Academic Year 2006-2007
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
Introduction
5
Mission & objectives
6
Program strategy
8
Academic schedule in the first year
10
Modules & credit hours in the first year
11
Contents of the modules in the first year
13
Training rotation and tasks in the second year
35
Instruction for writing report & thesis
37
Assessment & examination
39
Responsibilities of supervisor and trainer
44
Job specification for specialist in community medicine
45
Appendix(1) : Credit hours
47
Project team work
48
Appendix (2): -Registration form
52
-Entrance exam form
-Application for leave
3
COUNTRY (NATIONAL) COMMITTEE
==================
- Director of PHC- DOMHS
-
Director of continuous medical education – DOMHS
-
Country Focal point- Dr. Abd Al Ghafar- Ministry of Health
-
Professor Mutairu Ezimokhai- Post graduate Din – DOMHS
-
Professor Joemuscat Baron – Din of Clinical faculty.
-
Director of Public Health Affaires – PHC- DOMHS.
-
Head of Professional and developmental office.
-
Program coordinator.
*********************************
4
INTRODUCTION
Community medicine is the science and art of assessment of
community health needs, introduction of comprehensive health services
and development of health programs to promote and protect the health of
community as a whole and vulnerable group in specific. It is considered
to be complementary to clinical medicine which focuses on specific
individuals.
The community medicine program affords the theoretical bases that equip
the candidate with the knowledge they can utilize for "community
diagnosis", identification of health problems in the community, planning
for their solutions, and practice of "population medicine", evaluate
programs and policies aiming to promote and advocate for the health of
populations.
The main factors that determine a community's health are to be found
within the community itself. It is essential to examine a community’s
social, economic, cultural, ethnic, environmental and biological features,
in order to be able to assess community health needs and properly
evaluate population health or disease. Although all gulf countries share
many characteristics, however, each community has a defined culture
that differ from other countries. So, the community medicine training
program should enable community physicians to use the population
health knowledge and skills to play leading and collaborative roles in the
maintenance and improvement of health system well being of any
community in which they work, with a special emphasize on UEA
community.
5
MISSION
The community medicine training program will promote, support
trainees with the highest quality education based on the principles of
community health.
PROJECT MAJOR OUTCOMES
1. To provide a program in community medicine (PHC programs,
nutrition, epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental and occupational
medicine) oriented to the needs of the United Arab Emirates
community.
2. To be involved in the provision of community medicine and evidence
based health care programs designed to develop, maintain and
upgrade the competence of healthcare professionals practicing in the
United Arab Emirates.
3. To carry out research into community medicine to find out the most
common health & health related problems among Emirates
population and its priorities. This will help in designing an
intervention program for such problems.
4. To be actively involved in the delivery and development of
community medicine and evidence-based health care and the
enhancement of community medicine and evidence based health care
throughout the United Arab Emirates.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM
At the end of training program, the candidate should have acquired the
knowledge, skills and attitude listed below:
A- knowledge:
1. knowledge of the academic basis of the following disciplines of
community medicine
6
a. Epidemiology and health statistics.
b. Health administration
c. Environmental &occupational health
d. Behavioral science and health education
e. Health care programs.
2. Familiarity with the local, national, Arabic and international sources
of health information.
3. Familiarity with determinants of disease in the community
4. An understanding of the opportunities for preventing and managing
diseases.
5. Knowledge of demographic, social, cultural and environmental
circumstances of the community in which he/she is working.
6. An understanding of the social, behavior of the population
7. An understanding of the health organization and health institutions in
the community.
8. Familiarity with the policies and strategic guidelines for
promotion
of health services at the local, national and Arabic levels.
B- Skills: Ability to:
1. Describe and analyze the present state of health of the community
served and to identify scientific features in the physical, social or
psychological environment which endanger the health of the
community.
2. Assess the effectiveness and efficiency of health services for the
community with a view to its promotion.
C- Attitude:
1. A commitment to the promotion of health and prevention of disease.
2. Appreciation of work as a member of the health team with a
willingness to offer advice and assistance to the members of the team.
7
STRATEGY OF THE PROGRAM
=====================
- Period of training:
The training in the specialty of community medicine covers a period of
four years:
- Aspects of training program:
Specialist training in community medicine is in two parts:
Part I: (one year)
This part is intended to provide candidates with knowledge and skills of
scientific basis in community medicine.
It includes an academic course of a minimum 30 credit hours which
covers the science of epidemiology and health statistics, behavioral and
social science, environmental, occupational health, administration and
management of health services and research &training. It also involves a
practical training of three months under supervision.
Part II: (Three years duration):
Advanced in service training which should be organized individually for
each candidate taking into account his experience, interests and needs as
well as the available local opportunities of training and specially the
availability of supervisors.
