Table 1. Listed below are common and trade names of select fungicides currently registered in the United States representing the major fungicide
groups and chemistry within these groups (chemical group), plus the mobility, activity, and risk of resistance developing to these fungicides.
Group Name
(Abbreviation)1
Methyl
benzimidazole
carbamate (MBC)
dicarboximide
Chemical Group
Common Name
benzimidazole
thiophanate-methyl
dicarboximide
imidazole
3
demethylation
inhibitor (DMI)
DMI
iprodione
vinclozolin
triflumizole
piperazine
triforine
3
DMI
triazole
myclobutanil
3
DMI
triazole
tebuconazole
4
phenylamide (PA)
phenylamide
mefenoxam,
7
carboxamide
oxathiin
carboxin
Apron XL,
Ridomil
Gold,Subdue
Maxx
Vitavax
9
anilinopyrimidine
(AP)
anilinopyrimidine
cyprodinil
Vangard
11
strobilurin
azoxystrobin
11
quinone outside
inhibitor (QoI)
QoI
strobilurin
trifloxystrobin
11
QoI
strobilurin
pyraclostrobin
Abound, Quadris,
Heritage
Flint, Gem,
Compass
Cabrio, Headline
12
phenylpyrrole (PP)
phenylpyrrole
fludioxonil
14
chlorophenyls
quintozene
14
aromatic
hydrocarbon (AH)
AH
Maxim,
Medallion,
Scholar
PCNB, Blocker
chloronitroben-zene
dicloran
Botran
contact
14
AH
triadiazole
etridiazole
Truban, Koban
contact
Group
Code1
1
2
3
Example Trade
Name
Topsin M,
Cleary’s 3336
Mobility
Mode of Action of Fungicide
xylem
mobile
Inhibits tubulin formation in mitosis,
broad-spectrum
Chipco 26GT,
Rovral, Ronilan
Procure,
Terraguard
Funginex, Saprol
contact
NADH cytochrome c reductase in lipid
per-oxidation (Proposed), broad-spectrum
Sterol biosynthesis inhibition, broadspectrum
Sterol biosynthesis inhibition, narrowspectrum
Sterol biosynthesis inhibition, broadspectrum
Sterol biosynthesis inhibition, broadspectrum
Inhibits RNA synthesis, active on
oomycetes
Eagle, Nova,
Rally
Folicur
xylem
mobile
xylem
mobile
xylem
mobile
xylem
mobile
xylem
mobile
locally
systemic
locally
systemic
xylem
mobile
locally
systemic
locally
systemic
contact
contact
Risk of
Resistance2
high
medium to
high
medium
medium
medium
medium
high
Inhibits respiration (MET2, succinate
dehydrogenase), active on basidiomycetes
Methionine biosynthesis and hydrolytic
enzymes, active on Botrytis, Monilinia,
Venturia
Inhibits respiration (MET-III, cytochrome
bc1), broad-spectrum
Inhibits respiration, broad-spectrum
medium
Inhibits respiration, broad-spectrum
high
Disrupts membrane integrity, broadspectrum
low to medium
Thought to act on lipids, active on
basidiomycetes and some ascomycetes
Acts on Botrytis,Monilinia,
Rhizopus and Sclerotinia
Curative and preventative control of soil
borne diseases, especially oomycetes.
low to medium
medium
high
high
low to medium
low to medium
15
cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid
dimethomorph
Acrobat
17
hydroxyanilide
hydroxyanilide
fenhexamid
Elevate, Decree
18
Antibiotic
streptomyces
streptomycin
19
polyoxin
polyoxin
polyoxin D
Agri-Mycin, AgriStep
Endorse
21
(P)
21
(P)
host plant defense
inducers (SAR)
SAR
benzothiadiazole
harpin Ea protein
acibenzolar-Smethyl
harpin
Messenger
M
(33)
M
(33)
M
multi-site activity
phosphonate
fosetyl-aluminum
Aliette
multi-site activity
phosphonate
phosphorous acid
Phostrol, ProPhyt
multi-site activity
inorganics
copper
Kocide, Champ
M
multi-site activity
inorganics
sulfur
M
multi-site activity
dithiocarbamate
mancozeb, maneb
Microthiol
Disperss,
MicroSulf
Mancozeb, Maneb
contact
M
multi-site activity
dithiocarbamate
Thiram
contact
M
multi-site activity
chloroalkythios
dimethyldithiocarbamate
captan
Captan
contact
M
multi-site activity
chloronitrile
chlorothalonil
contact
M
(29)
U
(27)
U
(28)
multi-site activity
phenylpyridin-amine
fluazinam
Bravo,
Daconil2787
Omega
unknown.
