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Chapter 29 Civil Rights Review Worksheet
Person, Place, Date, Term
Description
refer to and study “Civil Rights
Movement—Alphabet Soup”
Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)
Grandfather clause
Jim Crow Laws
Poll Tax
Plessy v Ferguson
What were some of the actions taken by
President Truman as a result of the
Committee on Civil Rights?
Affirmed the legality of racial segregation (“separate but equal”); In 1890, the State of
Louisiana had passed a law that required separate accommodations for Blacks and
Whites on railroads. Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African, had taken a seat in
the whites only railway car, he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the "blacks only"
car. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled by
a 7-1 decision in this case that the separation of races in public accommodations was
legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as the accommodations
were equal; decision established the doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed
states to maintain segregated facilities.
Based on the committee’s findings, Truman urged Confess to pass an anti-lynching law
and an anti-poll-tax measure to end discrimination in federal agencies and the military.
He issued executive orders banning racial discrimination in the military and in federal
hiring. He also took steps to end employment discrimination by companies holding
government contracts.
Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
Fifteenth Amendment (1867)
Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964)
Literacy test
racism
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Racial prejudice or discrimination
Discuss three results of the Brown v.
Board of Education decision.
How did events during World War II lay the groundwork
for African Americans to fight for civil rights in the
1950s?
Some border states integrated their schools, but the South remained segregated. The
governor of Virginia threatened to close the state’s public schools and send white
children to private schools. A group of Southern members of Congress signed a
“Southern Manifesto,” which called the court’s ruling “a clear abuse of judicial power”
and pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision.” The
decision gave legal support of the African American struggle for civil rights.
African Americans had experienced better job opportunities; many veterans who had
fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; civil rights groups had staged
some successful protests
Thurgood Marshall
“Little Rock Nine”
Brown II
Little Rock Crisis
Southern Manifesto
Why weren’t schools in all regions
desegregated immediately after the Brown II
decision?
Explain the primary effect of the bus boycott
in Montgomery, Alabama, on the bus
company and the community.
A document signed by a group of 101 southern members of Congress which called the
Court’s ruling of Brown v Board of Education “a clear abuse of judicial power” and
pledged use of “all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision”
Some Southern whites and state officials resisted integration, and neither the president
nor Congress forced them to act quickly
African American passengers who regularly used the buses for transportation boycotted
them. Because a majority of the regular bus riders were African Americans, the bus
company lost much of its business. The boycott eventually forced the bus company to
desegregate buses.
Federalized
Montgomery Bus Boycott
What effect do you think television coverage
of the Little Rock incident had on the nation?
What was the Montgomery Improvement
Association
Television allowed the people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of the
African American students—this helped them relate and cause sympathy for the cause
and anger towards the segregation list
The MIA was a group of local civil rights leaders working for fair conditions for
minorities in Montgomery and around the nation. It was formed to organize the
Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Civil disobedience
How did many African Americans react to
the death of Martin Luther King Jr.?
Many African Americans were outraged. Within hours of this death, African American
neighborhoods across the country exploded in violence. A week of rioting left 46 dead
and thousands injured.
Non-violent Protest
Rosa Parks
What did the experiences of Martin
Luther King Jr. in Chicago show?
King’s experiences showed that significant obstacles to full equality remained and that
the fight against racial discrimination in the North did not draw support from white
Americans in the way that demonstrations against southern segregation had done a few
years earlier.
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Emmett Till Case
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Sit-ins
What was the Christian Leadership Conference,
and what did it seek to achieve?
Why did Martin Luther King Jr. move his family into a
Chicago slum apartment in 1966?
The Christian Leadership Conference was an alliance of church-based African
American organizations dedicated to ending discrimination through nonviolent
resistance in protests
King hoped to draw attention to the housing problems African Americans faced in the
urban North.
What accomplishments of the civil rights movement
were achieved through nonviolent means? Why, despite
these accomplishments, did some African Americans
come to reject nonviolence? (Think About:
accomplishments in education, voting, and use of public
facilities; what was required of nonviolent protesters;
difference between de facto and de jure segregation)
Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent means included the desegregation of schools and
public facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes
that had prevented African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that
expanded housing, employment, and educational opportunities for African Americans. The
nonviolent approach required patience and personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were
unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they already had, for right they deserved.
Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was not an effective means of ending de facto
segregation, which had led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with little
hope of improving their economic and social status.
What strategies made the Montgomery Bus
Boycott a success?
African Americans used nonviolence and economic strategies such as the bus boycott to
war down opposition and inspirational, charismatic leadership to keep the community
from losing heart
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Freedom Riders
Freedom Summer
James Meredith
What did the freedom riders hope to
achieve?
Violence in Birmingham
They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as to
pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation rulings
Birmingham , Alabama was a city known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in public life; Martin
Luther King Jr. and the SCLC went to Birmingham to desegregate it but after days of protesting, Martin
Luther King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail”; More than a thousand African-American
children took to the streets in protest, police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor’s men arrested 959 of them
and a day later attacked them with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs—TV cameras captured all of it, and millions of
viewers heard the children screaming; Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation
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Ernest Withers
An African American photographer who was an important part of the Civil Rights
Movement; he believed that if the struggle for equality could be shown to people then
things would change
Birmingham Church Bombing (16th
Street Baptist Church Bombing)
Occurred only two weeks after King’s historic speech; On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Ku Klux Klan
members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss (a.k.a. Dynamite Bob) planted 19 sticks of
dynamite in the basement of the Church. At about 10:25 AM, they exploded. Four young girls — Addie Mae
Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair — were killed in the blast, while 22 more
were injured; Outrage at the bombing and the grief that followed helped ensure the passage of the landmark
Civil Rights Act of 1964; Chambliss was initially acquitted of the murder charges, but years later it was found
that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the bombers that had not been revealed to the prosecutors, by
order of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover—But in 1977 Chambliss was convicted for the murders and sentenced
to several terms of life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1985; After reopening the case several times, in
2000 the FBI assisted the state authorities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton—they
were convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Explain why Malcolm X was not a supporter
of the March on Washington.
Malcolm X criticized King’s decision to allow this as he believed that Kennedy was
attempting to take over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nick-name the
march "The Farce on Washington".
Integrating University of Alabama
March on Washington
What effect do you think the March on
Washington had on the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Andrew Goodman
Fannie Lou Hamer
James Chaney
Michael Schwerner
Why did Civil Rights groups organize
Freedom Summer?
The March on Washington provided civil rights leaders with the chance to deliver their
message to a national audience. After hearing moving and eloquent speeches such as
the “I Have a Dream” speech by Martin Luther King Jr., members of Congress my have
been more compelled to pass the Civil rights Act more quickly than they might have
otherwise.
Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who was murdered by gunshot in 1964
while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer.
Was the daughter of a Mississippi sharecropper and became the voice of the SNCC
organized Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
was a civil rights worker who was murdered by gunshot in 1964 while trying to register
voters as part of Freedom Summer
Was a Jewish-American civil rights activist who was murdered by gunshot in 1964
while trying to register voters as part of Freedom Summer.
They hoped to call attention to the lack of voting rights in segregationist strongholds
and to promote passage of a federal voting rights act
“Bloody Sunday”—The Selma
Campaign
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Describe the even in Selma, Alabama, that helped spur
the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Police attacked activists protesting the violence used to prevent African Americans
from registering to vote. Public outrage over the attacks help lead to the passage of the
Voting Rights Act just five months later.
Voting Rights Act: 1965
De facto segregation
De jure segregation
Hough Riots
What were some of the causes and effects of the
urban riots of the mid-1960s?
Race Riots in Cleveland, Ohio; started on July 18 and lasted for 6 days after a white
dinner owner refused to given an African American a glass of water—By the end of the
riots, four people were killed. About 240 fires were reported during the riots.
African American frustrations with continuing discrimination and the prevalence of
white racism helped trigger the riots. The riots caused death and destruction and left
white and black Americans more polarized than before.
Explain some of the most important factors that led to
the development of a Black Power movement in the mid1960s. (Think About: de jure segregation versus de
facto segregation, gains African Americans had made by
the mid-1960s, and the treatment of African Americans
by law officers in Northern cities)
Accomplishments achieved through nonviolent mans included the desegregation of schools and public
facilities, such as buses and lunch counters, the abolition of literacy tests and poll taxes that had prevented
African Americans in the South from voting, and the passage of laws that expanded housing, employment,
and educational opportunities for African Americans. The nonviolent approach required patience and
personal sacrifice. Some African Americans were unwilling to continue to wait, or sacrifice more than they
already had, for rights they deserved. Some African Americans felt that nonviolence was not effective means
of ending de facto segregation which had led to the concentration of urban African Americans in slums with
little hope of improving their economic and social status.