-The candidate should select four from the following list of units and
health care programs to be trained in:
• Surveillance and infectious disease control
• Maternal and Child Health care
• School Health
8
• Health and care of the elderly
• Comprehensive care for chronic Diseases
• Health education & nutrition
• Community research
The candidate should spend four months
in each selected unit or
program (range from 16-20 month) for all programs and carry out the
following tasks:
a) Collection, analysis, presentation and evaluation of health
information so as to outline the health profile of the human
groups.
b) Planning, organization and evaluating the health program.
c) Administration of health services
d) Participation in scientific research and training
e) Health education
-At the end of each rotation (four months duration), he/she should submit
a scientific report. The rotation period ranged from 16-20 months for
giving a chance for completion of unsatisfactory rotation.
-After the completion of the rotation period, each candidate will carry out
a planned scientific research and submit the dissertation. The candidate
will spend around 12-16 months for research completion under the
supervision of his/her supervisors.
**************************************
9
ACADEMIC SCHEDULE OF THE FIRST YEAR
=================
- The first year is divided into three semesters, each one of three
months, with one week interval.
- Daily sessions is started from Sunday to Wednesday.
- Sessions are from 8.00 am – 2.00 pm.
- Every Thursday will be for practice, revision and self
assessment (Quiz) for preparing the candidates to sit their exam
(Part I).
- Free hours session for the candidates for further study of certain
topics in library.
- Attending the sessions is mandatory.
- From 15 July until 15 August 2007 (1 month) - will be Summer
Leaves.
*************************************
10
The Academic Programs (First Year)
=====================
Module
Credit hour
Semester
2
3
3
The three
semesters
1.Epidemiology
b) Principles of epidemiology
c) Epidemiology of communicable Diseases
d) Epidemiology of non-Communicable
Diseases
8
2. Primary health care programmes
( community health programmes)
5
3. Health Statistics
a) Biostatistics and demography
b) Health information system
c) Computer application
3
2
2
7
3. Health administration
a) Health services and administration
b) Management of health services
c) Health Planning
d) Health Economics
2
1
2
1
6
4. Behavioral -Social Sciences & Health
education
a) Principles of behavioral sciences
b) Principle and methods of health
education
2
1
3
The three semesters
The three semesters
The first & second
semesters
The second & third
semesters
5. Environmental and occupational health
a) Environmental health and ecology
b) Occupational health
3
2
The second & third
semesters
5
6. Research methodology
a) Health research
b) Techniques of training
2
2
4
38
Total
11
The third
semester
TEACHING MODULES IN THE FIRST YEAR
=============================
LIST OF MODULES
=================
- Epidemiology
- Health statistics
- Health administration & management
- Environmental science
-
Social science
- Primary health care programs
- Research & training
***********************************
12
MODULE (1)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
======================
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course covering basic epidemiology principles, concepts, and
procedures generally used in the surveillance and investigation of
health-related events. The key features and applications of descriptive
and analytic epidemiology, an in depth study of public health
surveillance, and a step by step description of outbreak investigations.
Methods and research designs used in investigation of the etiology of
infectious and non infectious disease and primary health care programs
are also presented in this course.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The candidate who successfully completes this course should be able
to correctly:
- Describe key features and applications of descriptive and
analytic epidemiology.
- Describe trends and patterns of disease incidence and
prevalence, burden of major diseases (both new and emerging),
and factors affecting health status and indicate major etiologic
and prognostic factors.
13
- Apply epidemiological concepts, principles, methods and
analytical techniques to practical public health issues and
research questions.
- Describe the processes, uses, and evaluation of public health
surveillance.
- Describe the steps of an outbreak investigation.
- Assess the community needs for health promotion.
- Design, implement and evaluate the public health programs.
COURSE CONTENTS:
Introductory to epidemiology
• Definition
• Types of epidemiology
• Uses of epidemiology
• Importance of epidemiology for Doctors.
• Applications of epidemiological principles in medical and
health care.
Population at Risk
• Definition
• Identification of population at risk.
• Risk, relative versus attributable
Measurement of Health and diseases
• Definition of Health and diseases.
• Definition of Rates, ratios, proportions and percentages.
• Types of rates: Crude rates, specific rates, standardized
rates
• Morbidity rates (Incidence rates, prevalence rates)
• Mortality rates. (Infant, child, adult, maternal etc…).
Epidemiological Designs
• Observational studies, descriptive and analytic.
• Case study, case series.
• Correlation studies, (Ecological studies).
14
• Cross sectional studies (prevalence studies).
• Case control studies.
• Cohort studies.
Interventional studies
• Clinical trial, Randomized control trial.
