1.
Objectives
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Define the term “imperialism”.
2. List and describe the reasons why the US became an imperial
power.
Drill
1. Explain two reasons why a nation might want colonies.
2. Does the US today have any colonies or land holdings?
Homework
- Read Chapter 5, sections 1&2– pages 138-150
Unit II - U.S. Foreign Policy: 1898-1919
I. The Question of Imperialism
A. Imperialism - the policy of nations to gain territory (colonies) for the
purpose of wealth and prestige. (Ch.5-I)
1. 1890s - Many European nations were empire building
2. Question - Should the US follow suit in order to become a world
power?
a. T.R. - believed that the US should do exactly that
b. Alfred Thayer Mahan - wrote The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History - said every great nation had a powerful
navy - the US must do this to be a world power.
c. Social Darwinism - the belief that only the strongest nations
survive and superior to weak nations and peoples and destined
to rule them. Some worried that if the US did not become in
imperial power like Europe, we would not survive.
d. Businessmen/Farmers - supported it - much $ to be made
e. others - believed the US was different - exploiting foreign
people for our own gain is immoral
3. Spanish American War (1898)
a. US - brought into conflict with Spain over Cuba
b. war lasted 6 months - total domination by the US
c. treaty that ended the war = US control of some Spanish
colonies:
- Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
d. as a result, the US became an imperial power
Objectives
2.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Compare and contrast US foreign policy with regard to the
Phillipines and China in the early 1900s.
2. Explain the impact of these policies upon natives and the rise of
the US as a global power.
Drill
1. Define the term “imperialism”.
2. Give one reason for and against American imperialism in the late
1800s.
3. How did the Spanish American War make the US an imperial
power?
Homework
- Read Chapter 5
- Due next class - Chapter 5, Section III Section Summary
II. US Foreign Policy in Asia (Ch. 5-III)
A. The Philippines
1. Natives thought the US would allow them self rule like in Cuba.
McKinley decided to control the island nation - Why?
a. base of supplies/operation for trade in Asia
b. strategically important naval base for any operations in Asia
c. imperialism - to keep up with Europe
d. allow the people there to become democratic and Christian
2. 1899 - insurrection began - under Emilio Aguinaldo
a. used guerilla warfare - small group operations using hit and
run tactics = first time US troops faced this
b. civilian casualties - high
c. lost more than in the Span-Am War:
- 5,000 US troops killed
- 200,000 Filipinos died
3. 1901 - Aguinaldo captured
4. Under US control until 1945.
B. China
1. 1899 - China in chaos - nations controlled different parts called
Spheres of Influence
2. US did not have a sphere of influence - wanted one - why:
a. trade with China would be very profitable
3. John Hay - Sec. of State - proposed the Open Door Note:
a. proposed equal access to China by all nations and
encouraged Chinese self rule = other nations agreed
4. 1900 - Boxer Rebellion broke out - wanted to kill all foreigners
a. 20,000 allied force (US, GB, France, Russia, Japan) smashed
the rebellion and forced reparations on the Chinese govt.
Video (3 min) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4QdEKjEg88
C. Roosevelt in Asia
1. wanted to flex American muscle - ordered the construction of
a cutting edge naval fleet in the Pacific - 16 battleships
a. called the "Great White Fleet" - they traveled all over Asia
to demonstrate America's military might in 1907.
Objectives
3.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain how T.R. was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
2. Explain US foreign policy with regard to Latin America.
3. Explain the impact of these policies upon natives and the rise of
the US as a global power.
Drill
1. Why did the US insist on controlling the Phillipines after the
Spanish American War?
2. What effects resulted?
3. Why did the US introduce and institute the Open Door Policy?
4. What effects resulted?
Homework
- Read Chapter 5
- Due today - Chapter 5, Section III Section Summary
2. Russo-Japanese War - broke out in 1904
a. fight over control of Asia between Russia and Japan
b. T.R. - secretly supported Japan - to keep a "balance of
power" in Asia to protect US trade there.
c. hosted a peace conference - peace was established and
the balance of power was maintained
d. T.R. - given the Nobel Peace Prize for his role.
