Botany Review Worksheet KEY
20-1: Algae
1.
What are two characteristics of algae?
Algae are photosynthetic organisms that live in water or in wet places. Algae lack an internal system and materials from one
part of the plant to another.
2.
In which kingdom are multicellular algae placed?
Multicellular algae are place in the kingdom Plantae.
3.
Why are some unicellular algae classified as protests?
Some unicellular algae are classified with multicellular algae because they are more plantlike than protistlike.
4.
List 4 ways in which algae is adapted to life in the water.
Many kinds of algae have very think leaflike structures that lack a waterproof covering. These leaflike structures can thus
exchange materials with the water around them. Algae lack rigid support structures since they are supported by water. Algae
have reproductive cells that adapted to swimming in water.
5.
What is the main problem with plants living in water? How have algae solved that problem?
The main problem with plants living in water is the amount of sunlight. Algae have solved that problem by having accessory
pigments.
20-2: Groups of Algae
1.
How are algae grouped?
The colors of chlorophyll and other pigments, the types of chlorophyll, and the form in which food is stored are all characteristics
that are used to group algae
2.
List the 3 main phyla of multicellular algae. Give 2 characteristics of each group.
3.
Red algae often live in deep water. What important adaptation do red algae show that enables them to do
this?
Red algae contain special pigments that are able to trap the limited light that is available in deep water.
20-2: Groups of Algae
1.
What is the ecological role of algae?
Algae are producers in their ecological role.
2.
List 2 foods that contain algae products.
Algae are used in the production of many foods, including ice cream and salad dressings.
3.
Give 3 examples of how algae is important to the biosphere.
Algae supplies the world with much of the world’s oxygen supplies. Since algae form the base of many food pyramids, it is
important in the network of feeding relationships within many ecosystems. Algae is also important for the production of many
products used by humans.
4.
How have algae contributed to our understanding of human disease?
Certain algae produce agar. This material is used to thicken certain nutrient mixtures that are used to grow bacteria and other
microorganisms. Without algae, it would be extremely difficult to study many disease causing microorganisms.
21-1: Plants Invade the Land
1.
What are two of the problems faced by plants that live on land?
Three problems face by land plants are the need for a supply of water, the need to support their leaves so that they many be
exposed to light and their need to move materials to and from cells.
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2.
Describe 4 adaptations plants have adopted to help them survive on land.
3.
List the two main phyla of land plants. Give an example of each.
The bryophytes and the trachophhytes are the two main groups of land plants. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are
bryophytes. Ferns and flowering plant are tracheophytes.
21-2: The Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
1.
List 3 characteristics of the bryophytes.
2.
What two adaptations have the bryophytes made to enable them to survive on land?
Bryophytes are well adapted to a life on land but only in damp or wet places. Bryophytes have rhizoids that anchor them to the
ground. Their relatively small size allows water to move through the entire plant by osmosis and surface tension. Sperm
produced by bryophytes have flagella that move the sperm through water
3.
What two things limit the success of bryophytes to be able to live everywhere on land?
21-3: The Ferns and the First Vascular Plants
1.
Why is vascular tissue important to land plants?
Vascular tissue is xylem and phloem tissue. In the vascular tissue of plants, water and other materials are moved around the
plant.
2.
How are ferns adapted to life on land?
Ferns have vascular tissue to move materials to and from their cells. Vascular tissue provides the stems with some rigidity., and
leaves can grow taller above the ground and receive more light. Ferns also have a cuticle layer that prevents the plants from
losing too much water to the environment
3.
What are 3 characteristics of ferns?
4.
Which generation in ferns is most obvious?
The sporophyte generation is most obvious. Ferns need to have a supply of water fro a sperm to swim through th reach and
fertilize an egg.
5.
What limits the success of ferns to be able to live everywhere on land?
Ferns can grow much larger than mosses because they have vascular tissue to support their stems and move water and other
materials around the plant. Mosses lack vascular tissue and so they are not able to grow tall.
21-4: Where Mosses and Ferns Fit into the World
1.
In what kinds of areas would you expect to find mosses growing in nature?
