Method Handbook for IWRM in Vietnam, 2013
Nam Dinh project area
12.2.2 “NDcitylineiaks” system: Modular decentralized waste
water disposal system for Nam Dinh City
Bernd Erhardt †, Jörn Kasbohm, Le Đuc Ngan, Le Thi Lai, Horst Wessel, Nguyen
Thi Hong, Le Thi Kim Oanh, Doanh Minh Vu, Stefan Schlüter, Volkmar Keuter, Wilhelm Steingrube
Within the framework of the joint R&D project IWRM Vietnam, this contribution describes technical measures for an urban waste water disposal concept.
A complex system for Nam Dinh in the Red River delta for future treatment of
household waste water has been developed. The need for action becomes more apparent, taking into account the fact that the number of inhabitants in Nam Dinh is likely
to grow from approximately 250,000 today to 950,000 inhabitants within the next 10
years.
The developed “NDcitylineiaks” concept is based on modular trickling filters. While
waste water treatment is to be carried out decentralized, treatment of sludge is to be
carried out centrally, The consistent use of side products (e.g. service water, heat, gas,
electricity) from the treatment of waste water and sewage sludge should both facilitate
the setup of new production sites and also generate a new source of income for the
operators of the treatment plant. This should not only cover running operation costs,
but may also refinance the investment. An overall high degree of sustainability is achieved.
The necessary preliminary examinations have been combined in a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process.
I
Project target
A concept for future household waste water treatment for Nam Dinh City, the third largest city in the Red River delta, was to be developed within the joint R&D project IWRM
Vietnam. The concept was to be based on a environmentally aligned economic and
socioeconomic analysis of Nam Dinh City.
The engineering project was then to be developed on the basis of that analysis. This
technical concept again was to contain approaches to implement aspects of a possible
refinancing of such investments under the analyzed conditions. If possible, the overall
concept should support a transfer to other regions in Asia.
II
Description of project area
Nam Dinh City is the capital of the Nam Dinh Province and lies approximately 90 km
south of Hanoi. After Hanoi and Haiphong it is the third largest city in the Red River
delta. The industrial and service sectors cover 98 % of the GDP in the city (2004). Altogether the city extends to 4,625 ha, 1,864 ha of these are in the city center (40 %) and
2,758 ha in the outskirts. According to the statistical yearbook of Nam Dinh Province
Nam Dinh had 249,534 inhabitants in 2008 (2007: 254,700), with 203,513 inhabitants
(2007: 203,800) living in the city center (80 %) and 46,021 inhabitants (2007: 50,900)
living in the rural outskirts.
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Nam Dinh City is the political, economic, cultural and social center of the province. All
relevant administrative institutions of the province are here. The city also represents a
center for industry and commerce in the Red River delta. The following industries are
typical for Nam Dinh: Textile industry, food processing (incl. seafood, fruit, drinks and
sweets), woodworking, woolen carpets and jute industry, plastics industry, ship industry
and automotive suppliers, electronics and small craft products for textiles, sculptures,
paint shops and rattan and bamboo basketry.
The gross domestic product (GDP) of the city reached over VND 2,032bn in 2007. It
has doubled over the last 10 years and now represents roughly a quarter of the GDP
of the entire province. 48.6 % of the GDP are based in industrial production and construction. The average growth of the economy in the last five years was 10.5 %. Over the
same time the industrial production grew by approximately 20.5 %. Trade and services
grew by approximately 8.5 %. While industry, trade and services grew, the area used
for agriculture shrank from 2,400 ha to the current value of 1,600 ha. Rice is farmed
on over 1,200 ha of these. Yet, the annual result of 2007 grew by 3.3 % to VND 110bn.
Industry and construction currently provide 56 %, services 42 % and agriculture 1.9 %
of the city’s GDP. The city dominated the industrial development in the Province: two
thirds of the provincial industrial production takes place in Nam Dinh City (DONRE-ND,
2007). In 2012 Nam Dinh was classified in Group II according to the city classification
guidelines (Regulation No. 72/2001/ NÐ-CP), which means that it met the following criteria:
-- Center for politics, economy, culture, science and technology, tourism and services
-- Traffic center between provinces and regions
-- Development of economic development in other parts of the province
-- The number of employees outside agriculture must be over 80 %
-- Over 25,000, average population density at least 10,000 inhabitants/km².
