Immanuel-Kant-Gymnasium Münster-Hiltrup
Schuljahr 2010/11
LK Englisch 12.2 (Herr Berens)
A portrait of American Indians
in the film ‚Dances with Wolves’
Facharbeit
von
Eva Strotdrees
Münster
März 2011
Table of Contents
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................
03
2. The film ,Dances with Wolves’
2.1 Content.................................................................................................................
03
2.2 Historical Background..........................................................................................
05
2.3 Protagonists and point of view.............................................................................
06
2.4 The flashback scene of Stands with a Fist and its relevance for the film............. 07
3. American Indians: The Lakota
3.1 Culture of the Lakota with regard to violence......................................................
08
3.1.1 Massacre of Wounded Knee.........................................................................
09
3.2 The Native Indians life in reservations today.......................................................
10
3.3 Presentation of Lakota in the film........................................................................
12
4. Conclusion..................................................................................................................
14
5. Bibliography...............................................................................................................
15
2
1. Introduction
My idea to write a term paper about native Americans firstly was due to my general interest in
the USA, so that I directly had the idea of concentrating on the early beginnings of the States.
Therefore the choice of portraying American Indians came to my mind.
Secondly, my choice was influenced by the question how the Native Americans were living in
the past and how they are coping with their contemporary life in reservations, which seems
worth being focussed on and pretty interesting to me.
Hereupon, I found my questions taken up in the movie ‚Dances with Wolves’, which is
showing the displacement of the Lakota tribe out of their natural habitat. Being appropriate
for explaining my issue more detailed I thought a film would be tellingly and be a good basis
for portraying American Indian’s life. According to this I considered it my aim to find out
how American Indians, in this case Lakota, are presented and to what extent the illustration is
representative.
I divided my paper in two parts concentrating on the movie in the first part and consulting
further sources in the second part. The first half deals with the historical background and the
content as well as with a determination about the impact of one special scene sequence and
with a brief analysis of protagonists and the point of view.
The second part gives an overview about the general aspect of violence in the Lakota culture,
about their life in reservations today and moreover an analysis about reliability of the presentation of Native Americans.
Since this is a widespread issue I had to concentrate on several points of Indian’s life being
conscious that it is impossible to present their whole life in the limitedness of twelve pages.
Now the following portrayal is meant to introduce the reader into Lakota life and culture as
well as getting critical towards historical facts presented in movies.
2.1 Content
The film ,Dances with Wolves’ is an epic Western movie, published in 1990 with Kevin
Costner as a director and leading actor. Based on the homonymous novel of Michael Blake, it
deals with the experiences of the Officer Lieutenant John Dunbar1 during his life on the remote outpost Fort Sedgwick, which is located in a Native American area in South Dakota. He
1
Proper names from the film are written in italics in this term paper.
3
has chosen this position to get to know the so called Wild West until it is not existing anymore. In spite of finding it completely neglected and abandoned he decides to stay and to
spend time restoring the Fort. During this solitary time the only being visiting him (besides
his horse Sisco) is a wolve he calls Two Socks, to whom Dunbar is establishing an amicable
relationship and who is later on responsible for Dunbar’s new Lakota name.
During the first encounter with the Lakota, a subcategory of Sioux living on the plains, both
sides are feary, suspicious and a lack of understanding is dominating. But after some time the
Lakota and Dunbar are beginning to get accustomed to each other.
Furthermore, shared meals, mutual presents and linguistic comprehension contribute to a
well-developing relationship. This is possible owing to Stands With A Fist, a white woman
living at the tribe. She originates from white settlers, who were murdered by Pawnee-Indians,
and she was affiliated to the Lakota, so that she is able to speak their language as well as remembering her mother tongue. After Dunbar had the opportunity to rescue her from a suicide
attempt the Lakota are sure about the peaceful attitude of Dunbar.
In addition, he is beginning to have a close friendship with the medicine man Kicking Bird.
Later on, Dunbar is again the hero who rescues the life of a Lakota. During the hunt on
buffalos, in which Dunbar is allowed to participate due to the fact that he has discovered the
herd, he shoots at a buffalo who is on the verge of killing the Lakota boy Smiles A Lot.
