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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Contents
Small follicle………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Medium size follicle…………………………………………………………………. 5
Dominant follicle……………………………………………………………………. 8
Ovulatory follicle………………………………………………………………………11
Corpora Lutea……………………………………………………………………….. 13
CL of pregnancy……………………………………………………………………... 16
Corpora Hemorrhagicum…………………………………………………………... 17
Follicular Dynamics………………………………………………………………… 18
Superovulation……………………………………………………………………… 23
Luteal Cyst…………………………………………………………………………..
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Ovarian structure:
The ovaries are examined by using linear array (6-8 MHZ) probe. The probe is introduced through
the rectum and placed over the ovaries (one by one) through this method we must avoid ballooning
of the rectum or making any Injuries.
A- Follicles:
Follicles are the easiest structure that we could recognize during examination of the ovaries. They
appear as a black circumscribed area with different diameter according to their stage of growth.
The Ultrasonography can detect follicle as small as 2-3 mm in diameter until the ovulatory follicle
which may reach 1.8 cm in buffalo or 2.5 cm in cattle.
In this chapter, we will discuss the different shape and size of the follicles and how we could make
interpretation from this shape to detect different stages of follicular waves.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
A.1-small follicles:
Fig A.1.1:
This sonogram shows a cohorts of four small follicles (35 mm) which grow with each other making what is called
the (recruitment stage).
This sonogram was obtained transrectally with 8.0 MHZ
linear array transducer at a display depth 10 cm. The left
side of the sonogram is cranial and the right side is caudal.
FigA.1.2:
This sonogram shows the selection stage. One of the
recruited follicles (which is mainly the largest one ≥ 1mm)
become selected to be the dominant follicle while the other
follicles have been regressed and disappeared.
This sonogram was obtained transrectally with 8.0
MHZ linear array transducer at a display depth 10 cm. The
left side of the sonogram is cranial and the right side is
caudal
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Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Fig A.1.3
This picture shows ovary contains 3 small
follicles ( blue circles).
Interpretation of the presence of small follicles:
The beginning of Emergence of new wave: in this case, all the follicles have approximately
the same diameter with difference about 1 mm.
Degenerated small follicles: in this case a dominant follicle or at least selected follicle >
7mm presents with them.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
A.2-Medium Size Follicle:
The medium size follicle is ( 6-8 mm in buffalo) which is mainly selected at 7-8 mm and after this
diameter it takes its dominant effect by suppressing the other small follicle leading to decrease in
their growth rate and
Fig A.2.1
This sonogram show medium size follicle ( 8.8
mm).This follicle passes the selection stage
and enter the dominant phase.
This sonogram was obtained transrectally with 8.0
MHZ linear array transducer at a display depth 10 cm.
The left side of the sonogram is cranial and the right
side is caudal.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Fig A.2.2
This sonogram shows 2 medium sized follicles,
one of them became the dominant follicle
while the other get regressed (subordinate
follicle).
This sonogram was obtained transrectally with 8.0
MHZ linear array transducer at a display depth 10 cm.
The left side of the sonogram is cranial and the right
side is caudal.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Fig A.2.3
This picture shows ovary contains a
medium sized follicle 9 mm ( blue circles).
Interpretation of the presence of medium size follicle:
It can be considered as selected follicle if the other follicles on both ovaries are
smaller than it.
It can be subordinate follicles , if there is a dominant follicle larger than it
It could be a degenerated dominant follicle if there is another dominant follicle.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
A.3-The Dominant Follicle:
The dominant follicle is larger than 8 mm. It has a negative effect on the other recruited follicle
causing a decline in their growth rate.
At the end of the cycle, the dominant follicle continues towards ovulation, an events which
coincides with the luteal regression.
Fig A.3.1
This sonogram shows Dominant follicle
(red circle) and subordinate follicle (blue
circle).
The dominant follicle exerts a negative
effect on the subordinate arrow and so it
could not grow above this diameter.
This sonogram was obtained transrectally with
8.0 MHZ linear array transducer at a display depth
10 cm. The left side of the sonogram is cranial and
the right side is caudal
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Fig A.3.2
Large size follicle (red arrow) and
subordinate follicle (blue arrow).
Buffalo ovary
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Fig A.3.3
Another picture for the Dominant follicle
(red arrow) and subordinate follicle
(blue arrow) in the same time with the
presence of CL (in the mid luteal
phase).
Buffalo ovary
Interpretation of the presence of medium sized follicle:
It may be the dominant follicle of the follicular wave.
It may be a regressed dominant follicle from a previous wave and to exclude this possibility,
the ovaries must be scanned for several days after to follow up the decline in its growth rate.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
A.4-Ovulatory follicle:
It is a Dominant follicle which coincides with the regression of the CL so the negative feed back of
the progesterone is removed giving the chance for the dominant follicle to ovulate.
The ovulation could be detected ultrasonography by the disappearance of the Ovulatory follicle.
Fig A.4.1
This sonogram show Ovulatory follicle on day 21 of the cycle.
This sonogram was obtained transrectally with 8.0 MHZ
linear array transducer at a display depth 10 cm. The left side
of the sonogram is cranial and the right side is caudal
Fig A.4.2
This sonogram shows the ovary after ovulation. (The
disappearance of the ovulatory follicle from the previous
sonogram).
