Grain size distribution and characteristics of the
tephra from the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur and Katla
1918 eruptions, Iceland
Tinna Jónsdóttir
Faculty of Earth Sciences
University of Iceland
2015
Grain size distribution and characteristics of the tephra
from the Vatnaöldur AD 871±2 and Katla 1918
eruptions, Iceland
Tinna Jónsdóttir
60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a
Magister Scientiarum degree in Geology
Advisors
Guðrún Larsen
Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson
MS-Committee
Guðrún Larsen
Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson
Ármann Höskuldsson
External examiner
Sara Barsotti
Faculty of Earth Sciences
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences
University of Iceland
Reykjavik, January 2015
Grain size distribution and characteristics of the tephra from the Vatnaöldur AD 871±2 and
Katla 1918 eruptions, Iceland
Grain size distribution and characteristics of tephra
60 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Magister Scientiarum degree in
Geology
Copyright © 2015 Tinna Jónsdóttir
All rights reserved
Faculty of Earth Sciences
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences
University of Iceland
Sturlugata 7,
101, Reykjavik
Iceland
Telephone: 525 4000
Bibliographic information:
Tinna Jónsdóttir, 2015, Grain size distribution and characteristics of the tephra from the
Vatnaöldur AD 871±2 and Katla 1918 eruptions, Iceland, Master’s thesis, Faculty of Earth
Sciences, University of Iceland, pp. XX.
Printing: 142p
Reykjavik, Iceland, January 2015
Declaration
Hereby I declare that this thesis is written by me and that it has neither by part nor the
whole been submitted previously to a higher degree.
___________________________________
Tinna Jónsdóttir
011283-2689
Abstract
Detailed grain size analyses and information on particle shape characteristics of large
basaltic explosive eruptions are scarce and need more attention, especially when the threat
to passenger jet aircraft from ash in the atmosphere is considered. This study presents grain
size distribution and shape characteristics of two large, basaltic explosive eruptions in
Iceland: the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur and the AD 1918 Katla eruptions. A total of 41 samples
were collected of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra (1.5 to 100 km from vents) and 16
samples of the AD 1918 Katla tephra (10 to 100 km from vent). This includes samples
from the ablation areas of the outlet glaciers Sólheimajökull and Kötlujökull. Moreover, 3
samples from an unknown layer found in the ice below the Katla 1918 tephra in
Sólheimajökull were also analyzed. Both layers are characterized by the scarcity of >1 mm
particles and generally small grain size. The results also reveal a relatively small
proportion of the size fraction <63 μm in all samples for the Vatnaöldur eruption ranging
from 0.06 to 14.05 % of total weight percentage and a considerable loss of fines <63 μm in
the surface samples collected for Katla 1918 compared with the samples collected directly
from the ice. For Vatnaöldur and Katla and the unknown layer in Sólheimajökull, the grain
size distributions are typical for phreatomagmatic eruptions. Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) investigations on the grain size 3.5 ϕ shows that for both eruptions
most of the tephra was fragmented in the brittle mode, blocky and angular grains are
dominant in the proximal sections while slightly more vesicular grains where observed in
the distal samples. More vesicular grains were present in the Katla tephra and indicate that
the tephra was not fully degassed when reaching the surface. The lack of fines observed for
the Vatnaöldur eruption raises questions about preservation of the tephra layer that needs
to be further studied. For Katla 1918 the lack of fines in the surface samples on the outlet
glaciers indicates preferential removal of the fines by melt water, as the tephra layer is
exposed by surface melting of the ice. For the soil sections, washing of the tephra through
the soil cannot be excluded.
Útdráttur
Ítarlegar kornastærðargreiningar og upplýsingar um kornalögun í stórum basískum
sprengigosum eru af skornum skammti og þurfa frekari athygli sérstakleg vegna þeirrar
hættu sem stórum farþegaflugvélum stafar af ösku í andúmsloftinu. Þessi rannsókn gerir
grein fyrir kornastærðargreiningum og kornalögunargreiningum í tveimur stórum basískum
sprengigosum á Íslandi: AD 871±2 Vatnaöldugosinu og AD 1918 Kötlugosinu. Samtals
var safnað 41 sýni af AD 871±2 Vatnaöldugjósku í 1.5- 100 km fjarlægð frá gígaröðinni og
16 sýnum af AD 1918 Kötlugjósku (í 10- 100 km fjarlægð frá upptökum). Þar á meðal eru
sýni sem tekin voru á Sólheimajökli og Kötlujökli. Ásamt þesssu voru 3 sýni af óþekktum
uppruna sem fundust undir Kötlulaginu í Sólheimajökli einnig rannsökuð. Niðurstöðurnar
sýna greinilega lækkun á fínefni < 63 μm fyrir öll sýni úr Vatnaöldugosinu og töluvert tap
á fínefni < 63 μm á yfirborðssýnum sem safnað var fyrir Kötlugosið 1918 samanborið við
sýnin úr ísnum. Fyrir Vatnaöldur, Kötlu og óþekkta gjóskulagið úr Sólheimajökli er
kornastærðardreifingin dæmigerð fyrir freatómagmatískt sprengigos. Gerðar voru
greiningar með rafeindasmásjá (SEM) á kornastærð 3.5 ϕ og sýna þær fyrir bæði gosin að
meiri hluti gjóskunnar tvístraðist í svokölluðum stökkum fasa og eru kubbalöguð og
hvasshyrnd korn ráðandi í sýnunum næst upptökum en blöðrótt korn eru í örlítið meiri
mæli í fjarlægustu sýnunum. Blöðrótt gjóskukorn eru í meiri mæli í Kötlugjóskunnni og
gefa til kynna að kvikan hafi ekki verið alveg afgösuð þegar að hún kom upp.Lítið hlutfall
fínefnis í Vatnaöldum vekur upp spurningar um varðveislu gjóskunnar og þarf að rannsaka
frekar. Skortur á fínefni á gjóskunni úr Kötlu bendir til að hluti fínefnisins skolist í burtu
vegna bræðsluvatns á yfirborði jökulsins. Ekki er hægt að útiloka skolun fínefnis úr
jarðvegssýnum.
Dedication
To my sons Sveinn Kristján Valgeirsson and Vilmundur Tumi Valgeirsson, may your
curiosity lead you to great places.
Table of Contents
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... x
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... xix
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Geological setting .................................................................................................... 2
1.2 The East Volcanic Zone ........................................................................................... 4
1.3 Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system ................................................................. 4
1.4 The AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption ........................................................................ 6
1.5 The Katla volcanic system ....................................................................................... 9
1.6 The Katla 1918 eruption ........................................................................................ 10
2 Theory ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.1 Explosive volcanism .............................................................................................. 13
2.1.1 Magmatic explosive eruptions ..................................................................... 13
2.1.2 Phreatomagmatic eruptions .......................................................................... 14
2.1.3 Phreatomagmatic eruption styles ................................................................. 14
2.1.4 Fragmentation .............................................................................................. 16
3 Methods.......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Field work .............................................................................................................. 17
3.2 Grain size measurements ....................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Density measurements ................................................................................. 21
3.2.2 Sedigraph III 5120 ....................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 SEM Scanning electron microscope ............................................................ 24
3.2.4 Shape analysis .............................................................................................. 24
4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 27
4.1 Grain size and distribution characteristics of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
tephra ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Grain size and distribution characteristics of Katla-1918 tephra ........................... 44
4.3 Morphology and shape characteristics of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra ........ 55
4.4 Morphology and shape characteristics of Katla -1918 tephra ............................... 58
5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 63
6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 67
7 References ...................................................................................................................... 69
Appendix A......................................................................................................................... 77
Appendix B ......................................................................................................................... 83
ix
List of Figures
Figure 1. Distribution of active volcanic systems within volcanic zones in Iceland as
defined by
-
The large open circle indicates the approximate centre of the Iceland
mantle plume/anomaly as depicted by Wolfe et al. (1997). Dotted line
shows the northern limits of the East Volcanic Zone, whereas the
hachured line indicates the boundary between the active and propagating
rift segments of the zone. (Thordarson and Höskuldsson, 2008). ...................... 3
Figure 2. The Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system and surroundings. The inset
shows the location of the Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn System within the
Eastern Volcanic Zone and the other main volcanic systems partly
covered by Vatnajökull (based on Haukur Jóhannesson and Kristján
Sæmundsson, 1998 and adapted from Guðrún Larsen et al. 2013). .................. 5
Figure 3. Map of the Veiðivötn basin and Vatnaöldur crater row. The Hnausar lava
~AD 150 dammed the Tungnaá river and raised groundwater level in
the basin. Adapted from Larsen et al. (2013). .................................................... 8
Figure 4. The Katla volcanic system in South Iceland, after Larsen et al.(2013),
based on Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998). The subglacial caldera
below Mýrdalsjökull icecap as defined by Björnsson et al. (2000). The
inset shows the location of the Katla volcanic system within volcanic
zones. ................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 5. Graph showing the classification of eruptive styles based on the degree of
fragmentation (F) and the dispersal (D) of the pyroclastic deposits.
Fragmentation (F) is the percentage of total mass of pyroclasts finer than
1 mm at the point where 0.1 Tmax (Tmax is the maximum thickness of the
tephra measuredon the axis of thickness) crosses the axis of dispersal;
whereas D is the area enclosed by the 0.01 Tmax isopach (adapted from
Walker, 1973 and Self and Sparks, 1978). ....................................................... 15
Figure 6. Isopachs map of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. Blue triangles show
sampling sites for grain size analysis that were collected at six different
locations along the broad northwest-trending dispersal axis. Sampling
sites were located in 1.5 to 100 km from the largest crater Skyggnir near
the southern end of the crater row, adapted from Larsen (1984). ................... 17
x
Figure 7. Isopach map of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra layer. Sections name and
location are marked with blue triangles ranging from 1.5- 100 km, at the
northwest trending dispersal axis, from the largest crater Skyggnir. .............. 18
Figure 8. Isopachs map of Katla-1918 eruption (based on Larsen 1978). Shown are
1,2 and 3 cm isopach lines. Blue triangles show the six sampling
locations in the northeast trending dispersal axis, ranging from < 1 km
to 100 km. Green triangles show the probable accumulation area for the
samples taken on Sólheimajökull and Kötlujökull. ........................................... 19
Figure 9. Profile view though a glacier, illustrating the accumulation and ablation
areas. The equlibrium line and the flow paths for material as it becomes
buried and passes through the glacier is also shown. The order of layers
exposed on surface are shown with blue lines. Based on Hambrey (1994). .... 20
Figure 10. Ice divedes of the main ice drainage basin of Mýrdalsjökull. The 1100 m
contour line is highlighted (red) and is considered close to the average
equlibrium line for Mýrdalsjökull in the 20th century (Björnsson, 1979).
Yellow mark is the eruption site in 1918 and green triangles show the
probable accumulation area for the tephra deposited (Adapted from
Björnsson et al., 2000). ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 11. Picture of the section F26 from the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption.
Sample 1 is taken at the bottom, from a grey green tephra with
plagioclase crystals, mostly with planar bedding, but there is some cross
bedding possible due to creeping from inclination. Sample 2 is from a
grey green and very compacted tephra layer. Sample 3 is from a grey
green, compacted and fine grained tephra layer. Sample 4 is from a grey
green tephra layer with planar beds. Sample 5a is from a grey green
tephra layer with abundant plagioclase crystals. Sample 5b is from a
light grey tephra layer, very compacted but weak planar beds are
observed. Sample 6 is from a gray green tephra layer that is
uncompacted, with some plagioclase crystals. Sample 7 is from a
relatively coarse gray green tephra layer with very little fine material.
The dark gray layer with a coarse top between samples 2 and 3 is from
Tjörvapollur, a crater farther southwest on the Vatnaöldur fissure. ............... 29
Figure 12a Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_1. ............................................................................................. 30
Figure 12c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_3. ............................................................................................. 30
Figure 12b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_2. ............................................................................................. 30
Figure 12d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_4. ............................................................................................. 30
xi
Figure 12e. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_5. ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 12g. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_6. ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 12f. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_8. ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 12h. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample VF1CR_7. ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 13a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BE_6. .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 13c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BE_4. .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 13b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BE_5 ..................................................................................................... 32
Figure 13d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BE_3. .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 13e. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BE_2. .................................................................................................... 33
Figure 13g. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BK_1..................................................................................................... 33
Figure 13f. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BE_1. .................................................................................................... 33
Figure 13h. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample BK_0..................................................................................................... 33
Figure 14a Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_7. .................................................................................................. 34
Figure 14c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_5b. ................................................................................................ 34
Figure 14b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_6. .................................................................................................. 34
Figure 14d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_5a. ................................................................................................ 34
Figure 14e. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_4. .................................................................................................. 35
xii
Figure 14g. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_2.................................................................................................... 35
Figure 14f. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_3.................................................................................................... 35
Figure 1h. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample F26_1.................................................................................................... 35
Figure 15a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GS_3. .................................................................................................... 36
Figure 15c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GS_1. .................................................................................................... 36
Figure 15b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GS_2. .................................................................................................... 36
Figure 15d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GS_4. .................................................................................................... 36
Figure 16a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GB_2. .................................................................................................... 37
Figure 16b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GB_1. .................................................................................................... 37
Figure 16c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GB_3. .................................................................................................... 37
Figure 17a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KB_2. .................................................................................................... 38
Figure 17b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KB_1. .................................................................................................... 38
Figure 17c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KB_3. .................................................................................................... 38
Figure 18a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KH_1. ................................................................................................... 39
Figure 18b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KH_2. ................................................................................................... 39
Figure 18c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KH_3. ................................................................................................... 39
Figure 19a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KT_3c. .................................................................................................. 40
xiii
Figure 19b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KT_3b. .................................................................................................. 40
Figure 19c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KT_3a. .................................................................................................. 40
Figure 20a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KT_2. .................................................................................................... 41
Figure 21.The distribution of fines for the AD 871± Vatnaöldur tephra for all
sections analyzed. The whole column (blue+red+green) represents
< 63 μ
p
p
z
<63 μ -3 μ
red part represents the fines ≤3 μ - μ
p
p
<
μ - μ
p
q
v
w
section but gradually rises with increased distance. Weight percentage of
<63 μ
0 06-14.05%. ..................................................... 42
Figure 22. Graph showing the maximum grain size measured in each sample
referred to here as Dmax for AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption. Despite the
considerable variation within each layer the maximum grain size
measured clearly decreases with distance. ...................................................... 43
Figure 23. Mean grain size versus sorting for the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra
based on the Walker diagram 1971 on the characteristics of basaltic
pyroclasts (Walker and Croasdale, 1971). ....................................................... 43
Figure 24. Þorsteinn Jónsson and Sveinbjörn Steinþórsson carving out samples K-3
and K-4 at Mýrdalsjökull icecap. ..................................................................... 44
Figure 25. A cross section of the Katla-1918 tephra layer in Kötlujökull and the
samples K-3, K-4 and K-5. The thickness of the ice above the tephra
layer at the sampling site was 111 cm. ............................................................. 45
Figure 26. Left is the Katla -1918 tephra emerging from Kötlujökull and right is a
picture of a section KJ from Kötlujökull. ......................................................... 45
Figure 27a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface
sample KJ4E ..................................................................................................... 47
Figure 27c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface
sample KJ5E. .................................................................................................... 47
Figure 27b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface
sample KJ4N..................................................................................................... 47
Figure 27d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface
sample KJ5N..................................................................................................... 47
Figure 28a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, ice sample
K-3 .................................................................................................................... 48
xiv
Figure 28b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, ice sample
K-4. ................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 28c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface
sample K-5 ........................................................................................................ 48
Figure 29a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra of unknown orgin, ice sample
Sol_1a ............................................................................................................... 49
Figure 29b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from unknown orgin, ice
sample Sol_1b ................................................................................................... 49
Figure 29c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from unknown orgin, sample
ice Sol_1c. ......................................................................................................... 49
Figure 30a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample
Hola_2a ............................................................................................................ 50
Figure 30b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample
Hola_2b ............................................................................................................ 50
Figure 30c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample
Hola_2c............................................................................................................. 50
Figure 31a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample
Ty_1. ................................................................................................................. 51
Figure 31b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample
Geir_3a ............................................................................................................. 51
Figure 31c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample
Geir_3b. ............................................................................................................ 51
Figure 32a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface ice
sample Tung_1 from Tungnaárjökull. .............................................................. 52
Figure 33. Graph showing the maximum grain size measured in each sample refered
to here as Dmax for Katla-1918 eruption. Despite considerable variation
within the layers, the maximum grain size measured clearly decreases
with distance. .................................................................................................... 52
Figure 34. Mean grain size versus the sorting based on the Walker diagram 1971 on
the characteristics of basaltic pyroclasts ( Walker and Croasdale, 1971)....... 53
Figure 35. The distribution of fines for the Katla-1918 tephra for all sections
anlyzed. The whole column (blue+red+green) represents the percentage
<63 μ
p
p
p
z
63 -31
μ
p 3 μ
p
11- μ
p
of fines varies a great deal within each section but overall it decreases
w
p
<63μ
xv
0.3% - 27.4%. If surface glacier samples are omitted the range in the
<63µm tephra is 8.3-27.3%. ............................................................................ 54
Figure 36. Circularity × Elongation versus Rectangularity × Compactness diagram.