Another situation symbolizing the connection between the Lieutenant and the Lakota is the
warlike conflict with the Pawnees. After the Lakota tribe is attacked by the enemy tribe,
Dunbar makes his guns available for the Lakota and thus rescues their lives. As a result he
becomes a member of the tribe and gets the permission to marry Stands with a Fist, to whom
he has began a love relationship. By the way, as a symbol of membership he has gotten a
Lakota name: Dances With Wolves. This name traces back on a scene in which Dunbar wants
to send back the wolve Two Socks what looks as a dance in the eyes of the Lakota. The
romantic relationship between the two white people is accepted by the tribe, so that they are
preparing their marriage. Afterwards, he is completely assimilated to the tribe.
This new situation is a thorn in the flesh of the members of Dunbar’s original culture. He is
seen as a betrayer and gets captured by his own ones. Dunbar is not willing to return to them
so he maintains his new identity by just speaking Lakota.
Later on, while getting transported by the whites back to east as a prisoner he gets released by
the Lakota in a fight. Previously, the white men had killed Two Socks, which has given the
Lakota the last incentive to attack. Dunbar puts up with the murdering of his former own
white men breaking the last bridge to his old culture and turning into a real Lakota.
4
Dunbar is conscious of the fact that he will be hunted, which in turn endangers the tribe.
Therefore, he decides to leave the Lakota with his wife. His fears come true: US soldiers are
already approaching, but just finding the camp abandoned.
In an epilogue text the expand of the white men and the conquest of the Western frontier
states are named as reasons for the end of free Sioux life.
2.2 Historical Background
Being published in 1990 the film is a late revival of the western genre dealing with the conquest of the Wild West of the United States, which was mostly happening in the second half
of the 19th century. The fact that the ending passage of the film says that 13 years later the
resistance of the Lakota was over approves the assumption that the film is playing in the late
1870s with regard on the Massacre of Wounded Knee (see chapter 3.1.1.)
In the middle of the 20th century the western genre presented in the film was on its highest
point and slowly stagnated in the following years.2 This explains the surprise about the
success of ‚Dances with Wolves’.
The beginning of the film is playing at the end of the American Civil War (1861 – 1865). The
main character John Dunbar became injured in a fight and to avoid the agony he is now
trying to commit suicide by exposing himself to the hail of bullets of the enemy.3 This is the
start of his hero being with the result of getting the possibility to choose where he prefers to
get appointed. With the subsequent decision Dunbar’s to get positioned at the western frontier
his contact with Native Americans takes its course.
The story line is widely realistic and based on facts meanwhile it is a pleading against the
genocide of the American Indians. The displacement of those (in this case the Lakota)
happening at this time at the complete frontier area is presented closely to history. Several
facts acknowledge this thesis of authenticity and reliability, in example the fact that a huge
part of the film is shooted in the original Lakota language and therefore regisseur Kevin
Costner has casted the Sioux roles to real Native Americans.4
Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies to be found. In example, St. David’s field – the
place where the opening battle is happening – is neither a place accommodating an actual
2
cf. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Westen
cf. chapter 1 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
4
cf. Krusche 1996, S. 167/168
3
5
historical battle nor it is even existing.5 In addition, Fort Sedgwick being the station of
Dunbar at that time is not in South Dakota like Costner presents in the film, but in the USState Colorado.6
2.3 Protagonists and point of view
The whole story of ‚Dances with Wolves’ is told in the perspective of John Dunbar, the
leading character. Besides the dialogues the story is presented as if the whole movie is
Dunbar’s diary entry, which is realistic because before getting to know the Lakota he is often
writing in his diary during his loneliness. This indicates that a first-person narrator
participating in the story as a protagonist is telling the story.
John Dunbar is presented as a strong man who follows his beliefs and who is not influenced
by others. This is shown in his decision to leave for getting to know the wild west, even if this
is connected with loneliness.7 Moreover it becomes clear in the part when he is arrested by the
white soldiers. He stays in his new identity as a Lakota and is not willing to tell the habitation
of the Lakota.8 In addition, he is curious and open with the Lakota which is conducive to their
relationship. His frankness is existing since the first encounters with some Lakota man at the
ford where they come to visit him; he makes them gifts in the form of coffee and sugar to lay
the foundations of a good relationship.9
Dunbar becomes friend with the tribe, especially with the medicine man Kicking Bird, who is
intelligent, open-minded about new and unharmful, too. He is interested in Dunbar while
Wind in his Hair, another Lakota man visiting him, is more askance. Kicking Bird is, additionally, the one who abolishes the time of sorrow imposed on Stands with a Fist and who
hereupon weds Dunbar with her.