III. U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America (Ch. 5-IV)
A. Theodore Roosevelt
1. Latin America - seemed ripe for the taking for the US - no major
military powers located there because of the Monroe Doctrine of
1823:
a. any power that interfered with any nation in Latin America
would be attacked by the US
2. Cuba - established as a US protectorate in 1902 with the passage
of the Platt Amendment:
a. Cubans - could have self control but could not sign any
agreement or treaty with any nation w/o US approval
b. Cubans had to allow US naval bases there
c. US had the right to intervene in Cuba at any time
3. Adopted two policies that would create greater US control of
the area and establish better trade:
a. Big Stick Policy - "speak softly and carry a big stick and you
will go far"
- use negotiations first, if that doesn't work - use force
b. Roosevelt Corollary - the US would become the police force
of the Western Hemisphere
- it was a bolstering of the Monroe Doctrine - resented by
natives and Europeans alike
4. The Panama Canal - the Big Stick in Action
a. dream - to have a canal linking the Atlantic to the Pacific
through Central America - isthmus. Many had failed before.
- took months to travel from coast to coast
- EX: USS Oregon - Seattle to Cuba
b. Congress - tried to come to an agreement for a lease of the
land with Colombia (Panama was part of this nation) - they
demanded more $
c. T.R. - sponsored a revolt by Panamanians
- signed a treaty with the new government for the land
for a price of $10 million and $250,000 annual rent
- all nations had to have access and usage of the canal
Objectives
4.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain the impact of the construction of the Panama Canal.
2. Outline the operation and effects of Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Drill
1. Why was the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to TR ironic?
2. How did TR add to the Monroe Doctrine?
3. Explain the “Big Stick” Policy and give an example of its use.
Homework
- Read Chapter 5
- Due last class - Chapter 5, Section III Section Summary
- Due next class – T.R. political cartoon paragraph
d. Construction:
- began in 1904 - finished in 1914 - considered the
greatest achievement of T.R.'s presidency
- obstacles
- disease - yellow fever/malaria - swamps were
drained and vaccine created by Dr. Walter Reed.
- engineering - marvel of cutting edge science carried
out under the direction of the US Corps of Engineers
with Panamanian labor
- lock system created - to raise the ships over the hills
- construction accidents common - 5,000 died
Video (2 min) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=iv&src_vid=-vi19z4LEi0&annotation_id=annotation_655031&v=fApnN54uPw
B. William Howard Taft
1. agreed with T.R.'s control of Latin America, but preferred less
confrontational methods.
2. adopted Dollar Diplomacy - "substitute dollars for bullets" by
encouraging American businessmen to invest in business there.
a. plantations, mines, railroads, oil wells, fruit, etc. were
created and supported with American $
b. foreign debts were bought out by American investors so
that the US had monetary control of the region
c. infrastructure was greatly improved and many jobs were
created in Latin America
d. $72 billion was invested by US business men b/t 1897-1914
3. Big Stick - was used at times too - 1909 Taft sent troops there to
protect the formation of a pro-US government
Objectives
5.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Outline the foreign policy of Woodrow Wilson with regard to
Latin America.
2. Compare and contrast the four causes of World War I
Drill
1. Explain one challenge that had to be met during the construction
of the Panama Canal.
2. Who was Walter Reed?
3. How was Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” different from TR’s “Big Stick”
policy in Latin America?
Homework
- Read Chapter 5
- Due today – T.R. political cartoon paragraph
C. Woodrow Wilson
1. Promised "moral diplomacy" - the US would not be so aggressive
in getting its way in Latin America
a. in actuality, it was essentially a combination of Big Stick
and Dollar Diplomacy
- sent troops to Haiti, Cuba and Mexico to serve American
interests there
2. Mexico- Wilson interfered with civil war there
a. Wilson - supported Pancho Villa, a rebel, against the govt
under Venustiano Carranza.
b. business interests in the US - convinced Wilson to support
the government = Villa deserted
c. Villa - raided Columbus, NM
- killed 18 Americans, destroyed the town
d. 1916 - Wilson - sent an army, under John J. Pershing to
capture Villa
- searched for a year, never found him
- Villa was killed in 1923 - shot by 7 men while driving
e. 1917 - Pershing pulled out by Wilson b/c of WWI
IV. The Great War
A. The Causes of World War I (Ch.6-I)
1. Nationalism - feeling of pride and loyalty toward one's nation
a. a feeling of superiority and a desire to prove it.
b. desire to throw off foreign influence or control in one's
nation. EX: Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia EX: France vs.