Note: the ovary contains a cohort of small follicles which
represent an emergence of first wave of the new cycle (red
cycle).
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Fig A.4.3
Ovary contains large ovulatory follicle
Buffalo ovaries
Fig A.4.4
Ovaries contain OVD (ovulation depression) which occurs after
the rupture of the ovulatory follicle (red circle).
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
B.1-Corpora lutea:
The CL has, in contrast to the fluid filled structures, a granular echogenic appearance which
intensifies during the luteal phase.
A line of demarcation can be recognized between the CL and the ovarian stroma.
Fig B.1.1
The sonogram shows a well developed mature
CL on day 13 (white line). 2 medium sized
follicles are present below it. The whole ovary
is surrounded by yellow circle.
This sonogram was obtained transrectally
with 8.0 MHZ linear array transducer at a
display depth 10 cm. The left side of the
sonogram is cranial and the right side is
caudal.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Fig B.1.2
This sonogram shows a well developed mature
CL on day 17. The CL contains white thin line
(Trabeculum) in the center of the Corpus
luteum.
This trabeculum, seen regularly in the midcycle CL is probably the center part of
connective tissue in the CL.
It is never marked as a special structure after
dissection of these CL. This Trabeculum is
only distinguished ultrasonographically in
functional CL and it provides vascularisation
in the luteal tissue of CL.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Fig B.1.3
Mature CL (mid luteal phase).
Note the CL has a prominent crown demarcated
neck bulging out the ovarian stroma. The majority
of the luteal tissue impeded in the ovary.
Fig B.1.4
Ovarian stroma
Cut section in the CL shows how deep the CL is
impeded.
Note it is difficult to see the trabeculum which
distinguished ultrasonographically in the Cut
section of mature CL.
Luteal tissue
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
B.2-CL of pregnancy:
Fig B.2.1
CL of pregnancy is larger and deeper than the
cyclic CL.
Fig B.2.2
The sonogram shows the CL of
pregnancy which is more defined found
on the left ovary which is episilateral to
the pregnant horn while the contra
lateral ovary contains small follicle.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
B.3-Corpus Hemorrhagicum (CH):
While the CH is easily distinguished in the slaughterhouse material by its red coloration, it is difficult
to be recognized ultrasonically. It appears as a light grey echogenic structures two to four days after
ovulation. It is sometimes hard to discern in the ovarian stroma even when an 8 MHz trans-vaginal
scanner is used, as it has the same echogenicity of the ovarian stroma.
Fig B.3.1
The Sonogram shows a corpus Hemorrhagicum (CH). It is
small in size about (8 mm) and its echogenicity is some
what similar to the echogenicity of the ovary.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Fig B.3.2
The picture shows CH 2 which is smaller than the CL
and red in color.
C-Follicular dynamics:
It is very important to know how we can interpret these sonograms and use them to determine the
different stages of the follicular wave
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Each wave consists of the following
stages:
1- Recruitment stage.
2- Selection stage.
3- Dominant stage.
4- Regression stage in the mid-luteal
phase.
5- Ovulation of the dominant follicle.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Animal no (1) cycle no 2
16
diameter of follicle with mm
The estrous cycle consists of many waves
(2-3 waves/ cycle).
This photo demonstrates 2 waves per
cycle.
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
12
1st wave
8
2nd wave
4
0
0
1
1
day of estrous
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
Three waves cycle:
In this page we will demonstrate a 3 wave's cycle and the changes occur on both
ovaries.
The left ovary
contain nothing
Fig C.1
The Right ovary contains small follicles
which represent the recruitment of a
new wave (1st wave).
While the other ovary contain nothing.
The left ovary
contain nothing
Fig C.2
One of the small follicles grew and
became the selected follicle after while
it increase in size and pass an 8 mm
diameter to become the dominant
follicle.
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1st DF
CL
Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
The left ovary
contain nothing
Fig C.3
After while, another wave starts and its
dominant follicle increases in size
while 1st wave dominant follicle
decreases and regresses.
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1st DF
2nd DF
Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
The left ovary
contain nothing
Fig C.4
In this sonogram we could see the
growth of the 2nd dominant follicle
while the 1st dominant follicle
decreases in size.
Fig .C.5
The left ovary showed the recruitment
stage of the third wave. While the right
ovary contain the regressed 1st and
2nd dominant follicles
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Taymour M.EL-Sherry
3rd DF
Fig C. 6
the left ovary contain the 3rd dominant
follicle (Ovulatory follicle).
D.Superovulation:
One of the most important applications of the ultrasonography is the follow up the superovulation
technique.
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
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Fig D.1
This sonogram shows superovulated
follicles after 4 days of PMSG
injection. The photo contains 8
follicles.
Fig D.2
This sonogram shows an ovary after 9 days
of superovulation with PMSG.
The ovary contains the following.
1- Luteal cyst (red arrow).
2- Normal CL (blue circle).
3- CL with cavity (green circle).
F.Luteal cyst:
The differentiation by means of rectal palpation between luteal cyst and CL with cavities is not easy
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Ultrasonography of Buffalo ovary
Ultrasonography helps to differentiate between these structures.
Fig F.1
This sonogram shows luteal cyst which
consist of the following.
1-A lining of luteal granulose cells.
(Red arrow).
2- Trabeculae which divide the cyst in a
network of compartments (green arrow).
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