Updated February 2014
Pretrial Justice Bibliography
The Pretrial Justice Institute, in collaboration with members of the Pretrial
Justice Working Group, has attempted to compile an exhaustive bibliography
of publications related to pretrial justice. If you notice we are missing an
important publication or you know of a new item to add to the bibliography,
please let us know by emailing Bryan Taylor (bryan@pretrial.org).
Abrams, D. S., & Rohlfs, C. (2011). Optimal bail and the value of freedom: Evidence from the
Philadelphia Bail Experiment. Economic Inquiry, 49(3), 750–770.
Ackerman, A.R., & Sacks, M. (2012). Bail and Sentencing: Does Pretrial Detention Lead to
Harsher Punishment? Criminal Justice Policy Review, 25(1), 59-77.
Albonetti, C.A. (1989). Bail and judicial discretion in the District of Columbia. Sociology and
Social Research, 74:40–45.
Albonetti, C.A., Hauser R.A., Hagan, J., & Nagel, I.H. (1989). Criminal justice decision making
as a stratification process: The role of race and stratification resources in pretrial
release. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 5:57–82.
Alexander, G., Glass, M., Roberts J. W., Palermo J. S., & Sturz A. (1958). A study of
administration of bail in New York City. University of Pennsylvania Law
Review, 106:693–730.
Allan, A., Allan, M. M., Giles, M., Drake, D., & Froyland, I. (2005). An observational study of
bail decision-making. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 12(2), 319–333.
Allington, T. B. (1970). Preventive detention of the accused before trial. University of Kansas
Law Review, 19,109–124.
Alschuler, A. W. (1986). Preventive pretrial detention and the failure of interest-balancing
approaches to due process. Michigan Law Review, 85, 510–569.
American Bar Association. (2007). Standards relating to pretrial release (2nd ed.).
Washington, D.C.
American Civil Liberties Union. (2012). Public Safety Realignment: California at a Crossroads.
American Council of Chief Defenders. (2011). Policy statement on fair and effective pretrial
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justice practices.
American Jail Association. (2010). American Jail Association resolution on pretrial justice.
American Probation and Parole Association. (2010). Resolution: pretrial supervision.
American Probation and Parole Association & Pretrial Justice Institute. (2011). Promising
practices in providing pretrial services functions within probation agencies. Washington,
DC.
Angel, A., Green E., Kaufman H., & Loon E. V. (1971). Preventive detention: An empirical
analysis. Harvard Civil Rights, Civil Liberties Law Review, 6:301–396.
Appleman, L. (2012). Justice in the Shadowlands: Pretrial Detention, Punishment, & the Sixth
Amendment. Forthcoming Washington and Lee Law Review (2013).
Ares, C. E., Rankin, A., & Sturz, H. (1963). The Manhattan Bail Project: An interim report on
the use of pre-trial parole. New York University Law Review, 38, 67–95.
Arthur, K.F. (1987). Comment: Preventive detention: Liberty in the balance. Maryland Law
Review, 46:378–407.
Association of Prosecuting Attorneys. (2011). Policy statement on pretrial justice.
Austin, J. (2012). Evaluation of Broward County Jail Population Current Trends and
Recommended Options.
Austin, J., Bhati, A., Jones, M. R., & Ocker, R. (2012). Florida Pretrial Risk Assessment
Instrument. Washington, DC: The JFA Institute.
Austin, J., Krisberg, B, & Litsky, P. (1985a). The effectiveness of supervised pretrial release.
Crime Law Review, 46(5), 987–1047.
Austin, J., Krisberg, B, & Litsky, P. (1985b). The effectiveness of supervised pretrial release.
Crime & Delinquency, 31(4), 519-537.
Austin, J., Ocker, R. and Bhati, A. (2010). Kentucky pretrial risk assessment instrument
validation. Washington, DC: The JFA Institute.
Ayres, I., & Waldfogel, J. (1994). A market test for race discrimination in bail setting. Stanford
& Delinquency, 31(4), 519-537.