How did the message of Malcolm X differ from
that of other civil rights leaders in the early 1960s?
Malcolm X advocated African American separatism and called for freedom to be
brought about “by any means possible.” This philosophy differed greatly from other
leaders, who strove to achieve racial integration through peaceful means.
Malcolm X
Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)
Black Panthers
What were some of the positive aspects of
the Black Power movement?
What were the goals of the Black Panther Party?
What were the methods they advocated in their
attempt to achieve these goals?
Why was the public reaction to the Back
Panthers mixed?
The Black Power Movement had many positive aspects, including an emphasis on
racial pride and an interest in African culture and heritage.
The Black Panther Party wanted “land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, and
peace” as well as the freedom to determine their own destiny. The group believed that
it should arm itself in order to defend the black community from “racist police
oppression.”
Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and their involvement in violence;
however, some poor African Americans benefited from their community programs
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Kerner Commission
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White Flight
White flight is a term for the demographic trend of white people, generally but not always upper
and middle class, moving away from increasingly and predominantly non-white areas, finding
new homes in nearby suburbs; Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, due to racist real-estate
covenants and other discriminatory practices, non-white people were almost never afforded the
same opportunities to move away from the cities, even when they may have been economically
able to do so.
Affirmative Action
Compare what Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther
King, Jr., and Malcolm X achieved for African
Americans. (Think About: the importance of
changing unjust laws, effective protests and
demonstrations in the South, and African
Americans’ attitude toward themselves)
Marshall, as the head of the NAACP’s team of lawyers, argued many important civil rights cases
before the Supreme Court. In winning Brown, he gave all African-American children the
opportunity to succeed and achieved an important first step in the complete abolishment of
segregation. King, as the head of the SCLC, provided leadership. His love, courage, patience,
optimism, and integrity made him an example to all Americans. He inspired those on the front
lines of the moment to persevere and those outside the moment to sympathize with, and
participate in the movement. Malcolm X helped African Americans to take pride in themselves
and their race. The changes he underwent—from a criminal to a Nation of Islam preacher of
black separatism and hatred of whites to a more tolerant Muslim civil rights organizer—made
him a powerful role model for young African Americans.
Describe three factors responsible for discontent among
African Americans during the 1960s.
African Americans wanted an end to discrimination, better jobs, better income, and
better places to live.
World War II created opportunities for African Americans that they were unwilling to
give up after the war ended. Many African-American soldiers returned from World
War II determined to fight for their won freedom. The groundwork for a civil rights
movement was laid by organizations that, during the war, fought against Jim Crow laws
and voting restrictions. The NAACP adopted a successful strategy for fight civil rights
in the courts. The most important victory was the Supreme Court’s groundbreaking
decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which finally declared separate schools for
black unconstitutional. This important blow to de jure segregation helped strengthen
the efforts of civil right organizations.
Explain some of the most important factors that led to
the development of the civil rights movement in 1950s
and 1960s. (Think About: economic gains made by
African Americans during World War II, participation of
African Americans in the war, early efforts by civil
rights organizations, early success in the courts)
How did the civil rights movement evolve from the mid1950s to the late 1960s? Discuss changes in the goals,
tone, and leadership of the movement during this period.
(Think About: de jure versus de facto segregation,
contributions of major leaders, objectives and strategies
of various civil rights organizations)
The movement at first focused on segregation enforced by law and later turned to fundamental economic and
social inequalities. Early leader Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP won several key Supreme Court cases
including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregated schools unconstitutional.
Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rosa Parks challenged segregation on buses in the South using boycotts. King
and others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which stressed nonviolent tactics such as
sit-ins to protest segregation in public facilities. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee engaged in
sit-ins but also used more confrontational tactics. Nonviolent protests eventually led to the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. By the late 1960s, however, anger and
frustration over the continuing high rate of poverty and unemployment for blacks gave rise to a new militancy
among African Americans, especially in the North.
In what ways did African Americans’
economic situations improve during
the 1970s?