Germany over Alsace Lorraine
c. Social Darwinism influenced thought here
2. Imperialism - Many nations were empire building during this time
a. France, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, the US
b. rivalry between the nations resulted = spilled over to hatred
c. arms race resulted - needed to protect empires
3. Militarism - Glorification of the military. Many nations believed
that there would be a war and dedicated their resources to prepare:
a. developed new weapons - would change the face of war
b. stockpiled weapons/recruited huge armies/built large navies
4. Entangling Alliances - in order to gain influence and power,
European nations formed alliances
a. alliance - a group of nations that promise one another
military/economic support in case of conflict
b. Triple Entente - Great Britain (King George V), France,
Russia (Czar Nicholas II) - later called "allies"
c. Triple Alliance - later called "Central Powers" - Germany
(Kaiser Wilhelm II), Austria-Hungary (Emporer Franz Joseph I)
- later included Turkey and Bulgaria and Italy for a short
time
d. nations were obligated, by written agreement, to support
one another
- did not want to seem weak
- wanted to flex their muscles to the rest of the world
- this set a deadly trap
Objectives
6.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain how the assassination of Franz Ferdinand caused the
outbreak of WWI
2. Explain the events and tactics of the first two years of the war.
3. Identify characteristics of trench warfare.
Drill
1. What was “moral diplomacy?”
2. How did Pancho Villa impact US-Mexico relations?
3. Name and explain one cause of World War I.
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
5. Assassination - the match that set off the "powder keg" that was
Europe.
a. Bosnia - included in the empire of Austria-Hungary
- ethnic Serbs (of Serbia) hated A.H. for this
b. June, 1914 - Sarejevo, Serbia
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were on
a good will tour of the city
- assassinated by Gavrillo Princip, Serbian radical
c. Franz Joseph - threatened to declare war on Serbia - asked
Germany for support
- Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm) pledged full support - called
the "blank check"
d. Russia - had a secret alliance with Serbia - declared war on
A.H.
e. France - allied with Russia - declared war on A.H.
f. Germany - allied with A.H. - declared war on Russia/France
g. France/Russia - declare war on Germany
B. The Early Years of the War
1. Germany – Von Schlieffen Plan– sweep through neutral Belgium
into France – capture Paris – then turn full forces to defeat Russia –
based on strict timing.
a. Belgium – neutral nation – attacked – G.B. – then
declared war on the central powers.
b. German troops – slowed by a fierce Belgian resistance,
tore into France – French troops struggled to meet them
in battle to save Paris:
- Battle of the Marne – German advance stopped
at great loss to both sides – realized that old tactics
with new weapons would not work
- trench warfare began - stalemate
- attempts were made to break the stalemate with
suicidal frontal assaults - massive casualties resulted
video (4 min) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU
- EX: battle of Verdun - 10 months of battle
resulting in over 306,000 deaths / 500,000
wounded in 1916
- EX: battle of the Somme - British lost 60,000 in
18 hours
Objectives
7.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain the conditions of trench warfare
2. Empathize with the average soldier of WWI.
Drill
1. How did the “blank check” given to Austria Hungary help to cause
the outbreak of WWI?
2. What was the Schlieffen Plan and why did it fail?
3. What did both sides learn from the Battle of the Marne?
4. How did trench warfare create stalemate?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
2. Trench Warfare
a. both sides – faced massive casualties –dug into
the earth for protection
- 600 mile front from Switzerland to the
English channel
b. “No Man’s Land” – area b/t opposing trenches
over which attacks were made
- corpses, rats, shellholes, dead trees, barren
c. Trench Life
- brutal – poor shelter/sanitation, deadly
environment, lice, trench foot, rats, disease, mud
- boring – months w/o seeing the enemy
d. Trench lines – extended from the Baltic to the
Mediterranean Sea
- stalemate – little changes in lines for over 3
years
- tactics – shelling, rolling barrages, infantry
assaults over open ground
- thousands die in minutes in these attacks
netting a few hundred yards
German dead – 1917
German cemetery – hit by artillery
Objectives
8.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Compare and contrast the various causes of US intervention in
WWI.
Drill
1. What was “no man’s land?” Why was it so deadly?
2. Describe life in the trenches of WWI.
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
- Due today – Xmas truce essay
- Due Wednesday - Chapter 6, Section I h/o – both sides
- Due Friday – current event
C. The Struggle for Neutrality (Ch.6-I)
1. Wilson - along with most Americans - wanted to stay neutral.
a. viewed the war as a bloody European conflict that was
self inflicted - did not want to get involved as long as our
rights were being respected.
