SCIL10047: SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEMENTS: THEORY
& PRACTICE
Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can
change the world. Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has (Margaret
Mead).
‘Suddenly, spontaneously, barricades were being thrown up in the
streets [of 1968 Paris]. People were piling up the cobblestones
because they wanted, many for the first time, to throw themselves
into a collective, spontaneous activity. People were releasing all
their repressed feelings, expressing them in a festive spirit.
Thousands felt the need to communicate with each other, to love
one another. That night has made me for ever optimistic about
history. Having lived through it, I can’t ever say, “It will never
happen”’ (Daniel Cohn-Bendit).
Anyone that thinks that the ANC will be running the South African
government is living in cloud-cuckoo land (Margaret Thatcher).
Course Convenor: Hugo Gorringe
Time: Tuesday 11.00-1.00 Venue: Seminar Room 5, CMB
Office hours: Tuesday 3-5pm
My office is Room 6.29 in the Chrystal MacMillan Building.
Pop in during office hours or make an appointment to meet me at another
time after one of the class sessions, or by sending me an email on
hgorring@staffmail.ed.ac.uk
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SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEMENTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE
Short description:
Social mobilisation is one means by which social change is attained. This course
will offer both empirical case studies of particular movements and theoretical
insights into mobilisation and engage with the debates about how, why and when
social movements occur. It will be particularly concerned with the social and
political context of protest, focusing on the circumstances in which social
movements operate; how dissidents choose political tactics and strategies; and
how movements affect social and political change.
Course Aims
• To provide a critical understanding of social movements and the
interplay between collective actors, society and the state
• To address the specific social formations created by collective actors
and consider how best to analyse and research them
• To equip students with contextual knowledge and practical skills that
will be of use for careers in social research and practice
Summary of Intended Learning Outcomes:
• Knowledge of the main theoretical approaches to the study of social
movements and their links to wider social and political change;
• Awareness of the interplay between social movements, political
institutions, wider social change and democratisation;
• Competence in analysing social movements and their impact from a
sociological perspective;
• Skills in investigation, planning and reporting on current issues.
Course Format and Requirements
The course consists of a weekly two-hour session. The first hour of the session will
usually be a formal lecture. The format of the second hour of the session will vary
but may include; class discussions, small group work or tutorial activities. Classes
are organised around the discussion of key readings and homework tasks.
The successful running of each class requires that students are prepared and
able to contribute. Anyone who comes unprepared, having not done the reading
or thought about the key issues, is effectively asking their peers to do the work
for them. Everyone is welcome to draw on their personal experience but should
try and relate this to the readings and think them through sociologically.
Course Assessment
• 75% of the course mark will be assessed by long essay (3,500 - 4500
words) or exam
• 25% of the course mark will be assessed by a short assignment
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SHORT ASSIGNMENT (25%)
Choose ONE of the following assignments. This should be 1,500 words long. Feel free to
draw on your own experience and opinions BUT this will be assessed as a piece of
sociology, so please relate your examples to the course literature and concepts. Within
those parameters be creative. In the past students have written on the Campaign for Real
Ale, Egypt and Fairtrade.
EITHER: Imagine that you are a social movement activist or leader. Describe what cause you
are fighting for (free education; the environment; better wages; women’s/Dalit/gay rights …) and
then explain what tactics and strategy you will adopt and why.
• What are you aiming to achieve? How will your chosen tactics help you to do this?
• What constraints are you operating within? (eg. Strikes may be effective in France or
Greece but have much less impact in post-Thatcher UK)
Useful readings:
Smithey, L. 2009. ‘Social Movement Strategy, Tactics, and Collective Identity’, Sociology
Compass 3(4): pp658–671 (online)
Meyer, D & Staggenborg, S. ‘Thinking about Strategy’, in G. Maney, R. KutzFlamenbaum, D. Rohlinger & J. Goodwin (eds): Strategies for Social Change
pp3-22 (on order, also – http://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/cbsm_plenary_3.pdf)
OR: Find a media article (or choose one from the short-assignment page on Learn) relating to a
social movement, instance of collective action or SM event and offer a sociological analysis:
• How is the movement described? Is presented in a positive light or not?
• Are the issues dealt with in detail? Is the coverage episodic or thematic?
• Look to see whether the same movement/issue is covered in the movement’s own
media (Indymedia for example)? How do the stories compare?
A good way to find relevant articles is to go to Google News and type in ‘Protest’, ‘activism’ or
‘demonstration’. There were 2, 560,000 results for ‘protest’ the day I did this – something there
for everyone I am sure (Alternatively pick one of the ones on Learn).
For an example of the sort of thing I am looking for see: Rosie, M & Gorringe, H (2009) ‘The
anarchists’ world cup’: respectable protest and media panics’, Social Movement Studies
8(1): pp35-53. (Also see reading in week on the Media).
Deadline & Submission:
The report is to be submitted online by 12pm on the Monday of week 5: 11th February.
See page 4 of this handbook for details on how to submit.
75% ASSESSMENT
Students have a choice between a Long Essay OR a two-hour Exam
LONG ESSAYS
Essays should be 3500-4500 words long, excluding bibliography (essays above or below these
limits will be penalised).
Suggestions for long essay titles can be found at the back of this handbook. Students are
encouraged to create their own essay questions BUT this must be done in consultation with the
course convenor.
Students writing long essays are advised to submit a plan or outline of their long essay so that
they can receive informal feedback before the final assessment is due. Plans should be no
longer than 2 sides of A4 and should be submitted to me no later than the end of week eight.
For advice on planning, writing and referencing your essay please refer to the worksheet
on the course web page.
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Due and final date for long-essays:
Long essays should be anonymised and submitted online by 12.00pm on Monday 29th
April. See below for details on how to submit.
EXAM
Students can sit a two hour exam instead of writing the long essay. The exam paper consists of
six questions and students must answer two of these. An exemplar is provided at the back of
this handbook and there will be a revision session in advance of the exam.
Please feel free to come and see me in my office hours if you are at all unsure about any
aspect of the assessment. Bonus marks will be awarded to students who actually go out
and change the world in line with course readings and debates
How to Submit Coursework Online
SUBMITTING WORK ELECTRONICALLY
From 2012-13 Sociology is trialling a new way to handle essay submission, marking
and return. Junior and Senior Honours students will submit an electronic copy of their
essay, in normal word processing format, through Pebble Pad. You will find Pebble
Pad on your MyEd screen.
You will not be required to submit paper copies of your essay, and feedback will be
provided direct to you through the Pebble Pad system.
We hope that this will make things easier for students, administrative staff and
teaching staff, reduce printing costs, and help the University to be more
environmentally responsible.
