DNA TM Review
And EXAM Review
Ms. Martinez
1. Write out the full name for
DNA molecule.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. What are
chromosomes?
threadlike strands
made of
DNA and PROTEIN
3. What does DNA
control in the cell?
DNA controls the production
of proteins within the cell.
4. What do proteins
control?
They control all chemical
processes within the cell.
5. What are the repeating
subunits called that make
up DNA?
Nucleotides
6.
Name the 3 parts of a
DNA nucleotide.
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogen Base
7. Sketch and label a
DNA nucleotide.
8. What
makes up the
sides of a
DNA
molecule?
alternating phosphate
and sugar
(deoxyribose)
molecules
9. What makes
up the
"steps/rungs"
of a DNA
molecule?
4 types of nitrogen
bases (GCAT)
10. Name the 4 nitrogen
bases on DNA.
G (guanine)
C (cytosine)
A (adenine)
T (thymine)
11. What are the base
pairing rules for DNA?
Guanine with cytosine
Adenine with thymine
(GCAT)
12. Name 2 purines.
G and A
“GC-AT”
Pu/py*Pu/py
13. Name 2 pyrimidines.
C and T
“GC-AT”
Pu/py*Pu/py
14. How many
hydrogen bonds
link cytosine &
guanine?
adenine &
thymine?
3, 2
15. What is the sugar is
found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
16. List the two organelles
that DNA is found in:
Mitochondrion and Chloroplast
17. Where is DNA found
in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
18. Do all cells in your
body contain the same
DNA?
YES!!
(cells only transcribe those portions
of genes that they need)
19. What is
a gene?
Is a segment
of DNA that
codes for a
particular
protein
20. What are Watson
and Crick credited with
discovering?
Structure of DNA
molecule
21. What did Rosalind
Franklin contribute to
this discovery?
Her X-ray
showed the
helical structure
of DNA!!
22. What is the
shape of DNA?
DNA has a
“Double Helix”
structure
23.
What is an antiparallel
configuration?
DNA strands run in
opposite directions
(one side is upside
down).
DNA Replication
24. What is the first step
that must occur in DNA
replication?
DNA unwinds with the help of the
enzyme DNA helicase.
25. What acts
as the template
in DNA
replication?
Parental DNA
molecule
26. What is a replication
fork?
The area where the
two parental DNA
strands are pulled
apart (unzipped area)
27. What enzymes help
separate the 2 strands
of nucleotides on DNA?
What bonds do they
break?
DNA Helicase
HYDROGEN
Bonds
28. What is the function
of DNA polymerases?
They are enzymes responsible
for adding nucleotides to the
DNA template bases to make a
new DNA molecule
29. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original DNA
strand was
ATG-ACT-A, what would be the nucleotide
sequence on the complementary strand of DNA?
TAC-TGA-T
(Think GCAT)
30. Why is DNA
replication
considered to be
“semi-conservative”?
Because the two resulting
copies of DNA, each is half
original, parental DNA, and
half new daughter DNA.
31. When replication is complete, how do
the 2 new DNA molecules compare to
each other? to the original DNA
molecule?
They are identical
to each other and
to the original
parental molecule
32. When, during cell
division, is DNA
replicated (copied)?
During the S phase of
INTERPHASE
33. Which enzyme is responsible for
adding nucleotides to the DNA
template to produce new DNA
strands?
DNA polymerase
34. Which enzyme unwinds the DNA and
breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
during replication?
DNA Helicase
35. What part of the cell
does replication occur?
Nucleus
36. Explain what has
occurred in the figure
below
A-T
C-G
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
original DNA
replication
A-T
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
A-T
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
new DNA molecules
Mutation—a
base pair
was
DELETED
RNA
37. Name the 4 nitrogen
bases on RNA.
G, C, A, and U
38. What sugar is found
on RNA?
Ribose
39. Uracil will pair with
what other base on
DNA?
Adenine
40. Is RNA double or
single stranded?
Single stranded
41. Name the 3 types of
RNA.
mRNA,
rRNA, tRNA
42. What parts of
mRNA molecules are
left in and actually code
for the production of
proteins called?
EXONS
Protein Synthesis/Transcription
43. What is
transcription?
A single strand of DNA is used as
a template to generate a strand of
mRNA.
44. In which part of the
cell does transcription
occur?
Nucleus
45. What is the role
of the enzyme RNA
polymerase?
The enzyme RNA
polymerase helps build
mRNA.
46. What are
promoters?
Certain sections of DNA
code that tell the RNA
polymerase where to
attach to DNA and start
making mRNA.
47. Where does RNA
polymerase bind to the
DNA it is transcribing?
On the
Promoter
48. When a promoter
binds to DNA, What
happens to the double
helix?