You would expect to find mosses growing in areas that remain damp. In most cases these areas are poorly lit.
2.
What characteristics of mosses make them useful?
Many people find the colors and shapes of mosses attractive. Their beauty encourages people to plant mosses in gardens. Mosses
are able to absorb and hold large amounts of water. Their ability to hold water makes mosses a useful soil additive to soils that
dry out too quickly.
22-1: Seed Plants – The Spermopsida
1.
How do the following help plants survive on land?
a.
roots – roots anchor a plant and take in water and minerals from the soil.
b.
stems – stems hold leaves up and expose them to the sun.
c.
leaves –leaves gather energy from sunlight for use in photosynthesis.
d.
xylem – Xylem tissue, which is no longer alive, carries water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the leaves.
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e.
f.
g.
phloem – Phloem conducts the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant. The materials carried in phloem can
be moved upward or downward in a plant. Phloem cells are alive.
pollen – Pollen is sperms that can travel through the air
seeds – A seed is a structure that protects the zygote of a seed plant. Seeds contain a supply of odd for the developing
plant.
22-2: Evolution of Seed Plants
1.
What are 3 differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
A gymnosperm is a plant that reproduces by forming seeds that are not covered but sit naked on a scale. Angiosperms are
flowering plants. Unlike gymnosperms, the seeds of angiosperms are enclosed within a fruit.
2.
List 5 things that are different between a monocot and a dicot.
(See notes)
3.
Which generation is more obvious in seed plants?
During the evolution of land plants, the sporophyte generation has become most obvious whereas the gametophyte generation has
becomes increasingly smaller. In mosses, the gametophyte generation is much more obvious than the sporophyte generation. In
ferns, the gametophyte is much reduced in size, whereas the sporophyte is much larger. In seed plants, the gametophyte
generation is very small and inconspicuous.
4.
Suppose you found a plant whose leaves have parallel veins and whose flowers have six petals. Is this plant
a monocot or a dicot? Explain your reasoning.
This plant is a monocot. Parallel veins and a flower that contains six parts are characteristics of monocots.
22-3: Coevolution of Flowering Plants and Animals
1.
Why is pollination important?
Pollination is essential to the reproduction of flowering plants. Pollination is the process by which sperm cells come into
proximity with egg cells.
2.
Describe the 3 major ways in which seeds can be dispersed.
Seed dispersal can occur by wind, animal or water.
23-2: Specialized Tissues in Plants
1.
What is meristematic tissue? Why is it important? (Omit this question)
2.
What is the function of:
a.
parenchyma tissue (Omit this question)
b.
sclerenchym tissue (Omit this questions)
c.
xylem tissue – Xylem transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant.
d.
phloem tissue – Phloem transports a variety of plant products, mostly carbohydrates
25-1: Cones and Flowers as Reproductive Organs
1.
Using a diagram, describe the life cycle of gymnosperms.
See notes
2.
Using a diagram, describe the life cycle of angiosperms.
See notes
25-2: Seed Development
1.
What happens when a seed germinates?
When a seed germinates, it takes in water. The absorbed water causes the endosperm and the cotyledon to swell. This swelling
breaks open the seed coat. The radicle emerges and develops into the root.
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2.
Why do some seeds remain dormant before they germinate?
Seed dormancy serves several purposes. Dorman seeds can by spread from one area to another. In the new area, they may begin
to grow. Dormancy allows seeds to survive difficult environmental conditions. It also ensures that some seeds will have a better
chance of survival. For example, if all seeds of a particular plant sprouted at the same time and a change in weather made it
too dry for the seeds to survive, all seeds would perish. But if some seeds did not germinate, they could begin to grow when wetter
conditions resumed.
3.
Why is it advantageous for some seeds to undergo a period of cold temperatures before they germinate?
The growing season for most plants occurs during the warm months. If seeds that ripened in the fall began to germinate then,
they would be killed by winter’s first frost. Seeds that need a period of cold temperature before they germinate would remain
dormant during the cold winter and begin to grow in the spring, when warm temperatures resumed.
Mrs. Kusec Biology 11