Bak, T. (2002). Pretrial Release Behavior of Defendants Whom the U.S. Attorney Wished to
Detain. Am. J. Crim. L., 30, 45–74.
Ball, J. D., & Bostaph, L. G. (2009). He versus she: A gender-specific analysis of legal and
extralegal effects on pretrial release for felony defendants. Women & Criminal Justice,
19(2), 95–119.
Baradaran, S. & McIntyre, F. (2012). Predicting Violence. Texas Law Review, 90(497), 497-570.
Bartlett, D. A. (2012). The War on Public Safety: A Critical Analysis of The Justice Policy
Institute’s Proposal for Bail Reform. American Bail Coalition.
Bechtel, K., Clark, J., Jones, M.R., & Levin, D.J. (2012). Dispelling the Myths: What Policy
Makers Need to Know About Pretrial Research. Washington, DC: Pretrial Justice
Institute.
Bechtel, K., Clark, J., Jones, M.R., & Levin, D.J. (2012). Dispelling the Myths: What Policy
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Makers Need to Know About Pretrial Research (Executive Summary). Washington, DC:
Pretrial Justice Institute.
Bechtel, K., Lowenkamp, C., & Holsinger, A. (2011). Identifying the predictors of pretrial
failure: A meta-analysis. Federal Probation, 75(2).
Beeley, A. (1927). The bail system in Chicago. University of Chicago Press; reprinted, Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Berg, K.F. (1985). The Bail Reform Act of 1984. Emory Law Journal, 34:685–740.
Bhati, A. & Clark, J. (2011). Development of a validated risk assessment instrument for the
Maricopa County adult probation pretrial services division. Washington, DC: Pretrial
Justice Institute.
Bickle, G. S., & Peterson, R. D. (1991). The impact of gender-based family roles on criminal
sentencing. Social Problems, 38(3), 372–394.
Block, M. (2005). The Effectiveness and Cost of Secured and Unsecured Pretrial Release in
California’s Large Urban Counties: 1990-2000.
Borman, P. (1971). The selling of preventive detention. Northwestern Law Review, 65–66:879–
936.
Bornstein, B.H., Tomkins, A.J., & Neeley, E.M. (2011). Reducing Courts Failure to Appear
Rate: A Procedural Justice Approach.
Bornstein, B.H., Tomkins, A.J., Neeley, E.M., Herian, M.N., & Hamm, J.A. (2012). Reducing
Courts’ Failure-to-Appear Rate by Written Reminders. Psychology, Public Policy, and
Law.
Bradford, S. (2012). For Better or For Profit: How the Bail Bonding Industry Stands in the Way
of Fair and Effective Pretrial Justice. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute.
Bradford, S. (2012). For Better or For Profit: How the Bail Bonding Industry Stands in the Way
of Fair and Effective Pretrial Justice (Executive Summary). Washington, DC: Justice
Policy Institute.
Britt, C. L., Gottfredson, M. R., & Goldkamp, J. S. (1992). Drug testing and pretrial misconduct:
an experiment on the specific deterrent effects of drug monitoring defendants on pretrial
release. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 29(1), 62-78
Brown, R. A., & Frank, J. (2005). Police-citizen encounters and field citations: Do encounter
characteristics influence ticketing? Policing: An International Journal of Police
Strategies & Management, 28(3), 435–454.
Bureau of Justice Assistance. (2012). National symposium on pretrial justice: summary report of
proceedings, Washington, DC.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2008). Pretrial Release of Felony Defendants in State Courts.
Cadigan, T.P. (1993). Technology and Pretrial Services. Federal Probation, 57(2), 48-53.
Cadigan, T.P. (2003). Moving Towards a Federal Criminal Justice “System”. Federal
Probation, 67(2), 61-63.
Cadigan, T.P. (2004). Instituting a “Reentry” Focus in the Federal Probation System. Federal
Probation, 68(2), 36-39.
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Cadigan, T.P. (2007). Introduction to Special Issue on the 25th Anniversary of Pretrial Services
in the Federal System. Federal Probation, 71(2), 1.