The horizontal line separates the brittle from the ductile field. (Büttner,
Dellino, La Volpe, Lorenz, and Zimanowski, 2002) ......................................... 55
Figure 37. Representative ima
z 35Φ 0μ
sample VF1CR_7, 1.5 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
tephra. A: is a overview;B: a overview of a curvy-planar fragments; C:
blocky particle with a prominent shock pattern; D: blocky particles with
stepped features; E: blocky particles with vesicular features; F: blocky
particle with vesicular features. ....................................................................... 56
3
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample F26_1, 15 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
tephra. A: is a overview; B: blocky particles and sharded bubble walls;
C: blocky particle with prominent shock pattern; D: vesicular particle
with sharded bubble walls; E: elongated vesicular particle; F: a pelee´s
tear.................................................................................................................... 56
3
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample GS_4, 30 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
tephra. A: is a overview; B: blocky particles; C: highly vesicular
particle; D: blocky particles and sharded bubble walls; E: blocky
particle with quencing surface features; F: blocky angular particle with
a small bubble. ................................................................................................. 57
40
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample KB_3, 60 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
tephra. A: is a overview; B: elongated particle; C: bubble wall particle;
D: a blocky angular particle with small cracking pattern on surface; E:
blocky particle; F: blocky angular particle with quenching cracks. ............... 57
4
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample KT_3, 100 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
tephra. A: is a overview; B: vesicular particles; C: highly vesicular
particle; D: vesicular particle with a elongated shape; E: blocky
particles and a highly vesicular particle with elongated shape; F:
vesicular particle with elongated shape. .......................................................... 58
42
p
v
z 35 Φ
0μ
from sample Sól_1a, of the unknown tephra layer taken 10 km from
probable source. A: is an overview; B: an elongated particle; C: blocky
particle with a small shock pattern; D: blocky angular particle; E:
sharded blocky particle with a moderate bubble content; F: blocky
angular particle with small bubbles. ................................................................ 59
43
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample Sól_3, 10 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: A
xvi
triangle shaped blocky particle with a bubble; B: blocky particle; C:
blocky angular particle with stepped feature; D: higly vesicular particle;
E: blocky angular particle; F: blocky particles with sharded bubble
walls. ................................................................................................................. 59
44
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample TY_1, 40 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: is an
overview; B: an elongated higly vesicular particle; C: higly vesicular
particle; D: an elongated vesicular particle; E: blocky particle with
sharp edges; F: higly vesicular particle. .......................................................... 60
45
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample Hola_2a, 40 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: is
an overview; B: an elongated higly vesicular particle; C: higly vesicular
particle and bubble wall shards; D: blocky vesicular particle; E: blocky
angular particle; F: blocky angular particle with bubbles. ............................. 60
46
p
v
z 35Φ 0μ
sample Tung_1, 100 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: is
an overview; B: blocky particle with stepped features; C: blocky
angular; D: highly vesicular particle; E: blocky particle with sharp
edges; F: blocky vesicular particle with quenched surface pattern. ................ 61
Figure 47. Graph showing the classification of eruptive styles based on the degree of
fragmentation (F) and the dispersal (D) of the pyroclastic falls. The two
red dots are based on the value of fragmentation in the GB_3 bulk and
GS_4 bulk samples from the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption (see Figure
6, Figure 9, Figure 14 and Figure 15). Fragmentation (F) is the
percentage of total mass of pyroclasts finer than 1 mm at the point where
0.1 Tmax (Tmax is the maximum thickness of the tephra measured on the
axis of thickness) crosses the axis of dispersal; whereas D is the area
enclosed by the 0.01 Tmax isopach (Adapted from Walker, 1973; Self and
Sparks 1978). .................................................................................................... 63
xvii
Acknowledgements
First I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors Magnús Tumi
Guðmundsson and Guðrún Larsen for all their support and guidance and joyful hours in the
field and constructive discussions. Also a special thanks goes to Guðrún Larsen for
collecting many of the samples since I was occupied with a small infant during the first
steps in my research.
A special thanks goes to Tobias Dürig for all his help and for kindly reviewing my thesis
and correcting my English and providing my with useful comments on scientific writing.
Also I would like to thank my dear friend and co-student Agnes Ösp Magnúsdóttir for her
friendship and all helpful discussions and technical support. Also I would like to thank
Margrét, Halldóra, Edda, Sófus, Jón Bjarni, Ríkey, Jónas and Johanne, and all the other
wonderful co-students for making this time in Askja unforgettable.
This project was supported by ICAO as a part of the Catalog of Icelandic Volcanoes
Project of the Icelandic Meteorological Office and the Institute of Earth Sciences,
University of Iceland and for that I am extremely grateful.
At last but not least I would like to thank Valgeir Þorsteinsson and our sons for all their
support and bearing with my during the longest hours, my family and my friends for
supporting my during the hardest times and making life in general so rewarding.
xix
1 Introduction
Basaltic explosive eruptions in Iceland are frequent and often occur from vents in regions
of surface lakes, large groundwater reservoirs or within glaciers (Thordarson and Larsen,
2007). The effects of explosive eruptions have recently been highlighted by the eruptions
in Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 (Gudmundsson et al., 2012) and Grímsvötn 2011 (Tesche et al.,
2012) which showed the vulnerability of passenger jet aircraft to tephra in the atmosphere
(Mastin et al., 2009) (Casadevall., 1994; Cashman and Sparks., 2013) as well as the effects
on public health and livestock (Horwell, 2007: Horwell et al., 2013). Icelandic volcanoes
are the most potent producers of tephra in Europe, and the frequent occurrence of basaltic
explosive eruptions is a major factor in causing this. To understand the dispersal behavior
and settling of the tephra and its effect on air traffic and aircraft engineering, external
properties of the shape and size of the tephra grains are of a great importance (Riley et al.,
2003; Mastin et al., 2009). Large basaltic explosive eruptions have been well studied in the
past but studies on grain size distribution and shape properties of large basaltic tephra
deposits, considering flight characteristics of the tephra are scarce. This study is a step
towards adding data and further understanding in this field
The aims of this study are:

To look at external properties of tephra in large basaltic explosive eruptions
regarding grain size distribution and shape, focusing mainly on Vatnaöldur AD
871±2, the second largest basaltic eruption since the settlement of Iceland and on
Katla-1918, a medium sized basaltic explosive eruption.

Interpret grain sizes and shape characteristics with respect to fragmentation
mechanisms in particular as a result of magma/water interaction and molten-fuelcoolant interaction models (MFCI).
This study is a part of a larger project on the grain size and shape characteristics of tephra
in Icelandic explosive eruptions, which in turn forms a part of the Catalogue of Icelandic
Volcanoes of the Icelandic Meteorological office, the Institute of Earth sciences University of Iceland, the Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner for
Icelandic Police and funded by International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, as well as
from national sources.
1
This chapter gives a brief overview of the geology of Iceland, the main tectonic settings,
geographical features of the studied area and the investigated eruptions. Theory on magma
fragmentation is presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 focusses on the methodology used.
Results on grain size analysis and SEM studies are presented in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5
presents the discussion.
1.1 Geological setting
Iceland is the only part of the Atlantic mid ocean ridge (MAR) that rises above surface of
the sea, having an average spreading rate of 1.8 cm per year in the N105°E direction (
Gudmundsson. A, 2000). Volcanism in Iceland results not only from the active plate
boundary, but also from its superposition over the Iceland mantle plume. The mantle
plume is located under the east central part of Iceland and has been identified by P- and Swave structures from both seismic refraction (Darbyshire et al., 1998; Gebrande et al.,
1980; Pálmason, 1971) and teleseismic tomography (Foulger et al., 2001; Bijwaard and
Spakman, 1999; ;Wolfe et al., 1997). The mantle plume is 100-200 km wide and centered
at the northwestern part of Vatnajökull (Wolfe et al., 1997; Bjarnason, 2008) where the
crust is also thicker (38-40 km) (Darbyshire et al., 1998). The external surface expression
of volcanism in Iceland are the neovolcanic zones (see Figure 1) (Jakobsson, 1979a;
Saemundsson, 1978).
The neovolcanic zones have been divided into two types by Sæmundsson (1978): the “
axial rift zones” marking the plate boundary with active crustal spreading; and the “lateral
rift zones” or “flank zones” with little or no spreading activity. The axial rift zones are
characterised by tholeiitic magmatism and have been defined as the West Volcanic Zone
(WVZ) and the North Volcanic Zone (NVZ) which connect through the Mid Iceland Belt
(MIB) and links to the Mid- Atlantic Ridge system by the Reykjanes Volcanic Zone (RVZ)
in the South and the Tjörnes Fracture zone (TFZ) in the North. The East Volcanic Zone
(EVZ) is an axial rift zone in the making, slowly taking over from the West Volcanic Zone.
(Thordarson and Larsen, 2007).
The neovolcanic zones have been divided into thirty active volcanic systems (Thordarson
and Höskuldsson, 2008) but their number is now under revision for the Catalog of
Icelandic Volcanoes. A volcanic system usually consists of at least one central volcano and
a fissure swarm (Jakobsson, 1979a). These systems often have geochemical characteristics
which makes it possible to trace the origin of lavas and tephra to a particular system and
sometimes to distinguish between individual tephra layers from the same source
(Jakobsson, 1979b; Larsen, 1981)
2
Figure 1. Distribution of active volcanic systems within volcanic zones in Iceland as
defined by
Zone; KR, K
SVB, Snæfellsnes Volcanic
Belt. The large open circle indicates the approximate centre of the Iceland mantle
plume/anomaly as depicted by Wolfe et al. (1997). Dotted line shows the northern limits of
the East Volcanic Zone, whereas the hachured line indicates the boundary between the
active and propagating rift segments of the zone. (Thordarson and Höskuldsson, 2008).
The volcanic aggregation of Iceland extends back 16 m.y. and is further divided into four
stratigraphic groups or series (Sæmundsson, 1979). The Icelandic plate began to form
during the late Tertiary over 16 million year ago and is dominated by lava shield and crater
row structures and consist mainly of tholeiitic flood basalts (Harðarson, Fitton and
Hjartarson, 2008; Sæmundsson, 1979). In the Plio-Pleistocene 0.7-3.1 million years ago
and the Upper-Pleistocene 0.01-0.7 million years ago, alternating periods of warm and cold
climate resulted in subglacial activity and flood lava eruptions causing dramatic changes in
the topography (Sæmundsson, 1979). At the end of Upper- Pleistocene subglacial
volcanism was prominent as during glacial periods and the Iceland ice sheet grew to extend
beyond the present coast of Iceland (Andrews et al., 2000; Norðdahl and Pétursson, 2005;
3
Geirsdóttir et al., 2009). In the Holocene explosive eruptions have been dominant in
numbers with over 120 known eruptions during the last 1200 years and the Eastern
Volcanic Zone (EVZ) being the most productive with both high eruption frequency and
high magmatic production (Larsen and Eiríksson, 2008; Larsen et al., 1998; Thordarson
and Höskuldsson, 2008; Thordarson and Larsen, 2007).
1.2 The East Volcanic Zone
The EVZ is an axial rift in the making that is gradually taking over from the West Volcanic
Zone. Eight volcanic systems belong to the EVZ. Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn
volcanic systems, which are tholeiitic in character lie within the rifting part of EVZ. Katla,
Hekla, Vestmannaeyjar, Eyjafjallajökull, Tindfjallajökull and Torfajökull, that are mildly
alkalic in character lie within the non-rifting or flank zone part (Jakobsson, 1979;
Jakobsson et al., 2008; Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson, 1998;Thordarson and Höskuldsson,
2008;Thordarson and Larsen, 2007).
The EVZ is by far the most productive volcanic zone in the Holocene, being responsible
for over 80% of the eruptions and about 60% of the erupted magma volume (Thordarson
and Höskuldsson, 2008). Four of the volcanic systems in the EVZ, Grímsvötn,
Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn, Hekla and Katla, are the most productive volcanic systems in
historical time, both in terms of eruption frequency and magma volume (Thordarson and
Larsen, 2007).
In the Holocene the volcanism was characterized by frequent explosive eruptions in the
most active central volcanoes mainly under Vatnajökull and in frequent large flood basalt
eruptions on the icefree part of the volcanic system.
1.3 Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system
The Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system consists of fissure swarms, the central
volcano Bárðarbunga and a possible second central volcano, Hamarinn. In terms of length
it is the largest system in Iceland. It is up to 190 km long and as much as 25 km wide. It
reaches from Dyngjufjöll in the north, through Dyngjuháls, then under Vatnajökull ice cap
and its southern end reaches the Torfajökull area (see Figure 2).
4
Figure 2. The Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system and surroundings. The inset shows
the location of the Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn System within the Eastern Volcanic Zone and
the other main volcanic systems partly covered by Vatnajökull (based on Haukur
Jóhannesson and Kristján Sæmundsson, 1998 and adapted from Guðrún Larsen et al.
2013).
In historical time there have been 27 eruptions within the system. Most of these eruptions
took place within the ice-covered part of the system, emitting small < 0.1 km3 to moderate
0.1-0.5 km3 volumes of basaltic tephra (Guðmundsson et al., 2005). Some of these
historical eruptions (i.e. AD 1716, 1717 and 1726) are known to have generated
jökulhlaups that discharged through Jökulsá á Fjöllum (Thorarinsson, 1950; Thordarson
and Larsen, 2007). Four fissure eruptions have taken place on the ice free parts of the
system in historical times; two effusive eruptions generating the Tröllahraun (AD 18621864) and Frambruni (most likely in the 12th century) and two eruptions of the
phreatomagmatic kind produced substantial amounts of tephra in the AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur eruption (also known as the Settlement layer) and Veiðivötn in ~AD 1477. In
these 27 eruptions over 10 km3 of material (DRE) was produced making the BárðarbungaVeiðivötn system the fourth most productive system in Iceland, only Grímsvötn, Katla and
Hekla have been more productive (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007: Larsen et al., 2013).
5
In pre-historical time very large lava flows originated from the southwestern and northern
part of the system, those from the southwestern part are named Tungnaár lavas and the
largest and the oldest of these lava flows is the Þjórsá lava. The Þjórsá lava is the most
voluminous lava flow on earth during the Holocene, originating from the Veiðivötn area
somewhere between Þórisvatn and Snjóalda. It covers an area of approximately 950 km 2
and reaches the sea after travelling at least 140 km (Hjartarson, 1988; Vilmundardottir,
1977).
Three eruptions have taken place on three parallel fissures in the last 2700 years in the
southwesternmost part of the fissure swarm. These are the ~AD 1477 Veiðivötn eruption,
the AD 871± Vatnaöldur eruption and ~AD 150 Dómadalshraun- Tjörvahraun eruption.
The two younger eruptions were predominantly explosive but the ~AD 150 DómadalsTjörvahraun eruption was mainly effusive generating the Hnausar lava flow that dammed
the Tungnaá river and raised the groundwater level in the area (see Figure 3) and in that
way contributed to the explosive style of the two younger eruptions (Larsen, 1984).
The southern part of the Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn system reaches the Torfajökull volcanic
system and in the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption the activity triggered eruption in the
Torfajökull area simoultanously by the injection of magma from the former system
(Larsen, 1984). The Torfajökull volcanic system is a transitional-alkalic magma system
that is invaded by the propagating tholeiitic Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system. Both
basaltic and silicic magma was erupted as tephra in the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption
(Larsen et al., 1999).
1.4 The AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption
The ~25 km long discontinous basaltic part of Vatnaöldur fissure opened up alongside a
lake basin (see Figure 3), leading to phreatomagmatic explosive activity with a high
degree of fragmentation. In the SW part, there is a 12-13 km gap between the main craters
and the vents inside in the Torfajökull central volcano where the activity was of a silicic
nature. The silicic part erupted simultaneously with the main eruption and forms a fairly
well defined unit at the base of the basaltic tephra layer or as thin interbeds in the
lowermost part of the basaltic tephra.
All the fissure segments are believed to have been active in the early stages of the eruption,
as the tephra deposit merged to form a single widespread tephra layer. In the beginning of
the eruption the wind blew from south and then changed counterclockwise allowing the
silicic tephra to be deposited prior to the basaltic tephra in most regions to the northwest
and west of the eruptive fissure (Larsen, 1984). About 5 km3 calculated as freshly fallen
tephra were ejected in the phreatomagmatic eruption, covering an area of 50,000 km2
within the 0.5 cm isopach and 2,500 km2 inside the 10 cm isopach (Larsen, 2005). And
6
has been identified in the Greenland icecore (Grönvold et al., 1995). This tephra layer is an
important chronological marker in parts of Iceland, also know as the Settlement layer.
Tephra rings and maar type explosion craters produced the tholeiitc tephra in the
Vatnaöldur area and indicate a phreatomagmatic activity (Lorenz, 1973; Lorenz, 1986;
Lorenz et al., 1970). The largest crater Skyggnir is about 1.5 km wide and 2.5 km long
with a lake in the crater bowl. The highest rim reaches about 300 meter above the lake
level but is underlain by a hyaloclastite ridge. The maximum thickness of the tephra
deposit measured outside the craters is 20 meters (Larsen, 1984).
The tephra is gray-greenish in color with occasional gray layers and has sometimes a more
mossy green color probably due to different compactness and grain size. The greenish
tinge comes from the volcanic glass. Varying amounts of clear plagioclase crystals are
present. The mossy green color is more dominant in the distal samples but overall color
varies with each section and with distance.
7
Figure 3. Map of the Veiðivötn basin and Vatnaöldur crater row. The Hnausar lava ~AD
150 dammed the Tungnaá river and raised groundwater level in the basin. Adapted from
Larsen et al. (2013).
8
1.5 The Katla volcanic system
The Katla volcanic system has erupted at least 21 times since the late 9th century, making it
the third most active system in Iceland in historical times (Larsen, 2000) but the most
productive, emitting 25 km3 of material (DRE) (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). It consists
of a central volcano that is partly covered by the icecap of Mýrdalsjökull and an associated
fissure swarm trending SW-NE and stretching over 80 km as defined by Jakobsson
(1979b) (see Figure 4). The bedrock in the Katla volcano reaches 1380 m.a.s.l. under the
ice cover of Mýrdalsjökull. The volcano has an ice-filled caldera with a depth of 700 m
and area of 100 km2 (Björnsson et al., 2000). Ice from within the caldera flows down three
outlet glaciers Sólheimajökull (to the south), Kötlujökull (to the east) and Entujökull (to
the northwest) through deep breaches in the caldera wall, making pathways for possible
jökulhlaups (Larsen, 2010; Larsen, 2000) (see Figure 4).
