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Effects of the Renaissance
• Led to advancements in Science (Copernicus, Galileo)
• Led to world exploration (1492—Columbus sailed to the
“new world”
• Art and literature is forever changed
• Printing press led to spread of literacy and education
• Led to questioning of Church teachings, which erupted
with the Protestant Reformation of the 1500’s
• Lays the foundation for “Modern” History
Great
Schism
1054
Roman
Catholicism
Protestant
Reformation
1517
• Trace the connection between the Renaissance to
the Reformation.
• Define “Reformation” and “Protestant”
• Highlight the three primary individuals from the
Reformation and their main beliefs:
– Martin Luther
– Henry VIII
– John Calvin
• Understand the Catholic Counter Reformation in
response to the Protestants.
Protestant Reformation
Christianity
Orthodox
Russian
Eastern/Greek
Oriental
Objectives for Reformation:
Protestants
Lutherans
Calvinists
(Presbyterians)
Anglicans
(Pentecostals)
Methodists
Baptists
Questions:
• What does it mean to
“protest”
• What does it mean to
“reform”
• What is the Protestant
Reformation?
Restorationists/Reformists
“Mormons” (LDS), Jehovah Witnesses,
7th Day Adventists
Catholic Church Hierarchy
• Growth of power of the
Pope over Europe
• The sale of Indulgences
• Printing Press
GOD
POPE
CARDINALS
Causes
Clergy
– Led to doctrinal differences
between people and Church
authorities
BISHOPS
PRIESTS & MONKS
LAITY - not in clergy
Gutenberg Bible, Library of Congress,
Washington D.C.
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Protester # 1: Martin Luther
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• German Monk
• Objected to sale of Indulgences
• 1517—wrote 95 theses and nailed
them on a church door in
Wittenberg, Germany.—printing
press spread his ideas quickly
Martin Luther
isn’t...
Martin Luther
King, Jr.
• The "Theses Doors",
which bear the 95
Theses in their
original Latin form
Doctrinal Claims of Luther
• Argued that Faith and not Works is more
important for salvation
• Argued Bible was final authority on matters of
faith, not church leaders or the Pope.
Pope Leo X
Martin Luther Continued
Luther's face and hands cast at his death in 1546.
• 1520—Pope excommunicates Luther
• 1521—Diet of Worms—Luther brought before
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) to denounce or
reaffirm his views (clip)
• He was subsequently re-declared a heretic.
• Luther goes into hiding and translates the Bible into
German.
• Several princes of Germany adopt Luther's Views
• Followers become known as Lutherans
Luther's 1534 bible.
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Protestor # 2: Henry VIII (1491 – 1547)
English Reformation
HW
• HW--read chapter 1 Section 3 and complete
corresponding page in HW packet.
• Initially resisted the Reformation
but later rejected the authority of
Rome.
• Eventually rejected the power of
Rome and declared himself to be
head of the Church of England
• Church of England became known
as the Anglican Church.
• More of a political break with the
church then a theological one.
Wife #1
Why did Henry Separate the Church in England from
Rome?
• Wanted an annulment
from his marriage
• Pope refused
• Henry simply ignores the
Pope, declares himself
head of the Church, and
grants himself an
annulment.
Catherine
of Aragon
Daughter:
Mary
Divorced
Wife #2
Wife #3
Daughter:
Elizabeth
Anne
Boleyn
Beheaded
Jane
Seymour
Son:
Edward
Died
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Wife #4
Anne of
Cleves
Wife #5
Henry:
“She looks
like a
Horse”
Divorced
Wife #6
Katherine
Howard
Beheaded
• A mnemonic device for the
fate of Henry's wives is:
• "divorced, beheaded,
died,
• divorced, beheaded,
survived".
Katherine
Parr
Survived
HW
• HW--Read Chapter 1 Section 4 and complete
corresponding page in packet.
Protestor # 3: John Calvin—1509-1564
• French Born, but studied and lived in
Switzerland
• Believed in Predestination
– God has already worked everything
out, thus all are either
predetermined to go to heaven or
hell
– Those who will be going to heaven
will naturally have faith and do
everything that honors God.
• Followers become Calvinists and
gained a following in parts of
Switzerland, France, Germany, the
Netherlands, and Scotland.
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Catholic Counter Reformation
• Movement within the Catholic
Church to counter the attacks
made by Protestants.
• Jesuits: Society of Jesus—goal to
spread Christianity while stopping
the spread of Protestantism.
• Council of Trent: Meeting within
the Church to reform corrupt
practices within the Church and
respond to doctrinal differences
with Protestants.
Ignatius of Loyola
Review:
• Middle Ages (500-1500)
– Chivalry, Feudalism, Manoralism, Role of the
Church
– Crusades, The Plague
• Renaissance
– Where, When, Who
– Art, Da Vinci, Michangelo
– Machiavelli and The Prince
• Protestant Reformation
– Causes: Printing Press, Indulgences, etc.
– Luther, Henry VII, Calvin
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