Cadigan, T.P. (2007). Pretrial Services in the Federal System: Impact of the Pretrial Act of
1982. Federal Probation, 71(2), 10-15.
Cadigan, T.P. (2008). Evidence-based Practices in Federal Pretrial Services. Federal Probation,
72(2), 87-90.
Cadigan, T.P. (2008). Introduction to Special Issue on Assessing Pretrial Risk in the Federal
Courts. Federal Probation, 73(2), 2.
Cadigan, T.P. (2009). Implementing Evidence-Based Practices in Federal Pretrial Services.
Federal Probation, 73(2), 30-32.
Cadigan, T.P. (2009). Introduction to Special Issue on Assessing Pretrial Risk in the Federal
Courts. Federal Probation, 73(2), 2.
Cadigan, T.P. (2012). Introduction to Federal Probation’s Special Focus on the 30th Anniversary
of the Passage of the Pretrial Services Act of 1982. Federal Probation, 76(2), 2.
Cadigan, T.P. (2012). The Eastern District of Michigan: How Does It Consistently Achieve
High Release Rates? Federal Probation, 76(2), 15-20.
Cadigan, T.P., Johnson, J.L., & Lowenkamp, C.T. (2012). The Re-validation of the Federal
Pretrial Services Risk Assessment (PTRA). Federal Probation, 76(2), 3-9.
Cadigan, T.P., & Lowenkamp, C.T. (2011). Implementing Risk Assessment in the Federal
Pretrial Services System. Federal Probation, 75(2), 30-34.
Cadigan, T.P., & Lowenkamp, C.T. (2011). Preentry: The Key to Long-Term Criminal Justice
Success? Federal Probation, 75(2), 74-77.
California Forward. (2012). Pretrial Detention & Community Supervision: Best Practices and
Resources for California Counties.
Center for Court Innovation, & NPC Research. (2013). Testing the Cost Savings of Judicial
Diversion. New York.
Center for Criminology and Public Policy Research. (2010). Validation of the COMPAS Risk
Assessment Classification Instrument.
Center for Health and Justice at TASC. (2013). A National Survey of Criminal Justice Diversion
Programs and Initiatives
Chettiar, I., Eisen, L., Fortier, N., & Ross, T. (2013) Reforming Funding to Reduce Mass
Incarceration. New York: Brennan Center for Justice.
Chung, J. (2012). Bailing on Baltimore: Voices from the Front Lines of the Justice System.
Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute.
Clark, J. (2008a). A framework for implementing evidence-based practices in pretrial services.
Topics in Community Corrections. Washington, DC, Pretrial Justice Institute.
Clark, J. (2008b). Development of tribal codes for pretrial release decision making. Washington,
DC, Pretrial Justice Institute.
Clark, J. (2009). The state of the knowledge of pretrial release decision-making in tribal
jurisdictions: closing the knowledge gap. Journal of Court Innovation 2(2), 297-327.
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Clark, J. (2010). The impact of money bail on jail bed usage. American Jails, July/August 2010.
Clark, J., & Henry, D. A. (1997). The pretrial release decision. Judicature, 81(2), 76–81.
Clark, J. & Henry, D. A. (2002). The nexus between ineffective pretrial services and jail
crowding. In Griller, G. & Stott, E. K. (ed.) The improvement of the administration of
justice, Oak Park, Illinois: Fallahay Publishing Services, 365-372.
Clarke, S. H., Freeman J. L., & Kock G. G. (1976). Bail risk: A multivariate analysis. Journal of
Legal Studies, 5:341–386.
Cohen, T. (2008). Commercial Surety Bail and the Problem of Missed Court Appearances and
Pretrial Detention. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. US Department of Justice, Office
of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Cohen, T.H. (2012). Pretrial Release and Misconduct in Federal District Courts, 2008-2010.
Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice
Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Cohen, T.H. & Kyckelhahn, T. (2010). State Court Processing Statistics Data Limitations.
Cohen, T.H. & Reaves, B. (2007). Pretrial Release of Felony Defendants in State Courts.
Cohen, T. H., & Reaves, B. (2010). Felony defendants in large urban counties, 2006. Bureau of
Justice Statistics Bulletin. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau
of Justice Statistics.
