 Speakers Background Experience Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Fischer (geb. 1965) 1986-1992 Study of Electrical Engineering at RWTH Aachen (Aix La Chapelle) Focus on Communications , Radio Technology, Field Theory 1993-1996 Research assistant at University of Paderborn 1997 Dr.-Ing. (summa cum laude), Thesis „Adaptive Antenna Arrays for mobile satellite reception“ 1996-2008 Lucent, later Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs Research Research on Basestation RF Technology 2000 Bell Labs DMTS (Distinguished Member of Technical Staff) 2001 Bell Labs CMTS (Consulting Member of Technical Staff) Chairman of ETSI SMG2 WPB EDGE 2001-2007 Part time Lecturer at University of Paderborn April 2008 University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Prof. for Electronics Engineering Research on Cognitive Radio, Frequency Agile Radio, Analog-Digital Balance Since 2010 ETSI STF 386 Chairman „Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive interference mitigation techniques for use by PMSE devices” Since 2010 Reviewer for EC FP7, COST, DFG, NSERC, IWT Flandern, Helmholtz Society EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 3 Speakers Background Roots of MP3 Chair is the birthplace of mp3 Audio Compression, commercialized by Fraunhofer Commercialized by EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 4 Speakers Background Audio Labs Audio Labs • A joined activity of Fraunhofer IIS and FAU • 6 Professors Campus Radio Run by students DRM+ at Shortwave DAB+ DAB surround EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 Founded July 2008 5 1. PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics 6 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics UHF view What’s going on? • Digital dividend means that TV spectrum is moved to cellular • Some people think in future 400…6000 MHz could all be Cellular… GSM TV primary, PMSE secondary UL DL f/MHz 470 502 694 Further Digital Dividend -8% PSS Public Safety and Security e.g. TETRA, PPDR 790 862 880 LTE&TV co-primary Digital Dividend -20% LTE&TV co-primary Digital Dividend II -24% 915 925 960 If primary assignment (TV) is lost, secondary (PMSE) is also immediately lost In total 52% Spectrum lost for PMSE! EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 7 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Status of assignment Content & Event production • Production companies • Need for PMSE Content management • Broadcaster’s core business! Content distribution • • • • • Public address TV/Radio Internet Mediathek CD/DVD • • • • • Downloads Internet Satellite Cable Shop... Situation has changed • Broadcasters no longer are present throughout the whole business chain • Broadcasters focus on core business content management • Broadcasters no longer represent PMSE and Broadcast spectrum inside one institution Classical Model for PMSE coexistence with Broadcast no longer works EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 8 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Why is PMSE so unique? Availability • Drop-outs not acceptable, 100% reliable (!?) cellular networks intentionally designed for 95% availability • Historic events cannot be repeated “Daß Ihre Ausreise…(Genscher)” • No Clicks acceptable, especially in quiet periods (e.g. Digital out of sync…) Quality • High quality must be captured in production archive as otherwise it is not possible to derive the various quality levels in distribution • Large compression is thus not possible on production, only on distribution Latency • The “drummer problem”, roundtrip from wireless mic to wireless IEM should be < 5ms Telephone 200ms, Cellular 20ms, Satcom 500ms • Communication theory wise: Information source and information sink are collocated! Spectrum consumption by PMSE cannot be massively reduced by digitization Fade margins, headroom needed Expectations regarding spectrum savings from digitization of PMSE too high EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 9 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Wireless links involved Production Distribution wireless PMSE wireless Broadcast Roundtrip Latency? wireless CD/DVD wireless IEM High Quality Audio Archive (Former Master Tape) Internet MP3 download Music streaming Findings • Wireless Technology on Production 2x (MIC+IEM) • Wireless Technology on Distribution • Large variety of distribution CODECs • Life productions – it must work reliable! What’s not captured in the archive cannot be distributed later! EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 10 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Cascade of compression Codecs Problems • Cascade of different CODEC (compression schemes) leads to artefacts • High compression factors come at large delay • Archive must contain high quality Link: MIC-mixing-IEM • Two wireless links involved • Roundtrip path, total latency critical • Different codecs would lead to artefacts