Volcanism on the Katla volcanic system in the Holocene has been divided into three
categories (Larsen 2000). The most common events are explosive basaltic eruptions from
volcanic fissures below the Mýrdalsjökull icecap, in recent centuries occurring within the
caldera, accompanied by tephra fall and jökulhlaups. The second most common events are
explosive silicic eruptions from vents below the ice, apparently occurring within the
caldera. The least common events are predominantly effusive basaltic eruptions within the
fissure swarm or on the ice-free margins of the central volcano.
9
Figure 4. The Katla volcanic system in South Iceland, after Larsen et al.(2013), based on
Jóhannesson and Sæmundsson (1998). The subglacial caldera below Mýrdalsjökull icecap
as defined by Björnsson et al. (2000). The inset shows the location of the Katla volcanic
system within volcanic zones.
1.6 The Katla 1918 eruption
The Katla 1918 eruption is considered to have started just after noon at the 12th of October.
Earthquakes were detected in Vík, Mýrdalur two hours before the plume was seen rising
from the ice cap (Jóhannsson, 1919). The accompanying jökulhlaup was observed around 3
pm. The eruption site was in the southeastern part of the caldera (Figure 4). There was
extensive fallout of tephra in the first days of the eruption and continued intermittently
until the end of October. The eruption ended on 4th of November (Sveinsson, 1919). The
tephra layer does not have a distinct thickness axis but is thickest to the northeast of
Mýrdalsjökull. It is rather poorly preserved in the soil and is thinner in that area (3-5 cm)
than described in contemporary sources (Larsen 1978) due to the length of the eruption and
changing condition in wind direction across this time. The tephra thickness on the ice cap
was observed by Páll Sveinsson, who walked up to the Katla eruption site in September
10
1919 (Sveinsson 1992). On the glacier north of Kötlujökull the tephra thickness was about
50 cm. Closer to the vent area the tephra thickness was not measured but was described as
“somewhat thicker” than on the glacier.
The 1918 eruption is considered to have been one of the largest Katla eruptions since
settlement with estimated volume of 0.7 km3 of tephra at the time of deposition.
(Eggertsson, 1919; Larsen, 2000). A triangular measurement of the plume height was made
from Reykjavík on the first day of the eruption, giving a value of 14.3 km (Eggertsson,
1919). The jökulhlaup is estimated to have carried at least 0.6 km3 of debris (Larsen and
Ásbjörnsson, 1995; Larsen, 2000) and extended the shore south of Hjörleifshöfði over 3
km (Thorarinsson, 1975).
The tephra is coal black to brownish black in color in the field and is highly fragmented
and poorly or moderately vesciculated. According to contemporary descriptions the tephra
deposited during the first day of the eruption was more fine-grained than later in the
eruption that was sandy and pumicious (“sandborin og vikurkennd”, Sveinsson 1919: 8)
11
2 Theory
In this chapter the orgin of tephra and the processes behind explosive eruptions are
discussed with emphasis on the mechanisms of magma-water interaction in
phreatomagmatic eruptions and their effects on grain size and shape characteristics of
resulting particles.
2.1 Explosive volcanism
Volcanism is defined as the process of magma and/or volcanic gases transferring to the
Earth´s surface and being discharged from a surface vent system (Cashman et al., 2000).
Explosive volcanism is the most powerful and destructive type of volcanic activity. It can
produce large quantities of pyroclastic debris that is transported mostly buoyantly into the
atmosphere and can cause heavy ashfall over large areas and/or an eruption column
collapse resulting in pyroclastic flows (Cashman et al., 2000). There are two different
mechanisms that can generate explosive eruptions. Magmatic or “dry” eruptions that are
driven by gases dissolved in the magma, and phreatomagmatic or “wet” eruptions in which
the magma comes into contact with external water.
2.1.1 Magmatic explosive eruptions
Explosive eruptions resulting from magmatic fragmentation are usually referred to as
plinian or subplinian (Cioni et al., 2000). The driving force in magmatic fragmentation is
the large change in volume of the gasesous phase when magma reaches the Earth´s surface.
Indeed, the gases dissolved in the magma expanded due to a rapid change in pressure, as a
result potential energy is converted into kinetic energy of individual fragments and thermal
expansion in a volcanic plume (Cashman et al., 2000).
Two processes have been introduced to explain the driving force behind magmatic eruption
(Cashman et al., 2000):
1. Fragmentation resulting from rapid acceleration where bubble growth resulting in
high vesiculation are the driving force for expansion.
2. Fragmentation due to rapid decompression used to describe a volcanic blast with
the break up of the already vesicular magma where the bubbles become unstable.
13
2.1.2 Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Phreatomagmatic activity involves the physical interaction of magma or lava with an
external source of water of non magmatic origin i.e. groundwater or surface water
(Houghton et al., 2000; Morrissey et al., 2000).
The degree of phreatomagmatic explosivity is controlled by numerous parameters, such as
the area of contact surface between water and magma, the ratio between magma and water,
temperature gradient, pressure conditions and the rate of magma ascending into the water
(or vice versa). As the geological settings have a great impact on the diversity of
phreatomagmatic eruptions they cannot be classified in a simple manner (Morrissey et al.,
2000; White and Houghton, 2000).
The following sections summarize different phreatomagmatic eruption styles as the current
knowledge of phreatomagmatic volcanism is mostly obtained by experiments and studies
of petrographic and morphological aspects of the pyroclasts formed. The process of ash
generation by phreatomagmatism is outlined and finally the reason for choosing AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur and Katla 1918 eruptions is briefly discussed.
2.1.3 Phreatomagmatic eruption styles
The styles of phreatomagmatic eruptions vary and are not necessarily limited to a certain
type of vent or type of magma (Morrissey et al., 2000). The term Surtseyjan (named after
the Surtsey 1963 eruption) was first used by George Walker to describe a group of fine
grained and locally dispersed pyroclasts, generated by magma-water interaction process,
that were comparable to hawaiian or strombolian deposits. Surtseyjan activity is
characterized by explosive jets of ash during periodic or continuous uprush activity
carrying tephra to much greater heights than in an hawaiian or strombolian activity (e.g.
White and Houghton, 2000).
The interaction between the rising basaltic magma and water results in high fragmentation
into pyroclasts with diameter under 1 mm (80-90% of total mass) and an eruption column
that might reach several kilometers height. In the original definition by Walker (1973)
Surtseyjan eruptions are moderate in size with dispersal factor D being restricted to values
under 50 km2 (Walker, 1973). Larger scale phreatomagmatic eruptions usually of silicic
origin have been referred to as phreatoplinian, having a dispersal > 50 km2.
A classification of both magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruptive styles based on the
degree of fragmentation F, and the area of dipersal D, was first proposed by Walker (1973)
and refined later (Self & Sparks, 1978; G. Walker, 1980) (see Figure 5).
14
Fragmentation (F%)
100
SURTSEYAN
50
PHREATOPLINIAN
VU
STROMBOLIAN
HAWAIIAN
LC
I
AN
ULTRA
PLINIAN
AN
PLINIAN
SUBPLINIAN
0
0.05
5
500
50000
2
Dispersal (D km )
Figure 5. Graph showing the classification of eruptive styles based on the degree of
fragmentation (F) and the dispersal (D) of the pyroclastic deposits. Fragmentation (F) is
the percentage of total mass of pyroclasts finer than 1 mm at the point where 0.1 Tmax (Tmax
is the maximum thickness of the tephra measuredon the axis of thickness) crosses the axis
of dispersal; whereas D is the area enclosed by the 0.01 Tmax isopach (adapted from
Walker, 1973 and Self and Sparks, 1978).
However there has been made an attempt to distinguish between Surtseyjan and Taalian
eruption styles (named after the 1965 eruption in Taal volcano in Philippines) by pointing
out the difference in the water- magma interaction of lacustrine and seawater origin
(Kokelaar, 1986). The difference in a Taalian eruption is that ascending magma interacts
with external lacustrine water entering the conduit below the vent. The steam generated at
depth then burst free with extreme violence forming a deep maar. The Surtseyjan eruption
results from the ascending magma entering the external water body (Kokelaar, 1986).
According to this scheme of Kokelaar much less water is involved in Taalian eruptions that
display, however, more powerful explosions.
Explosive subglacial eruptions and their intimate relationship with meltwater makes it
sometimes not easy to be distinguished from other eruptions in other aqueous settings.
15
2.1.4 Fragmentation
The magma-water interaction process corresponds to the industrial explosion model
(Wohletz, 1983,1986) called “fuel- coolant interaction” or (FCI): which is a model to
describe the heat transfer in any natural enviroment, converting thermal energy into
mechanical energy over a short period of time by the interaction of a hot fluid (fuel) with a
cold fluid (coolant). When describing the interaction between magma and water a refined
version of this model has been used to describe the molten- fuel-coolant interaction
(MFCI) (Ralf Büttner & Zimanowski, 1998). These two versions of the model have been
widely studied using laboratory experiments and comparison of experimentally produced
tephra with natural tephra (Wohletz ,1983,1986; Zimanowski, 1998; Morrisey et al., 2000).
During the intial mixing stage of magma-water interaction, a thin meta-stable vapor film
forms at the interface between magma and water, which impedes an effective heat transfer
between fuel and coolant.
Due to either a passage of a pressure pulse or by a local implosion the meta-stable vapor
film collapses. As a consequence of the - now unhampered- heat transfer, the extremely
fast cooling of the magma causes a shock wave and inflics a high hydraulic pressure on the
melt. Facing the strong hydraulic pressure gradient that exceeds its critical shear-stress, the
melt reacts as a brittle solid, fragmenting and forming tephra particles.
In the last stage of the process the superheated water is converted into superheated steam,
causing a fast explosive vaporization cloud (Morrissey et al., 2000; Wohletz and Sheridan,
1983; Zimanowski, 1998). By the cyclic formation and collapse of vapor films these
shockwaves or explosive bursts occur periodically (Morrissey et al., 2000; Wholetz, 1983;
Zimanowski, 1998).
The motivation to study the tephra from Vatnaöldur AD 871±2 and Katla-1918 eruptions is
the relative scarcity of research on grain size and shape characteristics of a large basaltic
explosive eruptions to the advantage for air transportation and hazard assessments and the
benefits of accessible information on grain size and shape characteristics for the
International Civil Aviation Organization and the Catalogue of the Icelandic volcanoes.
16
3 Methods
60 samples were collected for this study, 41 for AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra and 9 for
Katla 1918 tephra plus 10 previously collected samples. In this way robust data is obtained
on the grain sizes for two large basaltic eruptions in highly active volcanic systems. This
chapter lists the methods used to collect samples and the appliance used for analysis and
method used to merge the data for analysis.
3.1 Field work
A total of 41 samples were collected from 9 sections in 6 different locations along the
broad northwest-trending dispersal axis of tephra from the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur (see
Figure 6 and figure 7) and 19 samples were collected for the Katla-1918 eruption mainly in
the broad northeast- trending dispersal axis, except for samples from Sólheimajökull, both
on land and at Sólheimajökull, Kötlujökull and Tungnaárjökull (see Figure 8).
Figure 6. Isopachs map of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. Blue triangles show sampling
sites for grain size analysis that were collected at six different locations along the broad
northwest-trending dispersal axis. Sampling sites were located in 1.5 to 100 km from the
largest crater Skyggnir near the southern end of the crater row, adapted from Larsen
(1984).
17
Figure 7. Isopach map of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra layer. Sections name and
location are marked with blue triangles ranging from 1.5- 100 km, at the northwest
trending dispersal axis, from the largest crater Skyggnir.
The sampling of the tephra from the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur was from openings in soil in
distal areas, open tephra sections in medial areas and in a large gully on the outer flank of
the largest crater Skyggnir. In the the most proximal section from the AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur tephra layer, VF1CR, the section was measured to be approximately 16 meters
thick and 8 samples were collected but it was not possible to reach the bottom in that
section. The sections BK and BE are located at 4 km from the source and 8 samples were
collected. The BK samples are the bottom layers in that stratigraphy. At 15 km distance 8
samples were collected from 2.3 m thick-bedded sequence (see figure 11). In the large
sections the most representative layers were chosen for sampling but at distance ≥30 km
only one to three layers could be distinguished and sampled.
In Larsen (1984) the maximum thickness of the tephra outside the crater is measured in
two points and are >12 meters and 20 meters, respectively. The estimation on the
maximum thickness is therefore based on this knowledge and assumed to be at least 20
meters.
Nine samples for Katla were sampled from 3 soil sections 40-50 km from the Katla area
and from the ice in Kötlujökull and additional 10 samples previously sampled on
18
Tungnárjökull, Kötlujökull and Sólheimajökull were used for this research (Figure 8). At
the most proximal locations at Kötlujökull and Sólheimajökull there were 2-3 layers in
each section for the surface samples but layering could not be distinguished in any of the
other sections.
Figure 8. Isopachs map of Katla-1918 eruption (based on Larsen 1978). Shown are 1,2
and 3 cm isopach lines. Blue triangles show the six sampling locations in the northeast
trending dispersal axis, ranging from < 1 km to 100 km. Green triangles show the
probable accumulation area for the samples taken on Sólheimajökull and Kötlujökull.
Glaciers are divided into accumulation areas where the glacier gains ice by snowfall and
ablation areas there is a net loss of ice by melting, and the boundary between these areas is
called the equilbrium line (Hambrey, 1994). The upper parts of the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap
belong to the accumulation area (Ágústsson et al., 2013) and the likely areas for deposition
of the tephra from Katla 1918, collected near the snout of the outlet glaciers Kötlujökull
and Sólheimajökull, are indicated on Figure 8. The tephra that emerged at the glacier
snout, can only have been deposited above the equilibrium line (see Figure 10) of the
glacier within 10 km from the source vent, where it was buried by snow/ice and then
travelled through the ice without reaching the surface until at the glacier snout (see Figure
9)
19
Figure 9. Profile view though a glacier, illustrating the accumulation and ablation areas.
The equlibrium line and the flow paths for material as it becomes buried and passes
through the glacier is also shown. The order of layers exposed on surface are shown with
blue lines. Based on Hambrey (1994).
Figure 10. Ice divedes of the main ice drainage basin of Mýrdalsjökull. The 1100 m
contour line is highlighted (red) and is considered close to the average equlibrium line for
Mýrdalsjökull in the 20th century (Björnsson, 1979). Yellow mark is the eruption site in
1918 and green triangles show the probable accumulation area for the tephra deposited
(Adapted from Björnsson et al., 2000).
20
3.2 Grain size measurements
Grain size distribution of volcanic particles and its variation with distance can provide
knowledge of the initial fragmentation properties of the magma, height of the eruption
column and the strength of wind (Wilson and Houghton, 2000). There are various
techniques that can be used for grain size determination, including direct measurements as
dry or wet sieving and measurements by laser granulometer, X-ray sedigraph or Coulter
counter. In this chapter the two methods used for analyzing grain sizes of complete data
sets at 0.5 intervals are presented.
All samples were dried at room temperature except for K-3, K-4 and K-5 which were dried
in an oven at 39°C. All samples were dry sieved using sieves from Retsch (DIN ISO
3310/1) of mesh size -5.5 to 4.0 . This corresponds to an interval 45 mm - 63 μm),
being at intervals of 0.5 defined by:
= -log2d
(1)
Where d is the mesh diameter in mm. A total of 41 samples were sieved by hand for AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur and 19 for Katla -1918. In the distal samples of AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
eruption small amounts of organic material were present but were removed manually with
tweezers before sieving.
3.2.1 Density measurements
To be able to measure the tephra using the sedigraph III 5120, the density ρs of the tephra
glass needs to be obtained for the accurate calculations of falling rate and to select the
appropriate liquid combination for the suspension. Density measurements for the tephra
grains measured in the sedigraph of < 90 μm were made with a pycnometer method
(Sartorius, 1999). This method provides a very accurate procedure for determining the
density of powders, granules and other material with poor floatability. To get the most
accurate density, a set of a minimum of three density measurements are required
(Sartorius, 1999).
(2)
where s is solid density, ms is the mass and Vs its volume.
The volume of the solid measured Vs needs to be determined indirectly:
21
(3)
To get the precise volume of the pycnometer it is completely filled up with liquid (distilled
water) and the mass of the liquid is determined, so the volume of the pycnometer filled
with liquid,
is:
(4)
Next the pycnometer is measured with the sample material to obtain ms . Then the
pycnometer is filled up with the liquid and weighed again to get the combined mass of the
sample with liquid m(fl+s).
The mass of the liquid m2fl can be calculated from this equation (5):
(5)
which also gives the volume Vfl of the liquid in the pycnometer filled with the sample and
liquid.
(6)
With the total volume Vges obtained by (4) and the volume of the liquid Vfl obtained by (6)
it is possible to calculate the volume of the tephra sample Vs by (3). Knowing the mass and
the volume of the tephra sample allows the determination of its density ρs by equation (2).
The density measured for AD Vatnaöldur 871±2 grain size < 90 μm is 2.877 gr/ cm3 and
for Katla -1918 grain size <90 μm is 2.855 gr/ cm3. The relatively high density can be
explained by the properties of this size fraction, which for both studied eruption has very
low porosity.
22
3.2.2 Sedigraph III 5120
The SediGraph III 5120 was used to analyze the finest particles ranging from <90 μm
down to 1μm. The SediGraph method uses Stokes law for particle size analysis to measure
the rate with which the particles fall under gravity through a liquid with known properties,
according to:
(7)
Where D is the size of the particle diameter, v is the terminal velocity, ρ is the density of
the particles, ρ is the density of the liquid and η is the viscosity of the liquid. The
sedigraph uses parallel X-ray beams to measure the falling rates in suspended
sediment/tephra concentration during settling at different distances inside an analysis cell
at specific time during settling. Relative mass concentration for each size class is
determined by applying the Beer- Lambert law to the measured absorption of a low-power
X-ray beam projected through the fraction of sample remaining in suspension. The
Sedigraph program guides the operator for selecting the most appropriate liquid based on
the density of the sample and the maximum size measured.