Nam Dinh lies on the banks of the Red River, directly at the mouth of the river Ðào.
The terrain in the Red River delta is low and flat. The average elevation is between 0.5
and 4.0 m above sea level. The city center lies at 3-4 m above sea level. Foundations
are used to elevate the buildings by 1-1.5 m. Agricultural areas, especially rice fields,
often have an elevation of 0.5-1.5 m above sea level. Areas below 2 m above sea level
are frequently flooded in times of long rainfalls. The concrete dikes along the river Ðào
were built at a height of 6.50 m, in order to avoid flooding and to protect the city.
Nam Dinh City is influenced directly by the hydrological systems of the river Ðào and
the Red River. The average water level in the rivers is 1,52 m above sea level, the
highest measured level on record was 5.77 m above sea level. The city lies in the tropical monsoon climate zone of the northern delta, Tab. 1 lists a few of the climate figures
based on statistical data (Statistical Yearbook Nam Dinh 2008).
Nam Dinh City has a well developed infrastructure for water supply and waste water
disposal. There are, however, no treatment plants for household waste water. A number
of ponds in the city are used for natural purification. Waste water is combined with rainwater and led in to the Ðào river at two locations. A striking conflict of use persists, as
surface water from the river Ðào is also used to generate drinking water.
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Tab. 12-9:Nam Dinh City climate data
Temperature
Annual average temperature
Average summer temperature
Average winter temperature
Relative humidity
Average relative humidity over the course of
the year
Maximum relative humidity
Minimum relative humidity
Precipitation
Average annual precipitation
Maximum daily precipitation
Wind
Average wind speed
Main summer wind direction
Main winter wind direction
23.3 °C
27.6 °C (April-September)
7.0 °C (November-February)
84 %
88 %
79 %
1,790 mm
350 mm (2007)
2.4 m/s
Southeast
Northeast
IIIMethod
III.1
Situation description in Nam Dinh on the basis of a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SAE) approach
Le Thi Kim Oanh (2009) has compared several concepts for Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) procedures as environmental compatibility tests. In this process she
established the specific aspects of a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SAE) as
initial step for the EIA process. The basic structure of the SAE process was described
by Lohani et al. (1997) on behalf of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The following
focus points must be observed:
-- Introduction: This chapter is to lead into the project on the basis of a fixed method.
The points that must be adhered to are: purpose of project, project size, chief project characteristics, object design, project range, classification and depiction of the
background and methods of project development.
-- Comparison and evaluation of purposeful alternatives: The core topic of this chapter shall be a comparison of various alternatives within the proposed project technology. A comparison of different sites is also part of this chapter. A so called “no
action” alternative is also called for. Its purpose is to describe what would happen,
if the project would not be implemented. The different alternatives shall be characterized and compared. The relevant parameters are the effect on social and environment relevant problems, as well as costs and other aspects.
-- Description of necessary activities during the implementation phase of the project:
The focus of this chapter lies in aspects, such as the selected construction method,
the construction site, the necessary manpower and the available funding. Due to
the fact that currently only very little can be said about this, this chapter will not be
discussed in more detail here.
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-- Characterization of existing environmental conditions: This chapter covers the description of the geographic and environmental situation. Relevant factors here are
the size of the affected area, physical environmental parameters and water, air and
soil quality. It should be laid out, how frequently archaeological objects or other
relevant aspects are expected to be found in the area. The social environment and
other social activities, such as tourism, should also be characterized.
-- Description of possible project related negative influences: This chapter should discuss the possible negative influences that may occur during construction of the object, during operation of the plant or as a long term effect. Aspects such as ground
load, consumption of area, loss of residential and agricultural zones and traffic
should be focused on here.