Cohen, T.H. (2013). Pretrial Detention and Misconduct in Federal District Courts, 1995-2010.
US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Colbert, D. L. (2011). Prosecution without representation. Buffalo Law Review, 59(2), 333–453.
Colbert, D. L., Paternoster, R., & Bushway, S. (2001). Do attorneys really matter? The empirical
and legal case for the right of counsel at Bail. Cardozo L. Rev., 23, 1719–1794.
Commonwealth of Kentucky, Department of Public Advocacy. Kentucky Pretrial Release
Manual. The Advocate.
Conference of Chief Justices. (2013). Resolution 3: Endorsing the Conference of State Court
Administrators Policy Paper on Evidence-Based Pretrial Release.
Council for Court Excellence. (2013). Clarifying the Post-Arrest Process in the District of
Columbia: Report, Recommendations, and Proposed Legislation. Washington, D.C.
D’Alessio, S.J., & Stolzenberg, L. (2002). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between labor
surplus and pretrial incarceration. Social Problems, 49:178–193.
De Haas, Elsa, Antiquities of Bail: Origin and Historical Development in Criminal Cases to the
Year 1275, (reprint AMS Press, Inc. 1966)(1940)
Demuth, S. (2003). Racial and ethnic differences in pretrial release decisions and outcomes: a
comparison of Hispanic, black, and white felony arrestees. Criminology, 41(3).
Demuth, S., & Steffensmeier, D. (2004). The impact of gender and race-ethnicity in the pretrial
release process. Social Problems, 51(2), 222–242.
Department of Justice. (1965). National conference on bail and criminal justice:
proceedings and interim report. Washington, DC.
Department of Public Policy. (2008). The Advocate: on Pretrial.
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Devine, F. E. (1991). Commercial bail bonding: a comparison of common law alternatives, New
York: Praeger Publishers.
Devine, F. E. (1994). How American commercial bail developed differently from other common
law countries. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 18(2),
265-276.
Dhami, M. K. (2004). Conditional bail decision making in the Magistrates’ Court. The Howard
Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(1), 27–46.
Dhami, M. K. (2005). From discretion to disagreement: Explaining disparities in judges’ pretrial
decisions. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 23(3), 367–386.
Dill, F. (1975). Discretion, exchange and social control: bail bondsmen in criminal courts. Law
& Society Review, 9(4), 639-674.
Donat, G.J. (2012). I’m Embarassed. Journal of the Indiana State Bar Association.
Dressel, W.F., & Mahoney, B. Pretrial Justice in Criminal Cases: Judges’ Perspectives on Key
Issues and Opportunities for Improvement. The National Judicial College.
Duket, W.F. (1977-1978). The Right to Bail: A Historical Inquiry. Albany Law Review, 42:33,
33-120).
Eckberg, D (2006). Fourth Judicial District Pretrial Evaluation: Scale Validation Study.
Erez, E., Ibarra, P.R., Bales, W.D., & Gur, O.M. (2012). GPS Monitoring Technologies and
Domestic Violence: An Evaluation Study. U.S. Department of Justice.
Eskridge, C. W. (1979). An empirical study of failure to appear rates among accused offenders:
construction and validation of a prediction scale. Pretrial Services Annual Journal –
1979, Washington, DC: Pretrial Services Resource Center, 105-117.
Fabricant, N. (1969). Bail as a preferred freedom and the failures of New York’s revisions.
Buffalo Law Review, 18:303–319.
Fagan, J., & Guggenheim, M. (1995). Preventive detention and the judicial prediction of
dangerousness for juveniles: A natural experiment. The Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminology, 86(2), 415–448.
Farnworth, M., & Horan P. (1980). Separate justice: An analysis of race differences in court
processes. Social Science, 9:381–399.
Feeley, M. M. (1979). The process is the punishment: handling cases in a lower criminal court.
New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Feeley, M. M. (1982). The police and pretrial release. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Feeley, M.M., and J. McNaughton. (1974). The pre-trial process in the sixth circuit: A
quantitative and legal analysis. New Haven, CT: New Haven Pre-Trial Services.