Two values determine if the liquid is suitable for analysis, the Reynolds number and the
maximum diameter the liquid will hold. If the Reynolds number is under 0.3 it “passes” the
test and the preferred Reynold number is under or as close to 0.1 as possible (Webb & Orr,
1997). Prior to the measurements of the samples, the intensity of a baseline or reference Xray beam that is projected through the cell windows and through the liquid medium is
measured. Using ultrasound the particles are separated to generate a homogeneously
dispersed mixture of solid sample and liquid, which is pumped through the cell. The
attenuated X-ray beam is measured to establish a value for full-scale attenuation. Agitation
of the mixture is stopped and the dispersion is allowed to settle while X-ray intensity is
monitored.
The sedigraph can determine the equivalent spherical diameter of particles ranging from
300 to 0.1 micrometers. The liquid used for the measurements for the AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur and Katla-1918 was a combination of ionized water mixed with glycerol in the
proportion 60/40 to obtain the acceptable Reynold´s number of 0.19 for the AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur tephra and 0.14 for Katla 1918 tephra.
Different methods for analyzing the grain size can describe very different aspects of “size”
like sieve diameter, maximum caliper diameter or equivalent spherical diameter and can
therefore be influenced by variations in grain size, shape and density. This can make it
23
difficult to compare results if more than one method is used. However all the techniques
involve the division of the sediment sample into size fractions and obtaining the size
distribution to be constructed from volume or weight percentage of the sediment/tephra in
each size fraction (Blott and Pye, 2001).
Merging of sieve and sedigraph X-ray diffraction data to produce a complete particle size
analysis at 0.5 Φ intervals was performed using the method provided by the National
Marine Biological AQC Coordinating committee (Mason, 2011).
The first step was to remove any measured data from the sedigraph < 0.63 mm or 4.5 Φ
and then the data was rescaled up to 100%. After rescaling the data, it is converted into
weights using the weight of fraction <0.63 mm measured. All samples were merged and
calculated independently as advised in the NMBAQC´S Best practice guidance.
The calculations of statistics such as mean and sorting for the complete grain size
distribution for each sample was done using Gradistat, a software program (Blott and Pye,
2001) that runs within the excel spreadsheet package where the grain size parameters are
calculated arithmetically (in microns) and geometrically (in phi´s) and are displayed in
Appendix A.
3.2.3 SEM Scanning electron microscope
A SEM Scanning electron microscope (SEM) TM 3000 was used to capture images of the
tephra grains of 125-90 μm from Vatnaöldur and Katla in high resolution for optical
interpretation of morphological features and shapes by comparing them to the diagram
presented by Büttner et al. (2002) in conjunction to evaluate if there is a change in shape
with distance.
The Hithachi TM 3000 is a specialized SEM that allows to study specimens under
comparatively low vacuum conditions. The specimens were distributed on a carbon tab
that was glued to 0,5 “ SEM pin stub.
Before the analysis, the specimens were sputter-coated with gold (Au) using the
Cressington Sputter coater 108 auto.
3.2.4 Shape analysis
Particle morphology can give a very useful information about the processes responsible for
a pyroclastic formation (Dellino and La Volpe, 1996). In 1974 the use of a scanning
electron microscope SEM was presented by Heiken (1974) and has improved many times
since Heiken and Wohletz (1985). Key structures can be detected to distinguish between
magmatic versus phreatomagmatic activty (Heiken and Wohletz, 1985) based on the
24
investigation of some key structures such as hydration cracks “mossy” irregular shapes,
fluidial forms, blocky, blocky angular with stepped features and weakly or non vesiculated.
(Dellino and La Volpe, 1996; Dellino et al., 2012; Murtagh and White, 2013). The most
common shape parameters used to describe the particle morphology and texture are
circularity, compactness, rectangularity and elongation (Büttner and Zimanowski, 1998;
Dellino and La Volpe, 1996).
Circularity is defined by the ratio:
(8)
Compactness is defined by the ratio:
(9)
Rectangularity is defined by:
(10)
Elongation is defined by the ratio :
(11)
In this reasearch visual inspection is made of the tephra on the SEM pictures using the
diagram from Büttner et al 2002 for support (see Figure 36).
An experimental analysis was made by using Particle shape analyser to make quantitative
measurements of the two tephra sets. These experiments were however not successful and
will not be presented here.
25
4
Results
This chapter summarizes the results of the grain size anlyses for AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur and
Katla-1918 eruptions introducing histograms combined with a cumulative curve presenting
the percentage of fraction at 0.5 intervals. The two grain sizes 2.5 and 3.0 are
highlighted in a different vibrant colour in the histogram also to give more visual depth to
the intial change in grain size distribution, both in each section and with distance.
4.1 Grain size and distribution characteristics of
the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra
The grain size analysis of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra indicates that one dominant
characteristic of the tephra is the scarcity of pyroclasts over 1000 μm in diameter. In the
ash sampled at distances of more than 4 km from source larger grain sizes are absent. The
fine grained nature of the tephra is obvious on Figure 11, showing section F26 located at
about 15 km from source. The dispersion in the more distal parts, at distances of 60 – 100
km is dominated by peaks between 250 and 63 μm, with the deposit showing a slight
tendency for progressively higher proportion of fines with distance. In the more proximal
sections different phases in the eruption have been identified (see Figure 11).
Figure 7 shows the sampled localites of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. Figure 12a-h
present the eight layers of the most proximal section VF1CR (i.e. 1.5 km distance). Fig. 13
a-h illustrate the results of the 8 layers of the section BE/BK at 4 km distance. Fig. 14 a-h
present the eight layers of section F26 at 15 km distance. Fig. 15 a-d present the three
layers and one bulk sample of the section GS at 30 km distance. Fig.16a-c denotes two
layers and one bulk sample of section GB at 30 km distance. Fig 17a-c denotes two layers
and one bulk sample of section KB at 60 km distance. Fig. 18a-c denotes two layers and
one bulk sample of section KH at 60 km distance. Fig19a-c denotes two layers and one
bulk sample of section KT3 at 100 km distance. Fig. 20a denotes one layer from section
KT2 at 100 km distance.
There is not always consistency in the sample numbers, some samples were added at
different times and therefore they are lined up using a roman numbers where I is the top
layer and counting down to bottom, to make it easier to follow the correct order of layers
within each section, without disconnecting the sample number from the original data.
27
The histograms are uni-, bi- or tri-modal. Examples of uni-modal histograms are found on
e.g. Figure 12a, Figure 12c,Figure 12f, Figure 12g,Figure 13 a, Figure 13d, Figure 14c,
Figure 14g, Figure 15a, Figure 15c, Figure 15d,Figure 16b. Bi-modal examples are e.g.
Figure 12b, Figure 12c to Figure 12h, Figure 13f, Figure 13g, and tri modal histograms are
seen on e.g. Figure 12e, Figure 13b, Figure 15b, Figure 20a. For the coarse layers the
distribution is usually unimodal and coarse skewed but in the more distal samples
histograms are more symmetrical. All samples have a very sharp drop at <63 μm. Sorting
is good, <2 , (see Appendix A and Figure 23) in almost all samples and improves with
increasing distance. Mean grain size decreases with distance. The maximum grain size
measured decreases with distance (where the maximum grain size measured in each
sample is referred to as Dmax).
Mean grain size ( ̅ Φ) and in μm ( ̅ g) and standard deviation (sorting σΦ) are listed in
Appendix A.
The most proximal stratigraphy VF1CR starts with two layers of rather fine-grained tephra
having a dominant peak at 180-125 μm. Above these layers are two or three much coarser
asymmetrical layers and having peaks in the range 1500-710 μm. Above these are two or
three layers af fine-grained tephras with a dominant peak in the 180-125 μm size class. At
the top is a much coarser layer with a peak in 2500-1000 μm.
In the section BK and BE (BK is the two bottom layers in the BE section) the stratigraphy
starts with three fine grain layers with a peak at 125 μm, then above there is one coarser
layer with a peak at 710 μm following a bit finer grained layer with a peak at 250 μm then
above there is a slightly coarser grained layer with a peak at 355 μm and then above there
are two coarser grained layers with a peak at 1500 μm.
In section F26 the bottom three layers are fairly fine grained with a peak at 125 μm. Above
those layers there is a slightly coarser layer with a peak at 250 μm. Above there is a coarser
layer with a peak at 500 μm followed by a finer layer with a peak at 125 μm and above
there are two coarser layer one with a peak at 500 μm and at the top a layer with a peak at
1000 μm.
In the section GS, GB, KB, KH, KT2 and KT3 at distances ranging from 30 – 100 km
from the source the sections comprise of two to three layers and additional bulk sample.
The grain size distribution curves are much more symmetrical and the layers have a peak at
500-90 μm slightly deceasing with distance.
28
Figure 11. Picture of the section F26 from the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption. Sample 1 is
taken at the bottom, from a grey green tephra with plagioclase crystals, mostly with
planar bedding, but there is some cross bedding possible due to creeping from inclination.
Sample 2 is from a grey green and very compacted tephra layer. Sample 3 is from a grey
green, compacted and fine grained tephra layer. Sample 4 is from a grey green tephra
layer with planar beds. Sample 5a is from a grey green tephra layer with abundant
plagioclase crystals. Sample 5b is from a light grey tephra layer, very compacted but weak
planar beds are observed. Sample 6 is from a gray green tephra layer that is uncompacted,
with some plagioclase crystals. Sample 7 is from a relatively coarse gray green tephra
layer with very little fine material. The dark gray layer with a coarse top between samples
2 and 3 is from Tjörvapollur, a crater farther southwest on the Vatnaöldur fissure.
29
Figure 12a Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_1.
Figure 12c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_3.
Figure 12b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_2.
Figure 12d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_4.
30
Figure 12e. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_5.
Figure 12g. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_6.
Figure 12f. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_8.
Figure 12h. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample VF1CR_7.
31
Figure 13a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BE_6.
Figure 13c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BE_4.
Figure 13b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BE_5
Figure 13d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BE_3.
32
Figure 13e. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BE_2.
Figure 13g. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BK_1.
Figure 13f. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BE_1.
Figure 13h. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample BK_0.
33
Figure 14a Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_7.
Figure 14c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_5b.
Figure 14b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_6.
Figure 14d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_5a.
34
Figure 14e. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_4.
Figure 14g. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_2.
Figure 14f. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_3.
Figure 1h. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample F26_1.
35
Figure 15a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample GS_3.
Figure 15c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample GS_1.
Figure 15b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample GS_2.
Figure 15d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur sample GS_4.
36
Figure 16a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GB_2.
Figure 16b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GB_1.
Figure 16c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample GB_3.
37
Figure 17a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KB_2.
Figure 17b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KB_1.
Figure 17c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KB_3.
38
Figure 18a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KH_1.
Figure 18b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KH_2.
Figure 18c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KH_3.
39
Figure 19a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KT_3c.
Figure 19b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KT_3b.
Figure 19c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur
sample KT_3a.
40
Figure 20a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur sample KT_2.
One dominant characteristic of the AD Vatnaöldur 871±2 tephra is that despite the high
degree of fraction of tephra < 1000 μm there is a significant lack of tephra < 63 μm. The
fraction of tephra <63 μm is, however quite variable within each layer but never reaches
more than 7 % for the most proximal sections. For the distal samples the fraction < 63 μm
reaches 8- 14 % for individual samples (see Figure 21).
Maximum size of pyroclasts measured in each sample, referred here to as Dmax, shows that
the size of the largest pyroclast varies considerably within each section but gradually
decreases with distance (see Figure 22). On the Walker plot of mean grain size plotted
against sorting almost all samples fall within the phreatomagmatic field, some samples
from the most proximal sections fall in the magmatic field (see Figure 23).
41
Figure 21.The distribution of fines for the AD 871± Vatnaöldur tephra for all sections analyzed. The whole column (blue+red+green)
represents fraction < 63 μ
p
p
z
<63 μ -3 μ
p
p ents the fines ≤3 μ - μ
p
p
< μ - μ
p
q
v
w
w
percentage of fraction <63 μ
0 06-14.05%.
42
Figure 22. Graph showing the maximum grain size measured in each sample referred to
here as Dmax for AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption. Despite the considerable variation within
each layer the maximum grain size measured clearly decreases with distance.
Figure 23. Mean grain size versus sorting for the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra based on
the Walker diagram 1971 on the characteristics of basaltic pyroclasts (Walker and
Croasdale, 1971).
43
4.2 Grain size and distribution characteristics of
Katla-1918 tephra
Samples KJ4E, KJ4N, KJ5E and KJ5N were collected in 2012 from the glacier surface at
Kötlujökull from two sections having two beds each (see Figure 8 and Figure 26). There is
coarse tephra present as expected for the proximal section with a peak in grain sizes 355
μm and 125 μm. There is a sharp drop in the fraction < 63 μm. Samples K-3, K-4 and K-5
(Drýli) were also taken from Kötlujökull (see Figure 24 and Figure 25) in 2014. The
emphasis was however to reach the tephra within the ice before it melts out to access
completely preserved samples. K-5 (Drýli) was taken from a spot where the tephra layer
had recently emerged from the ice (see Figure 25). This allowed direct comparison
between tephra that was still preserved within the ice and tephra that had been brought to
the surface by ice melting.
Figure 24. Þorsteinn Jónsson and Sveinbjörn Steinþórsson carving out samples K-3 and
K-4 at Mýrdalsjökull icecap.
44
Figure 25. A cross section of the Katla-1918 tephra layer in Kötlujökull and the samples
K-3, K-4 and K-5. The thickness of the ice above the tephra layer at the sampling site was
111 cm.
Samples Sól_1a, Sól_1b, Sól_1c and Sól_1d from Sólheimajökull were carved from within
the ice very close to the margin of the glacier. Only Sól_1a, b and c were suitable for
analysis. Sól_1a, b and c are from an unknown tephra layer located several tens of meters
below the Katla 1918 tephra layer and about 1 km downglacier from the sampling site of
the Katla 1918 layer (Sól_2 and Sól_3). This unknown layer has not been analysed for
geochemical compostition, but from its location it is possible that this layer is Katla 1860.
Sól_2 and Sól_3 were taken from the tephra that had already emerged from the glacier(see
Figure 25-26).
Figure 26. Left is the Katla -1918 tephra emerging from Kötlujökull and right is a picture
of a section KJ from Kötlujökull.
45
Samples Ty_1, Hola_2a, Hola 2b, Hola_2c and Geir_3a, Geir_3b were taken in soil
sections, 40 and 50 km from the eruption site (see Figure 8). Different layers were not
identified and all samples are therefore bulk samples.
The sample from Tungnárjökull, Tung_1 is the most distal tephra analyzed ~100 km from
the eruption site, sampled back in September 1994.
All the histograms are uni- (see e.g. Figure 32a), bi- (see e.g. Figure 27b, Figure 27c,
Figure 30a, Figure 31c) or trimodal (see e.g.Figure 27 a, Figure 28a, Figure 28b, Figure
28c, Figure 29a, Figure 29b, Figure 29c, Figure 30a, Figure 30b, Figure 30c and Figure
31a) with very predominant peak in grain size in 250- 125 μm in most samples. Sorting is
good (3-2 Φ) (see Appendix A and Figure 34) and is lower for the proximal samples but
increases in the distal samples. Mean grain size, ( ̅Φ) decreases with distance as does the
maximum grain size measured, here refered to as Dmax. (see Figure 33)
46
Figure 27a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla
1918, surface sample KJ4E
Figure 27c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla
1918, surface sample KJ5E.
Figure 27b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla
1918, surface sample KJ4N.
Figure 27d. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla
1918, surface sample KJ5N.
47
Figure 28a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, ice sample K-3
Figure 28b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, ice sample K-4.
Figure 28c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface sample K5
48
Figure 29a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra of unknown orgin, ice sample
Sol_1a
Figure 29b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from unknown orgin, ice sample
Sol_1b
Figure 29c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from unknown orgin, sample ice
Sol_1c.
49
Figure 30a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample Hola_2a
Figure 30b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample Hola_2b
Figure 30c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample Hola_2c
50
Figure 31a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample Ty_1.
Figure 31b. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample Geir_3a
Figure 31c. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, sample Geir_3b.
51
Figure 32a. Histogram and cumulative curve of tephra from Katla 1918, surface ice
sample Tung_1 from Tungnaárjökull.
Figure 33. Graph showing the maximum grain size measured in each sample refered to
here as Dmax for Katla-1918 eruption. Despite considerable variation within the layers, the
maximum grain size measured clearly decreases with distance.
52
Comparing the KJ4E, KJ4N, KJ5E and KJ5N to K-3, K-4 and K-5 (Drýli) there is a
significant difference in the percentage of fraction <63 μm within the same distance from
the vent. There is a clear minimum of fraction <63 μm in the samples taken from the
surface ice but overall, the percentage of fraction < 63 μm decreases with distance (see
Figure 35).
Figure 34. Mean grain size versus the sorting based on the Walker diagram 1971 on the
characteristics of basaltic pyroclasts ( Walker and Croasdale, 1971).
On the Walker plot of mean grain size against sorting, all analysed samples fall within the
phreatomatgmatic field (see Figure 34).
53
Figure 35. The distribution of fines for the Katla-1918 tephra for all sections anlyzed. The whole column (blue+red+green)
represents the percentage of <63 μ in the samples. The blue part represents the size class 63 -3 μ the red part 31μ
and the green part 11- μ . The percentage of fines varies a great deal within each section but overall it decreases with
p
<63μ
0 3% - 27.4%. If surface glacier samples are omitted the
range in the <63µm tephra is 8.3-27.3%.