Full information on how to submit your Sociology essays can be found here:
https://www.wiki.ed.ac.uk/display/SPSITWiki/Submitting+Work+Using+PebblePad
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Key Sources for the Course
The following are not text-books as such, but they will help you contribute to (and follow) lectures
and will form the basis of your reading for essays or exams. They serve as excellent introductions
to the field and to the debates that we will be following. Key sources are not necessarily those that
are best books to buy (The Blackwells Companion is £95). Reasonably affordable key readings that
are possibly worth buying are marked with an *. The books are available through Word-Power
bookshop on West Nicholson Street. It is an independent, local and radical bookshop:
Key Sources:
*Della Porta, D & Diani, M. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford, Blackwell. [HN17.5
Del]
Snow, Soule and Kriesi. 2004: The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. [HM881 Bla.]– too
expensive to buy!
Other Important General Works
*Crossley, N. 2002. Making Sense of Social Movements. Buckingham. Open University: [HM881
Cro.] Also available electronically
Diani, M & McAdam, D (eds.) 2003. Social Movements and networks: Relational Approaches to
Collective Action. Oxford. O.U.P: [HM881 Soc]. Also Online via library catalogue
Edelman, M 2001: ‘Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics’, Annual Review
of Anthropology (Online) 30: pp285-317
Eyerman, R & Jamison, A. 1991. Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Polity
[.301153 EYE.]
Jordan, T. Activism! London: Reaktion Books [301.15 JOR]
McAdam, D, McCarthy, J & Zald, M (ed.) 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements.
Cambridge, C.U.P. [.301153 Com.]
McDonald, K. 2006. Global Movements: Action and Culture [HM881 Macd.]
*Melucci, A. 1996. Challenging Codes (Ch 1). [.301153 Mel.]
Morris, A & Mueller, C (ed.) 1992. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. Yale University Press
[.301153 Fro.]
Roggeband, C & B. Klandermans (eds) 2007. Handbook of Social Movements Across
Disciplines. Springer Press: [Electronic resource via library online]
Russell, D and Kuechler, M (eds.) 1990. Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political
Movements in Western Democracies. New York, Oxford: O.U.P [HN373.5Cha.]
*Tarrow, S. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd ed.,
Cambridge: C.U.P [HM291 Tar.]
Good Journals and Websites to check:
Social Movements are constantly evolving and changing – keep up to date with current examples
by checking the Guardian online [http://www.guardian.co.uk] or sites such as the New Social
Movement
Network
[http://www.interweb-tech.com/nsmnet/]
or
Indymedia
[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/]. The library does not stock the specialist journals that are beginning
to emerge (the National Library does if you have access) but good journals to check include:
Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power: Per. .3 Ide.
Current Sociology: Online or Per. .3 Cur. See Special edition: July 2004
Annual Review of Sociology: Available Online
Interface – an online journal of SM Studies
For a less academic take on these issues see:
Mark Steel. 2009. What’s Going On?
Mark Thomas. 2007. As Used on the Famous Nelson Mandela
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Course Outline
Week/Date
1: 15/01
Lecture
Definitions, Key Concepts & Tactics
Lecturer
HG
2: 22/01
Theoretical Approaches
HG
3: 29/01
Social Movements and the Media
HG
4: 05/02
Why Participate? The Student Protests
Alex Hensby
5: 12/02
Professionalising Activism
Mor Kandlik Eltanani
6: 19/02
INNOVATIVE LEARNING WEEK
Alongside all the other activities planned for this week:
A. Watch a Film on Social Movements, including:
• Bread and Roses by Ken Loach
• Harvey Milk by Gus Van Sant
• Matewan by John Sayles
• Malcolm X by Spike Lee
• Spartacus by Stanley Kubrick
• Battle of Algiers by Gillo Pontecorvo
• Land & Freedom by Ken Loach
B. Experience social activism:
• Attend a protest/vigil/meeting;
• sign a petition;
• wear a badge
C. Read a protest novel – plenty out there including:
• Ian Rankin’s The Naming of the Dead
• Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man
• Ian McEwan’s Saturday
• One of Mark Thomas or Mark Steel’s books
7: 26/02
Researching Social Movements/How SMs work
HG
8: 05/03
Political Consumers? Fairtrade as Social Movement?
Margarita Kominou
9: 12/03
Social Movements and Violence
HG
10: 19/03
Globalisation
HG
11: 26/03
Social Movement Outcomes
HG
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Week 1: Definitions, Key Concepts & Tactics
This introductory session will define the key concepts of the course and introduce the
main issues and debates: What is a social movement? What is the difference between
social movement and other forms of action? Why do they arise and what do they do?
Key Readings:
Diani, M & Bison, I. 2004. ‘Organizations, coalitions and movements’, Theory &
Society 33: pp281-309 [Online]
Della Porta, D & Diani, M. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction (esp. Ch. 1).
[HN17.5 Del]
Snow, Soule and Kriesi. 2004: The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements.
Intro. Available online:
www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/0631226699/Snow_001.pdf
Stammers, N & Eschle, C. 2005. ‘Social Movements and Global Activism’ in De
Jong, W; Shaw, M & Stammers, N (eds.) Global Activism, Global Media.
London: Pluto: pp50-67 [HM1206 Glo.]
Other Readings:
Armstrong, E and Bernstein, M. 2008. ‘Culture, Power, and Institutions: A MultiInstitutional Politics Approach to Social Movements’, Sociological Theory 26(1):
pp74-99 [Online]
Crossley, N 2003. Making Sense of Social Movements. Chs 1, 2.
Foweraker, J. 1995. Theorizing Social Movements (Ch 1).
Fox-Piven, F. 2008. ‘Can Power from Below Change the World?’, American
Sociological Review 73(1): pp1-14 [Online]
Meyer, D & Staggenborg, S. ‘Thinking about Strategy’, in G. Maney, R. KutzFlamenbaum, D. Rohlinger & J. Goodwin (eds): Strategies for Social Change
pp3-22 (on order, also – http://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/cbsm_plenary_3.pdf)
Oliver, P. 1989: ‘Bringing the Crowd Back In’. Available online only:
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/PROTESTS/ArticleCopies/CrowdPEO.pdf
Smithey, L. 2009. ‘Social Movement Strategy, Tactics, and Collective Identity’,
Sociology Compass 3(4): pp658–671 (online)
Tarrow. S. 1998. Power in Movement. Introduction [HM291 Tar.]
Taylor, V & Van Dyke, N. 2004. ‘”Get up, Stand Up”: Tactical Repertoires of Social
Movements’, in Snow et al (ed) Blackwells Companion to SMs: pp262-293
Homework Task:
Write a short description of some form of collective action: This can be anything from a
protest march to a pop concert. Explain why you think it is or is not a Social
Movement. Then by reference to readings for Week 2 on theoretical approaches to
SM analysis think through which theory makes most sense of your example.