Stands with a Fist is the third main character being the woman with whom Dunbar falls in
love. She is an interesting character due to the fact that she is white and originates from white
settlers. After being attacked by Pawnees she was the only family member who survived and
so she was accomodated to the Lakota. She is a gentle character in spite of the fact that she is
5
cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves
cf. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_mit_dem_Wolf_tanzt_(Film)
7
cf. chapter 2 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
8
cf. chapter 25 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
9
cf. chapter 13 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
6
6
called Stands with a Fist due to a situation in which she has beaten another woman as a
reaction to her calling her swearwords.10
The point of view in this case is an interesting matter of fact and well-choosen. Different to
other films with a first-person narrator he is, in spite of the fact of being a leading character,
often a witness of the events either. The limitedness of a first-person narrator becomes in this
case very obvious having the effect that the viewer approximates with the Lakota in the same
time like Dunbar. This is due to the fact that the viewer does not get a complete picture of
what is happening.
2.4 The flashback scene of Stands with a Fist and its relevance for the film
After about one and an half hour the regisseur introduces the viewer to the background of
Stands with a Fist by letting her remember about her past in a flashback scene.11 She gets
stired through a conversation with Kicking Bird who wants her to remember her old language
she learned before she came to their folk having the intent to let her act as a translator
between him and John Dunbar. She is thrilled by the fear that Dunbar may will bring her
away from the tribe after seeing that she does not originally belong there. Therefore, she is
running away crying to a lake nearby where she is falling into a daydream.12 She remembers
the time when she and her white family lived together on a farm at the frontier. She, being
around four years old had to observe her father being murdered ruffianly by Pawnees who
appeared one day. Another boy of her age (we can assume its her brother or her cousin)
shouted to her to ran away and so she did. While the scene is ending at this point the viewer
knows that she must be put up by the Lakota afterwards. As probably the only person
surviving in her family she had to get on with the situation and the viewer now can imagine
on his own how she got to the Lakota. The viewer gets to know early that her original given
name was Christine. This name symbolizes her original Christian ancestry as a daughter of
European settlers.
This scene has a great impact on the film; there are several reasons that this scene contributes
to the comprehension of the rest of the film. For example, while getting the information about
Stands with a Fist’s origin the viewer is able to understand why the marriage of her and
10
cf. chapter 19 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
cf. chapter 14 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
12
cf. ibid. (‚Dances with Wolves’)
11
7
Dunbar later on is acceptable for the Lakota. In addition, it is important for the understanding
of the fact that she is able to make conversation with Dunbar.
3.1 Culture of the Lakota with regard to violence
The Lakota are North American Indians who dwelled in the plains of the US and who today
live mostly in the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. They make up a third of the Sioux
tribe consisting of the Lakota (who again subdivide into the so called Seven Council Fires)
Nakota and Dakota, also called Teton, Yankton and Santee.13
Forced by their neighbour tribes to emigrate from their original living space in North Carolina, where they were settled as forest indians, they wandered westwards and found a new
resort in the plains.14 In the prairie they lived as nomads so free and unbound that in their
language there was not even existing a word for freedom because of its matter of course.15
The high readiness towards violence is due to their character, who is based on the making of
war. Violence was usual and necessary for their daily survival, because looting of horses and
the subjection of other tribes was important for the sustainment of life. They were always in
search of security but also wealthiness and economical power being guaranteed by aggression
against other tribes. Violence was such a manifested part of life that young man were raised
with the perspective of becoming a warrior and therefore getting glory and prestige.16
This character trait becomes transparent in several scenes in ‚Dances with Wolves’. At the
beginning, when John Dunbar is brought to the Fort Sedgwick the violence gets obviously.