54
4.3 Morphology and shape characteristics of the
AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra
Non-dimensional shape parameters such as circularity, compactness, rectangularity,
elongation (see Figure 36 ) can provide information about the fragmentation process to
distinguish between magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruption processes (Dellino and La
Volpe, 1996). The SEM is then used to investigate the mechanisms of fragmentation, using
the vitric particle´s surfaces as an indicator as well as inferring about possible alteration of
the samples. A classification scheme presented by Büttner et al. (2002) is used as a basis
for this analysis.
Figure 36. Circularity × Elongation versus Rectangularity × Compactness diagram. The
horizontal line separates the brittle from the ductile field. (Büttner, Dellino, La Volpe,
Lorenz, and Zimanowski, 2002)
The main structure found in all samples are blocky, blocky angular with stepped surfaces,
vesicular and bubble walls (Figures 37-41). Blocky and blocky vesicular are dominant in
all samples, almost compleatly in the proximal sections (see Figure 37). In the distal parts
slightly more vesicular grains are observed or up to 10% of the whole sample. A small
fracture pattern on the surface may indicate a mild alteration (see Figure 41b).
55
A
D
B
E
C
F
Figure 37. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample VF1CR_7, 1.5 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. A: is a
overview;B: a overview of a curvy-planar fragments; C: blocky particle with a prominent
shock pattern; D: blocky particles with stepped features; E: blocky particles with vesicular
features; F: blocky particle with vesicular features.
A
D
B
E
C
F
Figure 38. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample F26_1, 15 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. A: is a
overview; B: blocky particles and sharded bubble walls; C: blocky particle with prominent
shock pattern; D: vesicular particle with sharded bubble walls; E: elongated vesicular
particle; F: a pelee´s tear.
56
A
B
C
D
E
F
Figure 39. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample GS_4, 30 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. A: is a
overview; B: blocky particles; C: highly vesicular particle; D: blocky particles and
sharded bubble walls; E: blocky particle with quencing surface features; F: blocky
angular particle with a small bubble.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Figure 40. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample KB_3, 60 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. A: is a
overview; B: elongated particle; C: bubble wall particle; D: a blocky angular particle with
small cracking pattern on surface; E: blocky particle; F: blocky angular particle with
quenching cracks.
57
A
B
C
D
E
F
Figure 41. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample KT_3, 100 km from the source of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. A: is a
overview; B: vesicular particles; C: highly vesicular particle; D: vesicular particle with a
elongated shape; E: blocky particles and a highly vesicular particle with elongated shape;
F: vesicular particle with elongated shape.
The overall shape characteristics of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra in the proximal
sections are dominated by blocky particles some having shockwave patterns and vesicular
grains are only about 5 %. In the distal sections slightly more vesicular particles become
more frequent or about 10 %. This is consistent with the grain size distribution and agrees
with the former conclusions based on grain size Vatnaöldur eruption was a
phreatomagmatic eruption.
4.4 Morphology and shape characteristics of
Katla -1918 tephra
As for Vatnaöldur, the SEM is used to investigate the fragmentation, based on the vitric
particle´s surfaces and possible alteration processes for Katla 1918. The main structure
found in all samples are blocky, blocky vesicular, vesicular, elongated and bubble walls
(Figures 42-46). Blocky and blocky vesicular are dominant in the proximal sections, (see
Figure 42) while in the more distal parts vesicular grains become much more frequent or
up to 1/3 of the whole sample (see Figure 45 and Figure 46).
58
A
D
B
C
E
F
Figure 42. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3.5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample Sól_1a, of the unknown tephra layer taken 10 km from probable source. A: is an
overview; B: an elongated particle; C: blocky particle with a small shock pattern; D:
blocky angular particle; E: sharded blocky particle with a moderate bubble content; F:
blocky angular particle with small bubbles.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Figure 43. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample Sól_3, 10 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: A triangle shaped
blocky particle with a bubble; B: blocky particle; C: blocky angular particle with stepped
feature; D: higly vesicular particle; E: blocky angular particle; F: blocky particles with
sharded bubble walls.
59
A
B
C
D
E
F
Figure 44. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample TY_1, 40 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: is an overview; B: an
elongated higly vesicular particle; C: higly vesicular particle; D: an elongated vesicular
particle; E: blocky particle with sharp edges; F: higly vesicular particle.
A
D
B
E
C
F
Figure 45 .Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample Hola_2a, 40 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: is an overview; B: an
elongated higly vesicular particle; C: higly vesicular particle and bubble wall shards; D:
blocky vesicular particle; E: blocky angular particle; F: blocky angular particle with
bubbles.
60
A
D
B
C
E
F
Figure 46. Representative images taken on the SEM of grain size 3 5 Φ ( 0 μ ) from
sample Tung_1, 100 km from the source of the Katla-1918 tephra. A: is an overview; B:
blocky particle with stepped features; C: blocky angular; D: highly vesicular particle; E:
blocky particle with sharp edges; F: blocky vesicular particle with quenched surface
pattern.
As for Vatnaöldur eruptions the shape characteristics of Katla 1918 are that in the proximal
sections blocky and angular particles are dominant but more vesicular grains are present in
the distal parts. The proportion of vesicular grains is much higher for the Katla tephra
ranging from 10% in the proximal section to 30% in the distal ones. This fits well with the
grain size distribution and is typical for phreatomagmatic activity but also indicates that the
magma was not fully degassed when coming in contact with the meltwater.
61
5 Discussion
The results of grain size measurements, their distribution and observations of the shape
characteristics on the particles from the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur and Katla 1918 eruptions
from chapter 4 are for discussion in this chapter and their comparision with grain size
distribution from similar eruptions.
The wide dispersal of AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra and the high percentage of the fraction
under 1 mm indicate an eruption of phreatoplinian intensity. However, the dispersal and
preservation of Katla-1918 tephra layer is not well enough constrained to allow for plotting
in a meaningful way the data on the fragmentation graph.
Figure 47. Graph showing the classification of eruptive styles based on the degree of
fragmentation (F) and the dispersal (D) of the pyroclastic falls. The two red dots are based
on the value of fragmentation in the GB_3 bulk and GS_4 bulk samples from the AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur eruption (see Figure 6, Figure 11, Figure 15d and Figure 16c).
Fragmentation (F) is the percentage of total mass of pyroclasts finer than 1 mm at the
point where 0.1 Tmax (Tmax is the maximum thickness of the tephra measured on the axis of
thickness) crosses the axis of dispersal; whereas D is the area enclosed by the 0.01 T max
isopach (Adapted from Walker, 1973; Self and Sparks 1978).
The relatively low percentage of fraction <63 μm both for the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur and
Katla 1918 tephra surface ice samples, raises some questions. Compared to e.g. the Fuego
63
eruption in Guatemala 1974 which was a basaltic explosive eruption of subplinian
intensity, the percentage of fraction < 63 μm was 46.64 % (Horwell, 2007) and for
Grímsvötn 2004 the percentage of fines ranged from 15-30% (Oddsson, 2007) and having
and average of ~ 20% (Jude-Eton, 2013). In the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption the
phreatomagmatic first explosive phase during 14-16 of April had a percentage of fraction
<63 μm of 48-50 % (Gudmundsson et al., 2012). However if the the surface samples for
Katla 1918 are omitted the percentage of fraction < 63 μm ranges from 8.3- 27.3 which is
not abnormal if compared with Grímsvötn 2004 for an example.
This low degree of fraction <63 μm might be explained by poor conditions for
preservation. The finest ash might have been ,,washed out” of the layers, but since there is
a very low percentage of fraction < 63 μm in the thick proximal sections, this is not a
convincing explanation for the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra.
There is also a strong possibility that a large portion of the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra
travelled a much greater distance as both the basaltic and the rhyolitic part of the thephra
layer has been identified in Greenland icec-ore GRIP (Grönvold et al., 1995). It is possible
that particle shape characteristics affected the distance travelled by the ash before
deposition. This, however, remains speculative until the shape characteristics of the ash
found in the GRIP core have been analyzed.
Another possibility for Vatnaöldur is that the size fraction < 63 μm did not form to any
great amount in the eruption. However, no obvious reason can be found to explain such an
anomaly in the fragmentation process.
The large contrasts in < 63 μm tephra abundance between samples KJ4E, KJ4N, KJ5E,
KJ5N and K-3, K-4, K-5 from Katla does however support the idea that flushing out of
fines with melt water did occur. The samples (K-3, K-4, K-5) taken from within the ice had
much higher percentage of < 63 μm this than the other samples that had emerged from the
glacier ice (KJ4E, KJ4N, KJ5E, KJ5N) also taken from Kötlujökull. This indicates that for
the outlet glacier setting at least, the finer particles get ,,washed” out very quickly after the
tephra layer emerges from the glacier. This might also be the case with the older tephra
layer, 63 μm in particular in distal areas and needs to be investigated since if this is a real
phenomenon it can have considerable influence on the estimation of total mass and grain
size distribution of old tephra layers.
The indications from the shape characteristics and how they change with distance suggests
that the particles shape seems to have had considerable effect on the dispersal and
transportation processes in both eruptions. In the proximal sections for both the AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur and Katla 1918 tephra blocky and blocky angular are more dominant but in the
64
distal samples vesicular and sharded bubble walls are more common. Most of the tephra
has a clear sign of phreatomagmatic activity and a brittle fragmentation or 90-95% for
Vatnaöldur and 70-90% for Katla 1918 that refirms the former investigations of these
eruptions.
SEM investigation on sample Sól_1 a,b, and c from the unknown layer from Kötlujökull
shows that there is not a distinguishable difference in shape of the particles from that layer
when compared to the 1918 tephra. It it is therefore likely that the unknown tephra was
formed under similar conditions. When this is considered together with the stratigraphic
setting and location of this tephra, it is possible that this layer has been formed during the
Katla 1860 eruption.
65
6 Conclusions

Grain size distribution of AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra reveals the scarsity of
pyroclasts over 1000 μm at distance greater than 4 km to be a dominant
characteristic of the tephra. This fact and the wide deposit spread support the idea
that the AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur was a phreatoplinina deposit. This fits also the
Walker diagram of eruptions styles.

The AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra has a sharp drop at <63 μm for all samples.
Weight percentage of fraction <63 μm ranges from 0.06-14.05% and is much less if
compared with some similar style eruptions like Fuego Guatemala 1974 and
Grímsvötn Iceland 2004.

Tephra grain morphology and surface features indicate a magma-water interaction
mainly in the brittle mode, by comparision to the Büttner et al. (2002) diagram.

The particle shape seems to have had considerable influence on the efficiency of
particle transport and ash dispersial processes. Blocky and blocky angular particles
are dominant in the proximal sections but more vesicular grains and bubble wall
shards are present in greater amount in the distal samples. The proportion ranges
from 2.5% in proximal samples to 10% in the distal samples for AD 871±2
Vatnaöldur tephra and for the Katla tephra the proportion is 10% in the proximal
samples to 30% for the distal samples.

Grain size distribution of Katla 1918 eruption shows a lack of fines in surface
samples but considerable more fines in the samples collected from the ice samples.
This indicated a considerable loss of fines through water transport on the surface of
the ice. Weight percent of fraction <63μm ranges from 0.3% - 27.4%. If surface
glacier samples are omitted the range of fraction is <63µm tephra is 8.3-27.3% and
consistent compaired to similar eruptions.

The maximum grain size for both AD 871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra and Katla 1918
tephra clearly decreases with distance but also varies within each section.

Changes in grain size distribution with time and distance are observed for the AD
871±2 Vatnaöldur tephra. In the proximal sections layers of coarse tephra occur,
alternating with more fine-grained layers. However, uni- modal and more
symmetrical grain size distribution are more prominent in the distal parts.
67

68
The SEM analysis of Sól_1a,b and c of an unknown tephra layer found further
downglacier and stratigraphically beneath the Katla 1918 layer shows that it can not
be distingushed from Katla 1918 on the basis of shape charateristics alone and
needs to be chemically analysed to confirm the source.
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76
Appendix A
Vatnaöldur
Sample
~871
name
lat(ISN93)
long(ISN93)
Mean ̅ Φ
Sorting σ
Mode
D max
Mean ̅ μm
phi
Fraction%<4.0
Fraction%≤5.0
Fraction%<6.5
Φ
Φ
Φ
Distance
from source
in km
1.5
VF1CR_1
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
-1.053
1.498
-1.5
-4.000
2075
0.06
0.01
0.010
1.5
VF1CR_2
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
2.337
1.040
3
-1.500
198
4.55
2.21
0.490
1.5
VF1CR_3
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
2.184
1.585
3
-3.000
220
5.32
2.68
0.660
1.5
VF1CR_4
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
-1.161
1.710
-0.5
-5.000
996
0.41
0.11
0.020
1.5
VF1CR_5
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
0.449
2.196
1
-4.500
732
2.28
1.44
0.230
1.5
VF1CR_6
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
2.502
1.259
3
-2.000
177
6.19
3.09
0.620
1.5
VF1CR_7
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
1.428
1.850
3
-3.500
372
4.38
2.17
0.540
1.5
VF1CR_8
64°6,737´N
18°56,033´W
-0.784
1.588
-0.5
-3.500
1722
0.46
0.15
0.020
77
4
BK_0
64°7,700´N
18°58,604´W
2.382
0.974
3
-1.500
192
3.76
1.82
0.380
4
BK_1
64°7,700´N
18°58,604´W
2.044
1.535
3
-3.000
243
7.11
3.29
0.630
4
BE_1
64°7,648´N
18°58,659´W
1.836
1.491
3
-3.500
280
5.63
2.53
0.520
4
BE-2
64°7,648´N
18°58,659´W
-0.196
2.327
0.5
-4.500
1145
2.69
1.22
0.140
4
BE_3
64°7,648´N
18°58,659´W
2.065
1.094
2
-1.500
239
2.97
1.67
0.360
4
BE_4
64°7,648´N
18°58,659´W
1.429
1.727
1.5
-4.000
371
5.13
2.60
0.530
4
BE_5
64°7,648´N
18°58,659´W
0.409
2.132
-0.5
-3.500
753
4.49