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Week 2: Theoretical Approaches
This session will assess the advantages and disadvantages of Crowd Theory, Resource
Mobilisation Theory, and New Social Movement Theory. These approaches form the
basis for most writing on social movements. We will also ask what is meant by ‘new’
social movements and how they differ from ‘old’ ones. This session will explore how we
should understand social movements.
Key Readings
Beuchler, S 2000: Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism: Chapter2
Edelman, M 2001: ‘Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics’,
Annual Review of Anthropology 30: pp285-317 [Online]
Armstrong, E and Bernstein, M. 2008. ‘Culture, Power, and Institutions: A MultiInstitutional Politics Approach to Social Movements’, Sociological Theory 26(1):
pp74-99 [Online]
Other Sources
Crossley, N 2002: Making Sense of Social Movements. Ch9
*Della Porta & Diani 1999: Social Movements. Ch1.
Castells, M 1997: The Power of Identity. Ch1.
Diani, M and McAdam, D 2003: Social Movements and Networks. Esp.
Chs10, 12 (Available as an electronic resource through Libonline)
Foweraker, J 1995: Theorizing Social Movements. Ch. 2.
*Jasper, J 1997: The Art of Moral Protest. Chapter 2 (Also see: 3, 4)
Jaswin 1999: ‘Trouble in Paradigms’, Sociological Forum 14(1): pp107-125
(JSTOR).
Nash, K 2000: Contemporary Political Sociology. Ch.3
Snow et al. 2004: The Blackwell Companion: Chs2-6, 15-19
*Tarrow, S 1988. ‘National Politics and Collective Action’. Annual Review of
Sociology 14: 421-40 (JSTOR)
Zirakzadeh, C 1997: Social Movements in Politics. Chapter 1
These readings offer general overviews of theoretical approaches to SMs. For
essays on particular theories or more information please see the list at the end of
the handbook. Also chase up readings listed on the table for more detailed
analyses.
Homework Task:
Next week's lecture is on the media. Please find and bring in a newspaper article about
SM activism. Think about how the SM is presented: Is the article pro or anti, balanced or
biased? Are SM sources cited and if so who are they? Are the background issues
highlighted, assumed or ignored?
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Week 3: Media and Social Movements
SM activists often depend on the media to reach a wider audience, meaning that much SM
activity is played out in the media. Analysing media coverage, thus, is central to understanding
contemporary SMs.
Key Readings
Murdock, G 1973: 'Political Deviance: The Press Presentation of a Militant Mass
Demonstration', in S. Cohen & J. Young (eds): The Manufacture of News.
Juris, J 2005. 'Violence Performed and Imagined: Militant Action, the Black Bloc & the Mass
Media in Genoa', Critique of Anthropology 25(4), pp413-432
Donson, F; Chesters, G; Welsh, I & Tickle, A 2004. ‘Rebels with a Cause, Folk Devils without a
Panic: Press jingoism, policing tactics and anti-capitalist protest in London and Prague’,
The Internet Journal of Criminology, http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com
Other readings:
Berger, S (2005), ‘From Aldermaston Marcher to Internet Activist’, in de Jong et al (eds), Global
Activism, Global Media, London: Pluto. See also Intro and chs by Timms and Gaber &
Wilson [HM1206 Glo.]
Cohen, Stanley (2002), Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers:
Third Edition, London: Routledge. [HQ799.8.G7 Coh.]
Downing, John (2008), ‘Social Movement Theories and Alternative Media: An Evaluation and
Critique’, Communication, Culture and Critique 1: pp40-50 (Online)
Earl, J; Martin, A; McCarthy, J & Soule, S (2004) ‘The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of
Collective Action’, Annual Review of Sociology 30: pp65-80 [Online]
Goffman, E (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York:
Harper & Row. [HM291 Gof.]
Make Poverty History (2004), ‘Manifesto’. Available from:
http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/docs/manifesto.pdf
Make Poverty History (2006), ‘Measuring the reach of the Make Poverty History Media
Campaign’. Available from:
http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/docs/measuringreachofmph.pdf
Smith, Jackie; McCarthy, John; McPhail, Clark; & Augustyn, Boguslaw (2001), ‘From Protest
to Agenda Building: Description Bias in Media Coverage of Protest Events in
Washington, D.C.’, Social Forces, 79(4), pp1397-1423 [Online]
See end for more readings
For Next Week: Think about the recent student protests over fees and cuts. Were you
involved?
If so, in what capacity were you involved? Did you sign a petition, write to your MP or
MSP, go on a demonstration, trash Millbank, occupy a University building or talk about it
in the pub?
If not, why did you choose not to get involved? Did not agree with the protestors, not
enough time, too busy studying, did not concern you?
How many of your friends were involved? What difference did that make? These are the
questions we will be returning to in class.
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Week 4: Activist Participation & Non-Participation: A Case Study of the Student
Protests in the UK
Guest Lecturer: Alex Hensby
Why might people who are sympathetic to the goals of a protest campaign
choose not to participate in them? What distinguishes them sociologically from
those who do participate? This lecture uses the 2010/11 student protests in the
UK as a case study for understanding how contemporary social movements
mobilise individuals into more alternative forms of political participation. The
student protests saw large-scale regional and national demonstrations take
place, as well as the formation of a network of simultaneous campus occupations
across the UK, presenting a greater scale and diversity of protest participation
opportunities than had been seen for a generation.
Key Readings:
Crossley, N. and Ibrahim, J. (2012) "Critical Mass, Social Networks and Collective
Action: Exploring Student Political Worlds" Sociology 46:596
McAdam, D. (1986) "Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom
Summer" American Journal of Sociology 92(1) 64-90
Salter, L. and Kay, J.B. (2011) "The UWE student occupation" Social Movement
Studies 10(4) 423-429
Other Readings:
Blackwells Companion: Chapters 15, 16, 18
Norgaard, K. 2006. ‘”People Want to Protect themselves a Little Bit”: Emotions, denial
and SM Nonparticipation’, Sociological Inquiry 76(3): pp372-396
Opp, K-D. 1988. ‘Grievances and Participation in Social Movements’, American
Sociological Review 53(6): pp853-64
Passy, F & Giugni, M. 2001: ‘Social Networks and Individual Perceptions’,
Sociological Forum 16(1): pp123-153. (Online – available via Google)
Pattie, P., Seyd, P. and Whiteley P. (2004) Citizenship in Britain: values, participation
and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stecklenberg, J van & Klandermans, B. 2010. ‘The Social Psychology of Protest’,
Sociopedia.isa: (Online)
http://www.surrey.ac.uk/politics/research/researchareasofstaff/isppsummeracademy/instructors/Social%20Psychology%2
0of%20Protest,%20Van%20Stekelenburg%20%26%20Klandermans.pdf
Snow, D; Rochford, E; Worden, S & Benford, R. 1986. ‘Frame Alignment Processes,
Micromobilisation, and Movement Participation’, American Sociological
review 51(4): pp464-81
For Next Week: Social Movements are broad collections of people,
organizations and groups working towards common goals. When people are not
on the streets – or even when they are – the issues are kept alive by Social
Movement Organisations. Some NGOs are also SMOs – can you think of any?