• Field trial (preventive trial).
• Community trials.
• Blinding techniques
Basic epidemiological strategies
• Prevention, definition
• Levels of prevention
• Why prevention rather than cure.
• Mechanisms of prevention intervention, Where and when
to intervene.
Surveillance Strategy
• Definition.
• Objectives
• Types
• Surveillance structure.
Control and Eradication strategy
• Definition
• Steps of control.
• Cases and contact measures
• Example of Eradication, Malaria.
Screening
• Definition.
• Principles of screening.
• Types of screening
• Screening criteria, Test Validity and Test reliability
• Sensitivity and Specificity measurements.
• Test cut off point and tests in combination (Tests in series and
Tests in Parallel).
Source of data in medical and Health care system
• Passive recording. Health facilities record system0.
15
• Active recording (Surveys).
Concept of causation
• Definition
• Causation Versus association.
• Criteria of Causation.
• Types of Causation
• Application of causation concept in analytical epidemiology.
Epidemiology of Communicable diseases
• Definitions, communicable Diseases, Endemic Disease,
Contagious Disease, Pandemic Disease etc…
• Nature of Communicable Disease.
• Epidemiological Triangle HOST, AGENT, ENVIRONMENT
concept.
• Transmission Chain.
Communicable diseases :
I- Respiratory infection diseases :
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Whooping cough
- Meningococcal meningitis
- Diphtheria
- Influenza
- Acute respiratory infection
- SARS
- Small pox
- Chicken pox
- Tuberclosis
- Sexually transmitted diseases
II- Intestinal infections diseases:
- Polimylities
- Viral hepatitis
- Cholera
- Acute diarrhoeal diseases
- Typhoid fever
- Food poisoning
- Ascariasis
- Hookworm infection
16
- Dracunculiasis
III- Arthropode- born infections :
- Dengue syndrome
- Malaria
- Lymphatic Flariasis
IV-Zoonoses:
- Viral :
- Rabies
- Yellow fever
- Bacterial :
- Brucellosis
- Leptospirosis
- Plague
- Human salmonellosis
V-Rickettsial diseases:
- Rickettsial zoonoses
- Srub- Murine-Tick typhus
- Q fever
VII- Parasitic zoonoses:
- Taeniasis
- Hydatid disease
- Leishmaniasis
VIII- Surface infection:
- Trachoma
- Tetanus
- Leprosy
- STD
- AIDS
Investigation of Epidemic and Outbreaks
• Definitions of epidemics, outbreaks.
• Epidemic curves
• Steps of investigation of outbreaks.
Epidemiology of Chronic diseases
• Definition of non communicable diseases
• Nature of non communicable diseases.
• Risk assessment &management
Chronic non-communicable diseases :
- Cancer
17
-
Cardiovascular diseases
Coronary heart diseases
Hypertension
Stroke
Rheumatic heart diseases
Renal and urinary tract disease
Diabetes
Obesity
Gastrointestinal tract disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders
Neurological disorders
Disabling visual disorders
Psychiatric disorders
Mental retardation
Injuries
Violence
METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
-Lectures- discussion
- Problem solving approach in epidemiology, examples.
18
MODULE (2)
COMMUNITY HEALTH PROGRAMS
=========================
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course focuses on enhancing health advocacy, and community
activities to maintain health. It reviews the influence of social, behavioral,
economic and legal aspects of health care services and how health care
organizations can provide a framework for the management of health care
and disease prevention programs. It examines current theory and research
relevant to the biology, physiology, psychology, and medical aspects of
the individual during all stages of life. It provides the candidates with the
analytical, problem-solving and decision-making skills that will help to
assess not only today's public health problems, but those of five, ten, and
twenty years in the future. It also provides the candidates with an
introduction to the basic principles of nutrition science and increase
knowledge about health determinants; to foster understanding and
identification of the key factors influencing health; and to mobilize the
community to modify its environment to improve the health of its
members.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, the candidates are expected to get the following
profits:• Recognize the ecology of health and disease and appreciating the
broader scope of community based health promotion.
19
• Develop skills in identification of risk factors and how to apply the
best level of prevention.
• Candidates will be able to perform pre-marital counseling
regarding personal hygiene, child care, parenthood and role of
consanguinity in the outcome of pregnancy.
• Know and appreciate the ultimate importance of antenatal, natal
and postnatal care in providing the best outcome of pregnancy.
• Able to monitor the growth and development of the child and
develop the skill of detecting early signs of abnormality.
• Candidates will have the most recent proves of importance of
breast-feeding and its impact upon the mother and the infant.
• Candidates should know the compulsory vaccines given to children
and be able to monitor vaccination coverage of the schedule.