2.27
0.400
4
BE_6
64°7,648´N
18°58,659´W
-0.627
1.305
-0.5
-4.000
1545
0.64
0.25
0.020
15
F26_1
64°11,954´
19°5,071´W
2.365
1.064
3
-2.500
194
3.41
1.28
0.180
19°5,071´W
1.998
1.142
3
-2.500
250
2.17
0.94
0.120
19°5,071´W
2.199
1.040
3
-1.000
218
3.10
1.31
0.170
19°5,071´W
1.273
1.469
2.5
-3.500
414
0.54
0.30
0.060
19°5,071´W
0.421
0.859
1
-3.000
747
0.26
0.08
0.010
N
15
F26_2
64°11,954´
N
15
F26_3
64°11,954´
N
15
F26_4
64°11,954´
N
15
78
F26_5a
64°11,954´
N
15
F26_5b
64°11,954´
19°5,071´W
2.206
0.997
3
-1.500
217
1.52
0.75
0.100
19°5,071´W
1.011
0.888
1
-2.500
496
0.30
0.17
0.040
19°5,071´W
0.244
1.881
0
-3.500
844
5.20
3.34
0.790
19°20,492´W
2.191
0.695
2.5
-1.000
219
0.59
0.21
0.000
19°20,492´W
2.140
0.996
2.5
-2.000
227
3.62
2.18
0.210
19°20,492´W
1.910
0.953
2
-1.500
266
3.32
1.91
0.160
19°20,859´W
2.121
0.942
2.5
-1.500
230
1.88
0.62
0.060
19°20,859´W
2.665
1.187
3
-1.500
158
8.51
4.65
0.630
19°20,859´W
1.479
0.765
1.5
-1.500
359
0.84
0.30
0.030
N
15
F26_6
64°11,954´
N
15
F26_7
64°11,954´
N
30
GB_1
64°17,690´
N
30
GB_2
64°17,690´
N
30
GB_3
64°17,690´
N
30
GS_1
64°17,763´
N
30
GS_2
64°17,763´
N
30
GS_3
64°17,763´
N
79
30
GS_4
64°17,763´
19°20,859´W
1.883
0.738
2
-1.500
271
0.42
0.13
0.010
19°45,936´W
2.324
0.807
2
0.500
200
2.77
1.65
0.120
19°45,936´W
2.545
0.849
2.5
-0.500
171
4.42
2.10
0.140
19°45,936´W
1.962
0.802
2
-1.000
257
1.55
0.79
0.050
19°48,677´W
2.657
1.119
3
-0.500
159
9.72
4.18
0.038
19°48,677´W
2.772
0.820
3
0.000
146
5.88
2.71
0.170
19°48,677´W
2.331
0.804
2
-0.500
199
2.68
1.16
0.070
20°45,098´W
2.593
0.759
3
-1.000
166
2.05
0.88
0.070
20°45,098´W
2.503
0.748
2.5
-0.500
176
3.10
0.89
0.020
20°45,098´W
2.921
0.851
3
-1.000
132
5.78
2.31
0.150
N
60
KH_1
64°34,428´
N
60
KH_2
64°34,428´
N
60
KH_3
64°34,428´
N
60
KB_1
64°31,740´
N
60
KB_2
64°31,740´
N
60
KB_3
64°31,740´
N
100
KT_3a
64°41,722´
N
100
KT_3b
64°41,722´
N
100
KT_3c
64°41,722´
N
80
100
KT_2
64°41,487´
20°45,326´W
3.085
1.092
3.5
0.000
118
14.05
5.89
0.330
N
Katla-1918
Distance
km
Sample
name
lat(ISN93)
long(ISN93)
Mean Φ
Sorting σ
Mode Φ
D max
Mean μm
fraction%<4.0
Φ
Fraction%≤ 5.0
Φ
Fraction%<6.5
Φ
10
KJ_4N
63°34,606´
N
18°49,272´W
0.769
2.364
-3
-3.5
586.6
4.32
2.31
0.590
10
KJ_4E
63°34,606´
N
18°49,272´W
0.553
2.101
2
-4
681.7
2.30
1.58
0.510
10
KJ_5N
63°34,004´
N
18°50,188´W
0.112
2.096
3
-3.5
925.1
1.40
0.73
0.180
10
KJ_5E
63°34,004´
N
18°50,188´W
0.158
2.011
3
-3.5
896.3
0.29
0.14
0.040
10
K-3
63°35,137´
N
18°49,093´W
1.749
3.107
-1
-3.5
297.6
27.43
20.68
5.290
10
K-4
63°35,137´
N
18°49,093´W
1.436
2.909
-1
-3
369.7
23.16
14.97
3.250
10
K-5(Drýli)
63°35,137´
N
18°49,093´W
-0.126
2.594
-1
-3.5
1090.954
10.89
7.49
1.590
20
Sol_1a
63°32,228´
N
19°21,070´W
2.115
1.734
3
-2.0
230.9
12.61
5.81
0.920
20
Sol_1b
63°32,228´
N
19°21,070´W
1.844
1.508
1
-1.5
278.5
5.70
1.76
0.300
81
20
Sol_1c
63°32,228´
N
19°21,070´W
1.681
1.287
3
-2.0
311.945
0.88
0.34
0.050
20
Sol_2
63°32,319´
N
19°20,105´W
1.088
2.487
3
-4.0
470.6
9.83
5.37
1.110
20
Sol_3
63°32,465´
N
19°19,868´W
0.923
2.315
3
-3.5
527.4
6.63
3.69
0.920
40
Ty_1
63°55,333´
N
18°37,683´W
2.966
1.519
3
-2.0
128.015
20.45
8.47
1.380
40
Hola_2a
63°55,076´
N
18°36,357´W
2.630
1.220
3
-0.5
161.5
9.47
4.06
0.580
40
Hola_2b
63°55,076´
N
18°36,357´W
2.371
1.197
3
-0.5
193.3
8.25
3.20
0.180
40
Hola_2c
63°55,076´
N
18°36,357´W
2.594
1.265
3
-1.0
165.6
13.99
5.16
0.320
50
Geir_3a
63°52,248´
N
18°15,510´W
2.913
1.201
3
-0.5
132.8
13.87
6.54
0.950
50
Geir_3b
63°52,248´
N
18°15,510´W
2.770
1.218
3
0.0
146.6
13.47
7.07
0.880
100
Tung_1
64°20,640´
N
17°57,019´W
3.091
0.866
3
1.0
117.4
13.73
3.59
0.230
82
Appendix B
VF1CR_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.60
13.01
24.66
43.48
53.68
72.08
65.5
64.51
42.41
36.92
30.04
23.05
14.82
6.34
4.32
1.98
0.91
0.18
0.08
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.60
17.61
42.27
85.75
139.43
211.51
277.01
341.52
383.93
420.85
450.89
473.94
488.76
495.10
499.42
501.40
502.31
502.49
502.57
502.59
502.60
502.60
502.61
502.61
502.61
502.62
502.62
502.63
502.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.92
2.59
4.91
8.65
10.68
14.34
13.03
12.83
8.44
7.35
5.98
4.59
2.95
1.26
0.86
0.39
0.18
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.92
3.50
8.41
17.06
27.74
42.08
55.11
67.95
76.38
83.73
89.71
94.29
97.24
98.50
99.36
99.76
99.94
99.97
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
83
VF1CR_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
84
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.09
0.49
2.54
8
14.57
26.7
69.73
62.34
97.89
16.88
19.12
3.78
4.00
2.95
1.90
0.90
0.63
0.44
0.13
0.18
0.09
0.17
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.11
0.60
3.14
11.14
25.71
52.41
122.14
184.48
282.37
299.25
318.37
322.15
326.14
329.09
330.99
331.89
332.52
332.96
333.09
333.27
333.36
333.53
333.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.15
0.76
2.40
4.37
8.01
20.91
18.69
29.35
5.06
5.73
1.13
1.20
0.88
0.57
0.27
0.19
0.13
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.18
0.94
3.34
7.71
15.71
36.62
55.31
84.66
89.72
95.45
96.59
97.79
98.67
99.24
99.51
99.70
99.83
99.87
99.92
99.95
100.00
100.00
VF1CR_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.35
3.64
3.86
6.24
6.87
7.62
6.57
7.06
7.7
9.41
24.44
74.55
118.5
15.28
21.07
4.33
4.43
3.36
2.17
1.16
0.93
0.45
0.24
0.22
0.15
0.22
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.35
4.99
8.85
15.09
21.96
29.58
36.15
43.21
50.91
60.32
84.76
159.31
277.81
293.09
314.16
318.49
322.92
326.28
328.45
329.61
330.54
330.99
331.23
331.44
331.59
331.81
331.81
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.41
1.10
1.16
1.88
2.07
2.30
1.98
2.13
2.32
2.84
7.37
22.47
35.71
4.61
6.35
1.30
1.34
1.01
0.66
0.35
0.28
0.14
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.41
1.50
2.67
4.55
6.62
8.91
10.89
13.02
15.34
18.18
25.54
48.01
83.73
88.33
94.68
95.98
97.32
98.33
98.99
99.34
99.62
99.75
99.82
99.89
99.94
100.00
100.00
85
VF1CR_4
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
86
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
48.19
0.00
25.67
15.42
18.30
34.16
37.43
41.63
43.23
45.29
31.1
22.55
15.65
9.14
5.95
4.07
5.78
3.62
2.56
0.65
0.60
0.28
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
48.19
48.19
73.86
89.28
107.58
141.74
179.17
220.80
264.03
309.32
340.42
362.97
378.62
387.76
393.71
397.78
403.56
407.18
409.74
410.39
410.99
411.27
411.34
411.35
411.37
411.37
411.37
411.37
411.37
411.38
411.42
0.00
11.71
0.00
6.24
3.75
4.45
8.30
9.10
10.12
10.51
11.01
7.56
5.48
3.80
2.22
1.45
0.99
1.40
0.88
0.62
0.16
0.14
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
11.71
11.71
17.95
21.70
26.15
34.45
43.55
53.67
64.18
75.18
82.74
88.22
92.03
94.25
95.70
96.68
98.09
98.97
99.59
99.75
99.89
99.96
99.98
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
VF1CR_5
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
3.36
6.54
7.00
6.03
7.55
11.39
14.39
21.46
22.37
23.8
24.87
52.08
9.12
20.46
7.57
34.76
14.71
13.82
1.81
2.49
1.98
1.19
0.56
0.31
0.15
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
3.36
9.90
16.90
22.93
30.48
41.87
56.26
77.72
100.09
123.89
148.76
200.84
209.96
230.42
237.99
272.75
287.46
301.28
303.09
305.57
307.55
308.75
309.30
309.62
309.77
309.83
309.89
309.95
310.03
310.03
0.00
0.00
1.08
2.11
2.26
1.94
2.44
3.67
4.64
6.92
7.22
7.68
8.02
16.80
2.94
6.60
2.44
11.21
4.74
4.46
0.58
0.80
0.64
0.38
0.18
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.08
3.19
5.45
7.40
9.83
13.51
18.15
25.07
32.28
39.96
47.98
64.78
67.72
74.32
76.76
87.98
92.72
97.18
97.76
98.56
99.20
99.59
99.77
99.87
99.92
99.93
99.95
99.97
100.00
100.00
87
VF1CR_6
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
88
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.17
1.53
4.45
12.15
14.6
21.97
21.84
28.13
75.52
33.56
29.45
3.74
4.30
3.31
2.03
1.09
0.60
0.37
0.21
0.23
0.12
0.06
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.25
1.78
6.23
18.38
32.98
54.95
76.79
104.92
180.44
214.00
243.45
247.19
251.49
254.81
256.83
257.92
258.53
258.90
259.11
259.34
259.46
259.52
259.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.59
1.71
4.68
5.63
8.47
8.42
10.84
29.10
12.93
11.35
1.44
1.66
1.28
0.78
0.42
0.23
0.14
0.08
0.09
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.69
2.40
7.08
12.71
21.17
29.59
40.43
69.53
82.46
93.81
95.25
96.91
98.18
98.96
99.38
99.62
99.76
99.84
99.93
99.98
100.00
100.00
VF1CR_7
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
1.33
4.89
4.85
11.26
21.38
26.58
25.67
27.78
28.99
18.89
25.32
46.02
87.22
14.79
19.23
4.05
4.36
3.13
2.00
1.10
0.76
0.45
0.20
0.25
0.16
0.12
0.12
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
1.61
6.50
11.35
22.61
43.99
70.57
96.24
124.02
153.01
171.90
197.22
243.24
330.46
345.25
364.48
368.53
372.89
376.02
378.02
379.12
379.88
380.33
380.52
380.78
380.94
381.05
381.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.35
1.28
1.27
2.95
5.61
6.97
6.73
7.29
7.61
4.96
6.64
12.07
22.88
3.88
5.04
1.06
1.14
0.82
0.52
0.29
0.20
0.12
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.42
1.71
2.98
5.93
11.54
18.51
25.25
32.54
40.14
45.10
51.74
63.81
86.70
90.58
95.62
96.68
97.83
98.65
99.17
99.46
99.66
99.78
99.83
99.90
99.94
99.97
100.00
89
VF1CR_8
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
0.0007
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
90
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.27
37.41
85.84
115.06
128.53
128.94
140.71
108.96
82.31
68.61
48.9
30.58
20.71
16.58
10
8.51
1.51
1.75
0.91
0.35
0.10
0.08
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.27
53.68
139.52
254.58
383.11
512.05
652.76
761.72
844.03
912.64
961.54
992.12
1012.83
1029.41
1039.41
1047.92
1049.43
1051.18
1052.09
1052.44
1052.54
1052.62
1052.64
1052.65
1052.67
1052.69
1052.71
1052.74
1052.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.55
3.55
8.15
10.93
12.21
12.25
13.37
10.35
7.82
6.52
4.65
2.90
1.97
1.57
0.95
0.81
0.14
0.17
0.09
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.55
5.10
13.25
24.18
36.39
48.64
62.01
72.36
80.17
86.69
91.34
94.24
96.21
97.78
98.73
99.54
99.69
99.85
99.94
99.97
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
BK_0
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.17
0.74
1.6
4.14
7.91
11.78
31.09
56.6
64.66
10.42
12.06
1.93
2.13
1.55
0.95
0.52
0.31
0.20
0.16
0.09
0.00
0.04
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.22
0.96
2.56
6.70
14.61
26.39
57.48
114.08
178.74
189.16
201.22
203.15
205.28
206.83
207.78
208.29
208.60
208.80
208.96
209.05
209.05
209.09
209.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.35
0.77
1.98
3.78
5.63
14.87
27.07
30.92
4.98
5.77
0.92
1.02
0.74
0.45
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.11
0.46
1.22
3.20
6.99
12.62
27.49
54.56
85.48
90.47
96.24
97.16
98.18
98.92
99.37
99.62
99.77
99.86
99.94
99.98
99.98
100.00
100.00
91
BK_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
92
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.31
1.03
1.76
3.03
5.75
9.43
14.4
17.05
20.97
41.29
20.86
47.11
16.21
18.08
4.46
4.50
3.25
1.97
1.01
0.53
0.37
0.27
0.21
0.10
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.58
1.61
3.37
6.40
12.15
21.58
35.98
53.03
74.00
115.29
136.15
183.26
199.47
217.55
222.01
226.51
229.75
231.72
232.73
233.27
233.63
233.90
234.11
234.21
234.21
234.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.13
0.44
0.75
1.29
2.46
4.03
6.15
7.28
8.95
17.63
8.91
20.11
6.92
7.72
1.90
1.92
1.39
0.84
0.43
0.23
0.16
0.11
0.09
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.25
0.69
1.44
2.73
5.19
9.21
15.36
22.64
31.60
49.23
58.13
78.25
85.17
92.89
94.79
96.71
98.10
98.94
99.37
99.60
99.75
99.87
99.96
100.00
100.00
100.00
BE_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.17
0.04
0.08
0.36
1.57
8.08
14.99
22.87
25.98
24.97
38.68
22.07
43.74
13.64
16.50
3.95
3.76
2.54
1.55
0.90
0.47
0.28
0.26
0.12
0.05
0.09
0.02
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.70
0.74
0.82
1.18
2.75
10.83
25.82
48.69
74.67
99.64
138.32
160.39
204.13
217.77
234.27
238.22
241.97
244.51
246.06
246.96
247.43
247.71
247.97
248.09
248.15
248.23
248.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.15
0.63
3.25
6.04
9.21
10.47
10.06
15.58
8.89
17.62
5.49
6.65
1.59
1.51
1.02
0.62
0.36
0.19
0.11
0.11
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.48
1.11
4.36
10.40
19.61
30.08
40.14
55.72
64.61
82.23
87.72
94.37
95.96
97.47
98.49
99.12
99.48
99.67
99.78
99.89
99.94
99.96
99.99
100.00
93
BE_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
94
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
16.19
3.39
9.33
9.05
23.67
26.49
24.7
26.17
33.96
32.84
34.81
20.16
15.78
15.39
20.99
23.43
11.61
12.41
2.66
2.80
2.17
1.26
0.57
0.24
0.10
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
16.19
19.58
28.91
37.96
61.63
88.12
112.82
138.99
172.95
205.79
240.60
260.76
276.54
291.93
312.92
336.35
347.96
360.37
363.03
365.83
368.00
369.26
369.82
370.06
370.16
370.25
370.29
370.31
370.34
370.34
0.00
0.00
4.37
0.92
2.52
2.44
6.39
7.15
6.67
7.07
9.17
8.87
9.40
5.44
4.26
4.16
5.67
6.33
3.13
3.35
0.72
0.76
0.59
0.34
0.15
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.37
5.29
7.81
10.25
16.64
23.79
30.46
37.53
46.70
55.57
64.97
70.41
74.67
78.83
84.50
90.82
93.96
97.31
98.03
98.78
99.37
99.71
99.86
99.93
99.95
99.98
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
BE_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.23
1.52
3.68
9.73
20.94
27.75
55.63
49.58
35.71
18.23
13.02
1.41
1.74
1.54
1.04
0.60
0.37
0.23
0.12
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.26
1.78
5.46
15.19
36.13
63.88
119.51
169.09
204.80
223.03
236.05
237.46
239.20
240.74
241.78
242.39
242.76
242.99
243.11
243.19
243.24
243.27
243.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.09
0.62
1.51
4.00
8.61
11.41
22.87
20.38
14.68
7.49
5.35
0.58
0.72
0.63
0.43
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.73
2.24
6.24
14.85
26.26
49.13
69.51
84.19
91.68
97.03
97.61
98.33
98.96
99.39
99.64
99.79
99.89
99.93
99.97
99.99
100.00
100.00
95
BE_4
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
96
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.45
0.94
2.33
2.42
4.34
8.93
15.07
20.87
25
28.38
35.44
30.48
31
28.14
14.54
15.76
3.38
3.67
2.91
1.89
0.98
0.63
0.34
0.25
0.04
0.23
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.95
1.89
4.22
6.64
10.98
19.91
34.98
55.85
80.85
109.23
144.67
175.15
206.15
234.29
248.83
264.59
267.97
271.64
274.55
276.44
277.42
278.05
278.39
278.64
278.68
278.91
278.91
278.91
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.16
0.34
0.84
0.87
1.56
3.20
5.40
7.48
8.96
10.18
12.71
10.93
11.11
10.09
5.21
5.65
1.21
1.32
1.04
0.68
0.35
0.23
0.12
0.09
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.34
0.68
1.51
2.38
3.94
7.14
12.54
20.02
28.99
39.16
51.87
62.80
73.91
84.00
89.22
94.87
96.08
97.40
98.44
99.12
99.47
99.69
99.81
99.90
99.92
100.00
100.00
100.00
BE_5
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.57
5.03
13.81
10.55
18.31
23.32
28.77
23.75
25.42
11.29
16.59
19.22
11.88
12.34
11.59
13.42
2.68
3.05
2.51
1.44
0.88
0.45
0.24
0.19
0.03
0.12
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.57
6.60
20.41
30.96
49.27
72.59
101.36
125.11
150.53
161.82
178.41
197.63
209.51
221.85
233.44
246.86
249.54
252.59
255.11
256.54
257.43
257.88
258.12
258.31
258.34
258.46
258.46
258.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.61
1.95
5.34
4.08
7.08
9.02
11.13
9.19
9.84
4.37
6.42
7.44
4.60
4.77
4.48
5.19
1.04
1.18
0.97
0.56
0.34
0.17
0.09
0.08
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.61
2.55
7.90
11.98
19.06
28.09
39.22
48.41
58.24
62.61
69.03
76.46
81.06
85.84
90.32
95.51
96.55
97.73
98.70
99.26
99.60
99.77
99.87
99.94
99.95
100.00
100.00
100.00
97
BE_6
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
98
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.47
2.08
4.72
9.87
12.12
24.17
34.66
44.73
40.46
37.41
16.92
6.6
2.75
1.09
1.36
1.25
1.44
0.43
0.53
0.34
0.16
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.47
3.55
8.27
18.14
30.26
54.43
89.09
133.82
174.28
211.69
228.61
235.21
237.96
239.05
240.41
241.66
243.10
243.53
244.06
244.40
244.56
244.61
244.64
244.65
244.65
244.67
244.67
244.67
244.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.60
0.85
1.93
4.03
4.95
9.88
14.17
18.28
16.54
15.29
6.92
2.70
1.12
0.45
0.56
0.51
0.59
0.18
0.22
0.14
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.60