Which movements are they part of and what do they do?
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Week 5: Social Movements & Professionalisation
Guest Lecture: Mor Kandlik Eltanani
Social movements often start out as radical, extra-institutional collections of people
seeking to change the world. Protest, however, takes time, effort, emotional energy and
money. It is, therefore, difficult to sustain the initial enthusiasm and commitment. Many
movements, therefore, seek to build more durable institutions that can continue the
struggle through institutional means. Political parties, NGOs, and lobby groups can all
be examples of professional protest groups. This lecture will look at the dynamics of
professionalisation, focussing on NGOs.
Key Readings
Brown, D & Moore, M. 2001. ‘Accountability, Strategy, and International Non
-governmental Organizations’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30(3):
pp569-587
Lacerda, D & Vieira, M. 2011. ‘Market Rationality Inside Voluntary Sector: An Analysis
of Five Organizations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’, Voluntas 22: pp875–893
Other Readings
Carmin, J. 1999. ‘Voluntary associations, professional organisations and the
environmental movement in the United States’, Environmental Politics 8(1):
pp101-121
Everett, K. 1992. ‘Professionalization and Protest: Changes in the Social Movement
Sector, 1961-1983’, Social Forces 70(4): pp. 957-975 (Online)
Fisher, D. 2006. Activism Inc. Stanford: Stanford University Press [JK1764 Fis]
Jordan, G. and Maloney, W. (2006) 'Letting George Do it: Does Olson Explain Low
Levels of Participation?' Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 16(2):
115-140. [Online]
Jordan, G. and Maloney, W. (2007) Democracy and interest groups: enhancing
participation? Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Staggenborg, S. 1988. ‘The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in
the Pro-Choice Movement’, American Sociological Review 53(4): pp.585-605
Tarrow, S. (1998) Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Innovative Learning Week 6: Next week is ILW there will be no classes.
Suggestions of how to spend your time may be found in the overview of the
course.
Homework Task:
Imagine that you have been given a grant to research a Social Movement. List the
methods you will use and why. Eg:
Newspaper articles – to trace the frequency of protests and get a sense of
the impact.
Interview Leaders – Get a history of the movement and its ideology
Questionnaire – Gain an insight into participant’s views
Do different movements require different strategies? Why are you methods most
appropriate for your chosen movement? The lecture next week will begin by asking
you for input so come prepared.
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Week 7: Researching Social Movements
Part of the aim of this course is to equip you to study social movements yourselves.
Given the number of approaches to the study of movements it is unsurprising that
there are particular methodological issues involved. This week will address the
particularities of researching social movements.
Key Readings:
Diani & Eyerman. 1992. Studying Collective Action: Introduction: pp1-21.
[.301153 Stu.]
Frampton, C; Kinsman, G; Thompson, A & Tilleczek, K 2006: ‘Afterword: New
Directions for Activist Research’ in Frampton et al (eds): Sociology for
Changing the World’.
Other Key texts
Diani, M & McAdam, D 2004: Social Movements and Networks. Ch. 13 (Online in Lib).
Jasper, J. 2007. Chapter 3 (especially pp95-101) in Roggeband, C & B.
Klandermans (eds) 2007. Handbook of Social Movements Across
Disciplines. Springer Press: [Electronic resource via library online]
Mayer, D 2002: ‘Introduction: Opportunities and Identities’ in D. Mayer, N. Whittier &
B. Robnett (eds.): Social Movements: Identity, Culture & the State
Melucci, A 1996: Challenging Codes (Ch 20)
Other Readings
Earl, J, Martin, A, McCarthy, J & Soule, S. 2004. ‘The Use of Newspaper Data in the
Study of Collective Action’. Annual Review of Sociology 30: 65-80 (Online).
Edelman, M 2001: ‘Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics’,
Annual Review of Anthropology (Online) 30: pp285-317
Gorringe, H. 2005. Untouchable Citizens. pp30-47
Olzak, S. 1989. ‘Analysis of Events in the Study of Collective Action’. Annual Review
of Sociology 15: 119-41 (Available online).
Omvedt, G. 1979. On the Participant Study of Women’s Movements. Huizer, G &
Mannheim, B (ed.): The Politics of Anthropology: pp373-93
Touraine, A. 1981. The Voice and the Eye. Part 2.
Homework Task:
Find an example of a consumer boycott, buycott or campaign (eg. Red™ Revolution).
Think through whether this is a form of movement activism in preparation for a
discussion next week. Good places to look include; Hertz, N (2001) The Silent
Takeover (Shop Don’t Vote – OFFPRINT). http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/;
http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/consumer. Also see the opinionated critique of
consumption patterns: http://www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/press/211paterson.htm
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Week 8: Political Consumers? Fairtrade as Social Movement?
Guest Lecturer: Margarita Kominou
This week looks at ethical consumption, and the idea of organised consumers, charting
the impact of social movements in the market and considering motives for participation
at both the activist and the organisational level. The lecture uses the case of fair trade
coffee. The class discussion will focus on whether such forms of activism constitute SM
action or not.
Key readings
Holzer, B., 2006. Political consumerism between individual choice and collective action:
social movements, role mobilization and signalling. International Journal of
Consumer Studies 30(5), 405-415. Available Online
Kozinets, R.V. & Handelman, J.M., 2004. Adversaries of Consumption: Consumer
Movements, Activism, and Ideology. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 691704. Available Online.
Webb, J., 2007. Seduced or Sceptical Consumers? Organised Action and the Case of
Fair Trade Coffee. Sociological Research Online, 12(3). Available Online.
Irving S.,Harrison R.and Rayner M. (2002), Ethical Consumerism - Democracy through
the Wallet. Journal of research for Consumers 3. Available Online.
Other readings
Bauman, Z. (2004) ‘The consumerist syndrome in contemporary society’, Journal of
Consumer Culture, 4: 291-312.
Callon, M., Meadel, C. and Rabeharisoa, V. (2002) ‘The economy of qualities’,
Economy and Society, 31: 194-217.
Gresser, C. and Tickell, S. (2002) Mugged: Poverty in Your Cup, Oxfam International,
www.maketradefair.com.