•
Recognizing common problems of infants, preschool and school
children stressing upon preventive measures.
• Have the ability of identification & setting priorities for the
prevalent health problems putting a plan for its control.
• Understand and explain the scope of health problems and the
organization of the health programs and services in the context
of the community setting.
• Candidates should understand the public health importance of
mental health, recognize the common manifestations of mental
illness, and be able to design intervention programs for its
prevention.
• Describe the relationship between nutrition and human health and
disease as it applies to the macronutrients (fat, protein, and
carbohydrate/energy) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).
20
• Recognize the appropriate ways of nutritional assessments,
qualitative data, surveys, and surveillance in the field of nutrition.
• Demonstrate how to design population and community-based
nutrition interventions with effective process and outcome
evaluation components.
• Candidates will recognize the demographic changes and increase in
life expectancy with its impact on individual &community health.
• Candidates will understand the aging process and recognize the
normal physiological changes that accompany aging.
• Candidates will define different health problems of the elderly,
stressing the most common like locomotion system, cardiovascular,
digestive systems and neuro-psychiatric problems.
• Candidates should realize that promotive and preventive services
are of the same importance like curative services and some times
even more among elderly persons
• Candidates will be able to plan and organize different interventions
and programs for the proper care of elderly population.
COURSE CONTENTS
===================
- Phases of human life cycle.
- Determinants of health.
- Family composition and dynamics.
- Development and health problems at different phases:
- Maternal and child health
- The child from 1-4 (toddlers and preschool )
- The school age child.
- Adolescent's health.
21
- Adult health.
- Women's health.
- Elderly health.
- Mental health program.
- Occupational health program.
- Breast feeding program.
- Nutritional program.
- Geriatric health program
- Public health in the twenty –first century :
- Achievements and challenges
- Strategic planning for public health.
- Hope for the integration of public health & medical practice.
- Information technology.
- The challenge of biotechnology.
METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
-Lectures- discussion
-Practical sessions
**********************************
22
MODULE (3)
HEALTH STATISTICS
=====================
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course involves the introduction to the basic tools and elementary
methods of statistics. It enable the candidate to understand the concepts of
population, samples, sampling methods, sample size and drawing
inferences on data analysis and interpretation. It enables the specialist
to evaluate sources and limitations of demographic data and components
of population change, to know methodology of demographic techniques.
It also provides the specialist with an understanding of the mechanisms
and procedures for acquiring and analyzing data and provides information
for monitoring health activities, in addition to computer application, data
entering and analysis.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Upon satisfactory completion of the course, the candidate will have:
- Knowledge of basic statistics concepts.
- Prepare and apply tables and graphs.
- Developed a skill to summarize, describe and analyze data.
- Know the type of samples, sample selection procedures and
methods of estimation of sample size.
- Design a sample survey in a practical manner and analyze the
resulting data.
- Generate hypothesis.
- Select of the appropriate data analysis measure.
23
- Test the relation between variables.
- Locate census and vital statistics materials and test their quality.
- Prepare population estimates and projections.
- Read and interpret the population pyramid.
- Identify relevant sources of data for a health information system.
- Compute the appropriate health indicators (morbidity, mortality,
fertility).
- Use the computer for data entering, and analysis and presentation.
COURSE CONTENTS:
Basic statistics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction to statistics
Sources of data
Type of data.
Presentation of data:
Tabular presentation
Graphical presentation
Mathematical presentation:
Measures of central tendency
Measures of dispersion
Measures of scenes & kurtosis.
Box & Whisker plot.
Sampling and survey technique
• The concept of sampling
• Sampling &probability distributions
• Parameters and statistics
• Central limit theorem
• Types of samples and sampling error
• The normal distribution and estimation of a population parameter
from a sample.
• Determination of the minimum required sample size
Statistical inferences:
• Hypothesis and types of error
• Comparison between sample mean and population mean
24
• Comparison between means of two independent samples using t
test.
• Comparison between means of two dependent samples using paired
t test
• Comparison between two independent proportion using Z test
• Relationship between categorical variables using Chi squared test.
• Relationship between paired observations using Mc Nemar test.
• Analysis of variance for comparison of means of three groups or
more.
• Odds ratio and relative risk
• Simple correlation and regression
• Multiple regression
Demography
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Some demographic fundamentals.
Census & estimation of the population
Standardization of rates
Population pyramids.
The life table.
The analysis of marriage.
The analysis of migration.
The measurement of fertility.
Population growth.
Population transition
Population projection and population dynamics.
Statistical health information system
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Definition of terms.
Components of Health information system.
Role of statistics in health information systems.
Sources of data.
Health status indicators:
Mortality rates.
Morbidity and disability indicators.
Nutritional status indicators.
Indicators for provision of health care.