III.2
Household surveys as part of the description of the socioeconomic situation
The special process of surveying 519 households should be shortly described at this
point. The surveyed households were distributed over all districts of Nam Dinh City. The
standardized questionnaire was to capture a description of the house type, the number
of inhabitants, their economic situation and their typical water consumption practice.
The results were processed statistically and visualized with GIS (software: MOSKITOGIS). Details on the questionnaire and the locations of the surveyed households can be
found in Le Thi Kim Oanh and Nguyen Thi Hong (2009).
III.3 Evaluation of the project’s sustainability
A material flow analysis is a typical instrument to evaluate the sustainability of a project.
An addition aid is the hierarchy model for natural raw materials by Wellmer and Kosinowsky (2005), from which a complex recycling concept can be deducted. This means
that waste water and sludge would also need to be regarded as natural resources. Under consideration of this approach, a common observation of waste water and sludge
treatment processes facilitates the “production” of so called “co-products” (e.g. reuse
of purified waste water as process water for the industry, biogas, low and high temperature heat, cold, electricity, CO2 conversion in biomass, active carbon, heavy fuel oil,
coal, fertilizer).
IV
Procedural steps carried out
The introduction of the development of a waste water concept for Nam Dinh City
consisted of a short evaluation of its economic situation. The following environmental characterization of the situation in Nam Dinh was a major focus point. Here, the
description of the hydrological framework conditions were of special importance. The
evaluation of the socioeconomic development of the city is also based on a survey of
over 500 households in the year 2008 and the consideration of the planned significant
growth of the city of Nam Dinh by the year 2020.
Based on relevant results of the listed studies, iaks GmbH developed a modular engineering concept for future waste water treatment. In relation to this modular engineering concept, it remained to be seen what side products could be used in what form, in
order to ensure further sources of income for the future waste water treatment plant.
These further sources of income were to exemplify at least partial refinancing of such
plants. Subsequently the sustainability of this approach was evaluated on the basis of
material flow observations. Methodically, these steps were implemented in a Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SAE) approach.
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V
Evaluation of results
V.1
SEA results
Nam Dinh project area
The authorities in Nam Dinh City planned to construct sufficient waste water treatment
plants for future purification of household waste water in the city. The capacity for the
planned waste water treatment plants was estimated at an average of 150,000 population equivalents (PE) based on water volume (60,000 m³/d as sum of household waste
water and dry weather runoff), BSB5 concentration (15 mg/l) and nitrogen load. In total,
two plants covering 75,000 PE each were planned.
Regarding the inflow, this project had to consider the Vietnamese standards TCVN
6772:2000 and TCVN 5945:2005. This set of standards describes which contaminants
various waste water “producers” may lead into the public sewage network in what
amounts. For the discharge of treated waste water into the receiving waters, the regulations TCVN 7221:2002 (regarding purified industrial waste water), TCVN 7222:2002
(regarding purified household waste water) and TCVN 5945:2005 class A and B must
be considered.
The project covered the application of organic contents in waste water for energy generation in local industry. Waste water, and especially sludge, were therefore used as
renewable energy sources. This means that planning targets for the Nam Dinh master
plan 2020 for industrial development of the city were to be supported as well.
The concept called for a mix of decentralized waste water treatment with central sludge
treatment. The single waste water treatment plants are connected with pipes to the
sludge treatment plant. In line with the expansion plans for the city, the waste water
treatment system could also grow into the new development areas.
Due to the high population density (in some cases > 10,000 inhabitants per km²) the
surface demand should be minimized. Funding is a significant problem for the construction of any waste water treatment plant. For this reason, the project was to offer a
chance to reduce the usual investment sum in comparison with usual versions of waste
water treatment. Operation costs should also be lower than usual.
In addition, the local authorities assumed that the project would be easier accepted, if
the concept could be transferred to other regions in the country and if it would have a
higher degree of sustainability at the same time.
The engineering part of the concept “NDcitylineiaks” was publicized in Erhardt et al.
(2009). It recommended a waste water treatment system with trickling filters on the
basis of PET fillers. The trickling filters are conceptualized as tower constructions. The
pre- and post-processing steps are to be implemented with screen systems. Sludge
treatment will either be carried out with digestion and low temperature conversion or in
a full thermal exploitation in a thermal bed process, with the waste gases being purified
in the trickling filters. The side products in waste water and sludge treatment are to be
used in the development of an industrial zone.