Link: MIC-mixing-Distribution • Two wireless links involved • Large variety of codecs in distribution • Different codecs would lead to artefacts Conclusion • Use uncompressed plain Audio or near lossless codec on PMSE Mic • Avoids cascade of lossy codecs (Cellular neither likes cascades of codecs!) Good reasons for low compression PMSE! EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 11 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Wireless links involved – Mobile2Mobile Call Findings • Also two wireless Links • But cellular industry routes compressed voice throughout the network, avoiding cascade of two Codecs! Phone Compre ssion Basestation Basestation Controller Switching Center Phone Public Switched Telephone Network Basestation Controller Decompr ession Basestation The cellular industry does not accept two compression schemes in cascade – why should PMSE? EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 12 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Typical data rates and compression factors Audio Business • Studio Quality (32 bit at 192 kbit/s) • Studio Quality (24 bit @ 192 kSa/s) • CD Quality (16 bit @ 44,1 kSa/s) • Qobuz Stream (FLAC compressor) • Digital PMSE 6.1 Mbit/s 4.6 MBit/s 700 kbit/s ≈350 kbit/s 200…400 kbit/s (typ 2:1 till 4:1 compression) Cellular Business • GSM raw voice (13 bit @ 8 kSa/s) • GSM standard voice (FR) • GSM AMR voice • UMTS AMR Wideband (HD voice) 104 kbit/s 12.2 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s (22:1 compression) 23.85 kbit/s (4:1 compression) For comparison • CD • Assuming 10 Tracks • Download mp3 file • Effective Compression 500 Mbyte 50 Mbyte per Track 5 Mbyte 10:1 The cellular industry uses 4:1 compression for HD Voice –Why should PMSE accept more compression for Studio quality? EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 13 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Information theoretical view Model • Information from information source (microphone) is sent to information sink (mixing console, archive, distribution, IEM) • Goal is to minimize transinformation, it defines spectrum need • Redundancy: we can strip this off without loss of quality • Irrelevance: Who decides what is irrelevant? Big brother? The receiver should.. • The more irrelevance is identified, the less transinformation, the less spectrum need… Redundancy Information source Irrelevance Transinformation Information sink Error Spectrum need defined by transinformation EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 14 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Information theoretical view Consequence for PMSE? • What quality level/compression level is therefore appropriate? • If an artist exercised details for very long, can we simply strip these details off? • The more detail rich the performance, the less opportunity for compression… • Is the excellence by an artist simply irrelevant? David Gerret, Geigenkünstler By compression the excellence of artist is shaded to the listeners (and also not captured in archive…) EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 15 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Digital wireless transmission system Information Source coding Channel Coding source Compression Protection Channel Sounding Training sequence Overhead Transmitter Synchronisation information Protocol Signalling Multiplexer Digital Transmission comes at the cost of overhead EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 16 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Price to pay for digital – overhead with digital Common misunderstanding • Digital is better! – wrong! • It can be better, but it also can be worse, digital just allows for scalable quality Digital transmission Raw data Coded data including overhead source coded data Channel coded data Digital only pays off if we gain more by compression, than we pay by overhead EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 17 PMSE Spectrum Situation and Specifics Price to pay for digital – overhead with digital Overhead • Example VoIP (Voice over IP) • VoIP=raw voice data x33 Factor 33 overhead ! 3% net voice! What an overhead with VoIP! 18 2. Cognitive Radio Technology Cognitive Radio Technology Cognitive cycle Predict Nonlinear including IM ! Decide Goal reliable links Understand Processing Act Observe New setting of PMSE frequency & power Scanning grid Initialize Parameter entry Cognitive cycle runs continuously EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 20 Cognitive Radio Technology Starting point Actions performed so far manually • Cognitive behaviour not totally new, already cognitive manual actions by today • Initial frequency plan by calculating IM products up to IM5..7 • Spectrum supervision by handheld scanning receivers • Link Quality supervision by audio engineers listening • Frequency change by handing new microphone to artist • Power set in static manner Consequence • Move