Indicators of resources for health:
Financial resources.
Human resources.
25
• Physical infrastructure.
• Logistics and supplies.
• Indicators for social and economic trends.
• Indicators based on hospital statistics.
Survival analysis
• Survival probabilities
• -Life table analysis.
• -Kaplan Meier survival curve estimator.
Non parametric statistics
• Parametric versus non parametric statistics.
• Comparing samples.
- Two independent samples
- K-S technique.
- Wilcoxon rank sum test.
- Mann whitney test.
- Two related samples
- Wilcoxon mached pair.
- Signed rank test.
- More than 2 independent groups
- Kruskal-Wallis test
• Non parametric measures of correlation
correlation).
(Spearman
Statistical software computer packages
• Introduction to computer
• Data definition and access
• Data management and modifications
• Data analysis and presentation
• Graphical presentation
• Output management
• Saving files
• Printing files.
METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
- Lectures
- Practical sessions: exercises- problem solving – computer
applications.
*************************************
26
rank
MODULE (4)
HEALTH ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
============================================
Course Description:
This course focuses on the principles of administration, management and
planning in health care system. It enhances the importance of the
allocation of resources and the policy- making and the assessment of
different health programs and activities. It focuses on the importance of
the Primary Health Care initiation and its policy in health improvements.
Purpose:
The purpose of the course is to enables the learners to be able to
define health management, administration and planning; in addition to set
health programs and be able to allocate resources according to the need in
different health care delivery systems.
The course also enables the
learner to know all the factors affecting the health development and
progress and how this can participate in the development and
improvement of the health care provided to the community.
Learning Outcomes:
After the completion of this course candidates should:
• Understand the concept of health administration, management and
planning.
• Comprehended the importance of the health planning in health
organizations.
27
• Perceive the distinction between levels of management and
planning in health organizations.
• Understand the UAE health system, structure and policies in
different sectors and departments.
• Understand the concept of working with, for and through people in
different health organizations.
• Use and apply the learned methods to simplify the management
skills and the critical thinking in setting health policies and plans.
• Gain skills and knowledge to be used for performance management
in different health sectors.
• Be able to set plans for health development and improvement.
• Understand and define different levels and types of leadership in
health organizations.
• Prepare the candidates to establish leadership training programs
within the health organizations.
• Understand the PHC new concept and approach.
• Be able to analyze the health problems and relate them to the
economic development and its effect on health improvement.
METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
-Lectures
- Case studies
-Problem solving.
***********************************
28
MODULE (5)
BEHAVIORAL-SOCIAL SCIENCE & HEALTH
EDUCATION
==========================
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course offers the candidate an opportunity to acquire
knowledge, practice skills, and develop attitudes necessary for
practicing lifelong health-enhancing behaviors. It provides an
introduction to the role of social, cultural, psychological, and
behavioral factors in determining the health of populations. It also
improves their ability to apply social science theory, research, and
principals to the critical analysis of the appropriateness of public
health interventions
COURSE OBJECTIVES
After the completion of this course, the candidate should be able
to:
- Describe the utility of the social and behavioral sciences for
understanding and solving public health problems.
- Analyze how social and behavioral science interventions may
prevent and/or ameliorate public health problems at the
individual, organizational, community, and population levels.
- Describe how social and behavioral science methods can be
used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions at the
individual, organizational, community, and population levels.
29
- Utilize interpersonal communication skills to improve health
and relationships.
- Design and implement health education programs for specific
populations and in a variety of organizations.
- Select methods and media best suited to implement program
plans.
- Collaborate with lay people and health workers.
- Provide consultation, training, direction, and technical assistance
in development, expansion, and improvement of health education
programs and services.
COURSE CONTENTS
- Scope of health behavior and health education
- Social & behavioral science theories.
- Health education methods.
- Relationship between attitude, beliefs and behavior.
- Methods of attitude changes.
- Methods & strategies for intervention programs.
- Monitoring the effectiveness and modifications of program
planning.
METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
-Lectures
-Practical sessions.
**************************************
30
MODULE (6)
ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPTIONAL HEALTH
=======================================
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course provides a broad overview of the field of environmental
and occupational health, developing a public health approach to
understanding and preventing disease and disability. The specialist in
community medicine develops skills to analyze the exposure-disease
continuums and disease prevention. It also involves the recognition,
analysis, and control of major environmental and occupational diseases
and issues.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this course, the candidate will be able to:
- Assess and manage an environmental health problem/issue
- Contribute to the development of a disaster plan, from a
community health perspective
- Make public health recommendations for toxic environmental
hazards
- Organize the strategies to protect exposed population.
- Investigate the effects of exposure to workplace hazards and
methods used in hazard analysis and risk assessment.