Jaffee D; Kloppenburg J & Monroy, M. 2004: 'Bringing the "Moral Charge" Home: Fair
Trade within the North and within the South', Rural Sociology 69(2): pp169-196
Lyon, Sarah (2006) ‘Evaluating fair trade consumption: politics, defetishization and
producer participation.’ International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30 (5): 452-464.
*Poletta, F & Jasper, J 2001: ‘Collective identity and social movements', Annual Review
of Sociology, 27: 283-305.
*Raynolds, L. 2002: 'Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee
Networks', Background Paper. New York: The Ford Foundation
See the end of this handbook for more suggested readings and resources.
Homework Task:
The class next week will take the form of a debate about social movements and
violence. Is there a place for violence? What sort? Why/Why not? The class will be
divided into two groups and asked to prepare a case justifying the use of violence or
arguing against it. Useful sites to check include:
http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/11/300348.html; Also see Anonymous in
Carter and Morland 2004. Anti-Capitalist Britain or Sullivan’s engagement with this
debate:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/csgr/research/workingpapers/2003/wp12303.pdf
14
Week 9: Social Movements and Violence
Social Movements are often demonised or repressed as a consequence of resorts to
violence. In this lecture we look at violence as a form of expressive action and argue
that it has to be understood in context.
Key Readings
Reicher, S, Stott, C, Cronin, P and Adang, O. 2004 ‘An integrated approach to crowd
psychology and public order policing’. Policing: An International Journal of Police
Strategies and Management, 27 (4), pp558-572
Waddington, D. and King, M. 2005 ‘The Disorderly Crowd: From Classical
Psychological Reductionism to Socio-Contextual Theory – The Impact on Public
Order Policing Strategies’, The Howard Journal, 44(5): pp490-503 (Online)
Juris, J. 2005 ‘Violence Performed and Imagined’, Critique of Anthropology 25(4):
pp413-432 (Available Online)
Other Readings
Button, M, John, T & Brearley, N. 20020 ‘New Challenges in Public Order Policing’, International
Journal of the Sociology of Law 30: 17-32 (Online)
*Earl, J 2003: ‘Tanks, Tear Gas, and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression’,
Sociological Theory 21(1): pp. 44-68 (JSTOR)
*Gamson, W 1990: The Strategy of Social Protest. Chapter 6. (On Order)
Goldstone, J 2004: ‘More Social Movements or Fewer? Beyond Political Opportunity
Structures to relational Fields’, Theory & Society 33: pp333-365 (Online)
Kitschelt, H 1986: ‘Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear
Movements in Four Democracies’, British Journal of Political Science 16(1):
pp57-85 (Via JSTOR)
*Marx, G 1970: ‘Issueless Riots’. Annals of the American Academy of Political &
Social Science. Vol. 391: pp. 21-33 (JSTOR)
*Meyer, D & Staggenborg, S 1996: ‘Movements, Countermovements, & the Structure of
Political Opportunity’, The American Journal of Sociology 101(6): pp1628-1660
See end for more readings on collective violence
Homework Task:
Go online and try to find an example of transnational activism. Think about the
possibilities and hindrances facing the construction of a ‘global movement’.
15
Week 10: Globalisation and Social Movements
The most prominent contemporary movements are those that have arisen in response
to processes of globalisation. This lecture charts the rise of transnational movement
activism.
Key Readings
Della Porta, D & Tarrow, S 2005: ‘Transnational Processes and Social Activism’
in Della Porta, D & Tarrow, S (eds) Transnational Protest and Global
Activism: Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield [HM881 Tra.] And other chaps
in this volume.
Wood, L. 2005. ‘Bridging the Chasms: The Case of People’s Global Action’, in Bandy, J
& Smith, J. (eds) 2005. Coalitions Across Borders. [HM881 Coa.]
*Smith, J 2002. ‘Bridging Global Divides? Strategic Framing & Solidarity in
Transnational SMOs’, International Sociology 17(4): 505-528
See also short, accessible and informative pieces:
Hardt, M 2002. ‘Porto Alegre: Today’s Bandung?’ New Left Review 14 (Online).
Mertes, T 2002. ‘Grassroots Globalism’. New Left Review 17 (Online).
Klein, N 2001: ‘Reclaiming the Commons’ pp.1-7 in New Left Review 9 (Online)
On transcending ‘unity’: http://www.turbulence.org.uk/walkingintherigh.html
Other Readings
Bandy, J & Smith, J. (eds) 2005. Coalitions Across Borders. Lanham: Rowman and
Littlefield [HM881 Coa.] Esp Chapters by Faber, Wood, Brooks and eds.
Castells, M 1997: The Power of Identity.
Crossley, N 2003. ‘Even Newer Social Movements? Anti-Corporate Protests, Capitalist
Crises and the Remoralization of Society’, Organization 10(2): pp287-305
Gorringe, H and Rosie, M 2006: ‘“Pants to Poverty”? Making Poverty History, Edinburgh
2005’. Sociological Research Online, 11 (1)
Olesen, T 2004: ‘Globalising the Zapatistas: From Third World Solidarity to Global
Solidarity?’ pp.255-267 in Third World Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 1, 2004.
Sklair, L: Social Movements and Global Capitalism’ in Roberts, J and Hite, A (2000):
From Modernization to Globalization: pp340-352
*Tarrow, S. 2001. ‘Transnational Politics’, Annual review of Political Science 4: pp1-20
See below on Anarchism and Anti-Capitalism for further readings
Homework Task:
Identify an example of SM/SMO success. What do you think led to the success of the
movement in this instance? Could more have been done to build on this?
16
Week 11: Social Movement Outcomes
The critical question for any theorist of social movements is what impact does/did it
have? Measuring ‘success or failure’ can be difficult when the movement does not have
concrete demands, but in this lecture we try to chart the myriad ways in which SMs
affect society. Nb. For those with access to the national library there is a special issue of
Mobilization devoted to this theme that came out in 2009.
Key Readings
Giugni, M 1998. ‘Was it Worth the Effort?’ Annual Review of Sociology 98: 37193(online)
Sherkat, D and Blocker, T. 1997. ‘Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences
of Protest’. Social Forces 75(3): 1049-1076 (Online).
Notes from Nowhere (2003) 'Walking: We Ask Questions' in We Are Everywhere. London:
Verso. [HN17.5 We.] Online at http://www.narconews.com/Issue35/article1124.html
Anonymous (2000) 'Give up Activism.' Do or Die: Voices from the Ecological
Resistance 9: 160-166. Online at
http://www.eco-action.org/dod/no9/activism.htm
http://www.turbulence.org.uk/arewewinning.html also see other articles in this edition.