Due to the modular concept of the proposed plant system, the following modules were
available under the above factors (details in Erhardt et al., 2009):
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Basic module:
Basic module:
Optional system:
Optional system:
Optional system:
Method Handbook for IWRM in Vietnam, 2013
“Waste water treatment – decentralized” (see fig. 12-12)
“Sewage sludge treatment – centralized”
“Residential area application”
“Industrial area application”
“Application for groundwater renewal”
According to official prognoses, the number of inhabitants in Nam Dinh is to rise to
955,000 by the year 2020. This development is likely to aggravate the above problem
of the discharge of untreated waste water into the river Ðào provoking a conflict for
drinking water support. This city development is planned for Nam Vân Commune, the
districts Nam Truc and Truc Ninh in the northern part of the city; Loc Hòa Commune
and Loc Vuong Commune and Loc Hà Ward in the northwestern part and and the district Vu Ban in the western and southwestern part of the city. After an expansion of the
administrative borders, Nam Dinh City will comprise 21,406 ha in the year 2010. This
means that in comparison with 2008 the city will grow by approximately 16,785 ha.
In 2020 is likely to cover approximately 45,217 ha. The increase of population includes
the current 300,000 inhabitants of areas that will be incorporated in the city. The remaining difference to the expected number of one million inhabitants will be achieved
through natural growth and migration.
This means that Nam Dinh will have to constantly develop its infrastructure. The industrial development of the city is also going to increase. Nam Dinh City will be expanded
into an industrial center in the southern Red River delta. The following industries will be
dominating: Assembly, construction of agricultural machinery, shipbuilding, transport,
textile and clothing industry, PC technology etc. The city administration plans an expansion of the industrial zones and a corresponding expansion of the infrastructure to
attract investment from Vietnam and from abroad. Space for industrial production within
residential areas will also persist.
Fig. 12-12:Basic module “Waste water treatment – decentralized”: Integration of waste water
technology in other urban infrastructure elements – here: wellness center (source:
iaks GmbH)
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Nam Dinh project area
The water supply infrastructure of the city was to be expanded in a way to ensure that
in the year 2020 at least 90 % of the population can use tap water (DoNRE-ND, 2005).
V.2
Comparison and evaluation of purposeful alternatives
Three technical alternatives were observed: the “no action” alternative, the “activated
sludge” alternative and the “trickling filter” alternative.
“No action” alternative
It was to be established what impact a continuation of the current state without any
changes to the water resources would have. The only waste water treatment sites in
the city were cesspits under private homes and sedimentation ponds, before the water
and the precipitation water was pumped into the river Ðào. The industrial waste water
from the textile industry in the city center was also not treated and flowed directly into
the waste water system.
Surface water was used as main source for daily drinking water supply. The DoNRE
data from the years 2007 and 2008 and the supplementary internal studies showed
a problematic development of the river water quality as compared to the Vietnamese
standard 5942:1995 (class A – Quality conditions for surface water used in drinking water supply). The values for BOD5, COD5, TSS, oil, surfactants and phenol derivatives
almost always exceeded he thresholds. This also applied for E. coli bacteria (1.5 x 108
MPN/100 ml), ammonium and nitrate ions, especially for the northern pumping station
in Quang Chuot. This resource contamination will increase with the implementation of
the master plan 2020 and the inherent population increase. In addition, the self purification potential of the river Ðào could be affected over large stretches of the river, which
would increase problems for settlements downstream of the city.
Comparison of alternatives “activated sludge vs. trickling filter”
Both alternatives represent biological waste water treatment methods. While the activated sludge technology (AS) is characterized by large and well ventilated water reservoirs, trickling filter systems (TF) feature so called bio-towers. Water here trickles down
PVC bodies from top to bottom. The bacterial sludge on the surface of the PVC bodies
is responsible for the purification of the waste water. At the same time, the necessary
oxygen is fed from bottom to top in a counterflow system. This airflow is interrupted in
denitrification and the trickling filter is closed at the top. In the trickling filters the water
is led in a cycle system (fig. 12-13).
