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Contents
1.
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.
The Decimal System ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.1
Writing the Digits - Instructions ...................................................................................................... 3
2.2
The Digit Names .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.3
The Numbers – 11 to 20 .................................................................................................................. 4
2.4
The Numbers – 10 to 100 (tens) ...................................................................................................... 5
2.5
The Numbers – Zero to Quadrillion ................................................................................................ 5
2.6
One in a Million ............................................................................................................................... 6
3.
The Roman Numerals .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1
Writing Numbers using Roman Numerals ....................................................................................... 7
3.2
Roman Numerals – 1 to 10 .............................................................................................................. 8
3.3
Roman Numerals – 10 to 20 ............................................................................................................ 9
3.4
Roman Numerals – 40 to 50 ............................................................................................................ 9
3.5
Roman Numerals – 90 to 100 ........................................................................................................10
3.6
Roman Numerals – 10 to 100 (tens)..............................................................................................10
3.7
Roman Numerals – 100 to 1000 (hundreds) .................................................................................11
3.8
Roman Numerals – Caution Border Crossing 1! ............................................................................11
3.9
Roman Numerals – Caution Border Crossing 2! ............................................................................13
3.10
The Next Ten Olympic Games .......................................................................................................14
3.11
Big Numbers ..................................................................................................................................14
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1.
Introduction
A long, long time ago people used to ‘say’ but did not have a way of writing
numbers. So if you had a bad memory you were in trouble because you could
not remember how many sheep you had or how much mangoes someone
owed you.
So people thought of using symbols to stand for numbers to make a record.
About 5500 years ago the Sumerian people used the first numeral system – this
is a way of writing numbers.
Many people since then have helped shape how we use numbers today. The
Indian mathematicians helped develop the decimal system and introduce the
idea of nothing (they used a dot to stand for zero).
It was in the 12th century that Arab mathematicians modified the Hindu
numerals – this is what we now call the Hindu-Arab numerals. These numerals
were then spread over the world.
Around this time Europe was using the Roman numerals which were difficult for
the average person to learn and use properly. It was during this time that a
person called Leonardo Fibonacci put a lot of effort in to bringing the HinduArabic numerals to Europe.
The rest as they say is history!
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2.
The Decimal System
2.1
Writing the Digits - Instructions
We count using a system called the decimal system. It is a base 10 system
which means we have 10 different digits in total.
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2.2
The Digit Names
The ten digits we use each have a name. It is important to learn their names
and how to write them correctly.
.
one .
two .
three .
four .
five .
six .
seven .
eight .
nine .
zero
2.3
The Numbers – 11 to 20
.
twelve .
eleven
.
fourteen .
fifteen .
sixteen .
thirteen
seventeen
.
.
nineteen .
twenty .
eighteen
Remember that teenagers are young people who are 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or
19.
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2.4
The Numbers – 10 to 100 (tens)
Try to learn the spelling for these numbers. The sneaky one is 40 (forty) – so be
very careful. Remember that there is no ‘u’ in forty.
zero
ten
.
.
twenty
.
forty .
fifty .
sixty .
.
thirty
seventy
.
ninety .
.
eighty
hundred
.
2.5
The Numbers – Zero to Quadrillion
zero
.
ten
.
.
thousand .
million .
billion .
trillion .
hundred
quadrillion
.
Remember the names of these numbers. You may have to use them one day!
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2.6
One in a Million
Sometimes you will hear people use the idiom ‘one in a million’. This means that
the person is special, usually because they are very helpful to others.
Try to learn the numbers below. Each number is ten times bigger (it has an extra
zero).
Try to remember the number of zeros for each number.
.
ten .
one
.
thousand .
hundred
ten thousand
.
hundred thousand
million
.
ten million
.
hundred million
billion
.
.
.
googol
this is very big number - it has 100 zeros!
10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000
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3.
The Roman Numerals
The Roman numeral system has been in use for a long time – some people
guess that it started just over 2500 years ago in the area we now call Italy.
3.1
Writing Numbers Using Roman Numerals
There are many ways of writing numbers using the Roman numerals. The one
we are going to use is the reduction method.
First learn these numerals:
Roman
.
five .
ten.
fifty .
1
5
10
50
100
500
1000
I
V
X
L
C
D
M
one
hundred
.
five hundred
thousand
.
.
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3.2
Roman Numerals – 1 to 10
.
two .
one
.
four* .
five .
six .
seven .
eight .
nine* .
ten .
three
Important Note:
Remember the 3 important numerals we had to learn.
Roman
1
5
10
I
V
X
Four (4) could be written like: IIII
But this would take too much space. So someone thought of writing four (4) as
(5 – 1).
So you put the I before the V to show that it is 1 less than 5.
In the same way nine (9) could be written as: VIIII
But we write it as 10 – 1 ( IX )
If you learn this simple rule, writing numbers using Roman numerals becomes
easier.
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3.3
ten
Roman Numerals – 10 to 20
.
.
twelve .
eleven
thirteen
.
fourteen*
.
.
sixteen .
fifteen
seventeen
.
.
nineteen* .
twenty .
eighteen
3.4
Roman Numerals – 40 to 50
forty*
.
.
forty two .
forty three.
forty four.
forty five.
forty six.
forty seven.
forty eight.
forty nine.
fifty.
forty one
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3.5
Roman Numerals – 90 to 100
.
ninety*
.
ninety two .
ninety three.
ninety four.
ninety five.
ninety six.
ninety seven.
ninety eight.
ninety nine.
hundred.
ninety one
3.6
ten
Roman Numerals – 10 to 100 (tens)
.
twenty
.
.
forty* .
fifty .
sixty .
thirty
seventy
.
.
ninety* .
eighty
hundred
.
.
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3.7
Roman Numerals – 100 to 1000 (hundreds)
.
two hundred .
one hundred
three hundred
.
.
five hundred .
six hundred .
four hundred
.
eight hundred .
nine hundred .
one thousand .
seven hundred
3.8
Roman Numerals – 100 to 1000 (hundreds)
Now try to write them on your own.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
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3.9
Roman Numerals – Caution Border Crossing 1!
The following Roman numerals are tricky – think about these and try to
understand these. If you master these bits, reading and writing numbers using
Roman numerals will become easier.
.
5 .
6 .
4
9
.
.
11 .
10
.
15 .
16 .
14
.
20 .
21 .
19
.
50.
51.
49
.
99
.
101 .
100
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3.10 Roman Numerals – Caution Border Crossing 2!
The next few numbers are really crazy – see if you can understand them!
.
499.
500.
501.
498
.
999.
998
.
1001.
1000
.
1999.
2000.
2001.
1998
.
2014.
2015.
2016.
2017.
2018.
2019.
2020.
2013
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3.11 The Next Ten Olympic Games
The first modern Olympics were held in 1896 ( M DCCC XC V1).
Can you write out the next 10 Olympic years using Roman numerals?
1)
2016
2)
2020
3)
2024
4)
2028
5)
2032
6)
2036
7)
2040
8)
2044
9)
2048
10)
2052
3.12 Big Numbers
By placing a line above the main numerals the number became 1000 times
bigger.
So:
V=5
X = 10
L = 50
and V = 5 000.
and X = 10 000.
and L = 50 000.
And so on. But these numbers are no longer used since we only write dates
using the Roman numerals or numbers up to 12 (for telling time!).
Finis (the end in Latin).
Well done every one!
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