It will be used to
create mRNA
49. Are both strands of
DNA copied during
transcription?
No! Just the
active strand
50. As RNA polymerase
moves along the DNA
template strand, what is
being added?
Free Nucleotides
(GCA and U)
51. What bases
pair with each
other during
transcription?
DNA: G-C-A-T
mRNA: C-G-U-A
52. What is the product
of transcription called?
mRNA molecule
Protein Synthesis/Translation
53. What is translation?
Where tRNA anticodons match with mRNA
codons. The mRNA is read and the code is
used to build a protein.
54. In which
part of the
cell does
translation
occur?
cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
55. What does
the information
coded in a DNA
molecule
determines the
formation of?
Protein
56. What is a long chain of amino
acids connected by peptide
bonds is also known as?
Protein
57. How many different
kinds of amino acids
make up proteins?
20
58. What is
the genetic
code?
A chart that uses a
series of codons found
in mRNA are used to
determine the correct
amino acid sequence.
59. What is a codon?
3 nucleotides on the mRNA
molecule
60. How many codons
exist?
64
=(4)3
GCAU codon
61. What codon
sequence starts protein
synthesis?
AUG—only if it is at the beginning
of a protein.
62. What
codons stop
protein
synthesis?
UAA
UAG
UGA
63. Proteins are synthesized
(made) at what organelle in the
cytoplasm?
RIBOSOME
Protein
RNA
Ribosome
64. What is an
anticodon?
The three bases on
tRNA
65. Put the following steps of protein synthesis in order.
A. Polypeptides (proteins) are formed as ribosomes move along the
messenger RNA strand.
B. DNA molecules serve as templates for making messenger RNA
molecules
C. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosome.
D. Messenger RNA molecules move to the ribosome.
B, D, C, A
66. In what 2 places can
ribosomes be found in a
cell?
Cytoplasm and RER
67. What type of bonds are the ones
that attach amino acids to each other in
a growing polypeptide?
Peptide Bonds
Polypeptide/Protein
68.
What proteins would the
translation of these mRNA
transcripts produce?
a. AUG CAA GGA GCA UCC UAA
b. AUG CCC GAU AUG AGC UGA
a.
b.
START-Gln-Gly-Ala-Ser-STOP
START-Pro-Asp-Met-Ser-STOP
MUTATIONS
69. What is a mutation?
A natural process that produces
genetic diversity.
Most mutation are harmless.
70. List two types of
mutations.
Deletion, Inversion,
Translocation, Duplication,
Addition,
71. What are some
possible results of a
mutation?
Over exposure to UV light,
smoking, drinking, x-rays
We did it!!!
Exam Review
REVIEW
What process does the diagram below
show?
What process does the diagram below
show? Protein Synthesis
What is the structure
below?
What is the structure
below? DNA
What is process X?
What is process X?
TRANSCRIPTION
Where does transcription
occur in the cell?
Where does transcription
occur in the cell?
Nucleus
What is structure D?
What is structure D?
mRNA
What is process Y?
What is process Y?
TRANSLATION
What is the structure
below?
What is the structure
below? Polypeptide
~Practice Questions~
Q: In eukaryotes, where is DNA
found?
Q: In eukaryotes, where is DNA
found?
Nucleus
What are
chromosomes
made up of?
What are
chromosomes
made up of?
DNA and Proteins
What is a
gene?
What is a
gene?
Is a segment of DNA
that codes for a
particular protein
Q: What are Watson and
Crick credited with
discovering?
Q: What are Watson and
Crick credited with
discovering?
Structure of the
Double Helix, DNA
molecule
Q: What did Rosalind
Franklin’s “Photo 51”
contribute to the discovery
of DNA?
Q: What did Rosalind
Franklin’s “Photo 51”
contribute to the discovery
of DNA?
It showed how DNA
molecules are arranged
as a tightly coiled helix.
Q: Do all cells in your
body contain the same
DNA?
Q: Do all cells in your
body contain the same
DNA?
YES!!
(cells only transcribe those portions
of genes that they need)
Q: What molecule is
pictured below?
Q:
What molecule is pictured
below?
DNA
Q: What is structure “X” ?
Q: What is structure “X” ?
Phosphate
Sugar
Nucleotide
Base
Q: What 3 parts make up a DNA
nucleotide?
Q: What 3 parts make up a DNA
nucleotide?
Phosphate
Sugar
Base
Q: What are DNA’s 4
bases?
Q: What are DNA’s 4
bases?
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Q:
What is DNA’s sugar?
Q:
What is DNA’s sugar?
Deoxyribose
Q: What are the base pairing rules
for DNA?
Q: What are the base pairing rules
for DNA?
Guanine with cytosine
Adenine with thymine
(GCAT)
Q:
What is the shape of
DNA?
Q:
What is the shape of
DNA?