After having deposed Dunbar at the Fort the coachman called Timmons makes a break on his
way home.17 While eating he gets shot from behind with lots of arrows by a Lakota man, who
is aggressive because of being gotten suspicious against white man through a seen cloud of
smoke destined to be made by white settlers. When Timmons is begging for mercy for his
horses one Lakota man finally kills him ruffianly and unfeeling with a knife. This shows the
brutality of the Lakota, which often appears while feeling menaced.
13
cf. http://www.germanlakotafriends.com/html/haupttext_sioux.html
cf. http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/dakota_geschichte.htm
15
cf. Jeier 2008, S.112
16
cf. http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/dakota_kriegszuege.htm
17
cf. chapter 7 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
14
8
Another example where their beastliness is coming up is a scene when John Dunbar is more
and more assimilated to them.18 The gap between their different cultures becomes obviously
when the Lakota Indians have murdered some white men and dancing around their remains at
the bonfire while Dunbar is observing them. Meanwhile he understands their behaviour in its
main features while departing more and more from his original culture, the handling of
murder seems strange to him and it is told that Dunbar feels that the distance between them in
this moment is higher than he would ever had been able to imagine.
3.1.1 Massacre of Wounded Knee
The Wounded Knee Massacre on december 28th in 1890 is a portentous happening in the
history of the Native Americans since the resistance of the Lakota concluded with this carnage.19 The name was given by the fact that it was executed in the US-State South Dakota in
the region Pine Ridge near to the river called „Wounded Knee“.20
Due to the fact that the conquest of the whole western states by the white men was more and
more approaching the Lakota became desperate, therefore a new movement was dispreading:
the Ghost Dance Movement. The aim of the revival of this sort of dance, which was taught by
Wovoka, a Native Indian prophet, was to dance until everybody gets exhausted. This would
have, in his opinion, the result of the death of all white people and the returning of the buffalos. This was the only thing giving hope to the Lakota because their resistance was in the final
stages. So they obeyed Wovoka, put on some blue ghost shirts and danced until exhaustion.
The white conquesters got feary and sent some soldiers.21 This was a giant missunderstanding
because the white settlers felt threatened by people who felt threatened on their part.
Around 400 Lakota Indians firstly broke out of the reservation in search of security in Pine
Ridge. Shortly after this the soldiers of the seventh cavallerie appeared and the Lakota were
commanded to walk to Wounded Knee. The plan of Major Samuel Whiteside was to disarm
and arrest them; they even were willing to provide food and tents to them.
18
cf. chapter 16 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
cf. Oth 1999, S. 101
20
cf. Jeier 2008, S.192
21
cf. ibid. S.193
19
9
But it went another way. During the disarming the soldiers searched for hided arms in the
camp and unfortunatley found one gun at one warrior who supposedly was deaf.22 The
soldiers got aggressive and grabbed him. It is important to mention that the man stayed calm,
peaceful and was willing to lay his gun to the ground. But sadly the soldiers took the gun, a
skirmish commenced and a shot was triggered. Consequently, the soldiers ran scared and two
cannons were fired upon the advice of Major Whitside. Trying to escape a high number of
Lakota were murdered.23
The figure of deaths caused in this massacre in fact is nowadays varying between 150 and
350. It is secured that even 29 cavallerist died killed by their own bullets.24
3.2 The Native Indians life in reservations today
After all the tribes of the Sioux were forced into reservations between 1870 and 188025, a hard
life for those freedom loving folks began. In around 300 reservations existing mostly in the
western part of the USA26, existences are engraved by high unemployment and alcoholism.
The economic situation is so bad in each of the reservations that the unemployment rate is
everywhere over 50 % and that the average income of a reservation family amounts to 40 %
of the average income of a non-Indian family.27
In addition, alcoholism is despite the interdiction of sale in the reservations widely dispread.
Moreover, the average life expectancy of an American Indian today is not even 50 years.28 In
particular, the American Indians have huge political problems. The Bureau of Indian Affairs
(BIA) was founded in 1824 to arrange Indian affairs.29 With a kind of trick incorporating
abstention from voting as agreement the BIA introduced the Indian Reorganization Act,
which was disliked by the reservation population because in their eyes it was against their
traditions. The new constitution was, however, definitely not perfect: division of power was,
and is even today, not prevailing. This led to problems like corruption and cheating. These
problems are current, because a solution is still not found owing to conflicting interests.30
22
cf. Jeier 2008, S.192
cf. ibid. S.195
24
cf. http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/wounded_knee.htm
25
cf. Crow Dog 1994 S.1
26
cf. http://www.welt-der-indianer.de/heute/reservation.html
27
cf. Arens / Braun 2004 S.117
28
cf. ibid. S.117
29
cf. ibid. S. 118
30
cf. ibid. S. 121
23
10
Nevertheless, there is a positive aspect to observe: Since the BIA staff was once 100 % white
it consists nowadays of more than 80% Native Americans31, which is with regard to the past
oppression a great fact.
