Deeper Insights
Abnormal curves (p. 168)
Anatomical Position (p. 197)
Skeletal System– Gross Anatomy (Ch. 7 & 8)
Human Anatomy lecture
(Visit the Ossuary in Sedlec for a true appreciation of skeletal gross anatomy:
http://www.ludd.luth.se/users/silver_p/kutna.html)
I. Divisions & bone types
A. Axial Skeleton– 80 bones (Fig. 7.1)
Skull, ossicles, vertebrae, thorax, hyoid
B. Appendicular Skeleton – 126 bones
pectoral girdle 4
upper limb
60
pelvic girdle
2
lower limb
60
C. Bone types
- sutural (Wormian) bones (Fig. 7.6) -- form along skull sutures
- sesamoid bones: form within tendons
” seed-like” 
Ex.: patella (“kneecap”)
II. Vertebral column
A. Bones
33 vertebrae
(26 pieces)
7
12
5
5
4
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral (fused = 1)
coccygeal (fused = 1)
B. Normal curves (Fig. 7.19)
Primary (1o)  thoracic & pelvic (sacral) – present in fetus
Secondary (2o)  cervical & lumbar – develop as child holds up head, trunk
-- Sketch –
Functions:
-- facilitate upright posture
-- dissipate shock
C. Abnormal curves – Insight 7.3 & Fig. 7.21
1. scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature
2. kyphosis – excessive anterior curvature (usually thoracic)
3. lordosis – excessive posterior curvature (usually lumbar)
D. Each individual vertebra has 7 processes (Fig. 7.22)
spinous & transverse = leverage
superior & inferior articular = articulation
--Sketch --
E. Intervertebral joints
– between processes: synovial, planar
– between bodies: cartilaginous, symphysis

intervertebral disc- Fig.7.22
anulus fibrosus  fibrocartilage; strong attachment
nucleus pulposus  absorb shock
 herniated disc - Fig. 7.36
III. Girdle/limb comparison
Pectoral/upper limb
4 separate bones
(2 clavicles & 2 scapulae)
-- thin & light
-- designed to maximize range
of manipulation
Pelvic/lower limb
2 coxal (hip) bones
(each originally 3 bones, now fused)
-- thick & heavy
-- designed for weight-bearing and
locomotion
IV. Sexual differences (Table 8.1; Fig. 8.9)
A. most obvious is in the pelvis (“basin”) = pelvic girdle + sacrum & coccyx

(2 ossa coxae)
(text differs)
B. Why?  Facilitate childbirth
V. Arches of the foot (Fig. 8.16)
A. Arches formed by bone, maintained by muscles & ligaments
 lateral longitudinal arch
 medial longitudinal arch
 transverse arch
B. Functions:
– distribute body weight (each foot forms a half-dome)
– absorb shock
VI. Aging
--Sizes & shapes obviously change during life
Ex.: mandible
“baby face”  “toothless grin”