Double
helix
What
makes up the
sides of a
DNA
molecule?
Q:
What
makes up the
sides of a
DNA
molecule?
Q:
alternating phosphate and
sugar (deoxyribose)
molecules
Q: What makes up
the "steps/rungs" of
a DNA molecule?
What makes up the
"steps/rungs" of a
DNA molecule?
Complimentary
Base pairs
Q: What are the base
pairing rules for DNA?
What are the base
pairing rules for DNA?
Guanine with cytosine
Adenine with thymine
(GCAT)
Q: DNA is copied during a
process called?
Q: DNA is copied during a
process called?
DNA Replication
Q: Why is DNA replication considered to
be “semi-conservative”?
Q: Why is DNA replication considered to
be “semi-conservative”?
Because the two
resulting copies
of DNA, each is
half original,
parental DNA,
and half new
daughter DNA.
When replication is complete, how do the
2 new DNA molecules compare to each
other? to the original DNA
molecule?
When replication is complete, how do the
2 new DNA molecules compare to each
other? to the original DNA
molecule?
They are identical to
each other and to
the original parental
molecule
Q: Which of the following
base pair sequence could be
produced in DNA replication?
a. 5’ AGTCUT 3’
3’ TCUGTA 5’
B. 5’ AGTCAT 3’
3’ TCAGTA 3’
Q: Which of the following
base pair sequence could be
produced in DNA replication?
a. 5’ AGTCUT 3’
3’ TCUGTA 5’
B. 5’ AGTCAT 3’
3’ TCAGTA 3’
Q: Which enzyme unwinds the DNA and
breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
during replication?
Q: Which enzyme unwinds the DNA and
breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
during replication?
DNA Helicase
Q: Which enzyme is responsible for
adding nucleotides to the DNA
template to produce new DNA
strands?
Q: Which enzyme is responsible for
adding nucleotides to the DNA
template to produce new DNA
strands?
DNA Polymerase
Name the 4 nitrogen
bases on RNA.
Name the 4 nitrogen
bases on RNA.
G, C, A, and U
What sugar is found on
RNA?
What sugar is found on
RNA?
Ribose
Name the 3 types of
RNA.
Name the 3 types of
RNA.
mRNA,
rRNA, tRNA
Which type of RNA is
shown in #2? #1?
1
Which type of RNA is shown
in
#2? mRNA #1? tRNA
1
What parts of mRNA
molecules are left in and
actually code for the
production of proteins
called?
What parts of mRNA
molecules are left in
and actually code for
the production of
proteins called?
EXONS
Q: If the DNA
sequence is TAC CGA,
what codons will be
produced?
Q: If the DNA sequence
is TAC CGA, what
codons will be
produced?
DNA: TAC CGA
mRNA: AUG GAU
Q: What is the role of the
enzyme RNA polymerase?
Q: What is the role
of the enzyme RNA
polymerase?
The enzyme RNA
polymerase helps
build mRNA.
Q: What is a long chain of amino
acids connected by peptide
bonds is also known as?
Q: What is a long chain of amino
acids connected by peptide
bonds is also known as?
PROTEIN
Q: How many different
kinds of amino acids
make up proteins?
Q: How many different
kinds of amino acids
make up proteins?
20
What type of bonds are the ones that
attach amino acids to each other in a
growing polypeptide?
What type of bonds are the ones that
attach amino acids to each other in a
growing polypeptide?
Peptide Bonds
A strand of mRNA
contains the
codons
UCA-AUG-GAG.
Which amino acid
sequence will it
produce?
A strand of mRNA
contains the codons
UCA-AUG-GAG.
Which amino acid
sequence will it
produce?
Ser-Met-Glu
Proteins are synthesized (made)
at what organelle in the
cytoplasm?
Protein
RNA
Ribosome
Proteins are synthesized (made)
at what organelle in the
cytoplasm?
RIBOSOMES
Protein
RNA
Ribosome
When producing
proteins, which is the
correct sequence?
a.
b.
ribosomes, mRNA, DNA, protein
DNA, mRNA, ribosomes, protein
When producing
proteins, which is the
correct sequence?
a.
b.
ribosomes, mRNA, DNA, protein
DNA, mRNA, ribosomes, protein
What does the diagram
below show?
What does the diagram
below show?
Types of
Mutations
Explain what has
occurred in the figure
below
A-T
C-G
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
original DNA
replication
A-T
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
A-T
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
new DNA molecules
Explain what has
occurred in the figure
below
A-T
C-G
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
original DNA
replication
A-T
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
A-T
G-C
C-G
T-A
A-T
new DNA molecules
Mutation—
a base pair
was
DELETED
STUDY!!!
Exam is THIS
Wednesday!
This is the LAST exam
(besides the Final Exam)
of the semester!