Since the beginning of the 20th century the government started to establish schools in the
reservations, so that the children can learn in this area. Before, the young American Indians
had to go to remote boarding schools to become assimilated by forgetting their traditional
language and converting to christianity. But it became obvious that this would not be
functional.32 As a source of income the American Indians discovered the casino branch.
While they are not in an inferior position of the state they are the only one’s able to run the
casino industry legally.33
A very interesting matter of fact is the development of the number of American Indians since
1900. Whereas at the beginning of the century there were registered 237.000 American
Indians, fifty years later they made up a number of 350.000. 1990 they reached a number of
more than 2 million. This is due to better living conditions and the rising courage to face
life.34 Concerning especially the Lakota it is mentionable that they are nowadays living in a
number of 16.000 people in the second biggest reservation of the USA in the southwest of the
US-State South Dakota.35
31
cf. Arens / Braun. S. 120
cf. ibid S.114
33
cf. Zimmermann / Molyneaux 1998 S.150
34
cf. http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/heute.htm
35
cf. http://www.helles-koepfchen.de/artikel/835.html
32
11
3.3 Presentation of Lakota in the film
The presentation of the Lakota in the film is largely based on the real life and conventions of
this Sioux subgroup. In some scenes several cultural components of their real life are taken
up, in example the hunt on buffalos, which is presented in the film in a long sequence with
Dunbar participating in the chase.36 This animal having a body length of up to three metres
and a weight of up to thousand kilogrammes supplied the plain indians with all vital items like
meat (food), skin and leather (clothes) and bones (tools).37 Consequently, the hunt on buffalos
was a basic element of life. Nevertheless, the plain indians slayed just as many buffalos as
necessary for life unlike the white men. They in contrast even organised a systematic buffalo
murder to make profit with the tongues and the fur and to deprive the Lakota of their
economical basis.38 This phenomenon is shown in a scene in ‚Dances with Wolves’, when the
main character John Dunbar and the Lakota are in search of the buffalos, which are becoming
rarely.39 They find a high number of them murdered and skinless on a field horrifying Dunbar
and the Lakota.
Concerning the buffalo hunt another aspect of the real Lakota life is shown. After having
rescued Smiles a lot, a young Lakota boy, from a buffalo during a hunt some Lakota men
offer Dunbar the liver of the slayed animal. This is a real Lakota tradition because a buffalo
liver was considered as a delicacy.40
Moreover, another important aspect of Lakota life is presented in the film: the pipe of peace.
Originally, the Native Americans called the pipe calumet, but due to the fact that it was
primarily used to evince friendship and peace the white men termed it pipe of peace.41 In the
film the smoke of the calumet is a meaningful situation for the development of the
relationship between Dunbar and Kicking Bird. 42 Whereas the friendship between them is still
at the very beginning and they did not have found a common language to communicate the
situation shows the mutual interest and respect.
A rather morbid part of Lakota culture showing their brutality is presented as well in a
sequence demonstrating the factual willingness of the Lakota to make use of violence: It
seems very strange to Dunbar when he watches the tribe having murdered some white men,
36
cf. chapter 16 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
cf. Oth 1999 S.139
38
cf. ibid. S.140
39
cf. chapter 15 (‚Dances with Wolves)
40
cf. Jeier 2008 S.124
41
cf. Oth 1999 S. 116
42
cf. Chapter 14 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
37
12
dancing around their remains und making their items their own. This is one scene in the
middle of the film in which Dunbar feels excluded and is conscious about the huge difference
between them. 43
Furthermore, the presentation of the engagement between Stands with a Fist and Dunbar
represents the traditional way in a Lakota tribe of man and woman getting together. Since
Dunbar has not the financial premise to propose for her he gets support from all the members
of the tribe showing their agreement with the marriage.44 To be able to pay the „purchase
price“ for Stands with a Fist the others make him gifts to be handed out to her foster father.