The number of African American—owned businesses rose greatly. The income gap
between white Americans and African Americans narrowed. In addition, increased
enrollment in colleges and universities ensured that more African Americans would
gain better paying jobs.
Sparked on April 29, 1992 when a mostly white jury acquitted four police officers
accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King. Thousands of people
in Los Angeles, mainly young black and Latino males, joined in what has often been
characterized as a race riot, involving mass law-breaking, including looting, arson and
murder. In all 50 to 60 people were killed during the riots.
Los Angeles riots (LA Riots or the
Rodney King riots)
What did the civil rights movement
accomplish? Would you describe the
movement as a success? (Think
About: political gains, social and
economic gains)
The civil rights movement brought about important political gains. It eliminated de jure segregation: the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy
tests and poll taxes illegal, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ended discrimination in housing. In addition,
millions of African Americans were registered to vote, and more blacks were elected to political office.
Social and economic gains were more elusive. In the late 1960s, African Americans still faced housing and
job discrimination, unequal schools because of white flight to the suburbs, and poverty rate much higher than
whites. The movement, however, did lead to affirmative action programs designed to equalize education and
job opportunities. Nonviolent protests led by Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as his personal integrity and
philosophy, inspired many whites to sympathize with African Americans. The movement also brought many
blacks and whites together to work toward common goals. Students who described the movement as a
success may say that the legal and political advances represented a great leap forward, since no civil rights
legislation had been passed since Reconstruction. Those who disagree may stress that much remains to be
accomplished in realms of education, job opportunity, and income equality.
What effects did the civil rights have on
many women?
It spurred women to demonstrate for equality by both inspiring them to act and opening their eyes
to their unequal treatment
He wanted African Americans as well as all other Americans to have the “right to be served in
facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores and similar
establishments.”
What rights did President Kennedy want African
Americans to gain through civil rights legislation?
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What role did violence and nonviolence play
in the struggle for civil rights? How did each
help and hurt the movement?
What strides did African Americans make in
politics in the 1970s?
White racist violence against nonviolent protesters and demonstrators outraged many
Americans and hastened the political process of change. Some African Americans
came to see nonviolent protest as an ineffective tool once a certain level of rights had
been achieved. On the other hand, violence by African Americans in the form of urban
riots hurt the movement by polarizing society.
By the end of the 1970s more than 4,500 African Americans held elected office. The
roster of elected black officials in 1978 included 16 members of the House of
Representatives.
What were some of the ways in
which the civil rights movement
changed between 1960 and 1975?
Gains made through nonviolent protests staged by groups such as the SCLC during the early
stages of the civil rights movement, and then contrast the shift toward violence and more radical
rhetoric. Students should point out how some African American leaders called for separation
from white Americans, whereas earlier activists called for racial equality and integration.
Achievements include gaining enforceable voting rights, desegregation of public places and
schools, and better economic opportunities. Perhaps the most dramatic achievement of the
movement was the large number of African Americans elected to public office.
Why did organizers have such a difficult time
registering African American voters during the
early stages of the civil rights movement?
Activists who attempted to register voters continually faced from white racists. Many
African Americans refused to register because they were threatened with the loss of
their jobs or physical harm if they did so.
Because the leaders agreed to compromise with the Johnson administration that kept
most MFDP delegates from the Democratic convention
Why did young people in SNCC and the
MFDP feel betrayed by some civil rights
leaders?
Why do you think so many people disliked
affirmative action and busing?
Busing
Busing made parents angry about having to send their children outside of their own
neighborhoods to get schooling. Many people disliked affirmative action because they
believed it was a form of reverse discrimination.
Desegregation busing, also known as forced busing, is the concept of achieving racial
and/or economic integration in public schools by transporting schoolchildren to schools
outside their area of residence; The Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of
Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools; Busing led to
further “White Flight” into the suburbs and other areas; Combined with changes in housing patterns,
forced busing programs were gradually eliminated during the 1990s as the courts nationwide released districts
from orders under old lawsuits.
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 do?
Bilingualism
César Estrada Chávez
What problems did different groups of Latino
immigrants share?
Dolores Huerta
Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution
abolished slavery. The amendment states:
 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
 Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
It made it a federal crime to prevent qualified persons from voting. It also set up the
federal Civil Rights Commission ot investigate violations of the law.