Flemming, R.B. (1982). Punishment before trial: An organizational perspective of felony bail
processes. New York: Longman.
Flemming, R. B., Kohfeld, C. W., & Uhlman, T. M. (1979). The limits of bail reform: A quasiexperimental analysis. Law & Society Review, 14(4), 947–976.
Foote, C. (1954). Compelling appearance in court: administration of bail in Philadelphia.
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 102, 1031-1079.
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Foote, C. (1958). A study of the administration of bail in New York City. University of
Pennsylvania Law Review, 106.
Foote, C. (1965a). The coming Constitutional crisis in bail: I. University of Pennsylvania Law
Review, 113(7), 959–999.
Foote, C. (1965b). The coming Constitutional crisis in bail: II. University of Pennsylvania Law
Review, 113(8), 1125–1185.
Frazier, C. E., & Bishop, D. M. (1985). The pretrial detention of juveniles and its impact on case
dispositions. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 76(4), 1132–1152.
Frazier, C. E., Bock, E. W., & Henretta, J. C. (1980). Pretrial release and bail decisions: The
effects of legal, community, and personal variables. Criminology, 18(2), 162–181.
Free, M. D. (2001). Racial bias and the American criminal justice system: Race and
presentencing revisited. Critical Criminology, 10(3), 195–223.
Free, M. D. (2002). Race and presentencing decisions in the United States: A summary and
critique of the research. Criminal Justice Review, 27(2), 203–232.
Free, M.D., Jr. (2004). Bail and pretrial release decisions: An assessment of the racial threat
perspective. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 2:23–44.
Freed, D. J. & Wald, P. M. (1964). Bail in the United States: 1964. Washington DC: U.S.
Department of Justice.
Freiburger, T.L., Marcum C.D., & Pierce, M. (2010). The impact of race on the pretrial
decision. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 35:76–86.
Goldfarb, R. L. (1967). Ransom: A Critique of the American Bail System. Dover Publications,
Inc: New York, NY.
Goldkamp, J. S. (1979). Two classes of accused: A study of bail and detention in American
justice. Ballinger Publishing Company: Cambridge, MA.
Goldkamp, J. S. (1983). Questioning the practice of pretrial detention: some empirical evidence
from Philadelphia. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 74(4), 1556-1558.
Goldkamp, J. S. (1985). Danger and detention: a second generation of bail reform. The Journal
of Criminal Law and Criminology, 76(1), 1-74.
Goldkamp, J. S., & Gottfredson, M. R. (1979). Bail decision making and pretrial detention:
Surfacing judicial policy. Law and Human Behavior, 3(4), 227–249.
Goldkamp, J. S., Gottfredson, M. R., Jones, P. R., & Weiland, D. (1995). Personal liberty and
community safety: Pretrial release in the criminal court. ncjrs.gov.
Goldkamp, J. S., Gottfredson, M. R., & Weiland, D. (1990). Pretrial drug testing and defendant
risk. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 81(3), 585-652.
Goldkamp, J. S., Gottfredson, M. R., & Weiland, D. (1990). Pretrial drug testing and defendant
risk. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 81(3), 585-652.
Goldkamp, J. S., & White, M. D. (2006). Restoring accountability in pretrial release: The
Philadelphia pretrial release supervision experiments. Journal of Experimental
Criminology, 2(2), 143–181.
Goliday, S. (2010). Identifying and Servicing the Needs of Pretrial Defendants.
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Gorlin, D.C. (2009). Note: Evaluating punishment in purgatory: The need to separate pretrial
detainee conditions-of-confinement claims from inadequate Eighth Amendment analysis.
Michigan Law Review, 108:417–444.
Gottfredson, M.R. (1974). An empirical analysis of pre-trial release decisions. Journal of
Criminal Justice, 2:287–304.
Gressens, M.A. (2012). The Challenge: Evaluating Indigent Defense. North Carolina Office of
Indigent Defense Services.
Guggenheim, M. (1977). Paternalism, prevention, and punishment: Pretrial detention of
juveniles. N.Y.U. L. Rev., 52, 1064–1092.