Other Readings
*Andrews, K 2001. ‘Social movements and policy implementation: The Mississippi civil
rights movement and the war on poverty, 1965-1971’. American Sociological
Review 66(1): 71-95.
Burstein P, Einwohner RL, Hollander JA. 1995. The success of political movements: a
bargaining perspective. In The Politics of Social Protest, ed. J Craig Jenkins, B
Klandermans, pp. 275.95.
Clemens E. 1993. ‘Organizational repertoires and institutional change’. Am. J. Sociol.
98:755.98
Della Porta and Diani. 1999. Social Movements. Ch 9.
Dubet, F & Thaler, H 2004: ‘The Sociology of Collective Action Reconsidered’,
Current Sociology 52(4): 557-573. (Online)
Franceschet, S 2004: ‘Explaining Social Movement Outcomes: Collective Action
Frames and Strategic Choices in First- and Second-Wave Feminism in Chile’.
Comparative Political Studies 37(5): pp499-530 (online)
*Giugni, M, McAdam, D & Tilly, C. 1999. How Social Movements Matter
Jasper, J 1997. The Art of Moral Protest. Ch 17.
*Kane, M. 2010. ‘You’ve won, Now what? The Influence of Legal Change on Gay and
Lesbian Mobilization, 1974-1999’, The Sociological Quarterly 51: pp255-277
(Available online)
McAdam D. 1989. The biographical consequences of actvism. Am. Sociol. Rev. 54:
744.60 (JSTOR)
Snow, Soule & Kriesi. 2004. Blackwell Companion …Chs 20-23
*Wagner, D & Cohen, M 1991. ‘The Power of the People’. Social Problems 38(4):543-61
Welsh, I. 2001. ‘Anti-nuclear Movements: Failed Projects or Heralds of a Direct Action
Milieu?’ Sociological research Online 6(3).
17
Essay Questions
Students are encouraged to make up their own questions and tailor them to aspects of
the course, or specific movements, that they are interested in. It is imperative,
however, that you clear the question with me first.
Alternatively, students can opt to do one of the following questions:
Example Questions:
1. Critically compare and contrast two social movement theories with reference to at
least one case study.
2. Is buying Fairtrade goods a form of social movement activism? Justify your
answer with examples.
3. Do contemporary movements need to engage the mass media? What are the
implications for social struggle?
4. Why might social movement activists resort to violence? What are the problems
with such tactics?
5. How ‘global’ are global movements? Discuss by reference to examples.
6. What works for SMs? Discuss the determinants of movement ‘success’, by
reference to at least TWO examples of social movement outcomes.
Exam Questions from Summer 2010
You will have 2 hours to answer two out of six questions.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is Fairtrade a Social Movement? Discuss.
Are ‘media hits’ an apt measure of movement success? Discuss by
reference to media coverage or the literature on movement outcomes.
If you were a social movement activist, why might you use violent tactics?
Does membership of a Social Movement Organisation count as political
participation? Or are SMOs self-sustaining ‘protest businesses?’
To what extent have social movements responded to increasing
globalisation? Has social theory kept pace with practice?
Can caste-based movements eradicate caste? Discuss.
18
Further Reading and Case Studies
The home work tasks and the long essays and exam in particular, require you to draw
on case studies and examples. There are numerous resources in the library and
available through journals (on and off line). To give you a start, however, I have listed
some key sources for theoretical approaches or particular movements below which are
all available from the library.
Theoretical Approaches
Resource Mobilisation Theory
Jenkins, J.C. 1983. ‘Resource Mobilization Theory & the study of Social Movements’, Annual
Review of Sociology 9: pp527-53
Buechler, S. 1993. ‘Beyond Resource Mobilization? Emerging Trends in Social Movement
Theory’, Sociological Quarterly 34(2): p.217
Relative Deprivation and Crowd Theory
Crossley, N 2002: Making Sense of Social Movements. Ch2
Law, A & McNeish, W 2007: ‘Contesting the New irrational Actor Model’, Sociology 41(3): 439456
Rational Actor Model
Chong, D 1992: ‘Social Incentives and the Preservation of Reputation in Public-Spirited
Collective Action’, International Political Science Review 13(2): pp171-198 (JSTOR)
Moore, W 1995: ‘Rational Rebels: Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem’, Political Research
Quarterly 48(2): pp417-454 (JSTOR)
Olson, M 1965. The logic of collective action. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press
Political Process
Goodwin, J & Jasper, J 1999: ‘Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine’, Sociological Forum, 14(1)
(JSTOR)
Tarrow, S 1998: Power In Movement. Introduction
NSMT
Buechler, Steven M., ‘New Social Movement Theories’, Sociological Quarterly 36(3): pp441
Pichardo, N 1997: ‘New Social Movements: A Critical Review’, Annual Review of Sociology
23(ns): 411-430 (JSTOR)
Scott, A 1990: Ideology and the New Social Movements. Ch. 1
Veltmeyer, H. 1997. ‘NSMs in Latin America: The Dynamics of Class and Identity’, in Journal of
Peasant Studies: Vol.25, No.1. pp139-169
Network Approaches
Diani, M and McAdam, D 2003: Social Movements and Networks. Esp. Chs10, 12 (Libonline)
Marwell, G; Oliver, P & Prahl, R. 1988. ‘Social networks and Collective Action’. The American
Journal of Sociology 94(3): pp502-534
Emerging Approaches
Dubet, F & Thaler, H 2004: ‘The Sociology of Collective Action Reconsidered’, Current
Sociology 52(4): 557-573. (Online)
Jaswin 1999: ‘Trouble in Paradigms’, Sociological Forum 14(1): pp107-125 (JSTOR).
Goodwin, Jasper and Polletta 2001: Passionate Politics. Intro and Ch 1-4
Identity Politics
One of the main questions asked by social movement studies is WHY people protest.
Part of the answer to this rests in the construction of collective identities. When these
identities become exclusive and dominate a movement’s political agenda this is known
as ‘identity politics’, which is variously known as the politics of Recognition or
Difference. Some of the most successful and best known movements are identity based
… but can they become trapped in their identities?
Allen, A (1999): ‘Solidarity after identity politics’. Philosophy and Social Criticism: 25(1): 97
19
-118
Bernstein, M (2002): ‘Identities and Politics’, Social Science History 26:3: pp531-81
Castells, M. 1997. The Power of Identity. (Ch 1)
Della Porta, D & Diani, M. 1999. Social Movements (esp. Ch. 4). [HN17.5 Del]
Fraser, N (2003): ‘Rethinking recognition’. In Hobson, B (ed.): Recognition Struggles and
Social Movements. pp21-32
Hekman, S (2000): ‘Beyond Identity: Feminism, identity and identity politics’. Feminist Theory,
Vol. 1 (3), pp: 289-308 (Online)
*Kenny, M (2004): The Politics of Identity. Ch 6.