- Investigate occupational health problems.
COURSE CONTENTS
- Principles of toxicology.
- Mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis.
31
- Methods of monitoring water, air, soil, food.
- Risk assessment techniques.
- Methods of setting and expressing standards for exposure to
hazards.
- Major environmental health hazards and diseases.
- Water, air and soil characteristics.
- Health
effects,
epidemiological
aspects
of
major
environmental agents: e.g., physical, chemical, biological
including sanitation, water purification, sewage treatment,
milk hygiene, quality control: water, air, soil, food.
- Management of environmental exposure.
- Organization of occupational health services, including
employee assistance programs.
METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
-Lectures
-Practical visits to some settings
***********************************
32
MODULE (7)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
=========================
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course will teach the candidates how to do scientific health survey
research, to understand and evaluate survey research reported by others
and to enable them to apply survey principles to health-related topics in
health care delivery, health practice, and health policy. It provides an
overview of research methods and designs.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon successfully completing this course, the candidate should be able
to:
- Discuss the purpose of health research.
- Understand the basic steps in the research process.
- Identify and define a research problem, including the associated
hypothesis to be tested, and limitations, delimitations, and
underlying assumptions.
- Discuss the importance of reviewing the literature in identifying and
developing a research problem; use a computer to search available
data bases to obtain published literature.
- Describe the scientific methods and the elements of the research
process.
- Define objectivity, reliability, and validity, and discuss their
importance in research.
- Develop a survey questionnaire
- Design a survey research project.
METHODS OF INSTRUCTION
-Lectures -Workshop
-Practical: writing a protocol.
33
TRAINING TASKS (SECOND TO FOURTH YEAR)
=========================
• The trainee will acquire the basic knowledge relevant to the
health program in which he is training
• The trainee will carry out the following tasks during the four
months period in each of the four programs selected:
First task: Collection, analysis, presentation and evaluation of
health information in order to reach a community diagnosis of
the program target population:
a- Identification of the health indicators used in each economic,
morbidity, utilization of health services, and health risks
variables.
b- Identification of sources of information, methods of
collection and access to it.
c- Appreciation of the methods used in preparation, analysis and
presentation of information to the different authorities.
d- Planning and conducting a field survey to ascertain the
validity and reliability of the information collected.
Second task: Planning, organization and managing the health
program.
a- Assessment and measurement of the health needs of target
population served by the program.
b- Proposal of a plan to satisfy the needs according to the
available resources.
c- Promotion of efficiency and effectiveness of the health
program.
Third task: (Management of health sciences)
a- Outline the objectives and plan of work during his/her
attachment.
34
b- Appreciation of application of new methods in management to
the program concerned.
c- Active participation in the different committees at different
levels.
d- Identification of administrative or organizational obstacles and
the solutions proposed.
e- Identification of the contributing factors to the success of the
program which could be evaluated and applied.
Fourth task:
a- Identification of areas of research which lead to development
of the program
b- Outline of a detailed research proposal for two of the areas
identified.
c- Critical review of two published papers on matters related to
the program of training
d- The use of appropriate visual aids in presentation of lectures,
seminars in topics related to the program.
e- Participation in training of the health work team
f- Participation in training of students, if applicable, in areas
related to the program.
Fifth task: (Health education):
a- Knowledge of the health education activities of the program
b- Critical appraisal of the health education plan and proposals
for its development within the available resources
c- Outline of a comprehensive health education and the role of
every member of the health team and methods of evaluation.
d- Practice of health education in the different activities of the
program.
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INSTRUCTION FOR WRITING THE REPORT
& THESIS
==============================
REPORT
======
- The maximum length is 2000 words of text
- It should contain the work carried out by the trainee.
- It should contains:
- Introduction & literature review.
- Hypothesis and objectives of the research.
- Material and methods.
- Results.
- Discussion & interpretations and conclusion.
- Recommendation & implementation.
- A summary in Arabic.
THESIS
========
- The maximum length must not exceed 15000 words of text.
- The choice of the topic is the responsibility of the trainee with
consultation with the supervisor.
- The proposed protocol of the research should be approved by the
board of examination and a written approval by the coordinator
should be sent to the trainee.
Contents of the proposed protocol :
- Introduction & literature review.
- Hypothesis and objectives of the research.
36
- Material and methods.
- Results.
- Discussion & interpretations and conclusion.
- Recommendation & implementation.
- A summary in Arabic.
*****************************************
37
ASSESSMENT OF THE CANDIDATES
======================
A- CONTINUOUS:
The assessment of the candidates will be continuous through supervision,
discussion, self assessment.