Gullings, A. (2012). The Commercial Bail Industry: Profit or Public Safety?
Hansen, K.E. (1988). When worlds collide: The constitutional politics of United States v.
Salerno. American Journal of Criminal Law, 14:155–224.
Harmsworth, E. (1996). Bail and detention: An assessment and critique of the federal and
Massachusetts systems. New England Journal of Criminal & Civil Confinement, 22:213–
290.
Hedlund, J. & Bantley, K. (2009). The Development of Guidelines for Financial Bond
Recommendations: Final Report.
Hedlund, J., Cox, S. M., Hines, M., Carollo, J., & Dwyer, L. (2005). Development and validation
of an assessment for pretrial conditional release. Pretrial Justice Institute.
Helland, E. & Tabarrok, A. (2004). The Fugitive: Evidence on Public Versus Private Law
Enforcement from Bail Jumping.
Herian, M. N. & Bornstein, B. H. (2010). Reducing failure to appear in Nebraska: a field study.
The Nebraska Lawyer, September 2010.
Hess, F. (1971). Pre-trial detention and the 1970 D.C. Crime Act: The next step in bail
reform. Brooklyn Law Review, 37:277–322.
Hillsman, S. T. (1982). Pretrial diversion of youthful adults: A decade of reform and research.
The Justice System Journal, 7(3), 361–387.
Holmes, M. D., Hosch H. M., Daudistel H. C., Perez D. A., & Graves J. B. 1996. Ethnicity, legal
resources, and felony dispositions in two southwestern jurisdictions. Justice
Quarterly, 13:11–29.
Horney, J. (1980). Citation arrest: Extending the reach of the criminal justice system?
Criminology, 17(4), 419–434.
Human Rights Watch. (2010). The price of freedom: bail and pretrial detention of low income
nonfelony defendants in New York City. New York, NY.
International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2011). Pretrial release and pretrial detention
process.
Johnson, M., & Johnson, L. A. (2012). Bail: Reforming policies to address overcrowded jails, the
impact of race on detention, and community revival in Harris County, Texas.
Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy, 7(1).
Johnson, B.R., & Stevens, R.S. (2012). The Regulation and Control of Bail Recovery Agents: An
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Exploratory Study. Criminal Justice Review, 00(0), 1-17.
Johnson, B.R., & Warchol, G.L. (2003). Bail Agents and Bounty Hunters: Adversaries or Allies
of the Justice System? American Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(2), 145-165.
Jones, C.E. (2013). “Give Us Free”: Addressing Racial Disparities in Bail Determinations.
Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, 16: 919-961.
Jones, M. (2008). Improving Pretrial Assessment and Supervision in Colorado.
Jones, M. R. & Ferrere, S. (2008). Improving pretrial assessment and supervision in Colorado.
Topics in community corrections: applying evidence-based practices in pretrial services.
Jones, M.R. (2013a). Keeping Your Criminal Justice Coordinating Committee Going Strong.
National Institute of Corrections. Washington, DC.
Jones, M.R. (2013b). Pretrial Performance Measurement: A Colorado Example of Going from
the Ideal to Everyday Practice. Pretrial Justice Institute, Washington, DC.
Jones, M.R. (2013c). Staffing a Local Criminal Justice Coordinating Committee. National
Institute of Corrections, Washington, DC.
Jones, M.R. (2013). Unsecured Bonds: The As Effective and Most Efficient Pretrial Release
Option. Pretrial Justice Institute, Washington, DC.
Jones, P. R., & Goldkamp, J. S. (1993). Implementing pretrial drug testing programs in two
experimental sites: some deterrence and jail bed implications, 73(2), 199-219.·
Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, 13-17.
Karnow, C.E.A. (2008) Setting Bail for Public Safety. Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law, 13(1),
1-30.
Katz, C. M., & Spohn, C. C. (1995). The effect of race and gender on bail outcomes: A test of an
interactive model. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 19(2), 161–184.
Kennedy, E.M. (1980). New approach to bail release: The proposed federal code and bail
reform. Fordham Law Review, 48:424–436.