manual actions to automated ones, get more dynamic Technology assets • Cognitive engine, proactive and reactive behaviour, analyse trends • ABT: Link to geolocation database, LBT: Local spectrum sensing grid • Automatic frequency changes and transmit power control • Prerequisite: in situ link quality supervision For analogue PMSE based on FM - C/I equivalent, not signal strength digital PMSE is not a must for Cognitive-PMSE ! EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 21 Cognitive Radio Technology Architecture standardised and practically proofed Ask before talk Listen before talk Information acquisition ETSI STF386 architecture implemented and studied intensively during BMWI C-PMSE Cognitive PMSE Standardised architecture for C-PMSE EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 22 3. Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Time Lines Industry identified need for new research and standardisation work ETSI full standardisation Delayed Start Phase 1 2009 Start 28. Sept Experimental Platform BMWI Research Project C-PMSE Phase 2 Phase 3 2010 Technical Report TR102799 research work using demo platform at own costs 2011 Technical Report TR102800 2012 2013 2014 time Technical Report TR102801 Industry trigger - research - proof - standardisation EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 24 Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Objectives Scope of STF386 • Set by ToR (Terms of reference): “Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive interference mitigation techniques for use by PMSE devices (Programme Making and Special Events)” • Purpose: Achieve co-existence of high audio quality PMSE devices using often a 100% transmitter duty cycle emission profile with victim radio services such as Services in L-Band or Broadcast Services and future Land Mobile Services and applications in the UHF frequency range that is currently under investigation under the “Digital Dividend” discussions in EC, ECC and ETSI fora. Aims • Understand potentials of CR (Cognitive Radio) Technology • Assess benefits of CR technology with PMSE • Study spectrum impact Clear Objective setting with STF EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 25 ETProjects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Deliverables Phase 1 deliverable - Technical Report ETSI TR 102 799 • “Operation methods and principles for spectrum access systems and quality control of used spectrum for PMSE technologies utilising cognitive interference mitigation techniques” • Describes main architectural concepts and procedures Phase 2 deliverable - Technical Report ETSI TS 102 800 • “Protocols for spectrum access and sound quality control systems using cognitive interference mitigation techniques” • Describes recommended spectrum access technique Phase 3 deliverable - Technical Report ETSI TR 102 801 • “Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive interference mitigation techniques for use by PMSE devices” • Contains architecture and interface definitions and test procedures Official Standards Documents generated EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 26 Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Experts Dr. Sven Dortmund (UNI Bochum) Edgar Reihl P.E. (Shure US) Wolfgang Bilz (Shure EU) Chairman Clemens Kunert (IRT) Prof.Dr. Georg Fischer (UNI ErlangenNürnberg) Chairman Dr. Radu Circa (Bosch conference systems) Artur Nalobin (UNI Bochum) Matthias Fehr (APWPT) Johannes Brendel (UNI ErlangenNürnberg) EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 Dr. Axel Schmidt (Sennheiser) Dr. Maria Dolores Perez-Guario (UNI Hannover) Dr. Andreas Wilzeck (Wisesense) 27 Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Experts Industry • Shure: Wolfgang Bilz (EU), Edgar Reihl (US) • Sennheiser: Dr. Axel Schmidt • Bosch: Dr. Radu Circa SME • WiseSense: Dr. Andreas Wilzeck Research Institute • IRT: Clemens Kunert Academia • University of Hannover: Dr. Maria-Dolores Perez-Guario • Ruhr University Bochum: Dr. Sven Dortmund, Artur Nalobin • FAU, University of Erlangen Nürnberg: Prof. Dr. Georg Fischer, Johannes Brendel Association • APWPT: Matthias Fehr Solid commitment from industry and research side EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 28 Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Project overview Project Overview • Duration 26 month, April 2011 - May 2013. • 9 partners from industry, research institutes and universities. • Budget about 7.5 million EUR. • funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) • Project keeper German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne • Goal: The project goal is the design, development, test and research on a cognitive PMSE system which provides cooperative coexistence with other C-PMSE systems, white space devices, broadcasting and mobile radio • Basic requirements are automation of the frequency utilization within the assigned frequency spectrum, securing