B- AT THE END OF EACH MODULE:
At the end of each module the candidates under take written exam
(MCQ & short notes, problem solving)
C- AT THE END OF EACH SEMESTER:
At the end of each semester, the candidates under take written exam in the
all modules (MCQ & short notes, problem solving)
D- FINAL ASSESSMENT:
At the end of the academic year a final exam will be conducted within
three weeks from the end of last module. The purpose of this exam to
confirm that all residents are ready for the first part Arab Board exam
community medicine.
*************************************
38
EXAMINATION
==================
Regulation for the examination:
The examination is in two parts part I and part II.
Part I: Examination:
This exam sits after finishing the first academic year.
- There will be written exam for all residents intending to take Part I
exam.
Qualification for admission:
- Every candidate must hold a medical qualification
- Every candidate must have spend a year practicing medicine after his
medical registration
- Candidate must submit evidence that he participated in an academic
program in community medicine not less than 30 credit hours.
- Candidate must apply to be admitted to part I examination on the
appropriate application forms and submit the required certificates
and the fees of examination
Model of Examination:
- The examination is written, conducted in one day of two papers,
each of three hours.
- The examination will be conducted twice a year during the first
week of February and October or as decided by the Board of
Family & community medicine at the examination centers to be
notified three months in advance.
39
Part II Examination:
Qualification for admission:
- Candidate must have passed part I.
- The trainee must apply to be admitted to part II within three years of
his success in part I.
- Candidate must have completed the training program.
- The evaluation report from the supervisor is satisfactory.
- The candidate must have completed and submitted his theses and
the four scientific reports.
- The candidate must submit his application on the appropriate forms
with the appropriate certificate and documents.
Examination Model:
- Part II examination is designed to test the ability of the candidate to
integrate appropriate knowledge, skills and attitude and apply
theses in the practice of Community Medicine.
- The examination is in two stage :
a- Assessment of the thesis.
b- A comprehensive oral examination.
- Each thesis will be assessed by two interviewers separately
Four grades will be used:
a- good
b- satisfactory
but redeemable at the oral)
c – Marginal (unsatisfactory
d- Unsatisfactory
- Candidates with assessment of good, satisfactory, marginal of their
written submission will be eligible to sit the comprehensive oral
examination.
The oral examination aims at:
- Testing the candidate's ability to present the findings of the written
work verbally and discuss it in an intelligent and legal manner.
- Clarifying points of concern in the written work.
40
- Testing the ability of the candidate to respond verbally to the
problems associated with the practice of Community Medicine.
Committee of final oral examination:
The committee of examination is formed from co-coordinators of the
Board of Examination and two other members nominated by the
Board of Examination. The co-coordinator can nominate a member
of the Board to chair the committee of the final oral examination.
Final assessment:
The final assessment based on the result of the oral examination
will be graded as follows:
- Pass ( satisfactory )
- Marginal pass
- Resit of oral examination only.
- Failed.
- Candidate is graded pass (satisfactory) if his written works was
accepted and he passed the oral examination.
- A candidate will be graded as marginal pass if his written work was
assessed as marginal but he adequately explained any concern
during the oral. He will be requested to complete the omissions and
present the resubmitted thesis within a period of six months.
- The candidate has to reset the oral examination only if his written
work was satisfactory but his performance in the oral was
unsatisfactory.
- The candidate will be graded as failed if the assessment of his
written was marginal and his oral examination unsatisfactory.
41
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SUPERVISIOR AND TRAINER
================================
Supervisor:
Supervisor in community medicine who has direct supervisory and
responsibility for a designed trainee or more. He / she is the person most
directly responsible for the overall training program of a specified trainee
and this would be expected to be expressed by regular meetings with the
trainee. The choice of a supervisor for each trainee should be made after
consultation between the trainee and the coordinator.
Responsibilities include:
• Preparation of training program for specified trainee
•
Regular tutorials and supervision to the trainee
• Nomination of trainers, to be approved by coordinator ( technical
supervisor of the program) or country committee.
•
Annual evaluation of trainee for board of training and
examination.
Trainer:
A designed, medically qualified person fully acquired with the work of
unit or program in which training will be conducted. He is selected by
the supervisor and country coordinator (board). He will provide on the
job supervision assistance and advice on a particular topic or in
connection with a particular problem or project. Responsibilities
include:
• Supervision and regular evaluation of trainee
42
• Ensure that the personnel of the organization (unit, program,) are
adequately briefed and able to carry out their part of the program
successfully.
- Outlining the level of tasks assigned to the trainee according to
his/her knowledge and experience.