By adapting the number of cycles to the actual BOD content, trickling filters are less
sensitive to fluctuating BOD values than activated sludge reservoirs. While an activated sludge system needs a considerable space of several hectares (y = 12.353 ln(x) 92.105, with y being the necessary area in m² and x the underlying number of PE – see
Erhardt et al., 2009), trickling filter systems only need three times the ground surface
of the bio-tower (Example, system for 150,000 PE: necessary area for activated sludge
system 6 ha, area for trickling filter system 1 ha). Due to the fact that only standard water pumps are needed in a trickling filter system, the energy demand here is lower as
well (4.7 GWh/year for AS and 3.8 GWh/year for TF). The necessary investment for TF
systems is also lower (€30m for AS and €11m for TF).
Finally, the method for feeding water in TF systems leads to cooling effects that can
be used to cool buildings or to influence the microclimate. This system could also be
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used to purify exhaust air from industrial processes (dust, smell). A detailed comparison
of these two systems is already included in Erhard et al. (2009) and Le Thi Kim Oanh
(2009).
Fe(III)
POLYMER
DRAINAGE
Fe(III)
POLYMER
NITRIFICATING
TRICKLING FILTER
NITRIFICATING
TRICKLING FILTER
SLUDGE
RECIRCULATION
MICRO SIEVE
RECIRCULATION
MICRO SIEVE
WASTE AIR PURIFICATION
DE-NITRIFICATING
TRICKLING FILTER
WASTE AIR PURIFICATION
RECIRCULATION
(optional intermediate
sieving)
RECIRCULATION
(optional intermediate
sieving)
SIMPLIFIED
FLOW DIAGRAM
DE-NITRIFICATING
TRICKLING FILTER
FINE SIEVE
CIRCULAR
AIR DUCT
CIRCULAR
AIR DUCT
MICRO SIEVE
NITRIFICATION
PUMP STATION
MICRO SIEVE
FEEDER
PUMP STATION
FEEDER
PUMP STATION
NITRIFICATION
PUMP STATION
INTAKE
PUMP STATION
Fig. 12-13:Schematic depiction of the trickling filter system (from Erhardt et al., 2009)
V.3
Characterization of existing environmental conditions
The geographic, topographic, climatic, hydrological and economic basic features of the
Nam Dinh City were already described in the chapter “Description of project area”.
Based on the Vietnamese standard, there is no emission protection problem for the air
quality in Nam Dinh City. Using German emission thresholds, traffic represents a relevant emission source, especially for the parameters dust and NO3.
Considerable heavy metal contaminations (lead, nickel, zinc) and organic contaminants
have been detected in the soil of the traditional textile industry quarter in the old city
center. Even though these textile companies currently have to relocate to new industrial
zones at the edge of the city, the already existing soil contamination must be taken into
consideration for any subsequent use of the old industrial area.
Extensive water studies have shown distinctly increased values for solids, BOD5, COD5
and ammonium. In many cases the number of coliform bacteria is also increased by
several orders of magnitude. As surface water is also used as the main source for
drinking water production, a reduction of these contamination factors seems essential
for the future. The possible metal contamination is hardly detectable in the existing
drainage system water analysis results. Water quality evaluations via diatoms resulted
in a category II and II-III classification for the river Ðào (Pavlik et al., 2007). The same
authors documented an increased eutrophy in the ponds and lakes, some of which are
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used as sedimentation ponds. Groundwater in Nam Dinh is not suitable for drinking
water supply due to its high salt content (1-3 g/l) as well as its high iron (>5 g/l) and ammonium content (NH4+ >3 g/l) (Le Thi Lai, 2007).