cymoxanil
Curzate M-8
unknown
cyano-acetamide
oxime
carbamate
propamocarb
Banol, Previcur F
biofungicide
fungal
Primastop
biofungicide
fungal
Gliocladium
catenulatum strain
J1446
Aspergillus flavus
AF-36
locally
systemic
locally
systemic
xylem
mobile
N/A
AF-36
N/A
biofungicide
fungal
Contans
N/A
biofungicide
bacterial
Serenade
contact
Coniothyrium
minitans strain
CON/M/91-08
Bacillus subtilis
Actigard
locally
systemic
locally
systemic
xylem
mobile
xylem
mobile
amphimobile
signal
xylem
mobile
amphimobile
amphimobile
contact
contact
Thought to act on cell wall synthesis in
certain oomycetes
Sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, Botrytis,
Monilina, Sclerotinia
Single-site, bactericide
low to medium
low to medium
high
Single-site, inhibits chitin synthetase, acts
on some fungi.
Activates plant’s systemic acquired
resistance (SAR), broad-spectrum
Elicits a hypersensitive response in
plants, broad-spectrum
medium
Inhibits oxidative phosphororylation in
oomycetes
Inhibits oxidative phosphororylation in
oomycetes
Disrupts function of enzymes and energy
transport systems, integrity of membranes
Inhibits electron movement, thus
interferes with cellular respiration
low
Reacts with protein SH groups, broadspectrum
Reacts with protein SH groups, broadspectrum seed treatment
Combines with thiols (SH groups) broadspectrum
Acts on fungal respiration via thiol,
broad-spectrum
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation,
broad-spectrum
Short residual, acts on oomycetes
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low to medium
Active on oomycetes
low to medium
Competitive exclusion. Competitive
colonizer of soil media
unknown
Competitive exclusion. Competitive
colonizer of cotton flowers. Displaces
other A. flavus in the soil surface.
Pathogenic. Colonizes and kills sclerotia
of Sclerotinia spp.
unknown
Induced resistance. Active on powdery
unknown
unknown
strain QST 713
1
biofungicide
biofungicide
aldehyde
oil
cinnamaldehyde
mineral oil
biofungicide
oil
plant essential oil
biofungicide
mineral products
biofungicide
mineral products
Biofungicide
clay
potassium
bicarbonate
monopotassium
phosphate
kaolin
Vertigo
JMS Stylet-oil,
SunSpray UltraFine
Sporan
Armicarb 100,
Kaligreen
Nutrol
Surround
and
induced
resistance
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
and SAR
contact
mildew, downy mildew, Phytophthora,
Alternaria and Botrytis
Biofungicide, algacide
Destroys cell walls, interferes with fungus
attaching to plant
unknown
unknown
Destroys cell walls, interferes with fungus
attaching to plant
Upsets potassium ion balance in powdery
mildew fungal cells, cell wall collapses
SAR, plasmolysis of conidia, destruction
of conidiophores, antisporulant
Forms physical barrier to organisms,
suppresses powdery mildew
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
Group codes, names, and abbreviations used by FRAC and by the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs as part of the pesticide classification system
developed for pesticide resistance management labeling (www.epa.gov/opppmsd1/PR_Notices/pr2001-5.pdf). Fungicide groups are excluded that do
not have a product registered in the USA. FRAC code is listed in parentheses under the EPA Group code when the codes differ. Neither system
includes biofungicides.
2
Risk of resistance is considered high when mode of resistance is known (or suspected) to be qualitative or some pathogens have already developed
resistance within a few years under commercial use, medium when mode of resistance is quantitative, and low when the fungicide has multi-site
activity. Entries in this column were assigned by FRAC (www.frac.info/publications.html).
Labels for fungicides registered in the USA are accessible at www.epa.gov/pesticides/pestlabels/
and www.cdms.net/manuf/manuf.asp.