Melucci, A. 1995. ‘The Process of Collective Identity’, in Johnston, H & Klandermans, B (Ed.):
Social Movements & Culture: pp41-63
Poletta, F and Jasper, J. 2001: ‘Collective Identity and Social Movements’, Annual Review of
Sociology 27: 283-305 (Online).
Movements and the Media
Altheide, D (1997), ‘The News Media, the Problem Frame, and the Production of Fear’,
Sociological Quarterly, 38 (4), pp647-668 [Online]
Hoynes, W (2005), ‘Media Research & Media Activism’, in D. Croteau, W. Hoynes & C. Ryan
(eds), Rhyming Hope & History. Uni of Minnesota Press: pp97-114
Kolb, F (2005) ‘The Impact of Transnational Protest on Social Movement Organisations’, in D.
Della Porta & S. Tarrow (eds.) Transnational Protest and Global Activism. Lanham:
Rowman & Littlefield: pp95-120. [HM881 Tra.]
McFarlane, T & Hay, I (2003) ‘The battle for Seattle: protest and popular geopolitics in The
Australian newspaper’, Political Geography 22, pp211–232 [Online]
McLuhan, M (1960) Explorations in Communication. Boston: Beacon Press. [PU23.3 Car]
Philo, G (1993) ‘From Buerk to Band Aid: the Media & the 1984 Ethiopian Famine’, in J.
Eldridge (ed.) Getting the Message: News, Truth & Power. London: Routledge:
pp104-125 [P91.25 Get.]
Anarchism & Anti-Capitalism
Numerous commentators have suggested that recent developments in anti-capitalist
politics are much more consistent with anarchist political traditions. This provides a
challenge not only to capitalism, but also to 'Old Left' tendencies toward party politics
and hierarchical forms of organisation. These readings offer an introduction to anarchist
thought, a look at the anarchist movements, and some critical thoughts on contemporary
anarchist politics.
*Carter, J. and Morland, D. (2004) 'Anti-Capitalism: Are We All Anarchists Now?' in AntiCapitalist Britain Cheltenham: New Clarion Press. [HN18.3 Ant.]
Chesters, G. (2003) 'Shape Shifting: Civil Society, Complexity and Social Movements' Anarchist
Studies, 11(1): 42-65 or on-line at http://www.shiftingground.freeuk.com/shapeshifting.htm
*Day, R. (2005) Gramsci is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements.
London, Pluto Press. [HN49.R33 Day.] Introduction [OFFPRINT (Sociol)]
Darkstar (eds) (2003) Quiet rumours: an anarcha-feminist reader. Edinburgh: AK Press/Dark
Star
Dowling, E (2005) 'The Ethics of Engagement Revisited: Remembering the ESF 2004'.
Ephemera
5 (2): 205-215. Online at http://www.ephemeraweb.org/journal/5-2/5-2dowling.pdf
*Graeber, D. (2002) 'The New Anarchists' New Left Review, 1:13, on-line at
http://www.newleftreview.net/NLR24704.shtml
Heckert, J. (2002) 'Maintaining the Borders: politics and identity'. Greenpepper, Autumn:
26-28. Online at: http://squat.net/cia/gp/hom3c.php?artid=161&back=/cia/gp/hom.php
20
May, T (1994) 'Steps Toward a Poststructuralist Anarchism' The Political Philosophy of
Poststructuralist Anarchism. Pennsylvania State University Press. [OFFPRINT (Sociol)]
Purkis, J and J Bowen (1997) Twenty-first century anarchism. London : Cassell. [HX833 Twe.]
Purkis, J and J Bowen (2004) Changing anarchism: anarchist theory and practice in a global
age. Manchester : Manchester University Press. [HX833 Cha.]
Starhawk (2002) Webs of Power: notes from the global uprising. Gabriola Island, Canada, New
Society Publishers.[JZ1318 Sta.]
Ward, C. (1973) 'Anarchy and a plausible future' in Anarchy in Action. London, Allan & Unwin.
[OFFPRINT (Sociol)]
Ward, C. (2004) Anarchism: a very short introduction. Oxford, OUP. [HX833 War.]
Further reading on anarchism in novel-form:
LeGuin, U. (1999 [1974]) The Dispossessed. London, The Women's Press.
Piercy, M. (2000 [1976]) Woman on the Edge of Time. London, The Women's Press.
Global Movements
The ‘anti’ or ‘alternative’ globalisation movement (also known as the Global Justice
Movement) has been one of the most high profile and active mass movements in recent
decades.
Amoore, L (ed.) 2005. The Global Resistance reader. London: Routledge
Della Porta, D, Peterson, A & Reiter, A (eds) 2006: The Policing of Transnational Protest.
Aldershot: Ashgate
Khagram, S; Riker, J & K. Sikkink (eds.) 2002: Restructuring world politics: transnational
SMs, networks, and norms. Minneapolis: Uni of Minnesota Press (HM881 Res)
Mayo, M 2005: Global citizens . London: Zed Books (HM881.May)
McDonald, K 2006. Global Movements. Oxford: Blackwell
McNally, D 2002: Another World is Possible. Globalization and Anti-Capitalism.
Notes from Nowhere (2003) We Are Everywhere: the irresistible rise of global anti-capitalism .
London: Verso. [HN17.5 We.]
Smith, J & Johnston, H (eds.) 2002: Globalization and resistance. Lanham: Rowman &
Littlefield (HN17.553 Glo)
Starr, A 2000: Naming the enemy: anti-corporate movements confront globalization.
London: Zed. (HM881. Sta)
*Tormey, S. (2005) 'After Gleneagles: Where Next?' in Shut Them Down! The G8, Gleneagles
2005 and the Movement of Movements. Leeds/New York: Dissent!/Autonomedia.
[JZ1318 Shu.] Also online at http://www.shutthemdown.org/Resources/Ch%2033.pdf
Vargas, V 2003. ‘Feminism, globalization and the global justice and solidarity movement’.
Cultural Studies17(6): pp905-920
Waterman, P 2001: Globalization, social movements and the new internationalisms.
London: Continuum. (HD6475.A1 Wat.)
Fair Trade
Fair trade as an alternative to free trade has mushroomed in the past few decades.
Fair Trade Federation (2005) Fair Trade Trends in North America and the Pacific Rim,
Washington, DC, USA www.fairtradefederation.org
ICO Coffee Market Report, 2006 http://dev.ico.org/index.asp
James, D. (2002) ‘Consumer activism and corporate accountability: A history of the fair trade
movement’ Journal of Research for Consumers, Issue 3, September.