Ability to speak two languages; the LULAC pushed to have schools taught in Spanish
as well as in English
Founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) that later became the United
Farm Workers. In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA led a strike of California grape-pickers
to demand higher wages. In addition to the strike, they encouraged all Americans to
boycott table grapes as a show of support. The strike lasted five years and attracted
national attention. When the U.S. Senate Subcommittee looked into the situation,
Robert Kennedy gave Chávez his total support. In the early 1970s, the UFW organized
strikes and boycotts to get higher wages from grape and lettuce growers. During the
1980s, Chávez led a boycott to protest the use of toxic pesticides on grapes. He again
fasted to draw public attention. These strikes and boycotts generally ended with the
signing of bargaining agreements.
Prejudice, job and housing discrimination, high unemployment, and poverty
The co-founder and First Vice President Emeritus of the United Farm Workers of
America, AFL-CIO(UFW). As an advocate for farm worker rights Dolores has been arrested
twenty-two times for non-violent peaceful union activities. Even though Dolores has invested a great deal of
time, sweat and tears and has been a big part of the United Farm Workers movement, she still does not receive
the recognition she deserves for her hard work and dedication. To this day at her elder age she is working hard
for the rights of farm workers
What impact did the grape boycott
have?
It hurt the grower’s revenue as well as their public image and forced them to negotiate
with the UFWOC; it thus enabled the union to win better wages and working conditions
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Declaration of Indian Purpose
Indian Civil Rights Act
Why did Native Americans resist
assimilation?
Was a bill of rights for Native Americans they was written in 1961 by more than 400
representatives of 67 Native American nations who met in Chicago
An act passed by Congress in 1968 which guaranteed Native American reservation
dwellers some of the rights provided to other citizens under the Bill of Rights
Some viewed white culture as shallow and meaningless
Russell Means
Is one of contemporary America's best-known and prolific activists for the rights of American Indians. He
argues that, "Indian people are dying of sympathy. What we want is respect." Means has also pursued careers
in politics, acting, and music; he joined the American Indian Movement and quickly became one of its most
prominent leaders. He was appointed the group's first national director in 1970. Later that year, Means was
one of the leaders of AIM's takeover of Mount Rushmore. In 1972, he participated in AIM's takeover of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs office in Washington, DC, and in 1973 he led AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee,
which became the group's most celebrated action.
What tactics did AIM use in its attempts to gain
reforms?
AIM used confrontational and sometimes violent tactics, such as occupying the Bureau
of Indian Affairs and taking hostages during a protest at Wounded Knee
Woman feminist who wrote The Feminine Mystique and helped form NOW; she
galvanized the movement
Women activist
Treating people different because of their gender
Book written by Betty Friedan that rejected the notion that the destiny of women was
only to be wives and mothers; book was a bestseller and helped galvanize women
across country
Betty Frieden
Feminists
Sexism
The Feminine Mystique
Gloria Steinem
Is a Jewish American feminist and journalist and a spokeswoman for women's rights. She is the
founder and original publisher of Ms. magazine. In 1971 Steinem founded the National
Women's Political Caucus and the Women's Action Alliance. In 1972 she founded the feminist
magazine Ms. and wrote for the magazine until it was sold in 1987. In 1974 Steinem founded the
Coalition of Labor Union Women.
National Women’s Political Caucus
was formed in 1971 with a goal of increasing the number of women involved in
politics, including running for office and serving as delegates to national conventions.
Gives money and support to all pro-choice female candidates
Their dissatisfaction with the EEOC and the need for a more organized effort to combat
sexism
As a result of a viogurs campaign by STOP ERA and other groups, the Eual Rights
Amendment failed to obtain the votes needed for ratification.
She founded STOP ERA to fight ERA believing it would force women to give up their
traditional roles as wives and mothers, and that they would lose certain legal protections
in the family and in the workplace
Fear of change and the perceived drastic effects the amendment might have had on
traditional family life
What prompted women to establish
NOW?
Explain the primary reason whey the Equal
Rights Amendment was not ratified.
Phyllis Schlafly
What concerns motivated those who
opposed the ERA?
Shirley Chisholm
Civil Rights Act of 1991
In 1968, she became the first African-American woman in the United States House of
Representatives
 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed in
response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the
rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The
1991 Act combined elements from two different civil rights acts of the past:
the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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