Instead, water from the river Ðào is treated for water supply in Nam Dinh. The water
supply system in Nam Dinh City has been constructed in 1924 and has been expanded, reconstructed and improved several times since then. Today the Nam Dinh City
waterworks have a total capacity of 30,000 m³/d. In the year 1993 a new three phase
water supply program was rolled out, chiefly funded by the French government. At the
end of the third phase the Nam Dinh City water supply system will have a capacity of
50,000 m³/d. In addition, two further smaller waterworks exist in Nam Phong and in
Nam Vân. The water supply network uses 26,500 m of pipes. In the year 2008 98 % of
households in the city center and 74 % of households in the suburbs were connected
to the water supply system. In the suburban area, the communes Loc An, My Xá, Nam
Vân, Nam Phong and Loc Hòa appear to have the highest deficits in tap water access.
Until today, surface water is the main resource for daily drinking water supply. The water water supply company is supervised by the construction department and is a public
authority.
Due to the missing incline and the fact that parts of the drainage system are set up
against the natural topography, water cannot simply runoff into the river Ðào. It flows
to the rice fields and into the drainage system. For this reason, Nam Dinh City has two
large pumping stations. The pumping station in the northern part of the city (Huu Bui,
Quan Chuot) is administered by Nam Dinh Province, while the one in the southern part
(Kênh Giá) is operated by the city itself. The two pumping stations in Kênh Giá (with a
capacity of 43,000 m³/d) and Quán Chuot (with a capacity of 20,000 m³/d) are used to
remove precipitation and waste water from the city. In addition there are 11 electrical
pumping stations, operated by irrigation cooperatives and 1,136 further small water
pumps. The city has class I and II canals with a total length of 72 km. The drainage
system in Nam Dinh City consists of nine main class II canals (the main drainage system of the city center). These main canals are stonewalled and cover a total length of
approximately 6 km. Waste water from the main canals flows into a class I canal (main
canal and pumping station ) and into a system of agricultural collecting ditches, which
eventually leads to the pumping station on the main river. In the typhoon season the
city is completely depending on capacity and operation time of the two pumping stations in Kênh Giá and Quán Chuot (Weltbank, 2002).
Precipitation and waste water in this combined sewage system flows initially into sedimentation ponds and is then pumped into the river Ðào. This canal network only covers
the area of the city center. The suburbs only use a system of ditches and open canals
that are also used for agricultural irrigation.
V.4
Description of possible negative influences
Potential problems due to smell and noise from waste water treatment plants do not
occur with the TF technology, as these plants are fully enclosed. The resulting sewage
sludge does not need to be deposited anywhere, it is processed centrally without contamination of soil or water. Sludge treatment was also conceptualized far away from the
residential areas. Risks could potentially persist during transport of the sludge from the
decentralized waste water treatment plants to the central sludge treatment site if the
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pipes should suffer technical defects. The cleaning system of the plant complies with
Vietnamese and German standards.
V.5
Evaluation of the project’s sustainability
Due to the consistent use of potential byproducts from waste water and sewage sludge
treatment (waste water: service water, cold, air purification; sewage sludge: electricity,
high and low temperature heat, gas, cold, CO2, coal, heavy fuel oil) and the implementation of other organic waste from settlement waste and agriculture (e.g. rice straw)
further production sites can be set up (fig. 3).
Fig. 12-14:Networking of recycling processes
Regional value creation chains are improved by networking of recycling processes. The
improved tax basis leaves new room for action for Nam Dinh City (economic aspect of
sustainability). The new action tolerances also allow for the generation of new workplaces and can therefore help to combat poverty.
The laid out refinancing potential also increases the implementation chance of the
concept. This means that the access to clean environmental conditions is supported
equally for all inhabitants of Nam Dinh (social component of sustainability consideration). Finally, resources are conserved (less fossil fuel), waste management is influenced
positively and surface and groundwater are polluted less (environmental aspect of sustainability evaluation).
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VI
Nam Dinh project area
Cooperation with Vietnamese partner institutions
-- Nam Dinh Province Department of Science and Technology
-- Nam Dinh Province Department of Preventive Medicine
-- National Institute for Labour Protection (NILP), Hanoi
-- People’s Committee of Yen Xa Commune
-- Institute of Geological Sciences / VAST, Hanoi
-- Institute of Biotechnology / VAST, Hanoi
VIIBibliography
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degree thesis, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald.
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