1.45
3.38
7.41
12.37
22.25
36.41
54.69
71.23
86.52
93.44
96.13
97.26
97.70
98.26
98.77
99.36
99.53
99.75
99.89
99.96
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
F26_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.60
13.01
24.66
43.48
53.68
72.08
65.5
64.51
42.41
36.92
30.04
23.05
14.82
6.34
4.32
1.98
0.91
0.18
0.08
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.60
17.61
42.27
85.75
139.43
211.51
277.01
341.52
383.93
420.85
450.89
473.94
488.76
495.10
499.42
501.40
502.31
502.49
502.57
502.59
502.60
502.60
502.61
502.61
502.61
502.62
502.62
502.63
502.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.92
2.59
4.91
8.65
10.68
14.34
13.03
12.83
8.44
7.35
5.98
4.59
2.95
1.26
0.86
0.39
0.18
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.92
3.50
8.41
17.06
27.74
42.08
55.11
67.95
76.38
83.73
89.71
94.29
97.24
98.50
99.36
99.76
99.94
99.97
99.99
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
99
F26__2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
100
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.34
0.84
1.46
4.24
14.79
26.64
40.03
47.88
79.66
79.71
92.74
39.89
22.57
2.78
2.93
2.10
1.12
0.52
0.24
0.17
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.38
1.22
2.68
6.92
21.71
48.35
88.38
136.26
215.92
295.63
388.37
428.26
450.83
453.61
456.54
458.64
459.76
460.28
460.52
460.69
460.73
460.78
460.85
460.85
460.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.07
0.18
0.32
0.92
3.21
5.78
8.69
10.39
17.29
17.30
20.12
8.66
4.90
0.60
0.64
0.46
0.24
0.11
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.26
0.58
1.50
4.71
10.49
19.18
29.57
46.85
64.15
84.27
92.93
97.83
98.43
99.06
99.52
99.76
99.88
99.93
99.97
99.97
99.98
100.00
100.00
100.00
F26_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0.02
0.07
0.98
5.69
22.3
36.54
37.47
36.31
51.56
24.18
14.81
1.99
2.25
1.55
0.79
0.37
0.15
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.09
1.07
6.76
29.06
65.60
103.07
139.38
190.94
215.12
229.93
231.92
234.16
235.71
236.50
236.88
237.03
237.15
237.18
237.23
237.28
237.28
237.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.41
2.40
9.40
15.40
15.79
15.30
21.73
10.19
6.24
0.84
0.95
0.65
0.33
0.16
0.06
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.45
2.85
12.25
27.65
43.44
58.74
80.47
90.66
96.90
97.74
98.69
99.34
99.67
99.83
99.89
99.94
99.96
99.98
100.00
100.00
100.00
101
F26_4
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
102
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.38
0.40
9.04
11.09
17.56
36.87
74.82
104.67
90.73
68.19
71.09
161.02
213.74
149.3
51.6
17.92
1.11
1.52
1.28
0.88
0.49
0.29
0.15
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.38
1.78
10.82
21.91
39.47
76.34
151.16
255.83
346.56
414.75
485.84
646.86
860.60
1009.90
1061.50
1079.42
1080.53
1082.05
1083.34
1084.22
1084.71
1084.99
1085.14
1085.19
1085.24
1085.27
1085.30
1085.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.04
0.83
1.02
1.62
3.40
6.89
9.64
8.36
6.28
6.55
14.84
19.69
13.76
4.75
1.65
0.10
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.16
1.00
2.02
3.64
7.03
13.93
23.57
31.93
38.21
44.76
59.60
79.29
93.05
97.80
99.46
99.56
99.70
99.82
99.90
99.94
99.97
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
F26_5a
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.11
1.07
8.68
37.59
134.99
343.2
318.79
515.55
95.75
76.98
48.03
17.32
6.18
4.20
1.37
1.39
0.81
0.33
0.08
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.43
1.50
10.18
47.77
182.76
525.96
844.75
1360.30
1456.05
1533.03
1581.06
1598.38
1604.56
1608.76
1610.13
1611.52
1612.33
1612.66
1612.74
1612.79
1612.81
1612.81
1612.82
1612.82
1612.84
1612.88
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.54
2.33
8.37
21.28
19.77
31.96
5.94
4.77
2.98
1.07
0.38
0.26
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.63
2.96
11.33
32.61
52.38
84.34
90.28
95.05
98.03
99.10
99.48
99.74
99.83
99.92
99.97
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
103
F26_5b
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
104
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.21
1.19
4.13
9.75
14.31
22.47
39.18
46.12
65.19
30.22
10.23
0.80
1.10
0.86
0.49
0.25
0.10
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.25
1.44
5.57
15.32
29.63
52.10
91.28
137.40
202.59
232.81
243.04
243.84
244.94
245.81
246.29
246.55
246.65
246.72
246.74
246.76
246.79
246.80
246.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.09
0.48
1.67
3.95
5.80
9.10
15.88
18.69
26.41
12.24
4.15
0.32
0.45
0.35
0.20
0.10
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.10
0.58
2.26
6.21
12.01
21.11
36.99
55.67
82.09
94.33
98.48
98.80
99.25
99.60
99.79
99.90
99.94
99.97
99.98
99.98
99.99
100.00
100.00
F26_6
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.15
0.74
3.38
12.95
55.52
127.57
330.47
141.7
85.14
37.28
40.46
22
5.53
0.50
0.64
0.54
0.36
0.22
0.15
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.02
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.20
0.94
4.32
17.27
72.79
200.36
530.83
672.53
757.67
794.95
835.41
857.41
862.94
863.44
864.08
864.61
864.98
865.19
865.34
865.41
865.45
865.48
865.49
865.52
865.54
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.39
1.50
6.41
14.74
38.18
16.37
9.84
4.31
4.67
2.54
0.64
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.11
0.50
2.00
8.41
23.15
61.33
77.70
87.54
91.84
96.52
99.06
99.70
99.76
99.83
99.89
99.93
99.96
99.98
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
105
F26_7
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
106
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
1.33
4.89
4.85
11.26
21.38
26.58
25.67
27.78
28.99
18.89
25.32
46.02
87.22
14.79
19.23
4.05
4.36
3.13
2.00
1.10
0.76
0.45
0.20
0.25
0.16
0.12
0.12
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
1.61
6.50
11.35
22.61
43.99
70.57
96.24
124.02
153.01
171.90
197.22
243.24
330.46
345.25
364.48
368.53
372.89
376.02
378.02
379.12
379.88
380.33
380.52
380.78
380.94
381.05
381.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.35
1.28
1.27
2.95
5.61
6.97
6.73
7.29
7.61
4.96
6.64
12.07
22.88
3.88
5.04
1.06
1.14
0.82
0.52
0.29
0.20
0.12
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.42
1.71
2.98
5.93
11.54
18.51
25.25
32.54
40.14
45.10
51.74
63.81
86.70
90.58
95.62
96.68
97.83
98.65
99.17
99.46
99.66
99.78
99.83
99.90
99.94
99.97
100.00
GB_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0.05
0.14
0.48
1.17
2.77
6.75
20.35
39.78
18.05
6.45
2.16
0.25
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.19
0.67
1.84
4.61
11.36
31.71
71.49
89.54
95.99
98.15
98.40
98.52
98.54
98.55
98.73
98.73
98.73
98.73
98.73
98.73
98.73
98.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.14
0.49
1.19
2.81
6.84
20.61
40.29
18.28
6.53
2.19
0.25
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.19
0.68
1.86
4.67
11.51
32.12
72.41
90.69
97.22
99.41
99.66
99.79
99.80
99.81
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
107
GB_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
108
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.1
0.24
0.52
1.94
3.99
12.25
25.97
63.69
65.56
25.06
19.09
7.69
1.21
2.18
2.33
1.60
0.69
0.24
0.14
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.31
0.55
1.07
3.01
7.00
19.25
45.22
108.91
174.47
199.53
218.62
226.31
227.52
229.70
232.03
233.63
234.32
234.56
234.69
234.74
234.77
234.81
234.81
234.81
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.04
0.10
0.22
0.83
1.70
5.22
11.06
27.12
27.92
10.67
8.13
3.27
0.51
0.93
0.99
0.68
0.29
0.10
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.13
0.23
0.46
1.28
2.98
8.20
19.26
46.38
74.30
84.98
93.11
96.38
96.89
97.82
98.82
99.50
99.79
99.89
99.95
99.97
99.98
100.00
100.00
100.00
GB_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.19
0.42
1.53
3.72
11.57
70.63
90.68
37.88
14.34
14.32
7.97
1.42
2.27
2.38
1.54
0.67
0.19
0.11
0.07
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.26
0.68
2.21
5.93
17.50
88.13
178.81
216.69
231.03
245.35
253.32
254.74
257.01
259.39
260.93
261.60
261.79
261.89
261.96
261.97
262.01
262.01
262.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.16
0.58
1.42
4.42
26.96
34.61
14.46
5.47
5.47
3.04
0.54
0.87
0.91
0.59
0.26
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.10
0.26
0.84
2.26
6.68
33.64
68.25
82.70
88.18
93.64
96.68
97.23
98.09
99.00
99.59
99.84
99.91
99.96
99.98
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
109
GS_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
110
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.25
0.92
0.76
2.66
6.29
12.24
25.22
26.68
19.47
10.12
4.43
0.64
0.76
0.43
0.16
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.32
1.24
2.00
4.66
10.95
23.19
48.41
75.09
94.56
104.68
109.11
109.75
110.51
110.93
111.09
111.14
111.15
111.18
111.18
111.19
111.20
111.20
111.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.22
0.83
0.68
2.39
5.66
11.01
22.68
23.99
17.51
9.10
3.98
0.57
0.68
0.38
0.14
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.29
1.12
1.80
4.19
9.85
20.85
43.53
67.53
85.04
94.14
98.12
98.69
99.38
99.76
99.90
99.94
99.96
99.98
99.98
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
GS_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.12
0.14
0.57
1.39
3.54
6.64
5.43
11.42
4.52
5.40
0.69
0.97
0.88
0.55
0.29
0.12
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.19
0.33
0.90
2.29
5.83
12.47
17.90
29.32
33.84
39.24
39.93
40.90
41.78
42.33
42.62
42.74
42.81
42.84
42.87
42.89
42.89
42.89
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.09
0.28
0.33
1.33
3.24
8.25
15.48
12.66
26.63
10.54
12.59
1.60
2.26
2.05
1.29
0.67
0.27
0.17
0.06
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.16
0.44
0.77
2.10
5.34
13.59
29.07
41.73
68.36
78.90
91.49
93.09
95.35
97.41
98.70
99.37
99.64
99.82
99.87
99.95
100.00
100.00
100.00
111
GS_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
112
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.15
0.32
1.09
4.31
16.3
54.33
26.44
9.3
3.63
3.53
2.02
0.30
0.36
0.23
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.20
0.52
1.61
5.92
22.22
76.55
102.99
112.29
115.92
119.45
121.47
121.77
122.13
122.36
122.44
122.47
122.47
122.48
122.48
122.49
122.50
122.50
122.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.12
0.26
0.89
3.52
13.31
44.35
21.58
7.59
2.96
2.88
1.65
0.24
0.30
0.19
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.16
0.42
1.31
4.83
18.14
62.49
84.07
91.67
94.63
97.51
99.16
99.40
99.70
99.88
99.95
99.97
99.98
99.98
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
GS_4
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.23
1.12
2.54
4.86
12.99
46.05
87.31
62.89
29.46
12.82
2.62
0.34
0.42
0.25
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.24
1.36
3.90
8.76
21.75
67.80
155.11
218.00
247.46
260.28
262.90
263.24
263.66
263.91
263.98
263.99
263.99
264.00
264.00
264.00
264.01
264.01
264.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.42
0.96
1.84
4.92
17.44
33.07
23.82
11.16
4.86
0.99
0.13
0.16
0.09
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.52
1.48
3.32
8.24
25.68
58.75
82.57
93.73
98.59
99.58
99.71
99.87
99.96
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
113
KB_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
114
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.16
0.8
2.56
7.38
7.34
8.11
3.25
3.90
0.92
1.14
0.84
0.41
0.16
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.20
1.00
3.56
10.94
18.28
26.39
29.64
33.54
34.46
35.60
36.44
36.85
37.01
37.04
37.06
37.06
37.07
37.08
37.09
37.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.03
0.43
2.15
6.89
19.87
19.76
21.83
8.75
10.50
2.48
3.06
2.27
1.10
0.42
0.08
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.11
0.54
2.69
9.58
29.45
49.21
71.04
79.78
90.28
92.76
95.83
98.10
99.20
99.62
99.70
99.76
99.76
99.78
99.80
99.84
100.00
KB_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.23
0.76
3.49
14.25
16.17
6.87
4.05
0.66
0.89
0.74
0.38
0.13
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.31
1.07
4.56
18.81
34.98
41.85
45.90
46.56
47.45
48.18
48.56
48.69
48.71
48.74
48.74
48.74
48.76
48.76
48.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.10
0.47
1.56
7.16
29.22
33.16
14.09
8.30
1.35
1.83
1.51
0.77
0.26
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.16
0.64
2.19
9.35
38.57
71.72
85.81
94.12
95.46
97.29
98.80
99.57
99.83
99.87
99.94
99.94
99.94
99.99
99.99
100.00
115
KB_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
116
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.15
1.03
4.54
25.89
17.27
15.87
6.74
4.08
0.48
0.69
0.52
0.24
0.09
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.23
1.26
5.80
31.69
48.96
64.83
71.57
75.65
76.13
76.83
77.35
77.59
77.68
77.69
77.71
77.71
77.73
77.73
77.73
77.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.19
1.33
5.84
33.31
22.22
20.42
8.67
5.25
0.62
0.89
0.67
0.31
0.11
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.10
0.30
1.62
7.46
40.77
62.99
83.40
92.08
97.32
97.94
98.84
99.51
99.82
99.93
99.95
99.97
99.97
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
KH_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.49
3.48
29.07
18.07
13.67
5.99
3.99
0.29
0.56
0.60
0.41
0.17
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.53
4.01
33.08
51.15
64.82
70.81
74.80
75.09
75.66
76.25
76.67
76.84
76.88
76.91
76.91
76.91
76.92
76.92
76.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.64
4.52
37.79
23.49
17.77
7.79
5.19
0.38
0.73
0.77
0.53
0.22
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.69
5.21
43.00
66.49
84.26
92.04
97.23
97.61
98.35
99.12
99.66
99.88
99.94
99.97
99.97
99.97
99.99
99.99
100.00
117
KH_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
118
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.13
0.83
2.28
17.28
21.31
20.17
9.04
5.27
0.79
1.06
0.87
0.51
0.18
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.07
0.20
1.03
3.31
20.59
41.90
62.07
71.11
76.38
77.17
78.23
79.10
79.61
79.80
79.84
79.89
79.89
79.90
79.91
79.91
79.91
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.16
1.04
2.85
21.62
26.67
25.24
11.31
6.59
0.99
1.33
1.09
0.64
0.23
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.09
0.25
1.29
4.14
25.77
52.43
77.67
88.99
95.58
96.57
97.90
98.99
99.63
99.86
99.91
99.97
99.97
99.98
100.00
100.00
100.00
KH_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.12
1.02
6.35
28.36
47.17
22.84
15.73
6.33
4.06
0.42
0.61
0.54
0.33
0.13
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.07
0.19
1.21
7.56
35.92
83.09
105.93
121.66
127.99
132.05
132.47
133.08
133.62
133.94
134.07
134.09
134.11
134.11
134.12
134.13
134.13
134.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.09
0.76
4.73
21.14
35.17
17.03
11.73
4.72
3.03
0.31
0.45
0.40
0.24
0.09
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.14
0.90
5.64
26.78
61.95
78.98
90.70
95.42
98.45
98.76
99.21
99.62
99.86
99.95
99.97
99.98
99.98
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
119
KT_3a
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
120
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.09
0.18
0.36
0.47
0.73
3.71
13.19
14.55
6.35
2.79
0.22
0.29
0.21
0.11
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.14
0.32
0.68
1.15
1.88
5.59
18.78
33.33
39.68
42.47
42.69
42.98
43.19
43.29
43.33
43.33
43.33
43.33
43.35
43.36
43.36
43.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.21
0.42
0.83
1.08
1.68
8.56
30.42
33.56
14.64
6.43
0.51
0.67
0.49
0.24
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.32
0.74
1.57
2.65
4.34
12.89
43.31
76.87
91.51
97.95
98.45
99.12
99.60
99.85
99.93
99.93
99.93
99.93
99.98
100.00
100.00
100.00
KT_3b
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.26
0.84
13.46
14.64
13.32
6.44
3.41
0.60
0.60
0.34
0.09
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.11
0.37
1.21
14.67
29.31
42.63
49.07
52.48
53.08
53.68
54.02
54.11
54.15
54.15
54.15
54.15
54.15
54.16
54.16
54.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.06
0.11
0.48
1.55
24.85
27.03
24.59
11.89
6.30
1.11
1.10
0.63
0.17
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.09
0.20
0.68
2.23
27.09
54.12
78.71
90.60
96.90
98.01
99.11
99.74
99.92
99.98
99.98
99.98
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
121
KT_3c
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
122
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.14
0.11