43
JOB SPECIFICATION OF A SPECIALIST IN
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
===========================
At the end of the four year of community medicine course and
training, the specialist in community medicine will have the
following tasks:
- Definition and analysis of health problems in the community in
terms of geographic , demographic , social and economical factors
so as to provide the basic applicable solutions
- A study of the etiology of health problems
- An assessment of health needs in the community and definition
priorities
- Planning and management of health care programs intended for
promotion of health, prevention of diseases, medical management
and rehabilitation.
- Promotion of activities of the health care team and coordination of
different groups concerned with planning, managing and
evaluating health care programs.
- Conduct and promotion of research and specially the applied studies
- Participation in training of different health workers
- Based on knowledge of the community and its health profile,
develop health education programs.
- Evaluation and development of health services so as to promote its
effectiveness.
44
45
The Academic Programs (First Year)
=====================
Course
Credit hour
1.Epidemiology
e) Principles of epidemiology
f) Epidemiology of communicable Diseases
g) Epidemiology of non-Communicable Diseases
h) Primary health care programmes
( Community health programmes)
2
2
2
2
2. Health Statistics
d) Biostatistics and demography
e) Health information system
f) Computer application
2
2
1
3. Health administration
e) Health services and administration
f) Management of health services
g) Health Planning
h) Health Economics
2
2
2
1
4. Behavioral -Social Sciences & Health
education
c) Principles of behavioral sciences
d) Principle and methods of health education
2
1
5. Environmental and occupational health
c) Environmental health and ecology
d) Occupational health
2
2
6. Research methodology
c) Health research
d) Techniques of training
2
1
Total
30
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PROJECT TEAM WORK ( FIRST YEAR)
=====================
Module
Lecturer
- Prof. Dr Ahmed Soliman
Wasfy
- Prof. Dr Nehad Hassan
- Dr Mohie Makhlouf
- Dr. Hassan Haji Shuri
D - Dr. Hamid Hussain
- Dr. Amal Mohamed
Moustafa
Epidemiology
- Prof.Dr Ahmed Soliman
Wasfy
- Dr Mohie Makhlouf
- Dr. Amal Mohamed
Moustafa
Primary health care programs
( community health programs)
Health Statistics
Prof. Dr Nehad Hassan
Health administration
Dr Amina Al Marzoki
Behavioral -Social Sciences & Health
education
Dr. Sanaa Hawamda
Environmental and occupational
health
- Prof. Dr Ahmed Soliman
Wasfy
- Dr. Amal Mohamed
Moustafa
Research methodology
- Prof. Dr Ahmed Wasfy
- Prof. Dr Nehad Hassan
47
List of programs & supervisors
in the Second to Fourth year
================
Program
Supervisor
- Dr. Hamid Hussain
-Dr. Hassan Haji Shuri
Surveillance and infectious
disease control
Prof. Dr Ahmed Soliman wasfy
Dr. Fatma Omar
Maternal and Child Health care
School Health
Prof. Dr Ahmed Soliman wasfy
Dr. Dr. Amal Moustafa
Dr.Elgaili Gurashi
Dr. Mohie Makhlouf
Dr .Mohammed El Noamani
Health and care of the elderly
Comprehensive care for chronic
Diseases
Dr. : Othman Amin ElLabban
Prof. Dr :Nehad Hassan Mahdy
Dr. Amal Moustafa
Health education & nutrition
Prof. Dr : Ahmed Soliman wasfy
Prof. Dr :Nehad Hassan Mahdy
Community research
48
Project team work with specialty
==========
Lecturer
Specialty
Prof. Dr Ahmed Soliman wasfy
Consultant community Medicine
Prof. Dr Nehad Hassan Mahdy
Specialist Senior Registrar - Public Health
Affairs- PHC.
Dr .Mohamed Mohie Makhlouf
Specialist Senior Registrar - Public Health
Affairs- PHC.
Dr. Hamid Hussain
Specialist Senior Registrar - Public Health
Affairs- PHC.
Assistant professor pubic administrationDean of students Affaires - Sharjah
university
Dr Amina El Marzoki
Dr. Hassan Haji Shuri
Dr.Elgaili Gurashi Dafaalla
Senior Specialist registrar – infection
control
Specialist registrar- Public Health AffairsPHC.
Senior specialist (public health)
Dr .Mohammed El Noamani
Senior Specialist -Geriatric Medicine
Dr. Othman Amin ElLabban
Specialist (public health)
Dr.Fatima Omer
Specialist -(community medicine )
Dr. Amal Mohamed Moustafa
49
- Requirements for registration
- Registration form
- Entrance exam form
50
Requirement for registration
====================
- Bachelor degree of Medicine &surgery from the Known
Universities.
- The candidate should be from UAE nationality.
- It is preferable that the candidate works in area of public health
and community medicine
- Complete recovery for 4 years.
- Complete 1 year of training medicine in one of the hospitals.
*************************************
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