2. Neutrality impossible - why?
a. 1/3 of Americans were foreign born = loyalties divided
b. propaganda - persuasive use of the media to influence
people to think or act a certain way
- British controlled information - portrayed Germans as
monsters = turned public opinion against them
c. money
- US loans to GB and France - $2.25 billion
- American businessmen - had too much $ invested in
allied nations
d. British blockade of Germany
- international law said that contraband (war materials)
could be seized by blockading forces in a time of war
- British had a broad interpretation of contraband - seized
what Americans viewed as non-military from US ships
3. Submarine Warfare
a. Germans - used U-boats (untersea boats) to break the
British blockade
- mortality rate for submarine crew = very high
Video (2 min) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ed_jTFrZkY
b. US expected Germany to respect our neutrality and not
attack our citizens
c. 5/17/1915 - British ocean liner Lusitania attacked and sunk
off the coast of Ireland by a U-boat
- 228 Americans killed / 778 English
- Germans claimed the British put munitions on board
- Germans warned Americans not to get onboard before
the ship left NYC with a newspaper advertisement
- Americans outraged - neutrality ignored
- Germany - promised not to sink any unarmed ships
Objectives
9.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Compare and contrast the various causes of US intervention in
WWI.
2. Explain why World War I is the first modern war.
Drill
1. Explain one reason why it was impossible for the US to remain
neutral during WWI.
2. How did the sinking of the Lusitania effect US neutrality?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
- Due next class - Chapter 6, Section I h/o – both sides
4. Wilson - wins reelection in 1916 with the slogan "He Kept Us Out
of War"
a. Wilson - beginning to feel intervention is unavoidable
b. passed the National Defense Act (1916) - enlarged the size of
the US Army and increased ship construction
c. believed that the war would have lasting consequences and
thought the US should take part in order to have a say in a
post-war world.
5. January, 1917 - Zimmerman Telegram (Note) - German
ambassador to Mexico propositioned Mexico to declare war on the
US in return for aid/possibly troops.
a. motivation - to divert the attention of the US on a war with
Mexico while Germany wins in Europe
b. note intercepted by GB and exposed
c. Americans outraged again
6. Conditions in Germany by 1917 were terrible
a. British blockade - taking huge toll - German people starving
b. German leadership - took a gamble:
- break the blockade by sinking EVERY ship of any nation
- knew the US would declare war but hoped they could
win before the US could make an impact
c. declared "unrestricted submarine warfare" in Jan., 1917
d. U.S.S. Illinois - sunk 3/17
e. April 6, 1917 - Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of
war = US joins allies
D. World War I - the first "modern" war
1. Submarine – U-boat – stealth
2. Chemical warfare – chlorine, phosgene, mustard
3. Aeroplanes – reconnaissance – Baron Von Richtoven (Red Baron)
– 80 kills, Eddie Rickenbacker (26 kills) – “aces” - dogfighting
Video (start at 1:50) – aerial combat - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go0LprJwxaw
Objectives
10.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain why World War I is the first modern war.
2. Explain the effects of modern warfare on human beings.
Drill
1. Why did Woodrow Wilson believe the US should become
Involved in WWI?
2. How did the Zimmerman Telegram bring the US closer to war?
3. Why did the Germans declare unrestricted submarine warfare
even though they knew it would result in a declaration of war by
the US?
4. On what date did the US declare war on the central powers?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
- Due last class - Chapter 6, Section I h/o – both sides
- Due Friday – current event
4. Tanks – first used by the British in 1915 – moving cover
Video (4 min) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCsldbh9hAY&p=00018B48C34F85FA&playnext=1&index=34
5. Machine Gun – water-cooled, rapid fire, accurate
6. Grenade – fragmentation, internal timing fuse
7. Flamethrower – to clear out trenches/bunkers
8. Long range/Accurate Artillery – “rolling barrage”
9. Total War – targeting civilians as well as military personnel in an
effort to destroy a nation’s will to fight.
- cities bombed – civilians killed purposely
10. Results of modern war upon people:
a. massive casualties - an entire generation decimated
b. physical destruction - cities leveled/roads / bridges
destroyed
c. physical mutilation - shunned in society
Video “War Without End” (start at 13:15 to 18:42) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SHIY8C-Elc&feature=relmfu
d. psychological devastation - "shell shock" - physically
fine, but the mind has snapped, unable to deal with the terror
that modern war offers.