Krier, J-K (2005) Fair Trade in Europe: Facts and Figures on Fair Trade in 25 European
Countries, Brussels: Fair Trade Advocacy Office & Heinrich Boll Foundation.
Lewin, B. Giovannucci, D. and Varangis, P. (2004) Coffee Markets: New Paradigms in Global
Supply and Demand. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank Agriculture and Rural Development
Department.
21
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/ardext.nsf/11ByDocName/CoffeeMarketsNewParadigmsi
nGlobalSupplyandDemand/$FILE/CoffeeMarkets-ArdDp3.pdf
Lindsey, B. (2004) Grounds for Complaint? ‘Fair Trade’ and the Coffee Crisis. London: Adam
Smith Institute, www.adamsmith.org
Miller, D. (1998) A Theory of Shopping. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Raynolds, L. (2002) ‘Consumer/producer links in fair trade coffee networks’, Sociologia Ruralis,
42: 404-424.
Warde, A. (2005) ‘Consumption and theories of practice’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 5: 131153.
Dalit Movements
Dalits, formerly Untouchables, are those at the foot of the caste hierarchy. Since the late
19th Century at least they have been organising for social, political and cultural change.
Good places to start looking for details on Dalit movements:
Charsley, S & Karanth, G (ed.) 1998. Challenging Untouchability. London: Sage
Duncan, I. 1999. ‘Dalits and Politics in Rural North India’. Journal of Peasant Studies 27(1):
pp35-60
Gorringe, H 2005. Untouchable Citizens. New Delhi: Sage
Gorringe, H and Rafanell, I 2007: ‘The Embodiment of Caste’. Sociology 41(1): pp97-114
Jeffrey, C. 2000. ‘Democratisation without Representation?’ Political Geography 19: pp10131036
Morkhandikar, R (1990): ‘Dilemmas of Dalit Movement in Maharashtra’. EPW XXV (12),
March 24: pp586-590
Omvedt, G 1994. Dalits & the Democratic Revolution. New Delhi: Sage
Pai, S 2004. Dalit Assertion and The Unfinished Revolution. New Delhi Sage
Women’s Movement/Feminism
One of the most successful and innovative social movements. Has been important in the
real world and in reshaping academic thinking.
Bolt, C 2004: Sisterhood questioned? race, class, and internationalism in the American and
British women’s movements, c.1880s-1970s. London: Routledge
Eschle, C 2001. Global democracy, social movements, and feminism. Boulder: Westview Press
Ferree, M & Mueller, C 2004. ‘Feminism & the Women’s Movement’, in Snow et al. (eds): The
Blackwell Companion to SMs (Ch. 25).
Staggenborg, S 1998. Gender, family, and social movements. London: Pine Forge Press
Wieringa, S (ed) 1997: Subversive women: women’s movements in Africa, Asia, Latin America
and the Caribbean. London : Zed Books
Environmentalism
One of the major and most important movements of the contemporary era. Can be a
catch all category that includes conservationists as well as those campaigning for ecojustice.
Bryner, G 2001. Gaia’s wager: environmental movements and the challenge of sustainability.
Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield
Peet, R & Watts, M (eds) 2004: Liberation ecologies: environment, development, social
movements. London: Routledge
Rootes, C (ed) 1999. Environmental movements: local, national, and global. London: Frank
Cass
Rootes, C. 2004: ‘Environmental Movements’, in Snow et al. (eds): The Blackwell Companion
to SMs (Ch. 26).
Taylor, B (ed) 1995. Ecological resistance movements. State University of New York Press
22
Civil Rights Movement
The most important movement for SM Theorists many of whom cut their political teeth in
the CRM. A much used case study due to its importance, success and composition.
Andrews, K 2004. Freedom is a constant struggle: the Mississippi civil rights movement and its
legacy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Davis, J (ed) 2001. The Civil Rights Movement. Oxford: Blackwell
Joseph, P (ed) 2006. The Black power movement: rethinking the civil rights-Black Power era.
London: Routledge
Lewis, G. 2006. Massive resistance: the white response to the civil rights movement. London:
Hodder Arnold
Robnett, B 1997: How Long? How Long? African-American women in the struggle for civil rights
Oxford: OUP.
LGBT Movements
One of the wave of movements that emerged in the 1960s and have reshaped our social
and political lives.
Bernstein, M 2002. ‘Identities & Politics’, Social Science History 26(3): pp531-81
Blasius, M (ed) 2001. Sexual identities, queer politics. Princeton University Press
Gamson, J 1995. ‘Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma’, Social Problems
42(3): pp390-407
Marcus, E 2002. Making gay history: the half-century fight for lesbian and gay equal rights. New
York: Perennial
Rimmerman, C; Wald, K & Wilcox, C 2000. The politics of gay rights. Uni of Chicago Press
Peace/Anti-Nuclear
The poor relation of the 1960s movements. The Peace/Anti nuclear movement has had
some of the largest demonstrations and protests but its impact is less tangible.
Flam, H (ed) 1994. States and anti-nuclear movements. Edinburgh University Press
Hall, S 2005. Peace and freedom: the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1960s.
University of Pennsylvania Press
Jeffreys-Jones, R 1995. Peace now! : American society and the ending of the Vietnam War.
Yale University Press
Marullo, S & Meyer, D 2004. ‘Antiwar & Peace Movements’, in Snow et al. (eds): The Blackwell
Companion to SMs (Ch. 27).
Sauermann, B (ed). 2/15 : the day the world said no to war. Edinburgh : AK Press
Roseneil, S 1995. Disarming patriarchy: feminism and political action at Greenham.
Buckingham: Open University Press
Collective Violence:
Basu, A 1995: Why Local Riots are not simply Local. Theory and Society 24: pp35-78 (Online)
Blok, A 2001: Honour and Violence. Ch6.
Bowman, G 2001. The Violence in Identity. In Anthropology of Violence and Conflict, B.
Schmidt & I. Schröder, eds. London: Routledge: pp25-46
Das, V 1992: Introduction: Communities, Riots and Survivors - The South Asian Experience.
In Mirrors of Violence. V. Das, ed. Delhi, O.U.P: pp1-36.
Gorringe, H 2006: ‘Banal Violence? The everyday Underpinnings of Collective Violence’.
Identities 13(2): pp237-60 (Avail Online).
Riches, D 1986: ‘The Phenomenon of Violence. In The Anthropology of Violence, D. Riches,
ed. Oxford: Blackwell: pp1-27
Stanko, E 2003: Introduction: Conceptualising the Meanings of Violence. In The Meanings of
Violence. E. Stanko, ed. London: Routledge: pp1-13
Tolnay, S. and Deane, G 1996: Vicarious Violence: Spatial Effects on Southern Lynchings,
1890-1919. American Journal of Sociology 102(3): pp788-815.
23