1!
!
!
1960s Many models of memory
proposed
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal
Model
"  Sensory
Memory
"  Short-term
Memory
"  Long-term
Memory
2!
!
Primary Memory
!
Secondary Memory
3!
1!
4!
Sensory
Memory!
Short-Term
Memory!
Long-Term
Memory!
5!
6!
2!
7!
!
Serial Position Effect
!
Recency Effect
!
Kintsch & Buschke (1969)
!
Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence
8!
9!
3!
Primacy
Effect!
Recency
Effect!
10!
11!
!
!
How could we test the idea that the last few
items are in STS?
How can we test that the primacy effect
represents LTS?
12!
4!
13!
14!
!
H.M.
- Epileptic
- Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus
- STM ---> LTM disrupted
!
K.F.
- Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex
- LTM Normal
- STM capacity severely limited
15!
5!
The dog bit the man and the man died.
vs.
The man the dog bit died.
16!
!
More recent research challenges the strict
coding distinction
!
Recency Effect challenged
!
Neuroscience evidence
17!
18!
6!
19!
20!
21!
7!
22!
!
Sensory memory or sensory register
!
Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell
!
Relatively raw, unprocessed form
23!
!
Stimuli change
!
Maintain for selection and further
processing
!
Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single
unitary perception
24!
8!
!
Sperling (1960)
!
Averbach & Sperling (1961)
25!
26!
27!
9!
*!
28!
J Z G B!
S X P L!
R M Q F!
29!
30!
10!
31!
*!
32!
Y Q C H!
N D R J!
V B K S!
33!
11!
34!
35!
36!
12!
37!
1.
Location
2.
Usefulness
3.
Saccades
4.
Nature of the code
38!
1 K 5 L!
H J 3 B!
7 D 8 T!
39!
13!
40!
41!
!
Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo
!
Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972)
!
Differences from iconic memory
!
Crowder (1982)
42!
14!
43!
44!
45!
15!
46!
!
Nature of Forgetting
!
Duration
!
Nature of Code
!
Capacity
47!
!
Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959)
!
Trigram task
KHR
0 – 18
seconds
Delay / Distractor
(947, 946, 945
. . . 939)
Recall Trigram
48!
16!
K X J
P L G
S Y T
H Z R
49!
50!
!
Conrad (1964)
!
Visual display of letters
!
!
Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’
but not ‘F’ for ‘E’)
Wickelgren (1965)
51!
17!
K Z L F
distractor tasks
(copy down 4 new letters)
C B G D
X M I
W
recall original 4 letters
52!
Sensory
Memory!
Short-Term
Memory!
Long-Term
Memory!
53!
!
Limited Capacity (7 + 2)
!
Digit Span Task
!
Difficulties
54!
18!
!
Chunking
!
Recoding:(1 4 9 2 ----> ‘1492’ Columbus)
!
Chase & Ericsson (1982)
55!
56!
!
!
!
Initial Session (8 digits):
Digit Series:
1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4
SF’s Recall:
105
31874
Later Session (11 digits):
Digit Series:
90756629867
SF’s Recall:
907
566
29867
SF’s Report:
9:07 a 2-mile time
Still Later Sessions (22 digits):
Digit Series: 4131778406034948709462
SF’s Recall: 413.1 / 77.84 / 0603
494 / 870 / 946.2
SF’s Report: 4:13.1 mile time
06:03 mile time
9:46.2 2-mile time
57!
19!
58!
!
Decay vs. Interference
!
Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task
!
Varying the type of distractor task and
stimulus material
!
Keppel & Underwood (1962)
!
PI = Proactive Interference
!
Wickens et. al. - Release from PI
59!
16 digits
----->
probe digit
519635142867394
9837571493862752
60!
20!
61!
Trial 1 – ‘HJX’
Trial 2 – ‘RLB’
Trial 3 – ‘ZNF’
Control
‘GST’
Experimental
‘493’
62!
63!
21!
64!
65!
!
Revision of STM
!
3 part system
!
Baddeley
!
Dual task paradigm
66!
22!
67!
Figure 4.5 with caption!
68!
AB!
‘A’ precedes ‘B’?
!
!
!T or F!
‘B’ is preceded by ‘A’!.
!
!T or F!
‘B’ does not precede ‘A’.
!
!T or F!
69!
23!
Experiment 1:
0, 1, 2 items preloaded
reasoning task
letter recall
Experiment 2:
0 or 6 items
reasoning task
letter recall
70!
71!
72!
24!
Condition 1!
Condition 2!
1. Study 6 pictures!
1. Study 6 pictures while
saying “la, la, la . . .”!
2. Create mental image,
subtract a specific part,
and name it.!
2. Create mental image,
subtract a specific part
and name it.!
?!
Fish!
Result?!
3. Number of correct
items: 2.7!
3. Number of correct
items: 3.8!
73!
!
Read the following words. When you have
finished look away and try to remember
them:
"
!
England, Burma, Greece, Spain, Iceland, Malta,
Laos
Again read the words, look away and try to
remember them:
"
Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Nicaragua,
Afghanistan, Venezuela, Philippines, Madagascar
74!
75!
25!
76!
• Difficult to Estimate
• Different meanings (storage capacity vs.
processing capacity)
• Digit Span Task
• Miller – “The Magical Number Seven,
Plus or Minus Two . . .”
•7±2
77!
26!