0.28
0.33
0.55
1.31
2.56
16.29
7.65
3.96
0.53
0.69
0.49
0.21
0.06
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.20
0.31
0.59
0.92
1.47
2.78
5.34
21.63
29.28
33.24
33.77
34.47
34.96
35.17
35.23
35.24
35.26
35.26
35.27
35.28
35.28
35.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.40
0.31
0.79
0.94
1.56
3.71
7.26
46.17
21.68
11.22
1.51
1.96
1.39
0.60
0.17
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.57
0.88
1.67
2.61
4.17
7.88
15.14
61.31
82.99
94.22
95.73
97.69
99.08
99.68
99.85
99.89
99.94
99.94
99.96
100.00
100.00
100.00
KT_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.28
1.09
4.32
3.36
4.74
6.6
6.00
1.09
1.42
1.03
0.51
0.17
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.34
1.43
5.75
9.11
13.85
20.45
26.45
27.54
28.97
29.99
30.51
30.68
30.74
30.75
30.75
30.76
30.78
30.78
30.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.16
0.91
3.54
14.04
10.92
15.40
21.44
19.49
3.56
4.62
3.34
1.66
0.56
0.19
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.19
1.10
4.65
18.68
29.60
45.00
66.44
85.93
89.49
94.11
97.45
99.11
99.67
99.86
99.91
99.91
99.92
100.00
100.00
100.00
123
Sol_1a
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
124
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.55
0.98
3.13
7.92
13.36
11.58
11.54
12.2
9.93
14.57
11.26
11.58
4.14
4.32
3.13
1.95
1.01
0.52
0.33
0.09
0.13
0.04
0.04
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.67
1.65
4.78
12.70
26.06
37.64
49.18
61.38
71.31
85.88
97.14
108.72
112.86
117.18
120.31
122.26
123.27
123.78
124.12
124.21
124.34
124.37
124.41
124.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.44
0.79
2.52
6.37
10.74
9.31
9.28
9.81
7.98
11.71
9.05
9.31
3.33
3.47
2.51
1.57
0.81
0.41
0.27
0.07
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.54
1.33
3.84
10.21
20.95
30.25
39.53
49.34
57.32
69.03
78.08
87.39
90.72
94.19
96.70
98.27
99.08
99.50
99.76
99.84
99.94
99.97
100.00
100.00
Sol_1b
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.18
0.88
2.02
3.76
4.03
2.97
3.33
2.47
3.9
3.4
2.87
0.70
0.55
0.27
0.13
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.33
1.21
3.23
6.99
11.02
13.99
17.32
19.79
23.69
27.09
29.96
30.66
31.21
31.48
31.61
31.68
31.72
31.74
31.75
31.76
31.76
31.77
31.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.57
2.77
6.36
11.84
12.68
9.35
10.48
7.77
12.28
10.70
9.03
2.21
1.73
0.84
0.42
0.20
0.13
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.47
1.04
3.81
10.17
22.00
34.69
44.04
54.52
62.29
74.57
85.27
94.30
96.51
98.24
99.08
99.50
99.70
99.83
99.90
99.93
99.96
99.96
100.00
100.00
125
Sol_1c
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
126
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.22
0.58
2.2
5.6
9.42
9.65
7.41
8.67
7.52
17.33
7.81
3.36
0.21
0.22
0.14
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.25
0.83
3.03
8.63
18.05
27.70
35.11
43.78
51.30
68.63
76.44
79.80
80.01
80.24
80.37
80.44
80.47
80.48
80.49
80.50
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.27
0.72
2.73
6.96
11.70
11.99
9.20
10.77
9.34
21.53
9.70
4.17
0.27
0.28
0.17
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.31
1.03
3.76
10.72
22.42
34.41
43.61
54.38
63.72
85.24
94.94
99.12
99.38
99.66
99.83
99.91
99.95
99.97
99.98
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
100.00
Sol_2
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.24
1.17
4.53
41.25
72.66
103.38
147.56
148.94
86.24
57.46
50.43
37.36
43.12
50.47
169.11
92.18
147.29
27.42
34.85
28.66
19.83
11.00
6.20
3.41
2.32
0.62
0.77
0.93
1.24
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.24
6.41
10.94
52.19
124.85
228.23
375.79
524.73
610.97
668.43
718.86
756.22
799.34
849.81
1018.92
1111.10
1258.39
1285.81
1320.66
1349.32
1369.15
1380.15
1386.35
1389.75
1392.08
1392.70
1393.47
1394.40
1395.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.08
0.32
2.96
5.21
7.41
10.57
10.67
6.18
4.12
3.61
2.68
3.09
3.62
12.12
6.60
10.55
1.96
2.50
2.05
1.42
0.79
0.44
0.24
0.17
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.46
0.78
3.74
8.95
16.35
26.93
37.60
43.78
47.89
51.51
54.18
57.27
60.89
73.01
79.61
90.17
92.13
94.63
96.68
98.10
98.89
99.33
99.58
99.74
99.79
99.84
99.91
100.00
127
Sol_3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
128
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.45
12.25
47.27
82.47
130.43
208.32
180.97
152.63
93.55
62.83
48.85
58.54
71.78
296.2
113.62
123.34
24.57
28.53
24.02
15.83
10.10
6.41
3.41
2.59
0.82
0.82
0.68
1.91
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.45
13.70
60.97
143.44
273.87
482.19
663.16
815.79
909.34
972.17
1021.02
1079.56
1151.34
1447.54
1561.16
1684.50
1709.07
1737.59
1761.62
1777.45
1787.55
1793.96
1797.38
1799.97
1800.79
1801.61
1802.29
1804.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.68
2.62
4.57
7.23
11.55
10.03
8.46
5.19
3.48
2.71
3.24
3.98
16.42
6.30
6.84
1.36
1.58
1.33
0.88
0.56
0.36
0.19
0.14
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.76
3.38
7.95
15.18
26.73
36.76
45.22
50.40
53.88
56.59
59.84
63.81
80.23
86.53
93.37
94.73
96.31
97.64
98.52
99.08
99.43
99.62
99.77
99.81
99.86
99.89
100.00
KJ_4E
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.33
2.61
3.41
16.98
35.39
35.07
39.44
37.56
27.64
23.87
18.39
85.45
36.71
9.57
59.58
23.83
18.16
1.35
2.17
2.29
1.84
1.15
0.85
0.61
0.29
0.23
0.03
0.20
0.27
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.33
7.94
11.35
28.33
63.72
98.79
138.23
175.79
203.43
227.30
245.69
331.14
367.85
377.42
437.00
460.83
478.99
480.34
482.52
484.81
486.65
487.80
488.65
489.26
489.55
489.78
489.81
490.01
490.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.09
0.53
0.70
3.46
7.22
7.15
8.04
7.66
5.64
4.87
3.75
17.43
7.49
1.95
12.15
4.86
3.70
0.28
0.44
0.47
0.38
0.24
0.17
0.12
0.06
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.09
1.62
2.32
5.78
13.00
20.15
28.19
35.86
41.49
46.36
50.11
67.54
75.03
76.98
89.13
93.99
97.70
97.97
98.42
98.88
99.26
99.49
99.67
99.79
99.85
99.90
99.90
99.94
100.00
129
KJ_4N
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
130
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.39
5.32
16.01
20.45
29.35
28.07
24.15
18.12
13.66
11.38
9.04
12.09
12.68
75.33
17.32
18.72
3.13
3.47
2.68
1.88
1.11
0.66
0.42
0.23
0.19
0.02
0.16
0.26
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.39
8.71
24.72
45.17
74.52
102.59
126.74
144.86
158.52
169.90
178.94
191.03
203.71
279.04
296.36
315.08
318.21
321.69
324.37
326.25
327.36
328.02
328.44
328.66
328.86
328.87
329.03
329.29
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.03
1.62
4.86
6.21
8.91
8.52
7.33
5.50
4.15
3.46
2.75
3.67
3.85
22.88
5.26
5.68
0.95
1.05
0.82
0.57
0.34
0.20
0.13
0.07
0.06
0.00
0.05
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.03
2.65
7.51
13.72
22.63
31.15
38.49
43.99
48.14
51.60
54.34
58.01
61.86
84.74
90.00
95.68
96.64
97.69
98.51
99.08
99.41
99.61
99.74
99.81
99.87
99.87
99.92
100.00
KJ_5E
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.42
12.81
17.30
34.32
36.73
40.5
39.32
30.03
25.53
17.87
14.47
19.43
31.12
56.25
19.37
5.88
0.28
0.30
0.22
0.13
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.42
14.23
31.53
65.85
102.58
143.08
182.40
212.43
237.96
255.83
270.30
289.73
320.85
377.10
396.47
402.35
402.63
402.94
403.15
403.29
403.36
403.41
403.44
403.46
403.48
403.48
403.50
403.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
3.17
4.29
8.51
9.10
10.04
9.74
7.44
6.33
4.43
3.59
4.82
7.71
13.94
4.80
1.46
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
3.53
7.81
16.32
25.42
35.46
45.20
52.65
58.97
63.40
66.99
71.80
79.51
93.45
98.26
99.71
99.78
99.86
99.91
99.94
99.96
99.97
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
131
KJ_5N
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
132
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.05
7.35
22.28
34.58
33.72
39.41
37.57
29.01
23.23
17
12.67
14.78
25.33
44.13
15.59
11.53
1.18
1.32
1.01
0.68
0.38
0.24
0.16
0.11
0.11
0.03
0.05
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.05
10.40
32.68
67.26
100.98
140.39
177.96
206.97
230.20
247.20
259.87
274.65
299.98
344.11
359.70
371.23
372.41
373.74
374.74
375.42
375.80
376.04
376.19
376.30
376.41
376.44
376.49
376.49
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.81
1.95
5.92
9.18
8.96
10.47
9.98
7.71
6.17
4.52
3.37
3.93
6.73
11.72
4.14
3.06
0.31
0.35
0.27
0.18
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.81
2.76
8.68
17.87
26.82
37.29
47.27
54.97
61.14
65.66
69.02
72.95
79.68
91.40
95.54
98.60
98.92
99.27
99.54
99.72
99.82
99.88
99.92
99.95
99.98
99.99
100.00
100.00
K-3
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.98
3.87
10.86
15.94
22.54
27.12
31.12
20.85
12.85
6.61
4.93
6.22
9.64
15.2
14.28
29.24
5.71
15.96
20.05
16.50
12.94
8.41
3.99
1.94
1.40
0.97
0.00
0.28
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.98
5.85
16.71
32.65
55.19
82.31
113.43
134.28
147.13
153.74
158.67
164.89
174.53
189.73
204.01
233.25
238.96
254.92
274.97
291.47
304.41
312.82
316.81
318.75
320.15
321.12
321.12
321.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
1.20
3.38
4.96
7.01
8.44
9.68
6.49
4.00
2.06
1.53
1.94
3.00
4.73
4.44
9.10
1.78
4.96
6.24
5.13
4.03
2.62
1.24
0.60
0.44
0.30
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
1.82
5.20
10.16
17.17
25.61
35.29
41.78
45.78
47.83
49.37
51.30
54.30
59.03
63.48
72.57
74.35
79.32
85.56
90.69
94.71
97.33
98.57
99.17
99.61
99.91
99.91
100.00
133
K-4
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
134
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.08
8.81
19.58
28.13
34.42
36.97
25.92
14.23
7.67
5.41
7.51
11.52
13.42
15.75
28.90
8.86
18.78
17.16
13.15
9.25
5.62
1.72
1.24
0.95
1.33
0.10
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.08
9.89
29.47
57.60
92.02
128.99
154.91
169.14
176.81
182.22
189.73
201.25
214.67
230.42
259.32
268.18
286.96
304.12
317.27
326.52
332.14
333.86
335.10
336.05
337.38
337.48
337.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
2.61
5.80
8.34
10.20
10.95
7.68
4.22
2.27
1.60
2.23
3.41
3.98
4.67
8.56
2.63
5.56
5.08
3.90
2.74
1.67
0.51
0.37
0.28
0.40
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
2.93
8.73
17.07
27.27
38.22
45.90
50.12
52.39
53.99
56.22
59.63
63.61
68.28
76.84
79.47
85.03
90.11
94.01
96.75
98.42
98.93
99.29
99.58
99.97
100.00
100.00
K-4
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.70
15.22
50.67
68.38
89.69
98.34
88.66
51.71
26.7
12.09
7.15
8.39
10.8
15.69
15.52
22.35
6.75
15.66
16.53
13.15
9.26
5.02
1.99
1.21
0.87
1.13
0.26
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.70
21.92
72.59
140.97
230.66
329.00
417.66
469.37
496.07
508.16
515.31
523.70
534.50
550.19
565.71
588.06
594.81
610.47
627.00
640.16
649.42
654.44
656.43
657.64
658.51
659.63
659.89
659.89
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.02
2.31
7.68
10.36
13.59
14.90
13.44
7.84
4.05
1.83
1.08
1.27
1.64
2.38
2.35
3.39
1.02
2.37
2.50
1.99
1.40
0.76
0.30
0.18
0.13
0.17
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.02
3.32
11.00
21.36
34.95
49.86
63.29
71.13
75.17
77.01
78.09
79.36
81.00
83.38
85.73
89.11
90.14
92.51
95.02
97.01
98.41
99.17
99.48
99.66
99.79
99.96
100.00
100.00
135
Hola_2a
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
136
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.11
0.44
1.99
6.00
8.34
5.52
10.51
6.49
5.62
1.17
1.53
1.05
0.50
0.18
0.09
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.13
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.15
0.59
2.57
8.57
16.91
22.43
32.94
39.44
45.06
46.22
47.75
48.81
49.31
49.48
49.57
49.59
49.59
49.61
49.61
49.64
49.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.21
0.89
3.99
12.05
16.76
11.10
21.12
13.04
11.30
2.34
3.07
2.12
1.01
0.35
0.17
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.06
0.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.29
1.18
5.17
17.22
33.98
45.07
66.19
79.24
90.53
92.87
95.94
98.06
99.07
99.42
99.59
99.64
99.64
99.68
99.68
99.74
100.01
Hola_2b
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.38
2.58
5.91
8.79
15.07
10.91
15.48
5.70
7.18
1.69
2.28
1.54
0.63
0.20
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.44
3.02
8.93
17.72
32.80
43.71
59.19
64.89
72.07
73.76
76.04
77.58
78.21
78.41
78.49
78.52
78.52
78.54
78.54
78.55
78.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.48
3.29
7.53
11.19
19.19
13.89
19.71
7.26
9.15
2.15
2.90
1.96
0.80
0.26
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.56
3.84
11.37
22.56
41.75
55.64
75.35
82.61
91.75
93.91
96.80
98.77
99.57
99.82
99.92
99.97
99.97
99.99
99.99
100.00
100.00
137
Hola_2c
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
138
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.15
0.66
3.82
7.48
11.25
6.98
15.58
3.81
5.19
2.62
3.02
1.94
0.86
0.30
0.09
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.23
0.89
4.71
12.19
23.44
30.41
45.99
49.80
54.99
57.62
60.64
62.57
63.43
63.74
63.82
63.89
63.90
63.94
63.94
63.94
63.94
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.23
1.04
5.97
11.70
17.60
10.91
24.36
5.96
8.12
4.10
4.73
3.03
1.35
0.47
0.13
0.10
0.02
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.12
0.35
1.39
7.36
19.06
36.66
47.57
71.93
77.89
86.01
90.11
94.84
97.86
99.21
99.68
99.81
99.92
99.93
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Geir_3a
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.12
0.48
2.43
5.20
5.10
9.99
5.00
4.15
1.30
1.47
1.13
0.68
0.29
0.15
0.07
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.06
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.16
0.63
3.06
8.26
13.36
23.35
28.35
32.50
33.80
35.27
36.41
37.09
37.38
37.53
37.60
37.63
37.63
37.64
37.68
37.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.33
1.26
6.43
13.77
13.51
26.48
13.26
11.00
3.44
3.90
3.00
1.81
0.77
0.40
0.18
0.08
0.00
0.03
0.10
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.41
1.67
8.10
21.88
35.39
61.87
75.13
86.13
89.56
93.46
96.46
98.27
99.05
99.45
99.63
99.71
99.71
99.74
99.84
100.00
139
Geir_3b
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
140
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.92
2.33
5.81
5.90
11.08
3.72
1.49
0.97
1.35
1.19
0.73
0.33
0.14
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.12
1.04
3.36
9.17
15.07
26.16
29.87
31.37
32.34
33.69
34.87
35.60
35.93
36.07
36.12
36.16
36.17
36.17
36.20
36.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.19
2.54
6.42
16.03
16.27
30.58
10.26
4.11
2.68
3.73
3.27
2.00
0.92
0.38
0.14
0.11
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.32
2.86
9.28
25.30
41.58
72.16
82.41
86.53
89.20
92.93
96.20
98.21
99.12
99.51
99.64
99.75
99.77
99.78
99.87
100.01
TY-1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.98
3.87
10.86
15.94
22.54
27.12
31.12
20.85
12.85
6.61
4.93
6.22
9.64
15.2
14.28
29.24
5.71
15.96
20.05
16.50
12.94
8.41
3.99
1.94
1.40
0.97
0.00
0.28
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.98
5.85
16.71
32.65
55.19
82.31
113.43
134.28
147.13
153.74
158.67
164.89
174.53
189.73
204.01
233.25
238.96
254.92
274.97
291.47
304.41
312.82
316.81
318.75
320.15
321.12
321.12
321.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
1.20
3.38
4.96
7.01
8.44
9.68
6.49
4.00
2.06
1.53
1.94
3.00
4.73
4.44
9.10
1.78
4.96
6.24
5.13
4.03
2.62
1.24
0.60
0.44
0.30
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
1.82
5.20
10.16
17.17
25.61
35.29
41.78
45.78
47.83
49.37
51.30
54.30
59.03
63.48
72.57
74.35
79.32
85.56
90.69
94.71
97.33
98.57
99.17
99.61
99.91
99.91
100.00
141
Tung_1
mm
Phi
45.3
32
22.6
16
11.2
8
5.6
4
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.710
0.500
0.355
0.250
0.180
0.125
0.090
0.063
0.044
0.031
0.022
0.0156
0.0110
0.0078
0.0055
0.0039
0.0028
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
142
Weight
retained
(g)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.12
2.14
10.16
22.58
8.00
7.78
3.18
2.79
1.35
0.50
0.13
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
Cumulative
Weight (g)
Weight %
Cumulative
Weight %
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.13
2.27
12.43
35.01
43.01
50.79
53.97
56.76
58.10
58.61
58.73
58.76
58.81
58.83
58.85
58.86
58.87
58.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.20
3.64
17.26
38.36
13.59
13.22
5.40
4.74
2.29
0.86
0.21
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.22
3.86
21.11
59.47
73.06
86.27
91.67
96.41
98.70
99.55
99.77
99.82
99.89
99.93
99.96
99.98
100.00
100.00