- WWII - called "battle fatigue"
- Vietnam - called "post traumatic stress disorder"
Video (start at 5:25-11:50) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6haP4AQfhQ&playnext=1&list=PL038996EE01A51D5E&feature=results_video
video (1:33) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS1dO0JC2EE&feature=related
Objectives
11.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Compare and contrast the purpose of various WWI artifacts
Drill
1. Explain one reason that WWI is considered the first modern war.
2. Explain one effect of the war upon human beings.
3. Now that you have had time to reflect upon it, what are your
thoughts on the photos and videos of the victims of WWI that we
viewed last class?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
Objectives
12.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain the mobilization of the US at the beginning of WWI.
2. Outline the effects of the war at home.
Drill
1. Explain one reason that WWI is considered the first modern war.
2. Explain one effect of the war upon human beings.
3. Which artifact, that we studied in class, do you like the most?
Why?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
E. The Great War at Home (Ch. 6-II)
1. Funding the War
a. income tax - graduated income tax on yearly income
b. liberty bonds - loans to the govt for the war - similar to
savings bonds
2. Building an army
a. Selective Service Act of 1917 - men b/t the ages of 21-30
- used a lottery system
- 24 million registered, 2.8 million drafted
b. Volunteers rushed to serve - 2 million
3. Equipping an army
a. Govt - converted the economy to a wartime economy:
- determined what crops farmers grew, what products
industry produced and how supplies were moved on RRs
b. labor unions - worked with the government to produce the
maximum amount of war supplies
- unions - gained popularity for their cooperation =
membership went up
4. Getting support for the war
a. Committee on Public Information (CPI) - formed to use the
media to gather public support for the war with propaganda
- George Creel - headed the CPI
- promoted the war through pamphlets, newspaper
articles, speakers, posters and censorship
video (1:20) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iFnce-4e74
- vilified Germans - resulted in persecution of German
Americans and dissenters:
- Tulsa, OK - socialists tarred/feathered
- discrimination against them
- German language classes banned
- Illinois - young boy lynched by a mob
- beer banned in some states
- sauerkraut - called "liberty cabbage"
- frankfurters - called "hot dogs"
- formed Loyalty Leagues - groups set up to report
those who might be disloyal to the war effort
5. Opposition to the war
a. conscientious objectors - people whose moral and/or
religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars
- draft boards - drafted most anyway
b. women's suffragists - argued that women should not
support the war b/c they did not have equal rights in society
c. socialists - claimed the war was only a means for the rich to
get richer through imperialism - fought for big business
Objectives
13.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Outline the effects of the war at home during WWI.
2. Explain the contributions of women in the war effort during WWI.
Drill
1. Explain one way in which the US government raised money to
fight the war.
2. How did the US government raise an adequate military to fight
the war.
3. How did the CPI convince the American people that the war was a
valiant effort?
4. Explain the cause of one group that was opposed to US
involvement in the war.
Homework
- Read Chapter 6
- Due next class – propaganda worksheet
d. Government cracked down on dissent:
- Espionage Act (1917) - "treasonable" newspapers,
magazines and printed material was banned.
- Sedition Act (1918) - now it was illegal to use "disloyal,
profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the govt,
the military, the war or the president
- both acts could bring a $10,000 fine and 20 yrs in jail
- Eugene V. Debs and Rose Pastor Stokes were
found guilty of the sedition act and sentenced to
10 years in prison
- Acts curbed civil liberties, especially the 1st amend.
but the govt claimed it was a time of war & necessary
- eventually - the acts expired when the war was over
e. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) formed to protect
the rights of free speech and expression = still exists
6. The Contribution of Women
a. women - did many things that made victory possible:
- formed committees to collect/conserve food
- took jobs in factories producing war materials - many
killed in accidents
- many jobs they took were exclusively men's jobs
- volunteered for service with the Red Cross, YMCA, &
Ambulance Service at the front.
b. The service of women was "vital to winning the war"
according to Wilson - and was the biggest reason for the 19th
Amendment = women's suffrage.
Video (2:30) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOLlDSbe4y8
Objectives
14.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Outline the conditions on the western front upon US entry.
2. Explain the impact of US forces upon the outcome of the war.
3. Identify important battles and offensives that affected the
outcome of the war.