Kim, K. & Denver, M. (2011). A Case Study on the Practice of Pretrial Services and Risk
Assessment in Three Cities.
Kim, K., Liberman, A.M., Denver, M., & Roman, J.K. (2012). Pretrial Detention of Dangerous
and Violent Defendants Following Passage of the Omnibus Public Safety Justice
Amendment Act of 2009. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
King, S., Bamford, D., & Sarre, R. (2005). Factors that influence remand in custody.
Criminology Research Council.
King, S., Bamford, D., & Sarre, R. (2007). The remand strategy: Assessing the outcome.
Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 19(3), 327–344.
Klein, D. J. (1997). The pretrial detention crisis: The causes and the cure. Wash. UJ Urb. &
Contemp. L., 52, 281–306.
Krahl, D. (2009). An Analysis of the Financial Impact of Surety Bonding on Aggregate and
Average Detention Costs and Cost Savings in the State of Florida for 2008 by a Single
Florida Insurance Company: A Follow-Up Study to Earlier Research.
Krahl, D. & New Direction Strategies. (2011). An Analysis of the Financial Impact of Surety
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Bonding on Aggregate and Average Detention Costs and Cost Savings in the State of
Florida for 2010 by a Single Florida Insurance Company: Continuities from Earlier
Research and Extensions in the Development and Utilization of Statistical Models to
Determine the Utility and Effectiveness of Surety Bonding.
Kruttschnitt, C., & McCarthy, D. (1985). Familial social control and pretrial sanctions: Does sex
really matter? J. Crim. L. & Criminology, 76(1), 151–175.
LaFave, W. R. (1965). Arrest: The decision to take a suspect into custody. Little, Brown Boston.
Landes, W. (1973). The bail system: An economic analysis. Journal of Legal Studies, 2:79–105.
Landes, W. (1974). Legality and reality: Some evidence on criminal proceedings. Journal of
Legal Studies, 2:79–91.
Latessa, E., Smith, P., Lemke, R., Makarios, M., & Lowenkamp, C. (2009). Creation and
validation of the Ohio risk assessment system: final report. Cincinnati, Ohio: University
of Cincinnati.
Levin, D. (2007). Examining the efficacy of pretrial release conditions, sanctions and screening
with the State Court Processing Statistics Dataseries. Presentation at the Annual Meeting
of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA, November 14 (Vol. 16).
Levin, D. (2008). Pretrial release of Latino defendants. Pretrial Justice Institute.
Levin, D. (2009). Understanding Findings on Pretrial Release Derived from the National
Numbers in the State Court Statistics Program.
Levin, D. J. (2010). Validation of the Coconino County pretrial risk assessment tool.
Washington, DC: Pretrial Justice Institute.
Levin, D. J. (2011). Development of a validated pretrial risk assessment tool for Lee County,
Florida. Washington, DC: Pretrial Justice Institute.
Levin, D. J. Jones, M. R., & Clark, J. (2012). Pretrial risk assessment in the third circuit court,
Michigan. Washington, DC: Pretrial Justice Institute.
Levin, D. J., & Pretrial Justice Institute. (2012). Santa Clara County, California pretrial risk
assessment instrument. Washington, DC: Pretrial Justice Institute.
Levy, J. (1985). Pretrial preventive detention under the Bail Reform Act of 1984. Washington
University Law Quarterly, 63:523–544.
Lizotte, A. (1978). Extra-legal factors in Chicago’s criminal courts: Testing the conflict model of
criminal justice. Social Problems, 25:564–580
Lowenkamp, C. T., Lemke, R., & Latessa, E. (2008). The development and validation of a
pretrial screening tool. Federal Probation, 72(3), 2–9.
Lowenkamp, C.T., & VanNostrand, M. (2013). Assessing Pretrial Risk Without a Defendant
Interview. New York: Laura and John Arnold Foundation.
Lowenkamp, C.T., & VanNostrand, M. (2013). Exploring the Impact on Supervision on Pretrial
Outcomes. New York: Laura and John Arnold Foundation.
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