a coordinated coexistence of different user in the same frequency range and efficient frequency utilization. Research funds from BMWI – Thanks! ETSI ERM #54, STF386 29 Projects ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE Project objectives Project Objectives • R&D on the cognitive system and procedures for PMSE by development of system components, like antennas, scan receiver, scan controller, cognitive engine, data base and so on, measurementand test procedures as well as channel-, interference- and coexisting models as reference for the standardization and regulation activities. • Setting up a field trial platform for cognitive PMSE applications at the fair grounds of Messe Berlin, technical and economical proof of concept of the cognitive methods for PMSE and realizing an open and modular R&D platform for future research. • Supporting frequency regulation and standardization by setting up a forum to discuss and prioritize necessary actions concerning cognitive PMSE on national, European and worldwide level as well as active collaboration with ITU, ETSI, CEPT and Bundesnetzagentur by using the project results and the preparatory work of the Special Task Force ETSI STF 386. From Research to Standardisation & Regulation ETSI ERM #54, STF386 30 4. Practical Proof - Demonstration 31 Practical Proof - Demonstration Location for demonstration Location • Messe Berlin • Installation date 15.-17. April 2013 • Scanning grid with 21 low cost scanners spread over halls 18/19/20/Palais Practical proof of cognitive PMSE EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 32 Practical Proof - Demonstration Scanning grid Scanning receivers (SCR) Scanning subsystem (SCS) • 21 Scanning Receiver with antennas, • 1 Scanning controller with database • Demonstration Monitor • Scanning band 718-790 MHz every 800ms J. Brendel testing Scanning receivers Scanning controller (SCS) Broadband Scanning antennas Low cost Scanning Grid feasible EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 33 Practical Proof - Demonstration What was demonstrated? Public Demonstrations • Public demo on 29th April 2013 • Presentation of the C-PMSE Research Platform • Short presentation on components and functions Functionalities demonstrated • Automatic System Setup and Configuration • Spectrum Scanning • Signal Classifications • Operation Modes (legacy versus cognitive) • Performance Monitor • Link Quality Indicator for Analogue FM links What was demonstrated? • Walk around equipped halls with PMSE Microphone • Change of frequency and transmit power due to Interference Practical proof of C-PMSE successful C-PMSE presented to the public EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 34 5. Spectrum impacts 35 Spectrum impacts Results of studies C-PMSE Technology • It can only overcome interference scenarios • But it can not provide additional PMSE capacity • Will not allow to operate more PMSE links in a given spectrum Wireless data trend • Wireless data is growing exponentially, doubling every year (CISCO) • Spectrum grant only grows linearly – Gap! • Assigning more spectrum to cellular is not a sustainable approach Way Out • Assign primary PMSE Spectrum – “Creative spectrum” • Stimulate more research in robust PMSE transmission technology, e.g. statistical multiplex and dynamic link adaptation, considering also spatial sound • Provide stable long term frame conditions for PMSE – need by industry and users “Creative spectrum” with PMSE primary is the way out EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 36 Spectrum impacts Cellular spectrum assignment and wireless data growth per month It is impossible to serve an exponential data growth by linear spectrum assignment! EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 37 6. Conclusions 38 Conclusions Based on research findings PMSE Characteristics • Unique properties (Latency, quality, availability, drop outs, clicks, compression • PMSE spectrum going down massively • Spectrum Sharing with other secondary status devices problematic, e.g. WSD • High operational SNR necessary to provide quality, thus more vulnerable to interference Cognitive PMSE • Prepared by ETSI STF386, demonstrator implemented in BMWI C-PMSE • Successful public demo at Messe Berlin • C-PMSE can only improve availability and can mitigate interference, but cannot provide spectral capacity gains, the dilemma of secondary status remains • PMSE digitalization is not a must for C-PMSE Digitization • Compression also present in Analog through Compander, not new • Spectral benefits of Digitization only present with high compression • Large Overhead with Digital • Cascade of different compression schemes leads to artefacts “Creative Spectrum” • A dedicated long term assigned primary spectrum for PMSE is needed • This will stimulate innovative research • RF Improvements on Sensitivity, selectivity, IM robustness only provide marginal gains EUMW2015, Paris, 7th Sept. 2015 39