Drill
1. Why did the government pass the sedition and espionage acts?
2. What were the effects of these laws?
3. Explain one way that women contributed to the war effort.
4. What was the major result of such service for women?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6, Section III
- Due today – propaganda worksheet
“Over There” song - http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.htm
F. The US Enters the War (Ch. 6-III)
1. Military situation in 1917:
a. bloody stalemate - after several attempts by each side in
1916 to break it, all failed and there was no progress.
b. Huge losses in manpower for the allies
c. Russia - Bolshevik Revolution - Vladimir Lenin - Russia made
peace with Germany in the Treaty of Brest Litovsk.
- Germany - could now concentrate ALL forces on the
western front - would try to win before the US could
make an impact
2. Spring, 1918 - Germany launched a massive offensive all along
the front in order to take Paris and end the war.
a. A.E.F. (American Expeditionary Forces) under Gen. John J.
Pershing - nicknamed "doughboys"
- began landing in France in 1917 - by the offensive there
were over 250,000 men on the front.
- Pershing - demanded the US fight as an independent
force with the exception of black troops sent to fight with
the French - 92nd Division
- Black troops were segregated and made to do
mostly manual labor, except those placed with the
French.
b. Offensive - broke the stalemate - 160,000 allied casualties
- miles of territory gained - Germans came within 37 miles
of Paris - attack sputtered out and stopped by the A.E.F.
- Battles of Chateau Thierry and Belleau Wood - stopped
the German advance.
- Sgt. Alvin C. York - distinguished himself - most
famous American soldier – awarded the C. M. of H.
- killed 28 Germans, took 32 machine guns and
captured 132 prisoners
Video (start at 8:15 – 11:00) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmRRhxo0RHc
Objectives
15.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain the impact of US forces upon the outcome of the war.
2. Identify important battles and offensives that affected the
outcome of the war.
3. Outline the terms of the Armistice of November, 1918.
Drill
1. What were the conditions on the western front as US troops
began to take part in the fighting?
2. How did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk impact the western front?
3. What was the A.E.F.?
4. What was the experience of black troops serving on the western
front?
5. Who was Alvin C. York?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6, Section III
c. Allied Offensive - July, 1918
- counter offensive carried out against German lines
- Meuse-Argonne Offensive - the American section of the
attack - drove Germans back to Germany, capturing
thousands of prisoners and tons of supplies.
d. Germany Collapses
- homefront - no food, no support by local leaders for
the Kaiser - riots break out
- army/navy - demoralized by the fresh American divisions
arriving each day - Americans were reckless and ruthless
- enlisted refused to follow orders of officers
3. Armistice
a. Germany - forced to sign an armistice (temporary pause) of
the war on November 11, 1918
b. Terms:
- Germans - had to evacuate all captured territory
- German war materials - had to be surrendered
immediately
- all P.O.W.'s, money and valuables seized had to be
returned immediately
Objectives
16.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Empathize with the average doughboy of the AEF.
2. Explain the purpose of Wilson’s “Fourteen Points.”
3. Explain the nature of communism.
Drill
1. What role did the US play in the counter offensive of summer/fall
of 1918?
2. Why did Germany begin to collapse by November, 1918?
3. Explain one term of the armistice of 1918.
Homework
- Read Chapter 6, Section III
G. Reshaping the World
1. Wilson - believed in "Peace Without Victory" - created the
Fourteen Points to assure this. Goals:
a. peace forever with a fair treaty for all. No vengeance.
b. prevent the spread of communism in Europe
2. Communism - now the form of government in Russia - now
called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)
a. Karl Marx - created the ideals of communism
b. blamed poverty and injustice on capitalism
c. advocated a class war and establishment of a dictatorship
of the proletariat:
- government would control all business
- a classless society where everyone is equal
- citizens exist for the good of the nation - individual
achievements mean nothing
- jobs, food, clothing and shelter would be provided
Objectives
17.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Explain why Wilson and most Americans feared communism and
its spread.
2. Compare and contrast the various parts of the Fourteen Points.
3. Compare and contrast the members of the “big four” and their
goals at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Drill
1. What were Wilson’s two goals in writing the “Fourteen Points?”
2. Explain two ways in which communism is different from
capitalism/democracy?