This duty to offer the prospective parents in law some gifts belonged to the normal activity in
their culture previous to a marriage. All women had the ambition to be „bought“ with the
highest price as possible bringing high esteem to her family.45
An indicator for the credibility of the film is the fact that the regisseur Kevin Costner got the
honorous membership in the tribe of the Sioux because they were impressed so much by the
film.46 This attests the truthful portrayal of the Sioux-Lakota.
4. Conclusion
This chapter is meant to shortly summarize how the aim stated at the beginning of this term
paper has been achieved and how my work succeeded.
Since my paper is not subjected to a definite question, but is rather giving a general portrait I
can only state now if my aim of portraying Native Americans could be fulfilled.
All in all it can be said that this film has been a success because of its difference to other
western films and because of the fact that a different picture about American Indians is
presented. This is due to the fact that in this film not the Native Americans are presented as
the ‚bad ones’, but the white settlers driving them away. This is different from usual western
movies (e.g. ‚Stagecoach’), who were rather ‚white’ westerns, so in this case we can call
‚Dances with Wolves’ a ‚red’ western.
So from my point of view my work turned out well and fulfills my expectation. Especially the
last chapter concerning the presentation of American Indians in the film was revealing while
showing how the different characteristic features have been taken up in the movie.
43
cf. chapter 16 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
cf. chapter 23 (‚Dances with Wolves’)
45
cf. http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/ehe_scheidung.htm
46
cf. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_mit_dem_Wolf_tanzt_(Film)
44
13
So this work is also considered, like I said in the introduction, to ask the reader to be critical
towards presentations of historical events in films. While in this case only a few discrepancies
between historical background and presentation in the film could be found it is often the case
that movies do not give an objective presentation of the past due to their own interests.
In my opinion the work on this term paper went well and fluently and I did not have had
many obstacles while working on it. Thus, it was an interesting experience to concentrate on
one special issue and work on that for a longer time period.
Bibliography
1. Secondary literature
Arens, Werner / Braun, Hans-Martin: Die Indianer Nordamerikas. Geschichte, Kultur,
Religion. München: C.H. Beck, 2004
Crow Dog, Mary: Lakota Woman. Die Geschichte einer Sioux-Frau. München: DTV 1994
Krusche, Dieter: Reclams Filmführer. 10., neu bearb. Aufl. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1996
Jeier, Thomas: Das große Buch der Indianer. Die Ureinwohner Nordamerikas. München:
Ueberreuter, 2008
Oth, René: Die wahre Geschichte der Indianer. Ursprung, Überlebenskampf und Alltag der
Stämme Nordamerikas. Augsburg: Battenberg, 1994
Zimmermann, Larry J./Molyneaux, Brian Leigh: Indianer. Geschichte und Stämmer,
Häuptlinge, Geister und Medizinmänner, Spirituelles Leben und Schöpfungsmythen.
München: Knaur, 1998
14
2. Internet sources
http://de.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dewiki/652935 (04.03.2011) Graph in chapter 3.2
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_mit_dem_Wolf_tanzt_(Film) (12.02.2011)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota (04.03.2011)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Westen (11.02.2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves (11.02.2011)
http://www.germanlakotafriends.com/html/haupttext_sioux.html (30.01. 2011)
http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/dakota_geschichte.htm (30.01.2011). Stiebritz,
Holger: Die Geschichte der Sioux.
http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/heute.htm (30.01.2011) Stiebritz, Holger: Indianer
heute - Was ist aus den Indianer geworden.
http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/dakota_kriegszuege.htm (30.01.2011) Stiebritz,
Holger: Die Kriegszüge der Sioux.
http://www.indianerwww.de/indian/ehe_scheidung.htm (12.02.2011) Stiebritz, Holger. Ehe
- Scheidung.
http://www.welt-der-indianer.de/heute/reservation.html (08.03.2011) Kaute, Regina:
Reservationen.
3. Other sources
Der mit dem Wolf tanzt. (ca. 227 Min., Kinolangfassung) DVD, USA 1990 + Bonus
Material
15