Homework
- Read Chapter 6, Section III
- Due next class – Chapter 6, Section III Section Summary h/o –
both sides!
d. 1917 - Bolshevik Revolution established a communist govt
in Russia - Czar Nicholas II deposed and killed
- Wilson - feared the defeated nations would cling to
communism as a government b/c of poverty
- Americans - afraid of its spread b/c there is no capitalism
or civil rights guaranteed by the government
3. Fourteen Points - included:
a. Equality of trade for all nations - to end imperialism
b. stressed self determination for all nations
c. new forms of international conduct:
- freedom of the seas - respect for neutrality
- open agreements instead of secret ones
- arms reduction
- peaceful negotiations b/t nations instead of violence
d. creation of a League of Nations - an international body of
representatives from all nations - goals:
- provide an arena of peaceful debate in order to work out
issues in a civilized manner in order to prevent war
- guarantee political and economic freedom for all nations
using peaceful means (boycotts, etc)
4. Versailles Conference - January, 1919
a. Wilson - hailed as a hero in Europe - represented the US
b. the "Big Four":
- Wilson - US - promote 14 Points
- David Lloyd George - GB - punish Germany and add to
the British Empire
- Georges Clemenceau - France - punish Germany and
take the disputed territory of Alsace-Lorraine
- Vittorio Orlando - Italy - wanted to gain land at the
expense of Austria-Hungary
c. Response to the 14 Points:
- European masses loved it, but leaders hated it b/c it
did not serve their goals
- during the conference George, Clemenceau and Orlando
routinely opposed Wilson, voting down most of his ideas.
d. Terms:
- France
- occupied the industrial region of Germany for 15
years - to economically cripple them
- won back territories of Alsace and Lorraine
- required the German govt to pay war reparations of
$11 billion
- gained several German colonies
- G.B.
- gained the remainder of German colonies
- war reparations - $11 billion
- Italy
- awarded Austrian lands to extend northern Italy
- war reparations - $11 billion
- US - given war reparations of $11 billion - rejected it.
- new nations drawn up (to prevent cultural conflict and
allow self determination)
- Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary - formed from
what was once Austria-Hungary
- Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania - formed from
what was once Russia
- Iraq and Syria - formed from what was once Turkey
video (1:16) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Le89WkxGTmU
Objectives
18.
S.W.B.A.T…..
1. Compare and contrast the various terms of the Treaty of
Versailles.
2. Explain the impact of these terms upon the world.
3. Explain why the treaty was never ratified by the US.
4. Explain the effects of this failure upon the world.
Drill
1. Give one example of how the Fourteen Points tried to prevent
the causes of WWI from repeating themselves in the future.
2. Why was Wilson routinely outvoted by the other members of the
“big four” during treaty negotiations?
3. Give one term of the Treaty of Versailles.
Homework
- Study – Test tomorrow!!
- Due today – Chapter 6, Section III Section Summary h/o – both
sides!
- Due tomorrow – test review
- Responsibility - war guilt clause - allies made Germany
take full responsibility for the war in order to humiliate
them
- Disarmament - Germany had to limit their military to a
tiny, weak force incapable of defending Germany
- Demilitarized Zone - Germany could not keep any
military forces near the French border (Rhineland) at any
time.
- League of Nations - set up in Geneva, Switzerland
video (3 min) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKzZ1OwPXgk&feature=fvsr
e. Wilson - believed the treaty was a failure, except for one
hope - the creation of the League of Nations
- now - he had to convince the Senate to ratify
5. Rejection at Home
a. Senate - rejected the treaty - reasons:
- Henry Cabot Lodge (Republican) - personally hated
Wilson - felt insulted he was not invited to Paris
- "Irreconcilables" - felt the treaty was really an alliance
because of article 10
- Wilson - would not compromise to change the treaty
in the way the "Reservationists" asked him to.
- overall - a feeling of disgust for Europeans - thought they
were immoral and hateful and would never gain peace.
- Most Americans - wanted to isolate themselves from
European matters - Isolationism would last until 1941.
b. Wilson - took his case to the voters with a speaking tour:
- planned a 9,000 mile whistle stop tour - 9/19
- crowds - large - big response
- 9/25/19 - Colorado - Wilson collapsed - had a stroke
and was paralyzed on his left side
c. Consequences - the US never joined the League of Nations
- the objective voice of reason was not present there and
the League failed by 1937.
- US - made a separate peace with Germany in the 20s
- Wilson - died in 1924 a broken man
- "I'm tired of swimming upstream"